DIVINE CHILD HIGH SCHOOL

GHOD DOD ROAD, SURAT

SUB: SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS: 7TH STD
NOTES.

HISTORY

CHAPTER – 1: INDIA IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD.

Q. Answer the following questions.

1. What was the assumption of British historians to divide history of India?
Ans. The British historians divided the history of India into three periods based on
the idea that religion of the ruler was the only important historical change and that
there were no other significant developments in economy, Society for culture.

2. How did the historians divide the past into periods?

Ans. Historians divide the past into periods based on the economic and social factors
which characterize them. In doing so they are faced with two problems. First
economic and social changes keep taking place and definite boundaries cannot be
drawn. Second these period are compared with modernity.

3. How did Babur Describe the term' Hindustan'?

Ans. He used the term' Hindustan' to include the geography flora and fauna and
culture of the people of this subcontinent.

4. Who was considered a foreigner in the past?

Ans. A foreigner was any standard who appeared say in a given village someone
who was not a part of the society or culture.

5. What was the importance of manuscript?

Ans. Manuscripts are very important as valuable documents. It reveals the picture of
society during that period. It shows the social structure and habits culture and
tradition and socio-economic fabric. It also highlights the rituals and worship of
different period.

6. How did the jatis came into existence? How were their affairs regulated?
Ans. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their
members. These regulations were enforced by the Assembly of elders described in
some areas as the jati Panchayat. But jatis were also required to follow the rules of
their village. Several villages were governed by a chieftain.

7. Write short notes on (i) Al-biruni (ii) Ibn Battuta (iii) Ziya -Ud -din Barani.

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Ans. Al- biruni_ He came to India during the reign of Muhammad of Ghazni and
wrote a book tah qiq a Hind. He travelled extensively and give details about social
religion and political condition of India.
Ibn Batuta- (1304-1369) was a Moroccan Explorer. He is known for the account of his
journey called the rihala. He traveled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the
Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, southern and Eastern, Europe South
Asia, Central Asia, South East Asia and China.

Ziya-ud-din-Barani- Barani, also spelled barni,(born 1285, India - died after 1357),
the first non-Muslim to write history of India. He resided for 17 years at Delhi as
Nadim of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

8. What were the major religious development during the mediaeval period?
Ans. The major religious development during the period are seen in the Hinduism.
( I) these included the worship of new deities.( II) The construction of temple by
loyalty.(III) The growing importance of Brahmanas, the priests as dominant groups
in society.

CHAPTER -2: EMERGENCE OF NEW DYNASTIES.

Q1. Question and answer.

1. What do you mean by samantas? How did they become powerful?
A1. Samanta was a title and position used by the army people of Kings in India. It
was during the seventh century that the kings acknowledged the big landlords as
their subordinates or samantas. Thesamantas were expected to bring gifts and
provide military support to their kings. In due course they gained power and
wealth.

2. Who was Dantidurga? How did he establish his kingdom?

A2.Dantidurga, in the mid-eighth century, overthrew his Chalukya overlord and
performed a ritual known as 'hiranya-garbha'. It was thought to lead to the rebirth of
the sacrificer as a kshatriya, even if he was not one by birth.

3. Who were the rulers involved in the Tripartite Struggle?

A3.The parties involved in the “tripartite struggle” were the rulers belonging to the
Gurjara - Pratihara, Rastrakuta and Pala dynasties who fought for the control over
Kanauj. Because there were three parties in this long drawn conflict, historians often
describe it as the “tripartite struggle”.

4. Why did Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori attack India? Write about
A4. The two main reasons that led to the conquest of India by Mahmud Ghazni was
firstly, to accumulate the vast amount of wealth that existed in India, and secondly,
to spread Islam. (1) He wanted to establish the glory of Islam by destroying the
images of the Hindu gods and spreading (2) he wanted to loot the wealth of India for
he loved wealth (3) he wanted wealth also to meet the cost of the army and warfare
for he wanted the expansion of his empire.

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5. Which were the two major cities under the control of the Chauhan’s? Islam.

A5.

