SKELETAL M USCU LAH SYSTEM 44

T@ AKE,atrfiAG noCrAeG€
CN: Use light colors for A-E. (1) Begin with the muscle belly and tendons in the
upper illustration. (2) When coloring the narrow borders of the endomysium (C)
in the enlarged section, ¡t is recommended that you also color over lhe muscle
fiber ends (D) w¡th the very light endomysium color, and then go back over the
NEUBOVASCULAR BUNDLE
f¡ber ends with a darker color (D). Do not color the neurovascular bundle, or (nerve, artery, vein)
the cut ends of blood vessels and capillaries. (3) Color the lower ¡llustration.
Periosteum E

§CI€GtrTAG AOQ'SGG6,,.
B€G&l/A
trASG0AB-r
CPORnv60@ft0n'
PEBONAI7§,OGDGflU
cGuDOma\?s08!ñCI"
nñU§GGtr tFBBtrB (G€&e)»
ZF€N9D@G9. c
9
A named skeletal muscle (e.9., biceps brachii), surrounded by a layer
Blood
of deep Íascia (epimysium), consists of fascicles or bundles of mus- vessel -i-
cle fibers enveloped in th¡n fibrous tissue (oerlmysiuml. É.ach muscle
fiber is surrounded by a thin sheath of fibrous tissue (endomys¡um). Cap¡llary
Each of these fibrous layers is ¡mportant to musc¡e structure and
function, providing support for nerves and vessels (neurovascular
bundles), ensuring uniform distribution of muscle tension during con-
traction, and maintain¡ng the elasticity of muscle, permitting it to recoil
9'
to its resting length following stretching. lt is the merging of these 9-
f ibrous layers at the ends of the musc¡e fibers that forms thelendons,

which integrate the muscle to ¡ts attachment s¡te(s), such as perios-

MUSCLE BELLY
teum or another tendon. Broad, flat tendons are calledaponeuroses. (bundle of fascicles)
The mass of the fasciae-enveloped contract¡le fibers is called the ! FASCICLE
belly of the muscle. lt is the muscle belly that shortens during muscle rndle of fibers)
contraction. The belly. may be shaped one of a number of ways
depending on its tendinous arrangement and attachments. Skeletal MUSCLE FIBER
muscles are named in relation to their attachments (e.9., hyoglossus), (single cell)
shape (e.9., trapezius), number of heads (e.9., quadriceps), function
(e.9., adductor magnus), or posltion (e.9., brachialis).

Skeletal muscles employ simple machines, such as levers, to increase the

6n€1GffiñN'OG§ @F M@V@M@@T-. efficiency of their contractile work about a joint. Mechanically, the degree
of muscular effort rcquied to overcome resistanbe to movement al a jo¡nt
FVU@RAMr (A@AWT) F, (fulcrum\ depends upon the force of that resistance (weight\; the relat¡ve
6trtr@@T* (0f,04,§G&E)a d¡stances from the anatomical fulcrum to the anatomical sites of muscular
effort; and the anatomical sites of res¡stance (loints). The position of the
tsGS0S7fá¡6Ú,@É6 (0n 80@HT) joint relative to the s¡te of muscle pull and the s¡te of imposed load deter-
"' mines the class of the lever system in use.

flñGe66§ G@V@@+
ln a 1st class lever, the ioint lies between the muscle and the load. This
is the most efficient class of lever. By flexing the neck and postur¡ng the
head forward and downward, the load (G1¡ is appréciably increased
(due to gravity), and the muscular effort (A) to hold that posture may
induce muscle pain and st¡ffness/tightness (overuse).

A@D GGAS§ MVB@+"

ln a 2nd class lever, the load l¡es between the ioint and the pulling
muscle. This lever system operates in lift¡ng a wheelbarrow (the wheel is
the fulcrum) as well as lifting a 75 kg (165 tb) body onto the metatarsal
heads at ihe metatarsophalangeal joints. This is a relatively easy task
for the strong calf (triceps surae) ntuscles; but try standing on the
heads of your middle phalanges (increas¡ng the distance F1-G1)l
a¡
E@@ GGAS6 L@V@@'';
ln a srd class lever, the musóle lies between the joint and the load
and has a poor mechanical advantage here. Consider the difference in
muscular effort required to carry a 45 kg (100 lb) bag of cement in your
hands with flexed elbows (elbow joint: 3rd class lever) and carrylng
your 75 kg (165 lb) body on the heads of your metatarsals (2nd cláss
lever at the metatarsophalangeal joints). lt is all a matter of leverage.
Eo'
SKELETAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM 45
See 44
r,NTÉGl@AT}o/n9 @F'nOn¡SCge AGr0@n0
CN: Use a bright color for A and a light one for E. (l ) Color the
small arrows and the large letters of orig¡n (O) and ¡nsertion (l)
adjacent to the examples of contracted and stretched muscles-
(2) ln the lower illuskation, color the portions of pronator teres
and pronator quadratus that are outlined by dotted lines. These
parts of the muscles are normally concealed by the radius in
this lateral view.

