Title

Geochemical Report

Scale (1:250, 000)

China Geological Survey

Eritrea Geological Survey
2013-10

1
 Title
1:250, 000

example
Implementation organizations:
Development Research Center, China Geological Survey
Wuhan Center, China Geological Survey
Minmetals Exploration & Development co. , LTD.
China Aero Geophysical Survey & Remote Sensing Center for Land and resources
China University of Geosciences(Beijing)
Geochemical Department, Eritrea Geological Survey
Regional Geological Department, Eritrea Geological Survey
Project Head: Xiang Yunchuan, Asmerom Mesfin
Participants:
China Side: Xiang Yunchuan, Chen Kaixu, Yang Qinghua, Liu Junlai, Wang Jianxiong,
Yuan Chunhua, Sun Weiguo, Li Yanhua, Xiang Jianqiao, Fu Changliang, Chen Jiafu, Han
Jiuxi, Wang Qiushu
Eritrea Side：Asmerom Mesfin, Tesfai Berhe, Berhe Goitom, Mussie Tesfai, Goitom
Kibrom
English Editor: ......., ..........., ......., Wang Xueqiu

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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... 3
SUMMARY (ABSTRACT)................................................................................................ 5
0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 6
0.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 6
0.2 TASKS OF THE COOPERATION PROJECT: ........................................................ 6
0.3 MAIN RESULTS: ......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 1 GEOGRAPHY, LANDSCAPE AND GEOLOGY ................................... 8
1.1 LOCATION AND ACCESS......................................................................................... 8
1.2 CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND SURFICIAL ENVIRONMENT...................... 9
1.3 LANDSCAPES ............................................................................................................. 9
1.4 LEGAL PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND OWNERSHIP ..................................11
1.5 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES ...........................................................11
1.6 PREVIOUS WORK ....................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 2. ORIENTATION SURVEYS .................................................................... 12
(IF AVAILABLE) .............................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 3. FIELD SAMPLING PROCEDURES .................................................... 14
3.1 LAYOUT OF STREAM SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATIONS ....................... 14
3.2. SAMPLING DENSITY ............................................................................................. 14
3.3 SAMPLE MEDIA ....................................................................................................... 15
3.4 GRAIN SIZE AND FIELD PREPARATION .......................................................... 15
3.5 DUPLICATE SAMPLING ..................................................................................... 15
3.6 SUPPLEMENTARY ROCK SAMPLING ............................................................... 16
3.7 FIELD POSITIONING BY GPS ............................................................................... 16
3.8 RECORDING ............................................................................................................. 17
3.9 SAMPLING QUALITY CONTROL ........................................................................ 17
3.10 SAMPLE PREPARATION...................................................................................... 18
3.11 SAMPLE DELIVERY .............................................................................................. 19

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CHAPTER 4. SAMPLE LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DETERMINED ......................................................... 20
4.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION........................................................................................ 20
4.3. LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHOD ........................................................... 20
4.4. LABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL ................................................................ 22
4.4.2 ACCURACY CONTROL ....................................................................................... 24
4.4.3 PRECISION CONTROL........................................................................................ 25
4.4.4 REPLICATE SAMPLE CONTROL ..................................................................... 26
4.4.6. FIELD DUPLICATE SAMPLE CONTROL ....................................................... 26
4.4.7 QUALITY CONTROL OF AU ELEMENT ANALYSIS ..................................... 27
CHAPTER 5. DATA PROCESSING AND MAP GENERATION PROCEDURES .. 28
5.1 DATA PROCESSING ............................................................................................. 28
5.1.2. DATA OF BASE ANALYSIS SAMPLES ............................................................. 28
5.1.3. CODING OF GEOLOGICAL UNITS.................................................................. 28
5.2 MAP COMPILATION ............................................................................................... 29
5.2.2 INTERPRATION MAPS ........................................................................................ 30
CHAPTER 6 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS ....................................................... 31
6.1 DELINEATION OF ANOMALIES .......................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 7 . CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION .................................................. 32
CHAPTER 8 RECOMMODATIONS ............................................................................ 32
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 32

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Summary (Abstract)

5
0 Introduction
Example

0.1 Project background

The cooperation agreement was signed between China Geological Survey and Ministry of Land &
Mineral Resources of Eritrea (Eritrea Geological Survey) in January 2010 according to the MOU dated
on October 2009 between Ministry of Land & Resources of P.R.CHina and Ministry of Land & Mineral
Resources of Eritrea regarding cooperation in mineral resources. Both parties agreed to carry out
cooperation researches on potential assessment on the Cu polymetallic mineral resources of Central
South Eritrea.
The objectives of the cooperation project are to carry out geological and geochemical mapping to
provide basic data and accomanying maps for assessment of the Cu, Au and other mineral resources in
Central South Eritrea, to indentify areas of interetes for follow-up exploration, and to upgrade
capicity-building of Eritrea in the field of geology and geochemistry through cooperation field survey,
communication and result interpretation.

0.2 Tasks of the cooperation project:

1) To conduct remote-sensing interpretation and regional geological survey in Central South Eritrea,
to implement 1:250 000 geochemical survey in the selected area potential for mineralizations, to carry
out 1:50 000 geochemical survey in anomalous areas delineated by 1:250 000 geochemical survey.
2) To investigate the typical mineral deposits by analyzing regional geological background,
metallogenic process incorporating geochemical results to evaluate the overall Cu polymetallic mineral
resources of the whole surved area and to recommend targets for folow-up work.
3) To create geological and mineral database of the study area in Eritrea.

0.3 Main results:

1) 1193 stream sediment samples were collected at an average density of 1.72 samples/4km2
covering 5135 km2 in Adi Keyh in Central South Eritrea.
2) 40 elements () have been determined by high-precision laboratory analytical methods under a
strict quality control.
3) Basic geochemical maps including sampling locations map, data-posting map and contour map
have been produced at a scale of 1: 250 000.
4). Interpretation geochemical maps including single-element map and associated-element maps by
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using the R-type cluster analysis generating 4 composite anomalous maps have been plotted and 30
composite anomalies were delineated, among them which 8 key anomalies were confirmed the
mineralization sources.