6. Write a short note on Cholas temples, architecture and bronze statues.

A6. King Rajaraja Chola constructed the Brihadisvara Temple in 10th century A.D.,
designed by the famous architect Sama Varma. The Cholas were great patrons of art,
during their reign, as a result, the most magnificent temples and exquisite bronze
icons were created in South India

7. What was system of irrigation under the Cholas?

8. Who could become the member of the sabha under the Chola system of admin
A8. To become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola empire the
following qualifications were necessary - The member had to be a revenue-paying
landowner. He had to possess his own home. He had to be between the age of 30 -70
years. He had to have knowledge of the Vedas.

CHAPTER- 3: THE DELHI SULTANATE.

Q1. Answer the following questions.

1) How did Delhi become important in 12th and 13th century?
Ans- Delhi became an important city only when it became the capital of the Rajput
rulers. In the Middle of the 12th Century, it developed as an important commercial
Centre. With the establishment of Delhi Sultanate in 13th century, it was
transformed into a capital city covering a vast area of the sub continent.as well as the
sultans of Delhi built monuments in this area.

2) Who was the founder of Delhi Sultanate?

Ans.- Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the founder of Delhi Sultanate.

3) What was the contribution of Iltutmish in the Slave Dynasty?

Ans.-Iltutmish fought many conquests and conquered whole of the Northen India.
He completed Qutub Minar. He introduced many reforms. He organized the ruling
elite or the nobility. He setting up of Iqta System and he also introduced Tanka and
Jital.

4) ”Ala-ud-din Khilji was the first Turkish sultan to build an empire in

India”Discuss.
Ans.-His reign marked the beginning of the imperial age under Islam.He conquered
territories in quick succession.He followed the policy of defending the kingdom
from the invasions of Mongols.His expansion of empire included successful
campaigns in Gujarat,Malwa,Rantgambhore,Chittor etc.He took a number of steps to

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make reforms in revenue system.Thus he was the first Turkish sultan to build an
empire in India.

5) Write a short note on Ibn Batuta and his book Rihala.

Ans.-Ibn Batuta was a traveller,who came to India during the rule of Muhammed-
bin-Tughlaq.He left his country at the age of 21 to travel the world.He recorded the
travel the world.He recorded the events in his book Rihala.He wrote “when I
entered Delhi,it was almost like a desert,at that time sultan Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq
had ordered that the imperial capital be shifted from Delhi to Daultabad,in the
south.Every person had to leave the city.In the evening only a blind person and a
lame could be found.after moving by force he realized that his move was ill advised
and he shifted his capital back to Delhi.

6) Who were the Lodis? What was the significance about this dynasty?
Ans.-The lody dynasty was an Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi sultanate from
1451 to 1526 A.D.It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and was
founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid Dynasty.

7) Briefly mention about the nobility under Delhi Sultanate.

Ans.-The nobility checked the royal power.In 13th century,the nobility was
composed of persons of foreign origin belonged to two groups namely Turkish
slaves nobles and Non Turkish foreigners of high birth.

8) What was Iqta System?

Ans.-Under this system,instead of paying salary to an officer in cash,he was granted
certain revenue arising from land or village.This land grant was called Iqta and their
holders were called Iqtadars.Revenue which was collected,a certain amount was
kept as salary and another amount was to maintain soldiers for the sultan .

9) Mention the various kinds of taxes lavied under Delhi sultanate.

Ans.-Four kind of taxes levied under Delhi sultanate.
1) Kharaj was the land tax.
2) Khamsa was tax levied on the booty captured in wars.
3) Zakat was an additional tax on Muslim community.
4) Jazia was thew tax on non-Muslim.

10) Differentiate between the administration Ala-ud-Din Khalji and

Muhammadbin-Tughlaq.
➢ Ala-ud-din Khilji raised his standing army as a defensive measure while
Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq as Mongol army was defeated,he was confident about the
strength of his army and the resources,so he raised his standing army.
➢ Ala-ud-din Khilji constructed a new garrison town for his soldiers named Siri.
While Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq emptied the garrison town of the soldiers rather
than constructing new ones.

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➢ Ala-ud-din Khilji,in order to feed the soldiers,the produce which was
collected as tax was fixed at fifty percent of the peasant’s yield while Muhammed-
bin-Tughlaq,in order to feed the soldiers the taxes were collected for meeting the
expences and maintaining the army.
➢ Ala-ud-din Khilji,in order to purchase the supplies from the merchants of
Delhi, he controlled the price. The merchant who did not sell at prescribed rated
were punished, while Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq,in order to control the prices, he
issued Token currency which nis the present day paper currency.
➢ Ala-ud-din Khilji’s administrative reforms were quite successful and praise-
worthy. While Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq administrative reforms proved to be a
failure.
GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER – 11: OUR ENVIRONMENT.