S'
Skeletal muscle generally connects two bones and crosses
the jo¡nt between those two bones. When the muscle
shortens (coniracts), the two bones come closer together,
isometric contraction excepted. Muscles never push; they
always pull. ln any given movement between two bones, 0c
one bone is generally fixed, and the other moves. The
muscle attachment at the f¡xed bone is lheor¡ginifhe
attachment at the moving bone is lhe¡nsertion. ln complex ELBOW
movements where it is difficult to identify a "fixed" bone, EXTENDED
(against fes¡slance)
the origin of the muscle is the more proximal attachment.
When a muscle contracts across a ioint, other muscles
crossing that ioint are affected. No one muscle acts alone
¡n ioint movement. ln flexion of the elbow joint, for exam-
M@EG&tr Acroofiú
ple, biceps brachii (and brachialis, not shown)contracls, G@@?iBAGE€D¡ 2"
while triceps brachii ís stretched. Conversely, in elbow
extension, trioeps is contracted, and the biceps/brachialis
B€CAESEDU
muscles are stretched. ln neutral, all three are relaxedlat SABtrtrGCÚED.
rest). Tense (contracted) muscles can often be relaxed by
gentle stretch¡ng.

AGf@@§ Oro eeB@0ú FG€X0@+

No muscle acts alone in the movement of a joint. In the movements shown at right, various
muscles are functionally integrated in the simple act of lifting an obiect, with the forearm
supinated in the first case and pronated in the second case.

Pts0mñB nCIorrEB (A@@@0§7)^,

The primary muscle effecting a desired joint movement is called thep/me mover
(agonist). There may be more than one; ¡n elbow flexion with the forearm sup¡nated,
biachialis and biceps brachii are both prime movers; biceps adds significantly to the iift-
ing power because of the added work in supinating the radius during elbow flexion. With
the forearm pronated and supination resisted, the biceps loses that supinating power,
and brachialis, unaffected by a pronated forearm, becomes the prime mover.

A@fA@@fi!ú8ú",
Muscles that potent¡ally or actually oppose or res¡st a certain movement are called antag-
onl'sfs. ln the illustrations at right, triceps is the antagonist in the act of elbow flexion, even
though it is being stretched and is not contracted ¡n the case illustrated.
ACTORS ¡N ELBOW FLEXION
(With supination vs. pronation)
F0xA8@@,, «\-
F¡xator muscles stabilize the more prox¡mal joints during weightbearing functions of
the more distal ioints. Here the trapezius muscle contracts to stabilize (immobilize) the
\r\:g
scapula, creat¡ng a rigid platform (the scapula) for operation of the weightbearing,
ipsilateral limb.
Contraclion of
ry6@[l@ @LaZeR @VñÉ@@088)e biceps brachi¡
¡s limited when
ln undertaking a desired and specific movement, undesired movements are resisted by supinat¡on of the
forearm is resisted by
neutralizers (synérgists). During flexion of the elbow with a pronated forearm, pronators of
the forearm (pronator quadratud, pronator teres) contract to resist or neutralize supination
§l
,J
oronalors tef es/quadratus.

of the forearm. ln this action, the pronators are synergistic with the desired movement.
PRONATED
FOREARM

Globally.integrated and harmonious muscle functioning makes possible painless,

rhythmic, and dynamic movements, best revealed in such activities as dance, sports, and
exercise. Joints affected by tense or weak interacting muscles, indueed by mechanically .-*
disadvanlaged posture/gait, can be subiect to painful and limited movements.
SKELETAL MUSCULAF SYSTEM / HEAD
@@gwo @F Fa@a@G traPB6§§0@n,
CN: Use your lightest colors for O and Q. Use warm and
cheerful colors for the muscles producing a sm¡le (A-H).
Color the muscles reflecting sadness (l-O) with greens,
b¡ues, and grays. (1) Begin with the smiling side, and color
only the muscles identified by titles A-H. Color those muscles
46
See 47
in the profile view below. (2) Fepeat the process with the sad
side. Note that a portion of frontalis (l) has been cut away to
reveal corrugator supercilii (J). {3) Color the t¡tles at the bottom
and the related muscles on the lower view. lnclude the por-
tions of the auricular muscles that disappear beneath the ear.

