makroekonomikis kaTedra

Sromis
ekonomika

Tbilisi 2016
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo momzadebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
axelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis makroekonomikis
kaTedraze.

calkeuli Tavebi damuSavebulia Semdegi avtorebis mier:

profesori m. tuxaSvili (Sesavali, Tavi-1, Tavi-7);
asocirebuli profesori m. carciZe (Tavi-4, Tavi-5, Tavi-6, Tavi-10, Tavi-11);
ekonomikis doqtori n. lacabiZe (Tavi-3, Tavi-4);
ekonomikis doqtori m. Toria (Tavi-4, Tavi-6, Tavi-11);
ekonomikis doqtori m. Selia (Tavi-2, Tavi-9, Tavi-10);
ekonomikis doqtori c. anTaZe (Tavi-8).

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis, aseve Sromis ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli
mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: asocirebuli profesori m. carciZe

ekonomikis doqtori n. lacabiZe

recenzenti: ekonomikis doqtori n. WeliZe

2
 Sinaarsi
Sesavali 4

I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa 5

sisitemaSi

II. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali 11

III. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi 22

IV. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba 39

V. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura 57

VI. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze 76

VII. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da 85

investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi

VIII. socialuri politika da mosaxleobis Semosavlebi 93

IX. Sromis organizacia 123

X. Sromis anazRaurebis organizacia 138

XI. Sromis mwarmoebluroba 154

3
 Sesavali
`Sromis ekonomika~ msoflios elitur universitetebSi kurikulumebis
mniSvnelovani kursia. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad misi Sinaarsi icvleba
da ixveweba. win mimavali qveynebi cdiloben, TavianT ekonomikur da socialur
sistemebs moargon is zogadi kanonzomierebebi da principebi, rac Sromis ekono-
mikis SinaarsiTaa gansazRvruli. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis
ekonomikuri segmentisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor Sesabamisoba-
Sia igi TanamedroveobasTan, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara amJamad da Tvalsawier moma-
valSi maRali kvalifikaciis ekonomistebze aqaur da saerTaSoriso Sromis baz-
rebze moTxovnas. amitom kursis amocanaa studentTaTvis Sromis ekonomikis
problemaTa farTo speqtridan imis logikuri miwodeba, rac asaTviseblad gamo-
yofili drois farglebSi maT Camouyalibebs im sistemur codnas da Cvevebs, rac
momavali specialistisTvis ara marto xvalindeli, aramed uwyveti ganaTlebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze mTeli misi SromiTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi profesiuli
moRvaweobisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba.
`Sromis ekonomikis~ damxmare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisaTvis am kursis
dawera yamiri araa. bazarma ucbad aiTvisa Sromis ekonomikis kaTedris TanamSro-
melTa mier gamocemuli damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebi (2006-2009ww.) (red. n. la-
cabiZe, m. tuxaSvili), agreTve, prof. n. paiWaZis saxelmZRvanelo - `Sromis eko-
nomika~. maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules saqarTveloSi Sromis ekonomikis
sferos codniT studentTa momzadebasa da praqtikos muSakTa kvalifikaciis
amaRlebaSi.
winamdebare damxmare saxelmZrvanelo Tavisi SinaarsiT Seesabameba im CarCo
programas, romelic damtkicebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis
studentTaTvis. silabusi iTvaliswinebs rogorc msoflios cnobil universite-
tebSi moqmedi silabusebis ZiriTad Sinaars, ise saqarTveloSi Sromis procesis
specifikas.
kursSi gadmocemuli sakiTxebi zogad ekonomikur Teoriul aspeqtSi stu-
dentebs naswavli aqvT `ekonomikis principebis~ kursSi. aq, cxadia, igi meTodo-
logiurad Rrmavdeba, logikurad integrirebul saxes iRebs da adamianis Sromi-
Ti cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs aerTianebs.
damxmare saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobisas avtorebi farTod sargeblobdnen
mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli profesorebis r. erenbergisa da r. smitis, g. bor-
jas, p. qausisa da a. cilberbergis saxelmZRvaneloebiT, agreTve, postsabWoTa
sivrcis qveynebSi sabazro urTierTobebze gardamavali periodis Taviseburebebis
amsaxveli saxelmZRvanelo literaturiT. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad
intensiurad iTargmneba da male gamova r. erenbergisa da r. smitis cnobili
saxelmZRvanelos bolo varianti.
bunebrivia, avtorebi didi madlierebiT miiReben am kursis momavali srul-
yofisaTvis gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.
4
 Tema I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

