94 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66

VEC-B6-Les nOI

L ESSON67

I=- WORDS IN ACT/ON

She's close to the man ano ( \I

from the boy.

Having a full-time maid to clean the house, cook and take cara 01
young children is not common in middle-class America. However, havinq I
part-tirne cleaning service that comes once a week for half a day I
becoming popular in families where the husband and wife both work 01
where there is a new-born baby.
In most families, older children are expected to do part of 1111
housework. Traditionally, for girls this has meant spending a few hour I His shirt is wrinkled.
week dusting, vacuuming, and doing the dishes (which means loading 11111
unloading the dishwasher, since almost ali middle-class families have 01111)
For boys, the most common chores are taking out the garbage, cutting I" '
grass, and cleaning the swimming pool. It is also common for childrsu 111
receive a weekly allowance as compensation for doing their chores.
Most parents feel that doing work around the house teaches chil I li'
responsibility and promotes an atmosphere of cooperation and unity Inlll
family. Also, there is just not enough time for parents to do ali the housewrul
themselves, since both of them usually work.

boots
 VEC - 86 - Lesson 67 - 97
96 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 67

AN EXPENS/VE DRESS
TEXT
SITUATIONS

A RECKLESS DR/VER

nd girl: I tried on a gorgeous Dark-haired girl: I like linen, it's so

Ilnen dress at the new boutique light.
111 shopping mall. Blond girl: I know, but it wrinkles so
easily.
Man: Slow down, you're driving too
fast.
Boy: Mom, Dad, please. I do know
how to drive, you know.

AN /MPORTANT DATE

A GREATDEAL

k-haired girl: Are you going to Boy: Why didn't you remind me that

~--~~-~--~-----~ . I) \ r~ IV lhe dress?

, nd girl: I don't know. It's
it was Mom's birthday today? I
completely forgot, and I didn't get
Dark-haired girl: I love your new Blond girl: Oh, thanks. I got th 111 her a present, or even a cardo
utltul and it does fit me perfectly,
boots. at Gino's on sal e for half pri I
1i li' very expensive. Girl: I did remind you yesterday, but
They're genuine Italian leather.
I guess you weren't listening.
98 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 67 VEC - B6 - Lesson 67 - 99

ACTICAL GRAMMAR
INDIRECT SPEECH PRACTICE

k t these sentences:
At the ma"

Tammy: Slow down. You're walking too fast.

Julie: I'm sorry, it's just that there are so many things I want to buy
before themall closes.
LUCY
Tammy: We've already been in half of the stores. What else do you nesd
to buy?

Julie: Well, I need a new pair of

boots. Come on. The mall
closes in half an hour. Let's
check out the sal e at Tony's
Leather Goods.
"Where are my Lucy asked where her new
Tammy: Is that the store that always
boots were.
advertises genuine Italian leather at half price?

Julie: Yeah, and they usually have great deals there. Oh, I almost forg I

9r9
I also need to buy some summer clothes for my vacation 111
Florida next week. I hope I can find something.
"''' naSked'! IsAnlla tolIaly?"
Tammy: Oh, that's right. Your trip is next week.

Julie: Yeah, I can't wait. But I don't have anything to wear. I really n 111

to find some light clothes. 111 n asked when Anita was going to Italy.

Tammy: Hey, I saw some linen dresses on sale at that boutique that JII I
opened. That one just ahead of us on the right. Let's go.

Julie: I don't think I want to buy linen. It'lI wrinkle in my suitcase. /I isked, "What is John studying?"
I

Tammy: I know linen wrinkles easily, but I love it anyway. I just bouqhl
beautiful white linen dress. It was very expensive, but I tried II 111
and I couldn't resist. ked what John was studying.
 VEC - B6 - Lesson 67 - 101
100 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 67