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Chapter 1 Geography, Landscape and Geology
Example

1.1 Location and access

Eritrea covering an area of 125 000 km2 is located in the East Africa and the northernmost part of
the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Sudan to the west, by Ethiopia to the south, by Djibouti to the
southeast, by the Red Sea to the eas.
The surveyed area of the stream sediment geochemical mapping project at a scale of 1:250 000 is
located at Adi Keyh (5135km2) and Dankalia (approx. 3000 km2) in Central South Eritrea (Fig 1-1).
Adi Keyh is the kernal area for the 1:250 000 geological and geochemical survey. Its coordinates of
inflection points are:
(i) 15°12′, 39°00′ (ii) 15°12′, 39°22′ (iii)15°20′,39°22′ (iv) 15°20′, 39°38′
(v) 14°32′, 39°38′ (vi) 14°32′, 39°12′ (vii) 14°40′, 39°12′ (viii) 14°40′, 39°00′
This area is in the south of Eritrea under the administrative jurisdiction of Semenawi Keyih Bahri,
which capital is Massawa. The south is bordered by the Eritrea/Ethiopia.
Adi Keyh is accessible by a main road running southeastward from the west part’s Deki Amhare
town through the center to the south part’s Eritrea/Ethiopia border across a distance of approximately
70 km. Deki Amhare is the largest market town in the area. There are two branch roads (or hasty roads).
One runs from northeastward from nearby the east part’s Adi Keyh to Massawa across a distance of
approximately 80 km. This hasty road is not complete yet. The other hasty road runs right westward
from nearby Adi Keyh to the western boundary of the work area. Very few other hasty roads are also
found in other places but are all of limited lengths. Traffic in other areas is mainly provided by
footpaths for local villagers. The transportation in the less-density population and unpopulated areas is
quite poor.
Dwellers in this area are principally the Tigrinya and the Tigre who are mostly Christians or
Islamists. Economic activities in the area are mostly concentrated in the few market towns in the west
like Deki Amhare, Segheneyti and Adi Keyh, engaged in farming and animal husbandry, together with
some handicraft and processing businesses. Limestone and granite mining operations are also found in
local places. The east part is extremely undeveloped.
Annual average teperature is 17 °C, while from December to February it is 15 °C and from May to
June it is 15 °C. Raining precipitation averages around 525 mm annually, with raining season from
April to August and dry season from September to March.

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 Dankalia is located in the southeast of Eritrea, under the administrative jurisdiction of Debubawi
Keyih Bahri. The west part is bordered by the Red Sea coastal plains and the west part is the Danakil
Depression. Its coordinates of inflection points of Dankalia:
The area stands 0~500 m above the sea. The climate is hot throughout the year and can be as high
as more than 40℃. It is arid for the most part of the year and lack of water all the year round. The
surface is hardly vegetated and looks like a desert. The majority of the area is unpopulated except for
some nomads. The Massawa-Assab national road runs through the east part of this area. A few hasty
roads are found near this road. The overall transportation is fairly poor. The economy is undeveloped.

1.2 Climate, vegetation and surficial environment

Climates are indicated such as average summer and winter temperatures, annual
rainfall, precipitation and evaporation.
General characteristics of the distribution of trees, shrubs and grasses are outlined.
Landscape surface (hills, mountains, plains, grass, forest, desert), overburden (residual
and transported materials including residue, alluvium, glacial till, loess, laterite, calcrete;
soil horizons, fractions, thickness, etc.).

1.3 Landscapes
The surveyed area is located in a semi-arid landscape terrain which is further divided into four
types of secondary landscape sub-areas according to the topography and stream distribution: semiarid
desert basin, low-hilly areas, medium-steep medium-high mountainious areas and alpine steep
mountainious areas (see Fig 2-1).

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 Fig 1-2 Geochemical Landscape Map of Adi Keyh, Eritrea

The lowest point is at the northeastern corner which is only 29 m above the sea level. The highest
point is nearby the southeastern corner’s Melhendaga, which is 3038 m above the sea level. The central,
west and south parts are all high terrains mostly 1 500~2 300 m above the sea. The northeastern corner
is offshore lowland mostly less than 300 m above the sea. The landform is intensely cut and the fall is
typically in the 500~1 500 m range. The central south tableland is sporadically polluted. The offshore
lowland is mostly neighbored by SN cliffs and rarely populated. The working conditions are very bad.
Surface vegetation is dominantly shrubs. Tall arbors are rarely seen.

Rivers are dominantly seasonal ones due to hot climate and lack of raining water during the most
part of the year. The surface is hardly vegetated and looks like a desert. The central and northeastern

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rivers flow northeastward while the southwestern rivers flow southwestward. Domestic water,
especially drinking water, is hardly available in the entire area.

1.4 Legal property description and ownership

The land status of all claims, licenses or concessions held with the survey area is
summarized from government sources or owners’ documents.

1.5 Geology and mineral resources

Regional and local geology (lithologic units, metamorphism), structure, known

mineralization and alteration are described.

1.6 Previous work

A general description includes a review of the exploration history of the area, covering
all the information of the geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys, the mineral
resources previously sought, the methods used. If the geochemical surveys are
documented, a thorough description should be included. The previous results will
influence the design or implemination of the current survey.

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Chapter 2. Orientation Surveys

(if available)

Problems to be solved in a geochemical mapping project have to be considered in

design and planning step. The solution of the problems is based on available resources
including geological and geographic information, methods or techniques available, time,
money and people. The following problems have to be solved: 1) clear understanding of
target types; 2) surface environment, 3) Sample materials available; 4) Sample fraction
and size; 5) Sampling density and layout; 6) Sample preparation; 7) Elements determined;
8) Analytical methods; 9) Map generation; and 10) Data interpretation.
The problems may be solved through 3 ways: 1) orientation survey; 2) learning from
other case history; and 3) consultation with other geochemists who had experience.
Usually, combinations of the 3 ways are used.
Orientation survey is important in the problem-solving process, which permits to
modify design and planning and to choose the proper methods.
A key aspect of planning a successful geochemical survey is to evaluate which techniques
are effective for A) the commodity being sought and B) the area being explored. This
involves undertaking an orientation survey in which a number of sampling methods are
tested over a known deposit in a similar environment to determine the method which
yields the best results. This involves: 1) Understanding of target deposit type; 2)
Understanding of surficial environm of search area; 3) Nature of primary & secondary
dispersion; 4) Sample types available; 5) Systematic sample collection procedures; 6)
Sample size requirements; 7) Sample interval, orientation and aerial density; 8) Field
observations; 9) Sample preperation procedures; 10) Sample fraction for analysis; 11)
Analytical method; 12) Elemental suite (pathfinder elements); 13) Data format for
presentation and interpretation.
Methods used consist of sampling methods, analytical methods, quality monitoring
methods for analysis, data processing and map generation methods.
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 Sampling methods are based on the objectives of the project as well as the knowledge
and a good understanding of map scale, surficial environments and geology.
Elements should be determined as many as possible by accurate and precise, sensitive,
rapid and inexpensive analytical methods in regional surveys.
Data processing and map generation methods always keep step with development of
software.
Standardized methods have to be used in geochemical mapping projects.