Q.1. Answer the following questions:

1. What is environment? Mention two of its components.
Ans. The immediate natural surrounding of man is called environment. The two
components of environment are biotic component and abiotic component.

2. Define the term 'Ecology'.

Ans. The science which studies the relationship between living and nonliving
environment is termed as ecology.

3. What are the three elements of biosphere?

Ans. The three elements of biosphere are Hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.

4. How has nature balance the herbivores and carnivores? Explain.

Ans. Cartoon Aurat 8 pressure and herbivorous age Clans if f population of any one
increase in damage our ecosystem but this is maintained because coronavirus eat
Herbivorous and overgrazing become reduced and some other way carnivorous also
killed this way herbivorous were protected by carnivorous both are important to
maintain balance in our environment.

5. Why are plants referred to as primary producers?

Ans. Plants are called primary producers because they produce the material and
store the energy at the bottom of the food chain. In other words,all animals are
depended either directly or indirectly on food material store in plants.

6. Explain the term food chain with two examples.

Ans. Food chain is a series of organism where all the organisms are dependent on
next organism as a source of food. All the components of forests are interrelated to
one another. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, and saprotrohs in the forest are connected to
each other.

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7. Define ecosystem. How is it disturbed by man?
Ans. Interrelation between plants and animals in the natural environment is called
ecosystem.
Ecosystems are also affected by man disturbance which are caused by people.
Chemical pollution and urbanization are example of human disturbance that force
change upon an ecosystem.
8. How should man protect the natural environment?
Ans. We should protect the environment by following ways (i) save water (ii) save
electricity (iii) using reusable bags ( iv)avoid taking cars as much as possible (v)
growing more trees (vi)reducing pollution (vii)saving natural resources etc.

Q.2. Differentiate between the following.

1. Biotic and abiotic components.- biotic describes a living component of an
ecosystem, e.g. organisms, such as plants and animals.
Abiotic factors refer to nonliving physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem.
E.g. land, air, and water.

2Herbivores and carnivorous

Herbivores- an animal that only eats grass and plants. E.g cow, goat, sheep etc.
Carnivorous- animals that eat other animals. Example lion, tiger etc.

3. Animals of prey and Predators_

A predators is an organism that eats other organism. The prey is the organism
which the predator eats. some examples of Predator and Prey are lion and Zebra,
beer and fish, and fox and rabbit.

4. Consumers and decomposers-

Consumers- must obtain their nutrients and energy by eating other organism.
Decomposers -break down animal remains and waste to get energy. Decomposers
are essential for stability and survival of an ecosystem.

CHAPTER – 12: THE EARTH’S INTERIOR AND ITS MATERIALS.

BULLET POINTS.
 The outermost and thinnest most layer of the earth is called crust.
 The layer located under the crust is called lower mantle and upper mantle.
 The innermost layer, forming the metallic centre of the Earth is called core.
 The rock forming materials are called minerals.
 Small particles of rocks are called sediments.
 Petrology is the science which studies rocks and its formation.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING.
1. Name the three layers of the Earth.

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 A1. The three layers of the Earth are: Crust, Core, and Mantle.

2. Mention the outer and innermost layers of the Earth.

A2. (1)The outer layers of the Earth are: crust.
(2)The innermost layers of the Earth are: Core.

3. What are major minerals in Earth's interior and in outer layer?

A3. (a)The major minerals in Earth's interior are: (i) granite (ii) basalt.
(b) The major minerals in Earth's outer layer are: clay metamorphoses into
slate, limestone into marble, coal into graphite, sandstone into quartzite.

4. What is petrology?
A4. Petrology is the science which studies rocks and its formaton.

5. What is crust of the Earth composed of?

A5. Crust consist of lightest materials, its density is lowest. The materials forming
crust are mainly silica and alumina.

6. How are rocks continuously changing?

A6. The pre-existing rocks undergo a cycle of change due to changing weather
conditions and forces of nature like wind, rivers, glaciers, volcanic activity and Earth
movements which is known as Rock Cycle.