Sroma aris adamianis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba materialuri dovlaTis, momsa-

xurebis an sulieri faseulobebis Sesaqmnelad. adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan nawils uSualod SromiT procesSi an misTvis mzadebaSi atarebs.
SromiTi procesis Sedegia, agreTve, is materialuri da momsaxurebiTi sikeTe,
riTac igi sapensio asakSi Sromis unaris daqveiTebis dros sargeblobs.
Sroma warmoebis mTavari faqtoria. mis gareSe materialur - momsaxurebiTi
da sulieri sikeTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac dro gadis, Sromis procesi ufro
mravalmxrivi, rTuli xdeba. Sromis garTuleba obieqturi procesia.
Sromis procesSi iqmneba ara marto adamianisaTvis Semdgom mosaxmari sike-
Te, aramed xdeba adamianisa da mis garemomcvel samyarosTan urTierToba. mimdina-
reobs momuSavis organizmis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli fiziologiuri
procesebi, fsiqonervuli energiis xarjva. adamiani Tavisi urTulesi pirovnuli
sistemiTaa Cabmuli Sromis procesSi.
kacobrioba rac ufro viTardeba da SromiTi procesi rTuldeba, miT ufro
rTuli xdeba damokidebuleba fsiqofiziologiuri energiis xarjvasa da Sromis
Sedegs Soris. amJamad es Sedegi dakavSirebulia adamianis, am rTuli fenomenis
moqmedebis mraval aspeqtTan.
Sesabamisad, Sromis procesis Seswavla erTi dargis mecnierebaSi veRar
eteva. igi mecnierebis ramdenime dargis sagania. mTlianad ki iqmneba mecniereba
Sromis Sesaxeb, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba SromaTmcodneoba daerqvas. misi
konkretuli, ekonomikuri aspeqtiT integrirebuli nawilia Sromis ekonomika.
igi ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemas ganekuTvneba da, cxadia, misi saganic eko-
nomikuri xasiaTisaa, ekonomikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani segmentia. Sromis
ekonomika Seiswavlis Sromis procesSi warmoqmnil socialur-SromiT urTirTo-
bebs. Tumca sakmaod Rrmadaa SeWrili masSi Sromis procesis araekonomikuri as-
peqtebic da, Sesabamisad, adamianTan da Sromis procesTan dakavSirebuli sxva
mecnierebebic, rogoricaa sociologia, fsiqologia, fiziologia, medicina, de-
mografia, maTematika, statistika da a.S. agreTve, maTgan warmoebuli Sromis so-
ciologia, Sromis fsiqologia, Sromis fiziologia, Sromis dacva, mosaxleobis
ekonomika, ekonometrika, Sromis statistika, Sromis samarTali da a.S. es mecnie-
rebaTa diferenciaciaintegraciis uwyveti procesis gamoxatulebaa.
bevri mecnieri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi socialuri faqtoris win wamowevas
miawers bolo naxevari saukunis manZilze ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebs. amitoma-
caa, rom Sromis ekonomikis samecniero literaturasa da qrestomaTiul naS-
romebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba socialur aspeqtebs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi gabatonebuli adgili ukavia sabazro urTierTobebs.
sxvadasxva saxis bazarTa Soris Sromis bazari erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mra-
valmxrivia. igi ekonomikuri da socialur urTierTobaTa farTo wres moicavs.
magram aq umTavresia SromiTi urTierTobani, romelic mraval problemas aerTia-
nebs. Sromis bazari sul ufro mravalmxrivi xdeba da misi Seswavlac met siR-
rmes Txoulobs. amitomac Sromis bazari `Sromis ekonomikis~ kursis arsebiTi,
mTavari nawilia, Tumca, cxadia, amiT ar amoiwureba mTeli kursi.
5
 saukuneze metia, rac Camoyalibda `Sromis ekonomika~ rogorc mecniereba. am