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Chapter 3. Field sampling procedures
Example

3.1 Layout of stream sediment sampling locations

The samples were numbered with 4km2 as a grid cell (big cell or analytical cell). Each grid cell was
divided into four sub-cells (small cell or sampling cell) of 1km2 and numbered as A, B, C and D on left
to right, top to bottom,. The big cells were identified with Arabic numerals while the small cells were
identified with English letters + footnotes. For example, for a sample numbered 100A2, 100 represents
big cell 100; A represents the sample from small cell A; 2 represents the No.2 sample collected from
the small cell A.
Sampling locations were designed on the topgraphic map sheet of 1:100 000 before field sampling
work. The designed locations will be adjusted according to the accessibility conditions and geology.
Each sample has to cover ＞70％ of the area of a sampling cell.
The samples were numbered based on the grid of 2 km by 2km on the 1:100 000 topographical map
sheet. The 50 samples for each batch were numbered on left to right then top to bottom (see Table 2-1).
5 random numbers are reserved for inserting control samples for each batch of 50 numbers. Among
them, 4 numbers are reserved for inserting external control samples (standard reference samples) and 1
for inserting the duplicate sample.
Table 2-1 Samples numbered for each batch
1 11 21 31 41
2 12 22 32 42
3 13 23 33 43
4 14 24 34 44 control samples
25 duplicate 35 duplicate
5 15 control samples 45
sampling sampling
6 16 26 36 46
7 control
17 27 37 47
samples
8 18 28 control samples 38 48
9 19 29 39 49
10 20 30 40 50

3.2. Sampling density

According to the Design, the overall sampling density of stream sediments is an average of 2.02
locations/4km2, but considering different geological conditions and landscape terrains. The sampling
densities in semiarid desert basins and low-hilly areas is 1.16 locations/4km2 and 1.69 locations/4km2

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respectively, 2.21 points/4km2 and 2.3 points/4km2 in medium-steep medium-high mountainious areas
and alpine steep mountainious areas respectively. Each sampling location is selected to not only control
its specific stream catchment, but also control the maximum area of the catchment at each sampling
grid cell.
In practical sampling, the overall sampling density was 1.72 samples/4km2. The sampling
landscapes were divided into two sub-regions where the sampling density was 1.83 points/4km2 in the
southern area and 1.56 points/4km2 in the northern area.

3.3 Sample media

Stream sediments were collected at the riverbed in the 1st 1 or 2nd order of streams (the smallest
order within a stream catchment). A few of them were also collected in the 3rd order of streams.
Generally, the lengh of the stream less than 2 km (longer than ＞2km (<2km)?). Samples were
collected from 2~3 pits within 30-50m interval and then composited into one sample. Contamination
areas should be avoided as possible as we can or possible sources of.containmination should be
documented.
The sampled materials are a mix of sand, pebble and mud which is enough to represent the rock
fragment composition of the bedrocks of the stream catchment. The samples were stripped of the grass
roots, barks, broken leaves and broken rock pieces. Eolian sand was avoidable, the pluvial alluvial or
residual slope deposits were sampled through the sand covers where windblown sands were developed.

3.4 Grain size and field preparation

Before starting work, grain size was tested on 21 stream sediment samples collected from typical
regions according to the natural environments, landscapes and stream distribution of the total surveyed
area. Based on the result of the test, together with previous research, the grain size of samples was
determined to be -10 mesh~+80 mesh, which can delineate geochemical anomalie of key
ore-prospecting elements.
The weight of each original field sample was ≥500 g. The collected samples were sieved in the field
or in the campsite after dring by a 10 mesh and 80 mesh stainless sieves. The weight of sived samples
was ≥270 g. 120 g of sieved samples was delivered to Wuhan Geological Testing Center of the Ministry
of Land & Resources for analysis and the remaining 150 g was transported to the sample storage bank
of the Geological Survey of Eritrea.

3.5 Duplicate sampling

Duplicate sampling is important for monitoring the sampling quality. It is designed to monitor the
field sampling errors, and to estimate whether the fluctuation of the sampling errors will conceal the
geochemical changes in the surveyed area.
15
 Duplicate sampling was carried out according to the characteristics of different geological units and
different landscapes, under the principle of uniform distribution in the survyed area. The number of
duplicate samples is 2~3% of the total samples. The duplicate sampling points are indicated with
double circles in the desinged layout
Duplicate samples were generally collected at the original sampling locations by the adjacent
sampling screw or the quality control screw. The quality control screw also will observe the positioning
coordinates, recording cards, sampled materials and geological descriptions during the duplicate
sampling trip.

3.6 Supplementary rock sampling

The rock geochemical sampling was designed to identify the background abundances of the
elements in different geological units in order to provide data for interpretation of geochemical
anomalies delineated by stream sediment survey and for basic geological researches. The rock
sampling layout was designed to take typical samples for magmatic introsions, sedimentary sequences
and metamorphic rocks in different geological units across the whole surveyed areas. Each sampling
unit contains more than 30 rock samples. A total of 90 rock samples were collected from the whole
surveyed area.
The number and locations of the rock samples were designed according to the geological
information such as the geological horizon, lithology and spatial distribution of geological bodies, and
the sampling route.
Rock samples were collected to avoid contact zones, alteration zones and mineralizations. Specific
geological specimens of alteration and mineralization zones were also collected, but specifically
documented. For each sample, fresh rock pieces (less than 30 mm in diameter) were collected at more
than one location (at least 3) within 10 m~20 m of the sampling location and combined into one sample
weighing more than 300 g. The sampling details were documented in the rock sampling record card
attached with a topographical geological sketch of the sampling point. The location of the rock
sampling point was marked on the 1:100 000 topographical map with a symbol of “△ ”. The rock
sample was numbered in grid cell number + Y + footnote (e.g. 100Y1). The coordinates were indicated
by the GPS.