7. What is the importance of rocks in the life of man? Explain with examples.
A7. Rocks are important as they influence different types of landforms. Rocks are
sources of various kinds of minerals and materials required for construction. For
example: metals like copper, iron, gold, etc.

8. What is the rock cycle? Explain with the help of a diagram.

A8. The pre-existing rocks undergo a cycle of change due to changing weather
conditions and forces of nature like wind, rivers, glaciers, volcanic activity and Earth
movements which is known as Rock Cycle. (for diagram pg. no. 120.fig no.12.9: rock
cycle)

Q2. Give reasons.

1. Change in pre-existing rocks into a new form
A1. This type of rock is called metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure change
take place in existing rock that is igneous and sedimentary rock and change into
a new type of rock that is called metamorphic rock.

2. Sedimentary rocks are layered.

A2. Sediments are carried by wind, Tals . rivers and glaciers, and deposited in
low-lying areas in layers. Due to the presence of chemicals and pressure of
overlying layers, sediments Rock is usually harden the layers and form
sedimentary rocks

3. Igneous rocks are hard rocks.

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 A3. Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock called magma. They are mostly
crystalline and usually very hard to break.

4. Inner core is in solid state.

A4. The inner core is solid because it is made of very dense, or heavy, materials -
like iron and nickel. Even though it is very hot, these materials don't "melt" very
easily, so they stay solid.

Q3. Differentiate between the following.

1. Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
A1. Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava,
which is magma that has emerged from underground. Intrusive rocks are formed
from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet

2. Igneous and sedimentary rocks

A2. Igneous rocks are derived from molten material (magma or
lava). Sedimentary rocks are derived from sediments of pre-existing rocks,
fossils, and tiny pieces of animal remains. Igneous rocks are formed when molten
material from volcanoes cools down and solidifies

3. Crust and core

A3. Crust: this is the outermost layer of the earth.
Core: this is the innermost layer of the earth.

4. Mantle and core

A4. Mantle: The layer located under the crust is called mantle. It is about 2900 km
thick. These rocks in mantle are so hot that it is often partially molten there. The
mantle is classified into two parts — upper mantle and lower mantle.

Core: The innermost layer, forming the metallic centre of the Earth is called core.
The core of the Earth is a dense magnetic ball of minerals -iron and nickel. It is
also called nife (ni-nickel and fe-ferrous magnesium, i.e, iron). The core has two
parts: (a) Outer core (b) Inner core

5. Rocks and minerals

A5. A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an
orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form,
and physical properties. ... A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a
body of undifferentiated mineral matter

Q4. Explain the following with examples.

1. Sedimentary rocks
A1. Rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment,
especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice
(glaciers), and wind. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in layers, and
frequently contain fossils.

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 2. Igneous rock
A2. Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when
molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid state.
Such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian

3. Metamorphic rocks.
A3. A metamorphic rock is a type of rock which has been changed by extreme
heat and pressure. Its name is from 'morph' (meaning form), and 'meta'
(meaning change). ... Examples of metamorphic rock: Marble is a metamorphic
rock formed from limestone. Slate is a metamorphic mudstone or shale.

CIVICS

CHAPTER – 23:

Q.1 Answer the following questions.

1 Equality is a key feature of democracy. Explain.

Ans. Equality feature of democracy and influences all aspects of its functioning.
Democratic government include people's participation, the resolution of conflict, and
equality and justice equality is important in democracy.

2 write a short note on caste discrimination.

Ans. The caste system is a social evil that has been prevailing in Indian society for
long. It leads to discrimination and hampers harmony. The government has
formulated the various acts and laws to stop this practice. As the people gain
education and knowledge about their rights the effect of caste system reduced.

3. Enumerate three advantages of education.

Ans. Advantages of education are:poverty reduction, more productivity , better
communication ,identification of skills, greater sense of discipline etc.

4. What is universal adult franchise?

Ans. It means that every adult citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has the
right to vote irrespective of caste, race ,colour, religion.

5. What do you mean by dignity? Why it is important?

Ans. Dignity means that one should think of himself and other person as worthy of
respect.
Dignity is one of the most important things to the human spirit. It means being
valued and respected for what you are, what you believe in,and how you live or
your live. Treating other people with dignity means treating them the way we'd like
to be treated ourselves.

