Introduction To Biochemistry

Introduction to
Biochemistry
French Alfred M. Maaño
Marinduque State College
Studying Biochemistry?
• Biochemistry involves the unraveling the complex intracellular
(and even systemic) processes which allows life.
(1) What are the substances found in the body? What is their
function?
(2) How does the chemical processes and conditions in the body
sustain health?
(3) Why and how diseases occur?
(4) Can molecules be predictors/indicators of disease?
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022

Defining Biochemistry
• The science concerns with the chemical constituents of living
cells and with their reactions and processes they undergo.
• The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
• Biochemistry is the language of all life sciences.
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022

Biochemistry and Medicine
• Any intellectual investigation on health and disease can only be
founded upon biochemistry.
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 From Murray, R. K. et al. (2003). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry.
Similarities in Living Organisms
• L-handed amino acids are common in all organisms
• Genetic material is composed of similar nitrogenous bases
• They share similar biochemical pathways
• They share similar motor molecules, enzymes and other
proteins
• They share similar genetic sequences (orthologs)
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 From Murray, R. K. et al. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 2003
Three Domains of Life
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Alberts, B. et al. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell 5ed
“Prokaryotes”
• Organisms without a nucleus
• Membranous organelles are
also absent
• Chromosomal material as
nucleoid. Extrachromosomal
material called plasmid.
• Usually with a cell wall and
capsule.
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Tortora, G. & Funke, B. (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction 12ed
Eukaryotes
• With enucleated cells
• Membranous organelles are
present
• High degree of
compartmentalization
• Usually multicellular
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Tortora, G. & Funke, B. (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction 12ed
Endomembrane System
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Campbell, N. et al. (2008). Biology 8ed

Plasma Membrane
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Campbell, N. et al. (2008). Biology 8ed

Membrane
Permeability
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 From Koolman, J. & Roehm, K. H. (2003). Color Atlas in Biochemistry.
Signaling Pathways
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Alberts, B. et al. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell 5ed
Cells composed of atoms
Atoms form molecules
• Atoms may bond to form ionic
bonds, covalent bonds and metallic
bonds.
• When covalent bonds are formed
orbital hybridization occurs.
Atoms form molecules
• Atoms may bond to form ionic
bonds, covalent bonds and metallic
bonds.
• When covalent bonds are formed
orbital hybridization occurs.
Formation of Double Bonds
• Double bond occurs when the two
adjacent unhybridized p orbitals lie
parallel one another such that side-
to-side overlapping occurs.
• Side-to side overlaps of orbitals form
π bonds.
• The presence of π bonds restrict
rotational movements of bonds in the
molecule.
Consequences of Double Bonds
Polarity of Bonds
• When orbitals hybridize and bonds
form, the sharing of electrons maybe
equal (nonpolar) or unequal (polar).
• The greater the electronegativity
difference between the two
participating atoms in the bond,
more unequal the sharing.
• The more electronegative an atom
is, the higher its electron density will
be.
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Brown, R. et al. (2015). Chemistry, The Central Science
Polarity of Molecules
• The polarity of molecules is
determined by polarity of bonds
present in the molecule and the
overall molecular shape.
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Mcmurry, J. (2007). Organic Chemistry 7ed.

Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
• Typical of optical isomers are
having four distinct groups of side
chains attached at a common center,
called the chiral center.
Chemical Reactions
• A chemical reaction happens when at least two molecules are
capable of colliding with each other with enough energy to
rearrange their compositions into an arrangement of lower
energy level.
• A chemical reaction obeys the law of conservation of mass
and of conservation of energy. It only proceeds when the
activation energy is reached and if the change in free energy
is negative.
• Chemical reactions could be redox, acid-base, addition,
elimination or substitution.
Energy Flow in Chemical Reactions
• A chemical reaction will only proceed
spontaneously if ∆Grxn is negative.
• Remember your thermochemistry:

∆Grxn = ∆Hrxn - T∆Srxn
How can endergonic reactions
proceed?
Remember your Hess’ Law for

enthalpy.
Chemical Kinetics
• Refers to the rate of chemical reaction, i.e. How fast?
• It is not enough that the reaction will proceed, we want to know
how fast it will proceed?
• Chemical kinetics governed by law of mass action.
➢ lower activation energy
➢ orientation factor
➢ higher rate of collision
➢ simpler reaction mechanism
Chemical Kinetics
• Measured as amount of reactants consumed or products produced.
Chemical Kinetics
• Since rate is governed by the law of
mass action, the rate changes with
regards to [reactant].
• Rate kinetics is better defined by the
rate law.
• Rate=k[A]m[B]n
Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 From Brown, R. et al. (2015). Chemistry, The Central Science.
Chemical Kinetics
• Reaction order
affects reaction rate.
Chemical Kinetics
• Activation Energy affects reaction rate.
Chemical Kinetics
• Catalysis lowers activation energy.
Chemical Equilibrium
• Equilibrium happens when the rate
of forward and backward reactions
are equal.
• At equilibrium, ∆G=0.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
• According to this principle, a
reaction at equilibrium if disturbed
will move in such a way that the
chemical equilibrium will be
reestablished.
• Simply put, the reaction will move
until K, equilibrium constant is
met.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
• According to this principle, a
reaction at equilibrium if disturbed
will move in such a way that the
chemical equilibrium will be
reestablished.
• Simply put, the reaction will move
until K, equilibrium constant is
met.
Note on Genetics
• Our biochemistry is encoded in our genetic constitution.
• While almost all of us share the same functional genes, and thus
with similar biochemistry, our genetic uniqueness may make us
more prone or more resistant to a certain disease, condition &c.
• Metabolic diseases tends to be inheritable.
“The end, then, being what we wish for, the means what we
deliberate about and choose, action concerning means must
be according to choice and voluntary. Now the exercise of the
virtues is concerned with means. Therefore virtue also is in
our own power, and so too vice. For where it is in our
power to act it is also in our power not to act, and vice
versa; so that, if to act, where this is noble, is in our
power, not to act, which will be base, will also be in our
power.”
Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics, Bk. III, Chapter 5.1

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Introduction To Biochemistry

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Introduction to

Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022

• The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.

• Biochemistry is the language of all life sciences.

Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022

Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Campbell, N. et al. (2008). Biology 8ed

Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Campbell, N. et al. (2008). Biology 8ed

Biochemistry Lec | FMMaaño | FS AY2021-2022 Mcmurry, J. (2007). Organic Chemistry 7ed.

• Remember your thermochemistry:

Remember your Hess’ Law for

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