3.7 Field positioning by GPS

The 1:100 000 topographical map was used as designing and indicating locations for field sampling.
The real sampling location may be adapted and has to be marked by dot sympol with the sample
number.
Each sampling locations was clearly identified by oil painting in red color with sample number on

16
 outcropping rocks or on the trunk of large trees or a piece of wooden plate.
The coordinates of the sampling locations were measured and automatically recorded with a
portable GPS (at least three stars, with positioning error ≤1 mm on the map).
Generally, the track data are automatically generated by GPS. The track data were archived by
sampling groups and inputed into the computer for storage after each day's field work. The sampling
location was marked with a small circle in diameters of 2mm together with the sample number by 2H
pencil. At the same time,the locations were also plotted on a back-up topographical map kept in the
office.

3.8 Recording
Basic information of samples was recorded on the standard field sampling cards in the
field with 2H or 3H pencils. Detailed descriptions were allowed to be completed in indoors
on the same day or the next day. Mistakes were revised by crossing out the original records
and replacing with the correct ones on the top left.

3.9 Sampling quality control

A field sampling quality control procedure was established by as follows:
(I) Daily sampling crew self-control
The sampling crew checked 100% of the samples collected, the record card, GPS track map, the
point location map of the day by themselves, and corrected any problem discovered. The self-check
covered the record cards, the sample quantity, quality, weight, and numbering the sample location map
inked and GPS record agreed with each other. The sampling crew head will sign on the record cards
after checking.
(II) Project group quality control
The project group will randomly selected over 5% of total number of the sampling sites to check.
The results of these checks by the project group are given in Tables 2-2, 2-3 and 2-4.

Table 2-2 Field sample control result of the 1:250 000 regional geochemical survey in Central South
Eritrea
Percentage of total sampling
Sampling sites inspected 114 5.80 %
sites
Location
Painted Sample Sample Sampling Stream General
Description Rationality error Altitude Vegetation
Inspection mark color composition location order geology
X Y Error
result
Error 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 1 4 0 6 0
% error 0.9 0.0 0.9 3.5 0 0 0 0.9 3.5 0 5.3 0

Table 2-3 Indoor quality control result of the 1:250 000 regional geochemical survey in Central South
Eritrea

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 Number of
230 percentage of total samples 11.70 %
samples inspected
Location map plotted Record card Sample descriptions
3
consistencies Samplin Errors of
Descri- g plotted without Type and Sample
(map, record Point Comp Contami-
ption location sampling sampling Correct Clear Grain Weight bag
Inspecti- card & inking -lete nation
samples) rationa-l locations sites size label
on result
ity on the map
errors 0 9 3 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 0

% error 0 3.9 1.3 0 0 2.6 1.3 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2-4 Sample inspection result of the 1:250 000 geochemical survey in Central South Eritrea

Samples inspected 261 percentage of total samples 13.30 %

Description Errors % error Description Errors % error

Grain size 0 0 Packing 0 0

Sample No
Contamination 0 0 3 1.1%
Inspection cross-referenced
result In the grain size
inspection, 8 samples are
larger than 5g but
Sample weight 0 0 Remarks
smaller than 8g, which is
3.1% of the total points
inspected

(III) Wuhan Geological Survey quality control

The Wuhan Geological Survey has examed the field documents and concluded that the sampling
method and technical parameters are consistent with the project design and the Specifications. The
sampling sites were rationally deployed and accurately positioned by topographic map and GPS. The
GPS track record is clear and comprehensive. The sample media, ,grain size and weight are correct and
clearly identified.

3.10 Sample preparation

1) The samples were handed over to persons in charge of the sample management in the campsite
hotels. The sample handover registeration card will be signed by the sampling screw and management
screw.
2) Wet samples will be dried in room or under the sun. The dried samples were sieved to -10
mesh~+80 mesh. Then, each sieved sample was saperated into two sub-samples: 150g sealed in a paper
bag for storage and 120g used for the composited analysis sample.
3) The analytical sample was compsited in each analytical cell (large cell) of 2 km by 2km. Equal
weight of each original samples from the same large cell was composied into a analytical sample
weighing 120g. If there was only one sample in the large cell, then 120g of the original sample was
18
weighed as the analytical sample.
4) Samples should be packed in number order.
5) The rock samples were identified again by the professional geologists after bring back to the
campsite.

3.11 Sample delivery

Samples from the whole surveyed area were checked aftern completion of all the field work. After
making sure everything was correct, the original samples were packed in sequence according to the
numbers of the 1:50 000 map sheets. The package was accompanied by a delivery form, a packing list
and, a sample box label indicating the project name, map sheet number, starting and ending numbers of
the samples, quantity and deliverer of the sample. The samples were handed over to Eritrea Geological
Survey in March 2011. The compsite samples were packed and delivered by air express to Wuhan
Geological Testing Center, Ministry of Land & Resources of China on March 20, 2011 for laboratory
analysis.

19
Chapter 4. Sample laboratory analysis and quality
control procedure
Example
All the samples were analysed by the Wuhan Geological Testing Center, Ministry of Land &
Resources, which is first-class laboratory for geochemical analysis in China. The center was awarded
the National Quality Certification of the State Bureau of Quality & Technical Supervision of China in
May 2000 and retested in 2005 (the certification number (2005) LR (G) (F038)).

4.1 Chemical elements determined

Stream sediments were analysed for 40 elements Ag, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Hg,
La, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, K2O,
MgO, Na2O and SiO2.

4.2 Sample preparation

Samples were dried in oven under 45℃. 80g sample was weighed and ground in the pollution-free
agate ball mill to -200mesh. The remaining 40g samples were kept in the original bag. The ground
sample was saperated into 3 sub-samples. 40 g sub-sample was weighed for gold analysis, ? g
sub-sample for determination of As, Sb, Bi, and Hg by AFS, and the reminning sub-sample was dried
under 105℃ for two hours for determination of other elements.

4.3. Laboratory analytical method

To guarantee the analysis quality, we selected X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Inductively
Coupled Plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) as a backbone methods combined with other
5 methods (Table 2-5). Major elements were principally analyzed by XRF. Minor and trace elements
were principally analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Special elements were analyzed separately by
special methods.