xnis ganmavlobaSi man bevri cvlileba ganicada. is viTardeboda sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis winsvlasTan erTad. TviT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac bevrad icvleboda
Sromis procesis srulyofis kvalobaze.
am cvlilebaTagan unda gamoiyos Sromis procesis inteleqtualizacia, go-
nebrivi Sromis wilis mateba fizikur SromasTan SedarebiT. gonebrivi SromisaT-
vis momzadeba adamianTa cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani nawili gaxda rogorc
winaswari Sromis procesamdeli zogadsaganmanaTleblo da profesiuli swavlis,
ise Sromis procesis dros misi permanentuli gadamzadebis saxiT. cxadia, swav-
la, romelic Tavis mxriv urTules process warmoadgens, udides finansur dana-
xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swavlis procesSi xdeba misi dagroveba adamianur ka-
pitalad. igi uSualod rTuli Sromis ganxorcielebis procesis winapiroba gax-
da da organulad daukavSirda mas. bunebrivia, aman `Sromis ekonomikis~ saganSic
hpova asaxva.
Tanamedrove Sromis procesi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sul ufro da ufro izrde-
ba Sromis saSualebebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi, amiTaa, rom Sromis Sedegis
yovel erTeulze miiRweva adamianis kunTuri energiis minimizacia.
rogorc aRiniSna, bolo erTi saukunis manZilze sul ufro meti mniSvne-
loba SeiZina Sromis socialurma aspeqtebma. cnobili mecnieri
s. leviti mas meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri zrdis umTavres faq-
torad miiCnevs. Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze udides zegavlenas axdens muSis Sro-
misadmi ganwyoba, koleqtivSi misi adaptaciis xarisxi, janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi
damokidebuleba, sazogadoebaSi SromiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis socialuri
mxare, Sromis stimulTa sistema, samarTlianoba da socialuri garantiebi. xdeba
Sromis humanizacia. es aspeqti Sromis ekonomikis kursSi aqcentirebuli iqneba.
Sromis Sedegebis miRwevaSi sul ufro matulobs personalis marTvis mniS-
vneloba. adre igi ifargleboda daqiravebis sistemis srulyofiT. 1990-iani
wlebidan ki yuradReba gaZlierda iseTi sakiTxebisadmi, rogoricaa Sromis dac-
vis srul- yofili sistemis formireba, ojaxis evolucia, genderi, ekologia,
socialuri dazRveva, metad gaizarda kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mniSvneloba.
TandaTan cvlilebas ganicdis profkavSirebis roli. igi ufro metad ereva
personalis ganviTa- rebasa da socialuri mxardaWeris formirebaSi. paralelu-
rad iqmneba damqiravebelTa gaerTiane bebic. aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Care-
vac. es ukve urTierTobaTa axal sistemas ayalibebs da Seswavlas saWiroebs.
principul cvlilebas ganicdis damokidebuleba warmoebis muSakisadmi. maTi
xelfasi aRar ganixileba yovelTvis ise, rogorc warmoebis danaxarjebSi xelfa-
sis SemcirebiT mogebis zrdis gza. aqciaTa SeZeniT isini Tanamepatroneebi xdebi-
an da dainteresebulni arian mogebis zrdiT. es aZlierebs maT motivacias ufro
SemoqmedebiTi Sromisaken.
Sromis ekonomikiT Sesaswavl sakiTxTa struqturuli ierarqia Taviseburad
damokidebulia im specifikaze da problemebzec, romlebic romelime konkretul
qveyanaSi iqmneba misi ganviTarebis donisa da specifikis gamo. kursis Seswavli-
sas saWiro xdeba aqcentireba im sakiTxebze, romelic mocemuli qveynisaTvis
problematuria da momavalSic mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos. aranaklebi
mniSvneloba aqvs axlo da Soreul perspeqtivSi mosalodneli problemebis gan-
sazRvras da kursis SinaarsSi gaTvaliswinebas.
6
 am mxriv saqarTvelos amJamindel ekonomikas, romelmac udidesi dartyma mi-