Nllw look at these examples:

~~~~eda~~:~~~??= I. M"} drMn. w"h an Ireet Speeeh: Jim asked, "Where does Kim keep the spoons?"
I
word order for interrogative sentences
~
John asked why Mark was driving with an
expired license.
Indlreet Speeeh: Jim asked where Kim kept the spoons.
I
word order for affirmative sentences

Lucy, Carmen, Susan and John asked wh-questions. Wh-questions ar t

questions that begin with wh-words (who, what, where, why, when, aml
which). How, how many and how much are considered wb-words, eVOII
though they begin with h and not wh.
Irecl Speech, Joseph asked, "Who doe. Linda wanl 10 speak 10?]
. I
word order for interrogative sentences
Now look at these sentences again:

Direet Speeeh: Lucy asked, "Where are my new boots?"

I Indlreet Speeeh: Joseph asked who Linda wanted to speak to.
word order for interrogative sentences I
word order for affirmative sentences

Indireet Speeeh: Lucy asked where her new boots were.

lllce that, in indireet speeeh, the special verb do, which normally is .not
I d in affirmative sentences, was dropped and the main verb was put into
word order for aftirmative sentences
past tense.

W look at one last example. This time, let's use the special verb will.
To change a wh-question from direet speeeh into indireet speeeh, W j
change the interrogative sentence into an affirmative sentence. Rememb I
to make other necessary changes (pronoun, verb tense, etc.).
Ireet Speeeh: Joseph asked, "Jack, how will vou go to Cleveland?"
Remember this:

To change wh-questions from direet speeeh into ( hange this sentence from direet speeeh into indireet speeeh, we only
indireet speeeh: V to use the word order for affirmative sentences and change the
rnnoun and verb tense accordingly.
1. Use the word order for affirmative sentences.

2. Change pronoun, verb tense, etc., accordingly. I dlreet Speeeh: Joseph asked Jack how he would go to Cleveland.

~- -- -~- -~ -~--- --

--=:t
102 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 67 VEC - 86 - Lesson 67 - 103

11. USING DO, DOES, OR D/O FOR EMPHASIS

We do not use do, does or did for emphasis in
statements already eontaining one or more of the
verbs below. In these statements, we ean only be
Look at these statements: emphatie orally, that is, by altering our tone of voiee.

to be might
to have (+ past partieiple) must
1I do know how to drive. I ean will
eould would
may should

Look at these examples:

I This dress does fit me. I "Why aren't you ready yet?" "But I am ready."

"Joey, haven't you ealled your Aunt Millie?"

"Ves, Mom, I have ealled her."

I did remind you of Mom's birthday yesterday.

11. ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

k at this statement:

Do, does and did weren't neeessary in any of these affirmative statement
They were used just to give emphasis to the verbs know, fit and remindo [ I Irl d on a gorgeous red French linen dress yesterday.

Wh n we use more than one adjective before a noun, this is the order we
lIow:

Remember this:
+ colar + nationality + material + NOUN

red French linen dress

1. We often use do/does/did in affirmatlv

statements to give more emphasis to what we'rr
saying. W look at two more examples using the order of adjectives:

2. We put do/does/did before the main verb in th , w much is the blue silk tie in the window?
infinitive form without to.
W in interesting Dutch movie yesterday.

r re exceptions to the order shown here. However, if you follow this

ri youwill sound more like a native speaker.
104 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 67 VEC - 86 - Lesson 68 - 10

L ESSON68
WORDS IN ACTION

eagles can

a dozen eggs
"VOU PtO 6Av 'WEI.L OONE.' PION'T YOV?"

Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features

Syndicate, Inc.

VOU REMIND
MEOFTHE
OCEAN. grain

wheat
 106 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68

VEC-B6-L 011 /I 1111

TEXT
FROM TV COMMERCIALS

DUNKIN' DONUTS ®

Ice-over: Today we
Voice-over: In the futura, 111
In ty percent
11 we use.
commitment to a qu Illy
environment will continue.

Man of the past: I used to make

Dunkin' doughnuts in dozens of
varieties.
Man of the present: I still do.

ANHEUSER-BUSCH ® COMPANIES

Voice-over: We're with you 'cause

we care too.
Voice-over: Anheuser-Busch® _
a pledge and a promise.

Voice-over: At Anheuser-Busch'ê Voice-over: A hundred year

our environmental philosophy is we began by recycling gr 111
based on the belief that we must animal feed.
preserve our natural resources for
the generations to come.
108 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 - 109

Jingle: Let's get together now.

It's time to stop and care
about the things we love so much -
the land, the sea, the air.
Vojce-over: Forty years ago, Dunkin' Donuts® was making thll Yeah, we're with you
freshest, most delicious doughnuts you could buy, 'cause we care too.
Someone still cares.

Man of the present: I still do!

olce-over: At Anheuser-Busch'ê' our environmental philosophy is based
on the belief that we must preserve our natural resources for
the generations to come.
Man of the past: Oh yeah? I used to make Dunkin' doughnuts II1
A hundred years ago we began by recycling grain as animal
dozens of varieties.
feed. Today we're the world's largest recycler of aluminum
cans, recycling over ninety percent of what we use, saving
Man of the present: What do you think I do? I make them in up li· resources and energy. And in the future, our commitment to
fifty-two varieties. a quality environment will continue.
,
Man of the past: But I made them fresh, day and night! Jlngle: We're with you
'cause we care too.

Man of the present: I still do! A pledge and a promise from the Anheuser-Busch'ê'
Companies.

Man of the past: Really?

Voice-over: Dunkin' Donuts®. The freshest then, the fr 11 I

now.
110 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 68
VEC - 86 - Lesson 68-111

FURTHER USE OF ENGLlSH RACTICAL GRAMMAR

Read these sentences:
I USEDTO

Could you please go to the supermarket and get me two dozen eggs? ook at this statement:

Our city has fifty thousand inhabitants.

[ M ry: I used to make cookies in dozens of varieties.