Table 2-5 Analysis methods used for the 1:250 000 geochemical survey in Central South Eritrea
Analysis method Items Elements measured
Inductively coupled
plasma optical emission 8 CaO, MgO, Na2O, Ba, Mn, Sr, V, Ni
spectrometry (ICP-OES)
X-ray florescence
11 SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Ti, P, Cr, Nb, Rb, Y, Zr
spectrometry (XRF)
Inductively coupled
plasma mass 10 Be, Co, Cd, La, Li, Pb, Th , U, , Cu, Zn
spectrometry (ICP-MS)

20
 Atomic florescence
4 As, Bi, Hg, Sb
spectrometry (AFS)
Emission spectrometry
3 Ag, B, Sn
(ES)
Catalytic polarography
2 Mo, W
(POL)
Ion selective electrode
1 F
(ISE)
Polyurethane foam
adsorption-mass 1 Au
spectrometry (ICP-MS)

(1) Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for 8 elements
0.1000 g of the sample was decomposed by HF, HCl, HNO3, HClO4. The solution was fixed by
10% HCl to a volume of 10mL. The solution were determined for CaO, MgO, Na2O, Mn, Ba, Sr, V
and Ni by ICP-OES.
(2) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for 10 elements
0.1000 g of the sample was decomposed by HF, HCl, HNO3, HClO4,. the hydrofluoric acid was
driven. The solution was fixed by 1% HCl to a volume of 100mL. The solution were determined for Be,
Co, Cu, Cd, La, Li, Pb, Th, U, and Zn by ICP-MS.
(3) X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) for 11 elements
4 g sample was pressed into a powder pellet for determination of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Ti, P,
Cr, Nb, Rb, Y and Zr by XRF.
(4) Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) for As, Sb, Bi and Hg
0.2500 g sample was decomposed by aqua regia. The solution was eatracted by 50% HCl and
diluted to 10% hydrochloric solution, which reduced by thiourea - ascorbic acid. As, Sb, Bi and Hg
were respectively determined by a high-intensity hollow-cathode lamp as the excitation source and
potassium borohydride as the hydride generator. The concentrations of the elements were directly
outputted by computer.
(5) Powder emission spectrometry (ES) for Ag, B and Sn
The sample was tested for Ag, B and Sn simultaneously by vertical AC electrode spectrograph
using Potassium disulfate, aluminum oxide and carbon powder mixture as the buffer and germanium as
the standard. The reading of spectrum was directly given by computer
(6) Catalytic polarography (POL) for W and Mo
The sample was alkali fused by sodium hydroxide.The solution was leached by water. The clear
liquid was separated. In the sodium chlorate-mandelic acid-cinchonine system, W was determined
using the derivative part and Mo using the normal part at -0.5V and -0.1V of the voltage respectively
by POL. The concentrations of the elements were directly outputted by computer.
(7) Iron selective electrode (ISE) for F
21
 The sample was alkali fused by sodium hydroxide. The solution was leached by water. The clear
liquid was separated. In sodium citrate buffer solution, F was determined by fluorion selective
electrode. The concentration of the element was directly outputted by computer.
(8) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace gold
The sample was decomposed by aqua regia. Gold was adsorbed by polyurethane foam and
dissolved by thiourea and determined by ICP-MS.

4.4. Laboratory quality control

4.4.1 Detection limits and reportable rates
All the analysis methods selected have met the requirements of detection limits of the
Specifications of the Regional Geochemical Survey Standards of China. The reportable rate is termed as
the percentage of number of samples which concentration of elements over the detection limits can be
reportable relative to the number of total samples. The analysis method, the detection limits and
reportable rates are given in Tables 2-6 and 2-7. Statistics shows reportable rate of 99.4%.
According to the Standards for Regional Geochemical Survey (1:250 000 scale) (DZ/T01627-2006)
of the China Geological Survey, the result of 12 determinations for each standard reference sample of
the 12 primary standard reference standard stream sediment samples of China GBW(GSD1-12), and

the logarithmic (  lg C ) and relative standard deviation RSD % between the average determination

values and standard values were calculated. The results are better than the requirements of the
Specifications in terms of both accuracy and precision.

Table 2-6 Limit of detection (LoD) of the analysis method

Minimum requirement
No Element Specified limit Analysis
LoD
method
1 Ag Silver 0.02 ES 0.02
2 As Arsenic 1 AFS 0.2
3 Au Gold 0.0003 ICP-MS 0.0002
4 B Boron 5 ES 0.7
5 Ba Barium 50 ICP-OES 5
6 Be Beryllium 0.5 ICP-MS 0.1
7 Bi Bismuth 0.1 AFS 0.03
8 Cd Cadmium 0.03 ICP-MS 0.02
9 Co Cobalt 1 ICP-MS 0.1
10 Cr Chromium 15 XRF 1.5
11 Cu Copper 1 ICP-MS 0.1
12 F Fluorine 100 ISE 30
13 Hg Mercury 0.005 AFS 0.002
14 La Lanthanum 30 ICP-MS 0.3
15 Li Lithium 5 ICP-MS 0.1
16 Mn Manganese 30 ICP-OES 5
17 Mo Molybdenum 0.4 POL 0.2
18 Nb Niobium 5 XRF 2
22
 19 Ni Nickel 2 ICP-OES 0.5
20 P Phosphorus 100 XRF 5
21 Pb Lead 2 ICP-MS 1
22 Rb Rubidium -- XRF 3
23 Sb Stibium 0.1 AFS 0.03
24 Sn Tin 1 ES 0.6
25 Sr Strontium 5 ICP-OES 3
26 Th Thorium 4 ICP-MS 0.2
27 Ti Titanium 100 XRF 10
28 U Uranium 0.5 ICP-MS 0.05
29 V Vanadium 20 ICP-OES 5
30 W Tungsten 0.5 POL 0.3
31 Y Yttrium 5 XRF 2
32 Zn Zinc 10 ICP-MS 1
33 Zr Zirconium 10 XRF 2
34 SiO2 Silica 0.1 XRF 0.05
35 Al2O3 Aluminum oxide 0.05 XRF 0.03
36 TFe2O3 Total ferric oxide 0.05 XRF 0.02
37 MgO Magnesium oxide 0.05 ICP-OES 0.02
38 CaO Calcium oxide 0.05 ICP-OES 0.02
39 Na2O Sodium oxide 0.05 ICP-OES 0.02
40 K2O Potassium oxide 0.05 XRF 0.03
Note: SiO2, Al2O3, TFe2O, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O are expressed in %. Other elements are expressed in 10-6.