iRo 1990-iani wlebis yovlismomcveli kraxis gamo, Tavis ganviTarebaSi mniSvne-
lovani Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. socialur-ekonomikuri reabilitaciis proces-
Si Sromis ekonomikis problemebi yvelaze mwvave problemaTa ricxvSia. maTgan Se-
iZleba gamoiyos:
1.SromiTi potencialis daqveiTebis SeCereba, reabilitacia da zrdis
miRweva;
2.masStaburi siRaribis daZleva;
3.mosaxleobisa da SromiTi resursebis intensiuri emigraciis SeCereba da
optimizacia;
4masobrivi umuSevrobis Semcireba da dasaqmebis sistemis optimizacia;
5.Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis donis zrda.
6.xelfasis diferenciaciis optimizacia, qaosuri viTarebis daZleva da a. S.
aRniSnuli problemebis jerovani mogvareba dros moiTxovs da didxans iqne-
ba saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da socialur ganviTarebaSi. Seqmnili viTarebis kom-
pleqsuri Seswavla Sromis ekonomikis farglebSi Tanamedrove ekonomistis for-
mirebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.
meore mxriv, TandaTan yalibdeba saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli principebi,
normebi, romelic misaRebia progresuli socialuri ganviTarebis mqone qveynebis-
Tvis. am mxriv, Sromis humanuri principebis dacvaze zrunavs bevri Sromis saer-
TaSoriso organizacia. masSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi bolo 90 wlis man-
Zilze, SeZlebisamebr, cdiloben Camoayalibon da daicvan Sromis procesis huma-
nuri principebis Sesabamisi normativebi. Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelo li-
teraturaSi calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlisas metnaklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli
maTi mniSvneloba, principebi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. mis safuZvelze iq-
mneba saxelmwifoebSi Sromis normatiul kanonTa sistemebi, Sromis kodeqsebi.
saqarTvelos momavals Cven vxedavT socialurad orientirebuli saxelmwi-
fos saxiT. amitom winamdebare kursi aRniSnuli orientirisaa da srulad Seesa-
bameba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis funqcionirebis principebs. Tavis
mxriv, socialurad orientirebul qveyanaSi Sromis ekonomikis mniSvneloba gaz-
rdilia.
`Sromis ekonomikis~ sagnis gansazRvra ukavSirdeba momijnave konkretuli
mecnierebis dargebsa da Sesabamis saswavlo kursebs, romelTanac Sromis ekono-
mikas mWidro kavSiri aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, esaa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistema, romlis Teoriuli sa-
fuZvelia ekonomikis Teoria(ekonomikis principebi). Sromis ekonomikis kursSi
xdeba ekonomikis zogad kanonTa konkretizacia Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis
aspeqtiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis zogadi meTodikis gamoyeneba, konkretuli sakiT-
xis fundamentalur ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaTa sibrtyeSi gaazreba.
Sromis ekonomikaSi Sesaswavli procesebi aucileblad saWiroeben raodenob-
riv analizs da maTematikur-statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebas. amitomaa igi
mWidro kavSirSi ekonometrikasTan da statistikasTan, maT Soris uSualod
`Sromis statistikasTan~.
Sromis ekonomikasTan, organuladaa dakavSirebuli sociologia, konkretu-
lad ki `Sromis sociologia~. kavSiri imdenad mWidroa da uSualoa, rom zog
qveyanaSi gaerTianebuli kursi `Sromis ekonomika da sociologia~ iswavleba. mar-
7
Tlac, Sromis ekonomikuri Sedegic didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis SromiT-