Remember this: r , Mary said that she made dozens of varieties of cookies in the past
h ~oesn't make th,em anymore. Her statement was true in the past, but
I ri t true now. That s why she said used to.

We don't put an s at the end of words like dozen,

'hundred, thousand, mil/ion, ete., when these word
are preceded by a number or other expression 01
quantity.

Vl!e put used to in a sentence to express a past

situation or habit that is no longe r true in the
Now read these statements: present.

I've told you dozens of times: turn down the darn radio!

11 ok at these statements from the lesson:

There were hundreds of people watching the Fourth of July parad

yesterday.
past: I used to make Dunkin' Donuts® in dozens of varieties.

present: I still do.

Remember this:

/11 /11 Dunkin' Donuts® comr:'ercial, when the man of the past said
Dozens (of), hundreds (of), thousands (ot), mllllllll /I d to make doughnuts m dozens ot varieties, he gave us the
(of), etc. can be used to mean a large num/m/ flI /1111 that the man of the present daesn't make thern anymare. But,
Of course, mil/ions implies a much larger nlllllll 'li ttom the te~t that he still does. The man of the past just pretended
than hundreds. ,/IIII/'f know it.
11" VI VEC - 86 - Lesson 68 -113

A. Afflrmative form B. Interrogative form

Now look at this chart: Compare these sentences:

Subject used to verb in the infinitive

I
VOU
I Michele used to live on Heather Court.
used to dance very well.
He
She

It used to make a lot of noise. I~ Mlohele~e~e O" Hea'he, Cou,'

We
SM
Vou used to work at Kmart .

They member this:

This is how we make an interrogative sentence with

used to:
Remember this:
did + subject + use to + verb in the infinitive form

This is how we make an affirmative statement with

I
Did
-=c:::- =c
Alex use to
I
wear glasses?
.
used to:

subject + used to + verb in the infinitive form

-=::c- I I ow look at another example with used to, just for your enjoyment:
Mik~ used to work downtown.

DIDN'T YOUR
f)OYFRIEND
USETO HAVE
Now look at another example, just for your enjoyment: A MUSTACHE?

Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate. Inc.

114 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68
VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 - 115

C. Negative form 11VERB + ING AFTER PREPOSITIONS

Look at these statements:

ok at this statement:
Wow, Jim, VOU ate six pancakes. Vou never used to eat so much.

V recycling, we can help preserve our natural resources.

Karen didn't use to like the opera. Now she goes almost every weekend.
Ihl statement we used recyele in the ing form after the preposition by.

Remember this: W look at some more examples of statements containing a verb in the
, rm after a preposition:
This is how we make a negative statement with
used to:
IiV nd I talked about getting a new car.
subject + never used to + verb in the infinitive form
----r I I lnterested in learning more about birds.
I never used to like baseball.
in charge of planning our company's energy conservation
or

subject + didn't use to + verb in the infinitive form

--==c-
Tina
I
didn't use to
I
stay up so late.

We use the verb in the ing form when it comes

Now look at one more example:
after a preposition.

THE MEN IN OUR FAMILY

WERE ALL REAL TOUGH,
BILL. THEY DIDN'T USE TO
k at another example:
COOK THEIR MEAT. THEY
ATE IT RAW, THEN SAT
THE LOCKHORNS
ON THE STOVE.
© 1991 by King Features Syndicate, Inc. World Rights Heserved 7.19

••WE•.•.• WHAT A COINCIOENCE"

I'M 61CK OF MAKING MEAT •.OAF .••

Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.

 VEC - B6 - Lesson 68 - 117
116 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 68

111.USING MUSTTO EXPRESS OBLlGATION

Vou have learned about using must to express probability. We can also u
must to express obligation.

Look at this statement:

We must preserve our natural resources.

In this statement, we mean that we have an obligation to preserve 111

natural resources.
By Dik Browne
No, IV /.../iLE3'TO
Compare these statements: BE3yotJNGf!2 AGA/N !
I have to go now. My train leaves at 3:00.

! I must go nbw. My train leaves at 3:00.

Remember this:
-- •.......
ByBilKeane

It is more common to use have to to expre

obligation than must.

Now compare these statements:

Vou must not eat red meat.lt isn't good for you.

"I used to be a beautiful baby'

Vou don't have to finish your homework "But then you grew up."
tonight. Vou still have the whole weekend.

Remember this:

Must not and not have to cannot be us ti

interchangeably. Must not is used to expre
prohibition whereas not have to indicates lack ti'
obligation.

J
 11111/\ VEC-86- 1111111

L ESSON69
WORDS IN ACTION
THE BALD EAGLE

The eagle, being one of the largest and strongest birds in the world,
has been looked upon as a symbol of strength and courage since the tim
of the Roman Empire. In 1782, shortly after winning their independeno 1

from England, Americans chose the Bald Eagle to be their national bir j
They chose the Bald Eagle not only for its strength and courage, but ai
because it is the only species of eagle found
exclusively in North America.
Today, the Bald Eagle is sports cars
considered an endangered species 1.
By the early 1970's, the
number of Bald Eagles had
dropped drastically because
of ~he pollutants that got
\'
into rivers and lakes, poisoning2 the fish
that the eagles ate. The eagles didn't die, but
were unable to reproduce.
Fortunately since then, the government
and the people have become more
preoccupied with saving their national
symbol. Although there are still
a car wreck
few Bald Eagles left in
the United States, their
number is now
increasing.

New words:

track
 NN I f. 1111/1/1 -
=-
1
~---------------J WHA T'S GOING ON?
TEXT
VEC - 86 -lesson 69 _ 121

SITUAT/ONS

THE MISSED FL/GHT

IIe's grandmother: Why did Vou •• ='''-''''''''-~

I the 2:00 flight?
" : Morn and 1 got held up on our
y to the airport beeause there
a wreek on the interstate.
Julie: The traftie was baeked up for
miles. 8y the time we got to the
airport, our flight had already
taken off.

This plane's taking ott.

--~

JUlie: Lueki/y, we were first on the