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6. How is the dignity of domestic helpers hurt?
Ans. Transient Workers Count Too noted in their report that maids offen suffer
abuse ,ranging from physical abuse like slap, insult of modesty, contract violations,
as well as wrong full confinement.

7. What are the provisions of equality in our constitution?

Ans. Right to Equality is one of the six Fundamental Rights in the Indian
constitution. Which includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on
the ground of Race, religion,Gender ,and caste or birthplace. It also includes equality
of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and titles.

8 what is mid day meal scheme? List its benefits briefly.

Ans. It is a program introduced in all the government Elementary School to provide
children with food.
Benefits: 1. It works as an incentive for poor children and their parents to come to
school. In this way it helps to illiterate the population of the country.2. It promotes
equality among various social cast as the same meal is eaten by every child together.
3. It can also result in reducing the poverty level in long-term because more people
will be educated after some years and they will contribute towards the economy.

9. How do you think midday meal scheme might help promote greater equality?
Discuss.
Ans. The mid day meal programme might help promote greater equality as children
of all casts,rich or poor can sit together to eat. This would remove the inequality in
out community. Government provided equal right to all children to avail this facility
abolishing inequality.

10. Write a short note on (a) civil right movement (b) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
Ans. Civil rights movement- the Civil rights movement was struggle by African
Americans in the mid 1950 too late 1960 to achieve civil right equal to those who
white including equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education ,as well
as the right to vote the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be
free of.

DR.BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR- BhimraoAmbedkar took birth in dalit family in 14th

April 1891 to ramji maloji sakpal and Bhimabai. He was from a small village in
Madhya Pradesh. He was a sensior student during his school days. Bhimrao Ramji
Ambedkar is fondly remembered as Babasaheb because he worked for untouchables
or dalits welfare.

CHAPTER – 24: ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH.

A5. Increased healthcare spending aimed at improving quality of healthcare services

results to a decrease in medical care expenses through increased and improved
access to new technologies that provide for new treatment options and treatment for
large number of individuals

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A4. A public Healthcare system consists of all the organisations which promote and
maintain the public's health always. They work for their welfare. They educate
people about what is good and what is bad for their health, thus, decreasing the
number of patients in their locality.

A6.Drawbacks to India's healthcare system today include low quality care,

corruption, unhappiness with the system, a lack of accountability, unethical care,
overcrowding of clinics, poor cooperation between public and private spheres,
barriers of access to services and medicines, lack of public health knowledge, and
low

A8. Parameters of Comparison Private Hospital Public Hospital

Definition Private hospitals are hospitals that are owned by an individual or a

group of people. Public Hospitals are hospitals owned and funded by the
government.

Services quality Private hospitals provide the best healthcare facilities. Public
hospitals offer healthcare services but the quality is not up to the mark.

Waiting time Have a short period of waiting time Have longer waiting periods.

Affordability Private hospitals are not easily affordable Public hospitals are
affordable

Doctor to patient ratio Doctor-patient ratio is high Low doctor-patient

ratio

1. Define the term 'health'.

2. What is the condition of healthcare in our country? 3. What are the reasons
responsible for the poor health situation in our country? Explain 4. What do you
mean by public health care service? 5. In what ways are public health care services
beneficial to the people? 6. What are the drawbacks of public health care services? 7.
Is it right to say that private hospitals are beyond reach of the poor? If yes, how?

Private hospitals are beyond reach of the poor due to the following reasons

1. They charge such high fees which the poor can't afford.

2. Even the medicines prescribed by them usually are the more expensive ones from
foreign companies.

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3. They add extra costs and don't allow food, other basic things from outside and
charge for them.

4. The tests done outside their hospital are considered invalid and have to be
conducted in the hospital itself. Otherwise, the doctors don't even have a look
at the reports.

Answer The Kerala government gave their forty per cent of the budget to
panchayats. This lead to the planning and looking at the requirements. This made
it possible for a village to ensure that proper planning was done for food, water,
women's development and education. This meant that water supply schmes were
checked, the working of schools and anganwadis was ensured, health centres
were also improved and specific problems of the village were taken up. In this
way it benefited the people of Kerala. Several years ago, the Costa Rican
government took a very important decision and decided not to have an army.
This helped them to spend the money, that the army would have used, on health,
education and other basic needs of the people, which benefited them. That is
way, Costa Rica is considered to be the one of the healthiest countries in South
America

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