@880@0rcAm8s
@G0!G0o (Fts@ruAA&0§.r
@A§AG0§e
G@BBA'@47@B
i&evAr@ts SG'P€BGOUO¿
i &A@00
I scapEBo@tsrs
6GABQ0rtr
R0A80.
\ GtrÚAIn@R
. U(AIóUU
@RtsOGA&AtsO§
i §crptrB0@B0§o
@ts08,r
UEVAT@B
AmrG(,e0 D6PBtrs§@B
¿iln9@0r&0
@R0SE
@806r
w@@0f,Ar0G!r8 @€PB€6S@8
ODAJ@ts n
GABOO
zv@@MA?70Ga,S - OIMF€RO@@C§^,r
M]N@Ra
: lgterutaGos¡,,
, 80S@80C4§H PGATIíAOf,ño

Anlerior Superior
auricular auricular

Temporalis
The muscles of facial expression are generally thin, flat bands arrsing f rom
a facial bone or cartilage and inserting into the dermis of the skin or the
fibrous t¡ssue envelop¡ng the sphincter muscles of the orbit or mouth.
fhese muscles are generally arranged into the following regional groups:
(1) the epicranial group loccipitolrontaiis moving the scalp); (2) the orbital
g(oup (orbicularis oculi, corrugatar superc¡l¡l', (3) the nasal group (nasa-
lis, procerus); (4) the oral group (orb¡cularis oris, zygomaticus major and
m¡nor,lhe levatorsandthe depressorsof the Iips and angles of the mouth,
risorius, bucc¡natof and part of platysma), and (5) the group rnoving the
ears (auricular muscles). The general function of each of these muscles is
to move the skin wherever they insert. As you color each muscle, try con-
tracting it on yourself while looking into a mirror, and see what develops.
Zygomat¡c
Orbicularis oculi and oris are sph¡ncter muscles, tending to close the sk¡n arch
over the eyelids and tighten the Iips, respect¡vely. Contractions of the
lvla sseter
cheek muscle buccinator makes possible rapid changes in volume of the
oral cavity, as in playing a trumpet or squirting water, The nasalis muscle Sternocleido
has both compressor and dilator parts, wh¡ch influence the s¡ze of the mastoid
anteríor nasal openings.

@ACBAWAT@Rp
...,GAGEA AP@@€O'B@TDGA S
Clavicle
;qeaop07AG0sn
AUB0GUGAB G0@§GG€Ss Deltord
 SKELETAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM / HEAD
47
@F. See 26

CN: Use a yellowish "bone" color for the mandible (E). (1) Begin with the
upper illustration and proceed to the two cut-away views exposing the
muscles of masticat¡on. On the smaller skull, two colors (A + E) are
needed to indicate the insertion of the temporal¡s on the ¡nner side of the
mandible. Three colors (A + B + E) áre needed to color the part of the
external surface where the broad ¡nsertion of the masseter also covers
part of the represeniation of the iemporalis on the underside. (2) Color
the directional arrows and musc¡es involved in moving the mandible.

n0@§G&68-r
3GA0P@mA&06A
6f,AA§;@T@@g orisin
mG,@}AU e.treui-V@@0@c massete, External auditory canal

GAtrGtsAG PtrGmV@@0D¿
MA@D0@&Gr Styloid process
The act of chew¡ng is called masticat¡on. The muscles Mand¡bular fossa
of masticatíon move the temporomandibular joint and
Zygomat¡c arch
are largety responsible for elevation, depression, pro-
Coronoid
trusión, retraction- and lateral motion of the mandible. process
These muscles funct¡on bilaterally to effect movements
lnsertion
of the single bone (mandible) at two joints. Chewing MUSCLES OF MASTICATION sites
mot¡ons are a product of the act¡on of the elevator
muscles on one side combined with the contraction -AtEta
B
of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the oppos¡te s¡de.
The temporalis and masseter muscles are often
contracted unconsciously (clenching teeth) during
stress, giving rise to potentially severe bitemporal and
preauricular headaches. The musbles can easily be
palpated when contracted. Masseter, on the external
surface of the ramus of the mandible, is easily pal-
pated there. Place your fingers there and then contract
the muscle (clench the teeth). Temporalis, on the other
hand, inserts on the internal surface of the coronoid
process and can be best palpated at the side of
the head. lts dense fascia prevents the bulging you
experienced with masseter.
The medial and laleral pterygoids are in the infra-
temporal fossa and cannot be palpated.
The muscles of masticallon are all innervated by
branches of the sth cranial nerve (trigeminal), mandib_
ular division. The muscles of facial expression (recall
previous plate), on the other hand, are all supplied by
the 7th cran¡al nerve (facial).