waiting list for the 4:00 f1ight.
JUlie's grandmother: Wel/, it
doesn't matter now. We're just glad
you're here.
 122 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 - 123

A T THE GARAGE

Aunt Ethel

ndra: What time does Aunt Ethel's flight arrive?

M thew: It arrives at six.

Garage manager: I'm sorry, but
your car won't be ready for two
weeks. We have to order some
parts.
ndra: Well, then we should leave for the airport soon because we
might get held up in the rush hour traffic. I'm going to listen to
Dark-haired boy: If only you h li the traffic report on the radio.
listened to me when I told you th \1
parts for old foreign sports car
were hard to findo

I. Blond boy: Two weeks! Shoot! On the radio they say it's better to take Bensington Road
How am I going to get to track because there is a wreck on the interstate, and there are cars
practice? backed up for three miles.

Let's leave now so we can stop at that shop that sells parts for
foreign sports cars.

OK. Oon't you think we should call the airport to see if Aunt
Ethel's plane took off on time?

Yeah, that's a good idea. Why don't you call?

That was Aunt Ethel. She missed her flight. On her way to the
airport, she realized she had left her ticket at home.

Aunt Ethel always has a hard time remembering things.

Yeah, I know. Anyhow, her flight was the last one out of Albany
tonight. She's on the waiting list for the first flight tomorrow morning.

Shoot! I can't go to theairport tomorrow morning. I have track

practice at 9.

It doesn't matter. Mom and I will pick her up.

Luckily, we didn't leave for the airport earlier. We would have

missed her call.
 VEC - B6 - Lesson 69 - 125
124 - VEC ~ B6 - Lesson 69

Now look at this example again:

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
I. INDIRECT SPEECH PRACTICE
Ilobertsaid, "Tony, turn on the radio,
I ase."--·
Look at this example:

He bert asked Tony to turn on the radio. I

III mber this:

1. In indirect speech, we put to betore the verb it

the statement was originally made as a eommand
or request.

2. In indirect speech, we use told or asked it the

Robert said, "Tony, turn
radio, please,"
statement was originally made using said and the
verb in the quotation was used in the command
or request formo
on the Robert asked Tony to turn on til
radio. a. We usually use told it the statement in the
quotation was a command.

e.g. Amy said, "Jo, stop making so much

noise."
Amy told Jo to stop making so mueh
Now look at this example:
noise.

Direct Speech: Marilyn said, "Sue, make sure we have ali the ingredlllll b. We usually use asked if the statement in
the quotation was a polite request.
weneelm'ke lhe c,ke.'
e.g. Ruth said, "Sonya, pass me the salt."
Ruth asked Sonya to pass her the salt.

Indirect Speech: Marilyn told Sue to make sure they had II 'li
3. Expressions of politeness in direet speech, like
ingredients they needed to make the eake. please, would you please, could you please, ete.,
are not used in indirect speeeh.
126 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 69
VEC - B6 - Lesson 69 - 127

Look at this example:

Now look at this example again:

TED,DON'T
FORGET TO CALL Mlchael said, "Ted, don't forget to call that
THAT SHOP THAT hop that sells parts for foreign sports cars."
SELLS PARTS
FOR FOREIGN
SPORTS CARS.

Mlchael told Ted not to forget to call that

hop that sells parts for foreign sports cars.

1. In indirect speech, we use not + to + verb when

the statement was originally made using do + not
Michael said, "Ted, don't forget Michael told Ted not to forget 1(1 + verb in the command or request formo
to call that shop that sells parts call that shop that sells parts rCII
for foreign sports cars." foreign sports cars. 2. In indirect speech, we use told or asked if the
statement was originally made using said and the
I verb in the quotation was in the command or
request form.
Now look at these examples:,

Direct Speech: The doctor said, "AI, don't eat meat."

---=- I
Indirect Speech: The doctor told AI not to eat meat.
r '8 one more example of a command in the negative in indirect speech:

by BiII Watterson
CQI~if\ ycu S+if\khead,
I +~~~J"~Jh~c+ +c
5IJs"'e.
Direct Speech: Lucy said, "Sue, don't put any salt on the food, pie 11

l~
Indirect Speech: Lucy asked Sue not to put any salt on the food.
 VEC - B6 - Lesson 69 - 129
128 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 69

11.THE PAST PERFECT TENSE - FORMATION I terrogative form

A. Affirmative form mpare lhese sentences:
Look at this staternent from lhe lesson:
h play had already started when Tom gol
By lhe lime we gol 10 lhe airporl, our flighl had already taken off. lhe theater.

had + pasl participle

01 main verb
d lhe play already started when Tom gol
Look at lhis chart:
lhe theater?
<,
FULL FORM CONTRACTED FORM
I arrived I'd arrived
Vou called You'd called m mber lhis:
He had left He'd left
She gone She'd .qone
To form lhe inlerrogalive of lhe past perfect tense,
II had closed ... * closed
we place the verb had before the subject.
We seen We'd seen
Vou 'had known You'd known
They heard They'd heard
gative form
*There is no contracted lorm lor it had.

re these slatemenls:
Remember lhis:

To form lhe past perfect lense, we use: playhad started when Tom gol 10 lhe
ter.
hacj + the past participle ot the main verb

Now look at lhe staternent again: play had not started when Tom gol to
pari A - pasl lense pari B - pasl perlecl lense theater.

,..- ....JA A
r s, "\ I '--------,
By lhe lime we got.lo lhe airporl, our flighl had already taken off. play hadn't started when Tom got to the
uer.
pasllense had + pasl participle
olverb 01 main verb

Remember lhis:

A past perfect senlence has two parts. One p II

conlains a verb in lhe simple pastlense. The othot
part contains had + past participle of anolher verl
Eilher part can come firsl.
To form the negative of the past perfect tense, we
can place not after the verb had or simply use the
contracted form hadn't.
130 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 VEC - 86 - Lesson 69 -131

Now look at another example with the past perfect tense: IV THE PAST PERFECT TENSE + TIME EXPRESSIONS

