Name: Allyah Anthonette Ferwelo
Year & Course: 2BSN2
Test Type Timing Process
Nuchal Translucency Between both the 11th A rapid blood sample will
and 14th week of be taken from the arm or
pregnancy, nuchal fingertip by a specialist. A
translucency is typical ultrasound is used to
performed. It is check for nuchal
possible to perform it translucency. Ultrasound is
sooner in the used to detect fluids at the
pregnancy than nape of the fetus's neck
amniocentesis. during the examination. A
physician will place a
sensor on the patient's
abdomen as they lie on
their back. It will require 20
to 40 minutes to complete.
Chorionic Villi Sampling CVS is often done The following steps are
between the tenth and included in the approach,
thirteenth weeks of though specific methods
pregnancy. may vary: A tiny tube
(catheter) will be inserted
into the vaginal canal and
into the cervix by the
doctor. The doctor will use
ultrasound equipment to
maneuver the catheter into
position towards the
placenta and extract some
tissue with a syringe on the
catheter's opposite end. A
transabdominal CVS, which
includes placing a needle
through the abdomen and
into the uterus to collect the
placental cells, may also be
performed by the clinician.
Amniocentesis Amniocentesis is An amniocentesis is a
normally done procedure that includes
between 15 and 18 putting a long, thin needle
weeks of pregnancy, into the amniotic sac and
however more extracting a tiny amount of
amniocentesis amniotic fluid. The amniotic
operations are fluid carries cells that hold
currently being done genetic sequences and are
between 11 and 14 lost by the fetus. Though
Results
The nuchal translucency
screening accurately
detects Down syndrome
in 64 to 70 of every 100
fetuses. In 30 to 36
fetuses out of 100, it
overlooks Down
syndrome.
CVS can assist in
identifying specific
genetic disorders,
including chromosomal
abnormalities. In 99 out
of 100 occasions, CVS is
thought to be precise.
Nevertheless, it is not
possible to test for each
and every birth
abnormality, and the
findings may not be
definitive. The results of
CVS cannot be totally
definite that the
chromosomes in the
fetus are normal in
around 1 out of every
100 cases.
Chromosome
irregularities, neural tube
anomalies, and genetic
illnesses can all be
detected during
amniocentesis. The most
prevalent chromosome
anomaly is Down
syndrome, often known

Non-Invasive Prenatal
Screening
Maternal Quadruple Marker
Screen
Percutaneous Umbilical Cord
Sampling
Fetal Anatomy Ultrasound
weeks of pregnancy. the specifics of each
surgery may differ, a
common amniocentesis
goes like this: An antiseptic
will be used to disinfect the
abdomen. The physician
will use ultrasound
equipment to help direct a
hollow needle into the
amniotic sac, and may or
may not apply a local
anesthetic to sedate the
skin. He or she will take a
small sample of fluid for
testing in the lab.
As early as nine weeks The NIPT is performed with
into your pregnancy, a basic maternal blood
noninvasive prenatal draw, so the mother and
tests (NIPT) can detect baby are not at threat. The
trisomy 21 (Down blood will be collected and
syndrome) as well as delivered to a specialized
other chromosomal facility, where the findings
abnormalities and the will be analyzed by
baby's gender with technicians.
high precision.
The quad screen A small amount of blood is
should be performed obtained from the vein
around weeks 15 and during the quad marker
18 of pregnancy, in the screen. Defects with the
second trimester. The formation of the fetus's
process, nevertheless, brain and spinal cord,
can be performed up known as open neural tube
to week 22. abnormalities; the quad
marker screen can
anticipate about 75 percent
to 80 percent of open
neural tube deficiencies.
Just after the 18th In PUBS, a needle is
week of pregnancy, inserted into a blood vessel
percutaneous umbilical (typically a vein) of the
blood testing is usually umbilical cord using
performed. ultrasound guidance to
check fetal condition and
manage fetal illness,
notably blood problems.
It is performed A machine translates sound
as Trisomy 21. Cystic
fibrosis is an example of
a genetic condition.
Spina bifida is the most
frequent neural tube
abnormality.
When the fetus is
completely unharmed,
NIPT results may imply
an elevated potential for
a genetic disorder, or
when the fetus is directly
affected, the results may
reveal a lowered risk for
a genetic disorder.
Normal AFP, estriol,
hCG, and Inhibin-A
levels significantly
suggest a normal
pregnancy and a strong
baby. Normal quad
marker screen findings
indicate healthy infants
and deliveries without
severe difficulties in
nearly 98 percent of
pregnancies.
Used to detect fetal
abnormalities.
Cell values, neural tube
 between the 15th and waves released by the abnormalities (NTDs),
the 22nd week of transducer into a and various problems of
pregnancy. Between 2-dimensional imaging (or the stomach, chest, and
18 and 22 weeks of cross-sectional scan) of the facial characteristics can
pregnancy, an fetus on a monitor as they all be detected in the
ultrasound is ricochet off internal organs fetus through prenatal
performed to look for and tissues. Rather than 2D genetic diagnostic tests
serious anatomical ultrasound, 3D or even 4D of the pregnant woman's
problems in the brain ultrasound equipment is blood and ultrasound
and spine, facial also utilized. results.
characteristics,
abdomen, heart, and
extremities.

Fetoscopy Fetoscopy is Fetoscopy is a method for A fetoscopy is utilized to

commonly done at the examining and performing detect neural tube
18th week of treatments on the fetus anomalies including such
pregnancy or throughout pregnancy using spina bifida, which is a
afterwards, when the a tiny camera or probe. The breach of the
fetus has matured probe is inserted into the membranes surrounding
enough to diagnose amniotic sac through the the spinal cord. Doctors
any issues. It is uterus through a tiny cut on can employ endoscopic
performed throughout the mother's belly. fetoscopy to address
pregnancy to assess fetal problems that they
or manage the fetus. detect using the
operating stream of a
fetoscope.