.i
:-r
E
ELEVATION

t/ 'i- 1,/

LATERAL
ACTION OF MUSCLES ON THE MANDTBLE
J-,1

Coronoid
il process

Mylohyoid m.
PROTRUSION BETRACTION DEPRESSION
SKELETAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM / NECK
i
A60trE¡@o@ts & BAretsA& M0//§,@,e6§
CN: Except for Band E, use your lightest colors throughout the plate. ( 1 ) Begin
with the diagrams of the triangles of the neck and the siernocleidomastoid (A,
B, C). Color over all the muscles within the triangles. (2) Then work top and
bottom illustrat¡ons simultaneously, coloring each muscle in as many views as
you can find it. Note the relationship between muscle name and attachment.

The neck is a complex tubular region of muscles, viscera, vessels, and

nerves surrounding the cervical vertebrae. The muscles of the neck
are arranged in superficial and deep groups. Here we concentrate on
superficial muscles. The most superficial posterior and posterolateral
muscle of the neck is trapezius (Plate 5a). The deep posterior muscles
are covered in Plate 49. The most superficial anterior muscle of the
neck is platysma (Plate 46). The anterior and lateral muscle groups are
divided into triangular areas by the sternocle¡dornaslordmuscle.

6nfirtrm0@B rB0Amr6BE^
§QrPmAGCt/@0@ MAg@&E§,_
§fYe@CCt/@OD' D0GASTROG," S76ts@@ Getr0D@oCIA§F@0D'
nCIVG@CCV@0D,' Cüt7@@G@§§@Sp- The sternocleidomastoid muscle, acting unilaterauy, tilts the head
laterally on the same side while simultaneously rotating the head and
@trN'O@CÜV@OD» pulling the back of the head downward, lifting the chin, and rotating
the front of the head to the opposite side. Both muscle bellies acting
NV@DD B@ME, together move the head forward (anteriorly) while extending the
upper cervical vertebrae, lifting the chin upward.
009FBACúI2@0D nd[rSG&ES r-
6ftrtsru@HV@0D.' @M@HV@DDr.
rcúvB@ cút/@ 0D,. strtrBnD@ rcút/m@0D..
The anterior region of the neck is divided in the midline; each half
forms an anterior triangle. The borders of the anterior triangle of super-
ficial neck muscles are clearly illustrated. Thehyoid bone, suspended
from the styloid processes of the skull by the stylohyoid l¡gaments,
divides each anterior triangle into upper sup rahyoid and lower
infrahyoid regions.
The suprahyoid muscles arise from the tongue (glossus), mandible
(mylo-, genio-, anterior digastric), and skull (stylo-, posterior digastric)
and insert on the hyoíd bone. They elevate the hyoid bone, influencing
Tlapezius
the movements of the floor of the mouth and the tongue, especially TBIANGLES
during swallowing. With a lixed hyoid, the suprahyoid muscles, OF THE NECK
especially the digastr¡cs, depress the mandible.
The infrahyo¡d muscles generally arise from the sternum, thyroid carti-
lage of the larynx, or the scapula (omo-) and insert on the hyoid bone.
These muscles part¡ally reslst elevation of the hyo¡d bone during swal-
lowing, Thyrohyold elevates the larynx during production of high-
pitched sounds; sternohyoid depresses the larynx to assist in
production of low-pitched sounds.