J k at these statements:

y the time we got to the airport, our flight had already left.

h n 1heard about the wreck, 1had already gotten on the interstate.

t phanie loved San Francisco. She had never been there before.

We often use expressions of time with the past

perfect tense to refer to the earlier action in the
past.
111.USING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

Look at this statement:

HE PAST PERFECT TENSE + AFTER/BEFORE

When Oavid got to the store, it had already closed.
w look at these examples:

y had left before I had a chance to talk to him.

In this statement, two actions happened

1. The store closed.

in the past:
t t:
il,
l r,y
r
left before 1had a chance to talk to him.

2. Oavid got to the store. c ' " I lhe kids had gone to sleep, 1turned on the TV.
F J
Since both actions did not happen at the same tirné iri the past, we UI II
I =r
I the kids went to sleep, 1turned on the TV.
~
the past perfect tense to describe which action happened first.ln the abov
statement, first the store closed, then Oavid got there.

Remember this:
The sim pie past tense can replace the past perfect
tense when the two past actions are connected by
We use the past perfect tense to describ 111
the words afteror before because these words clearly
. action that was completed before another acti IIIII
state which action happened first.
time in the past.
132 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 - 133

L ESSON70 TEXT
____________ W__O_R_D_S_'N__ A_C_T,_IO_N J FROM TV COMMERCIALS

HELLMANN'S DIJONNAIS~

walrus two walruses

y, Ice-over: Ther~_o.ew-winner Voice-over: In a rJê,tIo.nw..id.ELJª.ste

In mustards. »< test, new Hêrrmann's dijonnaise®
beãTfh-e-Teadrn~riDií~lflrÇr6y~'to 1·

seal sea lion

dolphin penguin whale

Voice-over: New Hellmann's

Dijonnaise® creamy rnustard blend
is delicious-
~~ .._~.~-'''''-"''

lunchbox
 lilll VI o UO Lo on 70
VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 - 135

Sung: Di, Di, Di, Dijonnaise. . .

Hellmann's ...

Boy: When I opened up my Voice-over: There's a new winner in

Vóice-over: Bring out II1
lunchbox and saw that my mother mustards. In a nationwide taste
tf~[lmaon's-®:ã·fiElfifi.l'lg_Qu.tthe b II
had made that ham sandwich with test, new Hellmann's Dijonnaise®
'~
new Hel/mann's Dijonnaise®, I knew creamy mustard blend beat the
I was in love. leading mustard by 2 to 1.

Bay: Vou know, when I ope,ned up that

lunchbox, and I saw that my
sweet mother had made that
ham sandwich ~ith delicious
new Helmann's \Dijónnaise®,
well, I knew I was ih love.

new
ANHEUSER-BUSCH® COMPANIES

,~, 7 . v

IIE?~
Voice-over: At Sea World® Melissa
Voice-over: We believe the mOI!
found out some birds, like penguins,
you know about animais, the m 111
can't fly, but dolphins cano
you protect the species. Melis I
loved the sea lions, the whales, tllll
walruses and the seals.
Volce-over: Melissa had a very busy day. She made new friends. She
learned some birds can't fly, but dolphins can.And she found
out what it takes to save a species. Where did she learn so
much? At Sea World®. We believe the more you know about
animais, the more .you protect them. Sea World® is an
Anheuser-Busch'ê Company. And teaching people about
preserving marine life is part of our pledge and our promise.
í
136 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 70 VEC - B6 - Lesson 70 - 137

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR

PAST PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST TENSE?

Look at these two statements:

Ingrid arrived. David left.

We can combine these statements in two different ways to show th 111

relationship in the past:

When Ingrid arrived, David left.

In this statement, Oavid left right after Ingrid arrived.

When Ingrid arrived, Oavid had left.

In this statement, Oavid was already gone when Ingrid arrived.

Remember this:
er:ca The~Beautiful is one of the
st loved patrlotic songs in American
1. When an action started right after another actlon
was completed, we use the simple past tense f I tory. lt's so popular, in fact, that most
both actions.
ericans prefer it to the country's actual
e.g. When Gina qotto school, her class started, onal anthem,\The Star Spangled Banner,
She got there on time.
ing that it's easier to sing, easier to
2. When an action was completed before anoth I erstand, and has a prettier melody.
action in the past, we use the past perfect ten 11
to show which action happened first and mO America The Beautiful was composed
simple past tense for the other action.
amuei Ward. Katherine Lee Bates wrote
e.g. When Gina got to school, her class had start ti,
She got there late. Iyrics in 1893.
138 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 70 VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 - 139

LESSON 71
WORDS IN ACTION

Here is the complete version 01 Amerim

The Beautifu/. Take note, however, lIlIll
Americans usually sing only the lirst (ti 111
lourth stanzas or [ust lhe lirst stan/ 1

o beautifu/ for spacious Sk/H dryer

For amber waves of gl/lI/1
For purp/e mountain maje ti
Above the fruited p/ 1//11
America! Ametl! ,I
God shed His grace on /l1t.
And crown thy 1711I11'
With brotnemoi»!
From sea to shining

o beautiful for Pilgrim 'I

Whose stem impassioned su»
A thoroughfare for freedom beat across the wlkieuw
~~F~~~;;;;~;:;:;~~~h:~1 America! America! God mend thine every 1/
Confirm thy soul in Self-CiJIIII
Thy /iberty /1/ I

o beautifu/ for heroes plll

In liberating 1II
Who more than seft their country 111
And mercy more /11/111 "
America! AnlltIll
May God thy gold u li,
Tifl afl success be nobtuu
And every ga/11 IIMII

stomach
140 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 71 VEC - B6 - Lesson 71 -141

TEXT WHERE ARE THE CLEAN CLOTHES?

SITUATIONS

A STRANGE NO/SE

Woman: Honey, yesterday was Woman: Where did Vou put the
your turn to do the laundry. Did Vou clean clothes?
it? Boy: Nowhere. I left them in the
oy: I certainly did. dryer.

Marie: Lisa, wake up.1 think someone Lisa: There isn't anyone downstall'
is trY.ing to break into the house. Marie: There's no one up h I'
either. Maybe it was just the wlnd,