Table 2-7 Reportable proportion

23
 Total
Total number
number of Reportab reportable of Reportab reportable
Element samples le rate % Element samples le rate %
Ag 1193 1193 100.00 Rb 1193 1165 97.65
As 1193 1193 100.00 Sb 1193 1193 100.00
B 1193 1193 100.00 Sn 1193 1187 99.50
Ba 1193 1193 100.00 Sr 1193 1193 100.00
Be 1193 1193 100.00 Th 1193 1193 100.00
Bi 1193 1079 90.44 Ti 1193 1193 100.00
Cd 1193 1159 97.15 U 1193 1193 100.00
Co 1193 1193 100.00 V 1193 1186 99.41
Cr 1193 1189 99.66 W 1193 1193 100.00
Cu 1193 1193 100.00 Y 1193 1193 100.00
F 1193 1193 100.00 Zn 1193 1193 100.00
Hg 1193 1103 92.46 Zr 1193 1193 100.00
La 1193 1193 100.00 SiO2 1193 1193 100.00
Li 1193 1193 100.00 Al2O3 1193 1193 100.00
Mn 1193 1193 100.00 TFe2O3 1193 1193 100.00
Mo 1193 1193 100.00 MgO 1193 1193 100.00
Nb 1193 1190 99.75 CaO 1193 1193 100.00
Ni 1193 1193 100.00 Na2O 1193 1193 100.00
P 1193 1193 100.00 K2 O 1193 1193 100.00
Pb 1193 1193 100.00 Au 1193 1193 100.00
Total samples in map sheet: 1193
Total items in map sheet: 47720
Statistics
Total reported items in map sheet: 47434
Total percent of report: 99.49%

4.4.2 Accuracy control

Accuracy was controlled by using national premary standard reference materials (SRMs). 12 GBW
stream sediment SRMs (GSD1-12) were inserted into each batch of 500 samples and were analyzed
under the same conditions as the routine samples. The logarithmic of each of measurement of each
element in each SRMs from the standard value was separately calculated (△ lgC=│lgCi-lgCs│). The
permitted limits for the logarithmic are given in Table 2-8.
The accuracy of Au element was controlled using four national premary gold SRMs. The limit of
control is given in Table 2-9. The accuracy is 100% in conformity with the requirement. The pass rate
were 100%.

Table 2-8 Standards for internal accuracy control of routine analysis

24
 Range of concentration Accuracy △ lgC=|lgCi-lgCs|
Less than 3 times of LoD ≤0.15
More than 3 times of LoD ≤0.10
1—5% ≤0.07
＞5% ≤0.05

Table 2-9 Permitted limit for Au standard substance analysis error and relative double difference of
retest
Range of Au concentration (10-9) RE or RD (%)
0.3~1 ≤100
1~30 ≤66.6
＞30 ≤50

4.4.3 Precision control

Precision was controled by using SRMs. 4 stream sediment SRMs from Tibet (GBW07320,
GBW07321, GBW07325 and GBW07331) were inserted in each batch of 50 samples analyzed together

with the samples. The logarithmic different △ lgC, average logarithmic difference lgC and the

standard deviation of logarithmic difference λ were calculated so as to measure the precision of sample
analysis. The test result of the 4 SRMs confirms that the average logarithmic deviation and the standard
deviation of logarithmic difference conform to the permitted limits given in Table 2-10. The pass rate is
100%.

Table 2-10 Standards for internal precision control of routine analysis

4

Accuracy Precision
4
lgC(GBW) =  │lgCi-lgCS│/4  (lg Ci  lg Cs)
i 1
2

λ=
i 1
Permitted limit 4 1
Range of concentration
Criterion Criterion
Less than 3 times of
≤0.15 ≤0.20
LoD
More than 3 times of
≤0.10 ≤0.17
LoD
1—5% ≤0.07 ≤0.12
＞5% ≤0.05 ≤0.08

Four premary SRMs were inserted into each 50 samples. Total of 96 SRMs were inserted for the

whole map sheet. The average logarithmic difference lgC and standard deviation λ(GRD) of the 24

groups of control samples were calculated. The lgC and λ of all the elements in all the control

samples of the map sheet were within the permitted limit of control. The analysis error RE% of each
SRMs inserted for Au analysis was separately calculated. The overall pass rate of the 40 elements was
25
100%. The pass rate of each element was unexceptionally 100%. The results are given in Table 2-11.

Table 2-11 Statistics pass rate of control samples

Eritrea Eritrea
Eleme Elemen
 lg C λ (GSD) Total % passed  lg C λ (GSD) Total % passed
nt t
Groups Passed Groups Passed (%) Groups Passed Groups Passed (%)
Ag 24 24 24 24 100 Rb 24 24 24 24 100
As 24 24 24 24 100 Sb 24 24 24 24 100
B 24 24 24 24 100 Sn 24 24 24 24 100
Ba 24 24 24 24 100 Sr 24 24 24 24 100
Be 24 24 24 24 100 Th 24 24 24 24 100
Bi 24 24 24 24 100 Ti 24 24 24 24 100
Cd 24 24 24 24 100 U 24 24 24 24 100
Co 24 24 24 24 100 V 24 24 24 24 100
Cr 24 24 24 24 100 W 24 24 24 24 100
Cu 24 24 24 24 100 Y 24 24 24 24 100
F 24 24 24 24 100 Zn 24 24 24 24 100
Hg 24 24 24 24 100 Zr 24 24 24 24 100
La 24 24 24 24 100 SiO 2 24 24 24 24 100
Li 24 24 24 24 100 Al2 O3 24 24 24 24 100
Mn 24 24 24 24 100 TFe2 O3 24 24 24 24 100
Mo 24 24 24 24 100 MgO 24 24 24 24 100
Nb 24 24 24 24 100 CaO 24 24 24 24 100
Ni 24 24 24 24 100 Na2 O 24 24 24 24 100
P 24 24 24 24
100 24 K2 O
24 24 24 100
Pb 24 24 24 24
100 Au 24 24 24 24 100
Total groups of control samples: 960
Stati
Total groups passed：960
stics
* Each group contains 4 samples Overall pass rate: 100%