p@srtrB0@B urBoAro@&E.
§enñ0sPDn9AL0s GAP0T0§",
§Petra00@s GAPOT0§."
G6UAT@B §GAF[!LAG.,
§GAGtrGUATS8 AGU8'c ññGDo¿ F@S[E..
The posterior triangle consists of an array of muscles covered by a
layer of deep (investing) cervical fascia just under the skin between
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius. The borders of the tr¡angle are
clearly illustrated. Muscles of this region arise from the skull and
cervical vertebrae; they descend to and insert upon the upper two
ribs (sca/enes), the upper scapula \omohyoid, levator scaputael, and
the cervical/thorac¡c vertebral spines lsplenius capitis, sem¡spinatis
cap¡t¡sl. These muscles' function becomes clear when you visualize
their attachments.
 SKELETAL MUSCULAR SYSTEM / TORSO
D€GP ADU§GC§ @tr BAGM Or¡gin

lrapez¡us
ol

& ro€e0a Sterno-

cle¡do-
mastoid
cN: use your lightest cotors on the B and c groups. Note that splenius (A) and semispinalis muscle Superior
nuchal
(c1) represent more than one muscle; the muscle subsets are identified. (1)After coloring l¡ne
the muscles of the back and posterior neck, color the lower right diagram, which descr¡bes Reclus
the location and function of lhe deep mcvers of the spine. capitus Oblique
poslerior capilus
mtnor superior
| *"",u,
I capitus'
i poslerior
I malor
The deep muscles of the back and posterior neck extend, rotate, or laterally flex one
or more ot the 24 paired facet joints and the 22 intervertebral disc joints of the verte_
bral column. The long muscles move several motion segments (recall plate 27) with
one contract¡on, while the short muscles can move one or two motion segments at a
time (see ¡ntrins¡c movers).
Nuchal -',,
I¡gament Splen¡us
capitus
c7
G@A76B0ñ @ @Q4SGGE.r ?r-r."ñ
/--2 ) \,
sp¡nous
proc:?-s
Splen¡us

\ r. 3
\)r-,
cervtcts
SPLG0úO0!So /t | /, ' 'q1 Serraius
posterior
The splenius muscles extend and rotate the neck and head in concert w¡th the oppo- supefror
site sternocleidomasto¡d muscle. splenius capitis covers the deeper muscles of the
upper spine.
Semispinalis
cervrcrs

VG@trl,GA& Go@tseGE6-r
GB€Gtr@ts 8P0CUAE" -\
§tr0@AG06s -\:1
Semispinalis
thoracis
G@úD60§S0@0R46e" ((:f
-\
0G0@G@6TAG0§", )
The ereclor spinae group comprises the principal extensors of the vertebral motion
segments. oriented vertically along the longitudinal axls of the back, they are thick,
quadrilateral muscles in the lumbar reg¡on, spl¡tting into smaller, thinner separate
bundles attaching to the rlbs (iliocostalis), and upper vertebrae and head (long-
¡ss¡mus, spinalis). Erector spinae arises from lhe lower thorac¡c and lumbar spines,
the sacrum, ¡lium, and ¡ntervening ligaments.

@ts&o@arG nOUsG&€S-r-
v@Ma v@Rs,@sP0roAL0§ @B@G,P.-
§€n00sP0n A&0§", L3
lransvefse
process
060¡Llr?F0D[r§.. ^(?_
q$lr/ L4

B@IrAr@g€5., r) ll¡olumbar
spinous
process

The transversospinalis group extends the mot¡on segments of the back, and rotates llium
l¡gament
\>>
-::,.\
the thorac¡c and cervical vertebral ioints. These muscles generally run from the l.
z\
'. \.\,.
transverse processes of one vertebra to the sp¡ne of the vertebra above, spanning.
I
three or more vertebrae. The semispinales are the largest muscles of this group, t_
i-
reaching from mid-thorax to the posterior skull; the multifidi consist of deep fasciculi
spanning 1-3 motion segments from sacrum to c2; the rotatores are well defined
only in the thoracic region.

DG€PESE ñflAO§GGEE-¡ .-._o

0Gg"trmaBAG9S[reBSAB00, ' np ¿\
ofiutrtrBstro@Auo§= 'ut :i.l
§C'ts@GGOPOTAGMOU6GGE§= \Y)
These small, deep-lying muscles cross the ioints ot only one motion segment. They m@02G86.,-
are collectively major postural muscles. Electromyographic evidence has shown that
these short muscies remain in'sustained contraction for long periods of time dur¡ng 6Xrtrfi98@B=
movement and standing/sitt¡ng postures. They are most prominent in the cervical
and lumbar regions. The small muscles set deep in the posterior, suboccipital region
m@rAtr@8",
(deep to sem¡spinalis and erector sp¡nae) rotate and extend the jo¡nts between the &ATTtrB¿0G
skull and C1 and C2 vertebrae
trGEE3@Bp