~
Irl on the left: That play made no
n e. I didn't understand a thing.
I I In the middle: Me neither. I
ldn't get the point at alI.
Man: No wonder. Vou girls are
unable to appreciate art. I just loved
the play.

'.
~ \ .~
Marie: Lisa, I heard a noise again.
There's something odd going on.
Lisa: There's nothing odd, Marie.
My stomach's growling, that's alI.

)Y.:j
'gI1
Girl on the left: Oh, come on, Bob,
give us a break. We heard Vou
snoring throughout the play.
142 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 - 143

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
NO, NOTHING, NO ONE OR NOBODY ANO NOWHERE

After the theater ook at this statement:

Ellen: I'm sorry, but I didn't get the point of that play. I There's no milk left. 1'11buy some more this afternoon.

Nat: Me neither. I didn't understand a thing. And what about thosr

No is a negative word meaning not any. Other words used to make negative
odd noises every time the "horseman" tried to break into tho
tatements are nothing, no one or nobody and nowhere.
doctor's house?

Ellen: I think it was the wind. Wasn't it "raining" in the play too? Now look at these statements:

Bill: I don't know. The only noise I heard was my stomach growlin j.
which reminds me, didn't we make reservations at Di Giorgio' "
I There is nothing wrong with me.

Ellen: Yeah, for 10 p.m.

Judy: Oh, give me a break. Vou guys are just unable to appreci III
I No one/Nobody here can help me with this computer. problem.

modern theater. The play was an excellent example of how WI1

are ali so lost ...
I Nobody/No one knows where Sharon left her keys.
Nat: Or so tired. I hear<~ you snoring throughout the second pari "r
the play!

Judy: It must be that stuff I'm taking for my cold. It always makes 111
II don't like this hotel, but there's nowhere else to stay

tired.

Bill: Hey, let's get something to eat. I'm starving.

rnember this:
Ellen: Yeah, guys. I'm hungry too.

Judy: OK. Let's go. 1. Nothing means no thing.

2. No one and nobody mean no person. We can

use either one of them in a sentence.

3. Nowhere means no p/ace.

144 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 -145

Now compare these groups of statements: Now look at some more examples:

verb in the
verb in the
affirmative
negative

I~
There isn't anything to worry
about. Go back to sleep.
+--
There 's nothing to worry aboul
Go back to sleep.

verb in the
verb in the
affirmative
negative
--r-
.,...L-
"We're in the middle of nowhere. What are we going to do now?"
There isn't anyone/anybody There's no one/nobody her )
here. Maybe it was just the wind. Maybe it was just the wind.

verb in the
verb ínthe
affirmative

-r-
negative

-.L
There isn't anywhere to eat There 's nowhere to eat around
around here. here.

"That baby is so smart. Nobody understands anything he's

saying."
Remember this:

THE LOCKHORNS
C 1993 Kir1g FeaturesSyndlcata,lnc. Rlghts Reserved
Anything/Anyone/Anybody/Anywhere Worlc!

VS.

Nothing/No one/Nobody/Nowhere

For a negative statement use:

"~"I<E '-j NOTHING I v-.oUL.DN"T DO FoR LORETTA.

the verb in the negative form + anything, any 1111, IN FACT, I'M DOING NOTH INC, FOR HeR RIGHT NO"'"
anybody or anywhere.
Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.
the verb in the affirmative form + nothing, no 11 1
nobody, nowhere.
146 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 - 147

By Charles Schulz

NOTHING'S WRONG! CAN'T

A GUY JUST SIT UNTIL DINNER
IS READY?
148 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 71 VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 -149

LESSON72
WORDS IN ACTION

crackers cornflakes

a cup of yogurt

pineapple grapes

Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc. decaffeinated coffee/decaf strawberry jam
150 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 -151

TEXT
SITUATIONS
A CAR ACCIDENT

jar supermarket 6~ .. ~~ c>

\ ~!
\ \'
~.
-rr~ ~!(fl.l:'J.~
. "\ I
\ ....•ri
Girl: What happened? Girl: Vou didn't get hurt, did vou?
Boy: A station wagon ran into the Boy: No, just a few scratches.
rear of my car.
WATCHING THE TV NEWS
__----~'-----·n-----~ ~~~~~~~~ @

clouds lightning

Glrl on the sofa: Cindy, the Weatherman: .. mostly cloudy

weather fQrecast is on. and windy on Friday. Then drizzle
on Saturday, turning into heavy rain
on Sunday, with thunder and
There's a scratch on the man's This car is a station wagon. lightning.
armo

u~~~~~
Girl on the sofa: Forget about
going to the beach this weekend.
This is the rear of the caro This is the rear of the truck.
152 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72
VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 - 153

ON THE EXPRESSWA Y

At the supermarket

Ellen: Are you ready, honey?

Frank: Sure. Where are we going again?

Girl: Frank, take the Graham Street
exit.1 feellike getting a pizza aí Little
Ellen: To the new supermarket in Orange Park.
Italy.

Frank: Orange Park? lsn't it a little far from here?

A T THE SUPERMARKET Ellen: Well, if we take the expressway, we'lI get there in no time.
And they have really low priees at that supermarket.

Frank: Do you want to take my ear?

Ellen: No, let's take my station wagon. We are going to need lots
of roorn '.

Frank: Uh, honey, are we going to be able to afford to buy so mueh?

~~ó L~g~_l.f3.J
Woman: Let's see. Craekers, Girl: How about getting some grap Ellen: Oh, don't worry, we'lI shop earefully. Now let me make
margarine, pineapple juiee, jam too? sure 1have everything.
eornflakes, yogurt, deeaf ...
(on the expressway)

Ellen: Let's see. C rackers, margarine, pineapple juiee,

eornflakes, grapes, yogurt - am 1forgetting anything?2

Frank: Deeaffeinated eoffee.

Ellen: Oh yeah, your deeaf. Anything else?

Frank: I'm sure 1'11think of something else when we get there.

Why is there so mueh traffie today? There usually isn't
Woman: Great idea.1 haven't eaten this mueh traffie on Saturday.
grape jam for a long time. I used to
eat a whole jar by myself when 1"?Ias m -space
little. . m I torgetting anything - Informal English. Have I forgotten anything is formal.
154 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 - 155