4.4.4 Replicate sample control

5% of the samples were selected according to the concentrations of elements for replicate analysis.
The relative double difference between the routine and the replicate determination was calculated
RD=2×∣A1-A2∣/∣A1+A2∣×100%. The relative double difference RD was less than or equal to
50%. The qualified pass rate was calculated for each element. The pass rate of the replicates was 90%.
4.4.5 Anomaly sample checking control
2-3% of the total anomalous samples was randomly chosen for checking. The logarithmic
difference of base analysis and check analysis |ΔlgC|≤0.22 was calculated. 10% of Au anomalous
samples were randomly chosen for laboratory internal checking. The permitted limit for relative double
difference of replicates was controlled (Table 2-9). The pass rate of the internal checking of each
element is given in Table 2-12. The overall pass rate was 98.1%.
4.4.6. Field duplicate sample control
To monitor the field sampling error, the relative error of the duplicate samples of each element was
calculated RE%= ︱ A1-A2 ︱ / (A1+A2)*100%. The pass rate is given in Table 2-13 (to the
RE%≤33.3% criterion).

26
 Table 2-12 Statistics pass rate of internal inspection/anomalous samples

Eritrea Eritrea
Element Element
Total checked Passed % passed Total checked Passed % passed
Ag 87 81 93.1 Rb 59 59 100.0
As 94 93 98.9 Sb 94 91 96.8
B 87 85 97.7 Sn 87 83 95.4
Ba 61 61 100.0 Sr 61 61 100.0
Be 87 87 100.0 Th 87 87 100.0
Bi 94 91 96.8 Ti 59 59 100.0
Cd 87 79 90.8 U 87 87 100.0
Co 87 87 100.0 V 59 59 100.0
Cr 59 59 100.0 W 67 66 98.5
Cu 87 87 100.0 Y 59 59 100.0
F 67 67 100.0 Zn 87 87 100.0
Hg 94 84 89.4 Zr 59 59 100.0
La 87 87 100.0 SiO2 59 59 100.0
Li 87 87 100.0 Al2O3 59 59 100.0
Mn 61 61 100.0 TFe2O3 59 59 100.0
Mo 92 92 100.0 MgO 61 61 100.0
Nb 59 59 100.0 CaO 61 59 96.7
Ni 87 86 98.9 Na2O 61 61 100.0
P 59 59 100.0 K2O 59 59 100.0
Pb 87 74 85.1 Au 154 136 88.3

Statist Total items checked: 25436

ics Total items passed: 25166
Overall pass rate: 98.9%

Table 2-13 Pass rate of relative error of repeated samples

% % % % % %
Element Element Element Element Element Element
passed passed passed passed passed passed
Au 92.6% Cd 96.3% Li 96.3% Rb 100% V 100% TFe2O3 100%
Ag 100% Co 100% Mn 100% Sb 96.3% W 96.3% MgO 96.3%
As 96.3% Cr 100% Mo 96.3% Sn 100% Y 100% CaO 96.3%
B 96.3% Cu 96.3% Nb 100% Sr 100% Zn 100% Na2O 100%
Ba 100% F 100% Ni 100% Th 100% Zr 100% K2O 100%
Be 100% Hg 96.3% P 100% Ti 100% SiO2 100%
Bi 92.6% La 100% Pb 100% U 100% Al2O3 100%

4.4.7 Quality control of Au element analysis

Internal quality control of trace gold analysis was implemented by inserting four national standard
substances of different concentrations into each analysis log. As provided for by the Standards, 2
national standard substances for geochemical trace gold analysis should be inserted in every 50 samples.
To guarantee analysis quality, we inserted an additional 2 for each map sheet. The standard trace gold
substances were GBW07242 (GAu-8), GBW07243a (GAu-9a), GBW07244a (GAu-10a) and
GBW07245a (GAu-11a). The relative error (RE) of the measurement from the standard value was
27
calculated for each individual standard substance, and the resulted error should conform to Table 2-9.
The random sample selection for gold retest was not less than 10%. First, 5% was pre-selected,
encoded and analysis. Then, according to the Au concentrations of the map sheet samples, measures
were taken before base analysis was conducted. After base analysis, anomaly point retest was carried
out on all the high-point anomalies and some of the low-concentration samples. The relative double
difference of the base analysis and retest and anomaly point retest was calculated. The analysis quality
followed the requirements given in Table 2-9. The permitted limit of relative deviation was equal to or
higher than 85%.

Chapter 5. Data processing and map generation

procedures
Example
The softwares of MapGIS 6.7 and GeoMDIS2005 for Regional geochemical data and management
system or its upgraded version GeoExpl were used for data processing and map preparation. MapGIS
6.7 is used for producing geographic information map. GeoMDIS2005 or GeoExpl is used for
producing geochemical maps.

5.1 Data processing

5.1.1. Data of sample cards
The attribute data of the sampling points were entered into computer manually. The coordinate data
of the sampling points were directly entered from GPS and straightened up to the regional geochemical
data format.
5.1.2. Data of base analysis samples
The data floppy disc provided by the Geochemical Data Processing System of Wuhan Center for
Mineral & Resources Supervision and Testing, Ministry of Land & Resources was used directly. Base
data was extracted, Ag, Hg and Cd was multiplied by 1000 to convert the data unit. The base data and
the sampling point coordinates were integrated, straightened up and entered into the database in the
entry format of GeoExpL.
5.1.3. Coding of geological units
The geological outcroping strata in the surveyed area was divided into different geological units
and was coded according to the stratum in the large sampling cell having the largest outcropping area.
The geological units having little outcrop was merged into the related geological unit. The code number

28
followed the applicable specifications. The coding of geological units is given in Table 2-14.

