LOGIC GATE Actually the term logic is applied to digital circuits used to implement logic functions. Several kinds of digital logic circuits are the basic elements that form the building blocks for such complex digital system as the computer. The lines connected to each symbols are the inputs and outputs. The inputs are on the left of each symbol and the output is on the right. A circuit that performs a specific logic operation (AND, OR) is called a logic gate.r aaa AND gate e.g. I get up if it is 8-00 a.m. AND it is a weekday he said if A = 8-00 a.m. B = weekday and Y = get up then he said you can yrite: =A-B where the dot represents logical AND. He went on to say that if 1 represents TRUE and... O represents FALSEro OE Truth Table The truth table has an entry for each possible combination of inputs. For n inputs there will be 2" entries ... 2 inputs = 4 entries. A 8 y 0 o 0 We can have more than oO 1 o two inputs in which case 1 0 0 the only time we would 1 1 1 have a 1 out is when all the inputs are true. Loe atesSymbol The symbol adopted for the AND function (gate) is shown below American (MIL-STD-806) a— Ba — ey LY Loe ates British (TE a— & B | C 617:12) ryoe I OR gate e.g. I turn on my headlights if it is dark OR it is raining if A= dark B = raining and ¥ = headlights on then: Y=A+B where the + sign represents logical OR. Logie Gates: CO LE A 8 ¥ We can have more than 0 ° ° two inputs in which case 0 1 1 the only time we would 1 0 1 have a 0 out is when all 1 1 1 the inputs are false. American (MIL-STD-806) British (IEC 617:12) sayy sa, B 7 Bo Logie GatesPo OTT NOT gate e.g. I turn on the heating if it is NOT hot if A = hot and Y = Heating on then: Y=A where the bar represents logical NOT. Loge GatesA ¥ We can only have one 0 1 input and the output is 1 0 always the opposite sign. ‘American (MIL-STD-806) British (TEC 617:12) ‘ SO—Y 4—1p, Logie Gatesi I Using these three gates we can design any logic circuit. We will define three additional gates which aid circuit design.Exclusive OR EXOR gate Y=A@B_ where the @ sign represents logical EXOR. Note that the normal OR includes the case where we have both inputs true. The EXOR does not include this case. For more than two inputs the gate is defined as: The output is TRUE if we have an ninloo> HlolHiow olH|Hio < odd number of inputs TRUE Loge Gates— OE The symbol adopted for the EXOR function (gate) is shown below ‘American (MIL-STD-806) British (EC 617:12) TE Logie GatesNot AND NAND gate Y=A-B We can have more where the dot and than two inputs in which case the bar represents only time we logical NAND. would have a 0 out nlelolo|> rloHlolw is when all the inputs are true. ofnlnlnl< American (MIL-STD-806) Loge Gates British (IEC 617:12) & Oy a—Not OR NOR gate Y=A+B where the + sign and bar represents logical NAND. nlelolo|> rloHlolw olololn|< American (MIL-STD-806) A <>, ») 0” Loge ates We can have more than two inputs in which case the only time we would have a 1 out is when all the inputs are false. British (EC 617:12) A— B 21” ea Universal Gates NAND and NOR gates are referred to as universal gates as the three basic gates can be constructed using either one of the two. This therefore implies that all logic circuits can be constructed using either of the gates. The notes show this process for NAND only but it can be shown for NOR also. Loge Gates* CC NOT using NANDs only A B Y The Truth Table is for a NAND gate o;o/. Tf we tie the inputs of a NAND together then we limit the possible input combinations to two, 1 1 and 0 0. These are shown on the table now if the input is 0 the output is 1 and vice versa ~ a NOT gate aT > Losi GatesAND using NANDs only As a NAND is simply an AND followed by a NOT gate (inverter) we can simply use a NAND followed by NOT. e \ oOo S/S ee Note - more than one NAND gate to produce the desired AND gate. Loge GatesOR using NANDs only A | BUAt+B 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 This is our desired OR gate_ ee OR using NANDs only AB A+B 4B oO oO oO 1 a oO 1 1 O ¥ oO 1 oO 1 1 1 1 0 ° If we now add NOT A and NOT B into our tablePo LE OR using NANDs only AB A+B A | BAB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 If these are now ANDed together= | OR using NANDs only A | B A+B) A | BAB AB oO O oO 1 1 1 oO Oo 1 1 1 QO oO 1 £ Oo 1 oO 1 oO 1 1 1 1 0 oO 0 1 Finally if we invert our result we see that the 3r¢ and 7" column are identical. This means that if we invert the inputs then NAND then we will end up with the OR function. Loge Gates= OR using NANDs only . “LLP .) y 2 [pr {FP Let us examine the way in which logic gates can be used to realise logic circuits:Po TI Example A drill (D) is to operate if we are in automatic (A) and the system (S) is running or if we are in manual (M) anda button (B) is pressed or if an override (0) input is not operated. The boolean (logic) expression far this gn be written in the following way: At This can be s— 7] constructed in the mt a. following way: Ba / ae