Ellen: Maybe there's been an accident.

Frank: Just our luck. And the sky is really dark, too. It's probably
going to rain. 1hope we get home before it starts.

Ellen: Let me see if 1can get the weather forecast on the radio,

***
Weatherman: Today mostly cloudy and windy, slight drizzle turning int
heavy rain on Sunday, with the chance of thunder an J This book has Iwo daily food plans, one for an average man and anolher
for an average woman. Here's whal each is allowed to eat:
lightning ...
AVERAGE MAN* AVERAGE WOMAN*
Frank: Yuck! What a weekend.
MILK-2 CUPS MILK - 1-2 CUPS
VEGETABLES - 2 1/2-3 CUPS VEGETABLES - 2-21/2 CUPS
Ellen: At least it's not raining now.
FRUITS - 3-4 SMALL FRUITS FRUITS - 3 SMALL FRUITS
BREADS - 9-10 SLlCES BREADS (INCLUDES CEREAL) - 9-1 o SLlCES
Frank: Yeah, that's something. Can Vou see what the problem I MEAT - 4-5 OUNCES MEAT - 3-4 OUNCES
FATS -1-2 SPOONS FATS - 3-4 SPOONS
ahead?

Ellen: No. Wait. Now 1can.lt looks like a green Honda hit anoth
car in the rear.

Frank: Is it bad?

Ellen: No, but everyone's stopping to look. That's why it's takln j
so long.

Frenk: Now where do I get off? The Bird Street exit?

Ellen: Yeah. It's the next one.

"Important note:
,CLS is not recommending this diet, only using it to work with the vocabulary.
Anyone who is going on a diet should first consult a physician.
 VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 - 157
156 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72

Weather hot line

Call1-900-555-5555 for 24-hour weather
conditions in 489 U.S. cities. Cost: 95 cents
a minute.
By Desiree French

tJIfi1
Honolul~'ib S8~d :
HAWAII
D "
~
PUERTORICO
Vlrgln
Islandl

Fahrenheit O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• • • • • • • • • • •
Celsius -18 -12 -7 -1 4 10 16 21 27 32 38

IIr prlnted with special permission 01 Hank Ketcham and © North America Syndicate. Inc.
Copyright 1991. USA TODAY
Reprinted with permission.
158 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 72 RG - P6 - Voc. List-15~

VOCABULARV LlST

Note: This list contains the new words and expressions introduced in eacr1
lesson together with the corresponding number of the lesson. Thé'

symbol (WIA) is used for ali words that are presented in Words in Actior"

belief- L. 68
A
a little - L. 66 belt (WIA) - L. 63
YOU'RE A FEW MINUTES LATE ... MY
WIFE JUST SPENT ALL OUR MONEY.
a pair of (WIA) - L. 63 blend - L. 70

a thing - L. 71 boot (WIA) - L. 67

accident - L. 72 bottle (WIA) - L. 65

ages- L. 65 bottle opener (WIA) - L. 65

ahead of (WIA) - L. 67 bottom (WIA) - L. 65

allowance - L. 63 boutique - L. 67

aluminum - L. 68 by oneself - L. 66

anyway - L. 65 by the time - L. 69

art - L. 61

as a matter of fact - L. 61
c
cage (WIA) - L. 65
as far as - L. 64

calculus - L. 61

B can (WIA) - L. 68

baby-sitter - L. 64 canine - L. 61

based on - L. 68 carpet (WIA) - L. 66

160- RG - P6 - Voe. List
RG - P6 - Voe. List - 161

chase - L. 61 dolphin (WIA) - L. 70

F H
close to (WIA) - L. 67 doughnut (WIA) - L. 68 fair- L. 66 hamster (WIA) - L. 65

closed (WIA) - L. 64 dozen (WIA) - L. 68 fake - L. 67

hard - L. 69

cloud (WIA) - L. 72 drizzle - L. 72 feed - L. 68

heavy- L. 72
cloudy - L. 72 drum rol! - L. 61 few- L. 63
hole (WIA) - L. 65
coaster (WIA) - L. 65 flight - L. 69
drummer - L. 61
horror film - L. 66
commercial art - L. 61 foreign - L. 69
drums (WIA) - L. 61

commitment - L. 68 horror movie - L. 66

forever - L. 63
drumstick (WIA) - L. 61

completely - L. 67 fork (WIA) - L. 65 hours - L. 65

dryer (WIA) - L. 71

corn (WIA) - L. 68 free- L. 62

dust - L. 66 housework (WIA) - L. 66

cornflakes (WIA) - L. 72 free throw (WIA) - L. 61

dusting - L. 66 how long - L. 65
couch (WIA) - L. 65 free throw Une (WIA) - L. 61

cracker (WIA) - L. 72 freeway - L. 72

E
creamy - L. 70
eagle (WIA) - L. 68
creative - L. 61 G if only - L. 69
earring (WIA) - L. 63
garage (WIA) - L. 64
imagination - L. 61
easily- L. 67
o generation - L. 68
in the middle of - L. 62
environment - L. 68
deal- L. 67 genuine - L. 67

environmental - L. 68 instructor (WIA) - L. 63

decaf (WIA) - L. 72 glue (WIA) - L. 62

decaffeinated coffee (WIA) - L. 72 exit - L. 72 intensive - L. 63

glue pen (WIA) - L. 62

delicious - L. 70 experienced - L. 61 grain (WIA) - L. 68 interstate - L. 69

Dijon mustard - L. 70 expressway - L. 72 grape (WIA) - L. 72 it doesn't matter - L. 69

162 - RG - P6 - VOG. List RG - P6 - VOG. List -163

J M oneself - L. 66
R
jam (WIA) - L. 72 margarine (WIA) - L. 72 open (WIA) - L. 64 rarely - L. 65

jar (WIA) - L. 72 marine life - L. 70 overtime - L. 65 rear (WIA) - L. 72

jewelry (WIA) - L. 62 mayonnaise - L. 70 reckless - L. 67

just about - L. 61 Me neither. - L. 71 P resource - L. 68

part (WIA) - L. 69
middle (WIA) - L. 65 ride - L. 63

pencil sharpener (WIA) - L. 61

K mile- L. 69

karate (WIA) - L. 63 penguin (WIA) - L. 70 S

mostly - L. 72

kit - L. 62 percent - L. 68 sabotage - L. 61

perfectly - L. 67 sail- L. 66
N
L nationwide - L. 70 personal- L. 61 sailboat - L. 66

ladle (WIA) - L. 65 philosophy - L. 68 sailing - L. 66

natural - L. 62

laundry - L. 71 pineapple (WIA) - L. 72 scratch (WIA) - L. 72

nature - L. 62

leading - L. 70 place mat (WIA) - L. 65 sea lion (WIA) - L. 70

necklace (WIA) - L. 63

less- L. 64 play - L. 71 seal (WIA) - L. 70

no - L. 71

lifeguard (WIA) - L. 65 pledge - L. 68 several - L. 63

No wonder. - L. 71

light - L. 67 popcorn (WIA) - L. 66 Shoot! - L. 69

nowhere - L. 71

lightning (WIA) - L. 72 position - L. 62 shot (WIA) - L. 61

linen - L. 67 O poster (WIA) - L. 63 silverware - L. 65

little - L. 72 odd - L. 71 practice - L. 63 since - L. 65

luckily - L. 69 on - L. 72 promise - L. 68 skill- L. 61

lunchbox (WIA) - L. 70 on one's way - L. 69 public - L. 65 social life - L. 66

 164 - RG - P6 - VOG. List RG - P6 - VOG. List-165

sometime - L. 65 there's no telling - L. 61 w wind - L. 64

species - L. 70 though - L. 65 waiting list - L.69 windy- L. 64

speed - L. 61 throughout - L. 71 walrus (WIA) - L. 70 winner - L. 70

spoon (WIA) - L. 65 thunder - L. 72 weather - L. 72 wreck (WIA) - L. 69

sporting goods (WIA) ;- L. 64 till- L. 62 weather forecast - L. 72 wrinkle (WIA) - L. 67