Table 2-14 Geological code table

Formation & Geological
Lithology
ID code
Quaternary pluvial alluvial, alluvial/residual slope deposits,
Q 640
conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones
Nal Pliocene basic rocks, trachytes, phonolites 620
Ea Basic basalts, volcanic breccias, tuffs 610
Pzt Conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones and ice-rafting deposits 300
Garnet schists, silty slates, meta-grayack interrupted by marble,
P∈3la 034
meta-tuffs
P∈3lb Meta-sandstone, silty sandstone interrupted by silty slate 038
Black slate, silty slate interrupted by meta-tuff and coal beds, containing a
P∈3lc 037
lesser amount of lenticular fine conglomerates, marbles, meta-siltstone
Intermediate basic volcanic rocks, intermediate acidic volcanic rock
P∈3ld 036
interrupted by sericite schist, lenticular marble
Meta-conglomerate, sandstones, slate occasionally interrupted by
P∈3ta 035
lenticular marble, tuffs
Meta-intermediate basic – intermediate acidic tuff, lavas, sericite schists,
P∈3tb 034
meta-siliceous rock interrupted by lenticular volcanic breccia
Sericite schists, silty slates, meta-siliceous rocks occasionally interrupted
P∈3tc 033
by meta-siltstone
Basalts, volcanic breccias, tuffs occasionally interrupted by silty slate,
P∈3td 032
schists
Sericite schists, silty slates, meta-siltstone interrupted by laminar marbles,
P∈3te 031
quartzites and tuffs
Pmg2b Late orogenic coarse-grained porphyritic adamellite 026
Pgd2b Late orogenic coarse-grained granodiorite 025
Pdt2b Late orogenic medium-fine-grained diorite 024
Pmg2a Synorogenic schistose coarse-grained adamellite 023
Pgd2(a-2) Synorogenic schistose coarse-grained granodiorite 022
Pgd2(a-1) Synorogenic heavily schistose find-medium-grained granodiorite 021

5.1.4. Parametric statistics

After the sampling point geological codes were integrated with the sampling point analysis data,
they were extracted on computer for each base geological unit. The geochemical parameters of the
original data of each geological unit like the average data (X), standard deviation (S), variation
coefficient (CV) and enrichment coefficient (K) were calculated to use in the geochemical map and
geochemical interpretation.

5.2 Map compilation

Geochemical maps can be classified into basic maps and interpretation maps. The basic maps are
required and the interpretation maps are recommended for the final reports.
5.2.1. Basic map
(1) Geochemical sampling location map (1:250 000)

29
 The stream sampling point location, sample number and duplicate sampling site was plotted based
on coordinates (longitude and latitude) at scale of 1: 250 000 map sheet. The sampling sites are
displayed by 2mm diameter circles.
(2) Geochemical data-posting map (1:250 000)
Analytical data were posted at the grid of 2 km by 2 km (4km2) using the GRD analysis-model
application-elevation point label mapping of Mapgis 6.5.
(3) Geochemical countour map
The contour map is the main result map for geochemical survey or mapping. The title, scale,
contour color zone, histogram of distribution and legends are included on the map.
The 16 contour colour zones were classified by accumulation frequencies of 0.5, 1.5, 4, 8, 15, 25,
40, 60, 75, 85, 92, 95, 97, 98.5 and 99.5(%). Contour lines were automatically generated by using the
software MapGIS 6.7. Concentration values were labeled on each contour line.
The color zones were shown in Table 2-15 by calculating the accumulated frequencies.
Table 2-15 Color zone division interval of the geochemical map
Accumulated
＜1.5 1.5~＜15 15~＜25 25~＜75 75~＜85 85~＜95 95~＜98.5 ＞98.5
frequency %
Dark
Light Orange
Color Dark blue Blue Light blue Light red Dark red reddish
yellow yellow
brown
Very
Low-value Low High Weakly Highly
Implication low-value Background Anomalous
region background background anomalous anomalous
region

Histogram: These include the histogram of the total number of samples and the histogram of maples
from each geological unit according to different geological epochs. The class interval of the columns of
the histogram was 0.1lgX. The 2nd digit after the decimal of the class end value was 7. Regional
geochemical database GeoMDIS2009 was used to plot the histogram and were placed on the right side
of the map sheet.
The illustration for the maps were placed on the right of the map frame in the form of tables.
The geochemical map is named “Element Name + Geochemical Map of the Adi Keyh Region,
Eritrea. The map scale was indicated in the forms of digit 1:250 000 and km bars.
5.2.2 Interpration maps
Composite element anomalous maps were plotted on the 1:250 000 geological map. The associated
elements were divided into groups, (i) Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn-As-Sb-Hg, (ii) Cr-Ni-Co-V-Ti-Fe2O3-Mn; (iii)
W-Sn-Be-Bi-Mo-Li-F and (iv) Nb-La-Y-U-Th-Sr-Ba-Zr, .based on 30 main mineralizations, i.e. Au, Ag,
Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Hg, Cr, Ni, Co, V, Ti, Fe2O3, Mn, W, Sn, Be, Bi, Mo, Li, F, Nb, La, Y, U, Th, Sr, Ba

30
and Zr.

Chapter 6 Interpretation of results

6.1 Delineation of Anomalies

The anomaly threshold of each element in the composite anomaly maps was based on the
concentration at the accumulative frequency of 85%. The anomaly thresholds of the elements are given
in Table 2-16. The element anomaly value (Table 2-16) lines on the geochemical map and the contour
lines at the accumulated frequencies of 85%, 95% and 98.5% were used as the cut-off, middle and
central zones of the anomalies to delineate the anomalous patterns
After the contour lines were plotted on computer, they were separately numbered in the left to right,
top to bottom order. Each group of different element anomalies is identified with a different color line.
The main elements are identified with an additional surface color. The color use standard followed
relevant specifications.
All anomalies are documented in the form of registration tables specifying the geographical
location, the basic characteristics and geological background, the classification of the anomalies,
interpretation of the anomalies, recommendations for follow-up work. The registration tables are
attached to the geochemical atlas as an appendix.

Table 2-16 Anomaly thresholds of elements

Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly
Element Element Element
threshold threshold threshold
Au 3.5 Sn 2.5 Mn 1300
Ag 110 Be 2 Nb 14
Cu 60 Bi 0.2 Ni 50
Pb 18 Co 25 Sr 400
As 30 Ba 1000 Th 4.2
Sb 1.5 Cr 115 Ti 12100
Hg 55 Fe2O3 8.5 U 1.8
Zn 120 F 660 V 190
W 1.2 La 22 Y 40
Mo 2.5 Li 29 Zr 210
Concentrations are expressed in % for oxides; 10-9 for Au, Ag and Hg; 10-6 for other elements.

6.2 Interpretation of Anomalies

6.3 Results by follow-up survey

31
Chapter 7 . Conclusions and Discussion

Chapter 8 Recommodations

8. 1 Targests for follow-up survey

8.3 Further work for geology, geophysics, trenching or drilling

References

32