sports car (WIA) - L. 69 to come - L. 68 weatherman - L. 72 wrinkled (WIA) - L. 67

station wagon (WIA) - L. 72 top (WIA) - L. 65

weekly - L. 63

stomach (WIA) - L. 71 tough - L. 61

whale (WIA) - L. 70 y

stuff - L. 62 wheat (WIA) - L. 68 yogurt (WIA) - L. 72

track (WIA) - L. 69

supermarket (WIA) - L. 72 Who knows? - L. 61 Vou know - L. 63

training - L. 61

superstore - L. 64
trumpet (WIA) - L. 63

swimming instructor - L. 65 turn - L. 71

T u
tablespoon (WIA) - L. 65
unable - L. 71

talent - L. 61
upto- L. 64

talented - L. 61

teaspoon (WIA) - L. 65 v
technical - L. 61 vacuum cleaner (WIA) - L. 66

technique - L. 61 vacuuming - L. 66

tennis racket (WIA) - L. 64 vampire - L. 66

the more ... the more - L. 70 variety - L. 68

166 - VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs - 167

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

LlST OF VERBS
C to call called called

Infinitive PastTense Past Participle

to care cared cared

A to answer answered answered

to celebrate celebrated celebrated

to appreciate appreciated appreciated

to change changed changed

to arrive arrived arrived

to chase chased chased

to ask asked asked

to chew chewed chewed

to choose chose chosen

B to baby-sit baby-sat baby-sat to come came come

to back backed backed to contact contacted contacted

to be was/were been to cook cooked cooked

to beat beat beat to crash crashed crashed

to beco me became beco me to cut cut cut

to begin began begun

to believe believed believed O to dance danced danced

to blend blended blended to decide decided decided

to borrow borrowed borrowed to describe described described

to break broke broken to develop developed developed

to bring brought brought to disappoint disappointed disappointed

to buy bought bought to discover discovered discovered

168 - VEC - B6 - List of Verbs
VEC - B6 - List of Verbs - 169

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

to disturb disturbed disturbed to find found found

to do did dane to finish finished finished

to dress dressed dressed fired

to fire fired

to drink drank drunk fit

to fit fit

to drive drove driven to fix fixed fixed

to drizzle drizzled drizzled flunked flunked

to flunk

to dust dusted dusted flew flown

to fly

E to earn earned earned G to get got gotten

to eat ate eaten to give gave given

to end ended ended to glue glued glued

to endure endured endured to go went gane

to enjoy enjoyed enjoyed to gossip gossiped gossiped

to exercise exercised exercised grown

to grow grew

to growl growled growled

F to fali fell fallen to guess guessed guessed

to feed fed fed

to feel felt felt H to hand handed handed

to fight fought fought to happen happened happened

170 - VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs VEC - B6 - List 01 Verbs - 171

Infinitive Past Participle Infinitive Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

to hate hated hated L to last lasted lasted

to have had had to laugh laughed laughed

to leave left left

to hear heard heard

to lend lent lent

to help helped helped

to like liked liked

to hit hit hit
to listen listened listened
to hold held held
to live lived lived

to hurry hurried hurried

to lock locked locked

to hurt hurt hurt to look looked looked

to lose lost lost

ice-skated ice-skated to lave loved loved

to ice-skate

to improve improved improved

M to make made made

to introduce introduced introduced

to marry married married

to mean meant meant

J to join joined joined
to miss missed missed

to jump jumped jumped

to move moved moved

K to knock knocked knocked

N to need needed needed

to know knew known to notice noticed noticed

172 - VEC - 86 - List of Verbs
VEC - 86 - List of Verbs - 173

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

O to offer offered offered p to push pushed pushed

to open opened opened to put put put

to arder ordered ordered

to own owned owned

Q to quit quit quit

P to paint painted painted

to park parked parked

R to rain rained rained

to pass passed passed

to read read read

to pay paid paid

to realize realized realized

to phone phoned phoned

to recycle recycled recycled

to pick picked picked

to remember remembered remembered

to play played played to remind reminded reminded

to postpone postponed postponed to repair repaired repaired

to practice practiced practiced to rest rested rested

to prefer preferred preferred to return returned returned

to prepare prepared prepared to ride rode ridden

to preserve preserved preserved to ring rang rung

to promise promised promised to roller-skate roller-skated roller-skated

to pull pulled pulled to run ran run

 VEC - B6 - List of Verbs -175

174 - VEC - B6 - List of Verbs

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

PastTense Past Participle
Infinitive
to spend spent spent
sailed sailed
S to sai I
to stand stood stood
scared scared
to scare
to start started started
saw seen
to see
to stay stayed stayed
sold sold
to seI!
to steal stole stolen
set set
to set
to stop stopped stopped
shook shaken
to shake
to study studied studied
sharpened sharpened
to sharpen

shone shone
to shine

shot
T to take took taken
to shoot shot

to talk talked talked

shopped shopped
to shop

to tel! told told

showed showed
to show

to think thought thought

shut shut
to shut

to top topped topped

sang sung
to sing

to tow towed towed

sat sat
to sit

to train trained trained

skied skied
to ski·
to travei traveled traveled
slept slept
to sleep

to try tried tried

slowed slowed
to slow
to turn turned turned
snored snored
to snore

to type typed typed

spoke spoken
to speak
176 - VEC - S6 - Lisl 01 Verbs

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

u to unlock unlocked unlocked

to use used used

v to vacuum vacuumed vacuumed

to visit visited visited

W to wake woke woken

to walk walked walked

to want wanted wanted

to wash washed washed

to watch watched watched

to wave waved waved

to wear wore worn

to win won won

to work worked worked

to worry worried worried

to wrinkle wrinkled wrinkled

to write wrote written

I ~~\\\~\\,~\\~\\~ .: ,e
9 788534 100328