socialuri ganviTarebis, sazogadoebaSi jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis gan-
viTarebis doneze. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis Sromis motivacias, Sromis
humanizacias da a. S.
Sromis procesi mimdinareobs garkveul samarTlebriv garemoSi. Sromis eko-
nomikasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs momuSaveTa daqiravebisa da ganTavisuflebis sa-
kanonmdeblo bazas, waxalisebas da dasjas da, saerTod, Sromis disciplinas,
Sromis procesSi warmoSobil konfliqtebis samarTlebriv regulirebas, SromiTi
davebis mowesrigebas, muSakis dacvis iuridiul normebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis
ekonomikis kurss `Sromis samarTalTan~ mWidro kavSiri aqvs.
metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis funqcionirebis ekonomikur mxares,
mis mier Tanamdebobrivi saqmianobis pirovnul aspeqtebs, Sesrulebuli samuSao-
sadmi damokidebulebis ekonomikur Sedegebs, rac personalis ekonomikaSi Seis-
wavleba.
masTan axlosaa personalis marTva(personalis menejmenti, adamianuri resur-
sebis menejmenti). misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi obieqtia administraciis mier persona-
lis saqmianobis organizacia: maTi SerCeva, daqiraveba, karieruli winsvla, kvali-
fikaciis zrda, pirovnuli ganviTareba, mastimulirebeli sistemebis SerCeva da ga-
moyeneba, amisTvis danaxar- jebis swori ganawileba, xarjvis optimizacia da a. S.
Sromis ekonomika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sromis fsiqologiasTan. fsiqo-
logiis kategoriebi, rogoricaa aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba, mexsiereba, emocia
da maTi optimizacia - esaa Tanamedrove Sromis procesis efeqtianobis miRwevis,
Sromis Sedegebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli piroba. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa igi
kadrebis SerCeva-Sefasebisa, maTi swavlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis proces-
Si, Sromis disciplinis sistemis formirebasa da, saerTod, Sromis procesebis
marTvaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan Zlier axlosaa Sromis pedagogika, mecnierebis
dargi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb. igi farTo gagebiT muSakis profesiuli
momzadebis mTel process moicavs.
rogorc aRiniSna, Sromis procesi marto warmoebis procesi araa, igi ada-
mianisa da bunebriv garemosTan urTierTobis procesicaa, roca xdeba nivTiereba-
Ta cvla, adamianis organizmis fiziologiuri funqcionireba, momuSavis energi-
is xarjva, Sromis procesSi muSaobisunarianobis cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa
Sesabamisad. Sromis procesis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobs an aferxebs sanita-
rul-higienuri garemo. amitom Sromis ekonomika mWidrod ukavSirdeba discipli-
nebs: `Sromis fiziologias~ da `Sromis dacvas~.
amrigad, Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis Seswavlis dros erT mxriv, Tavs
iyris Sromis problemaTa jgufi, meore mxriv, mis Semswavlel urTierTdakavSi-
rebul mecnierebaTa sistema, sadac Sromis ekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis as-
peqtSi integracias ukeTebs masTan dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa aparatis im na-
wils, romelic gansazRvravs Sromis efeqtianobas. sqematurad igi ase warmog-
vidgeba:

8
9
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ras Seiswavlis Sromis ekonomika? ra aris Sromis ekonomikis sagani?

2. ra aris Sromis ekonomikis Seswavlis obieqti?
3. ra ZiriTadi cvlilebebi xdeba Sromis procesSi?
4. Sromis ekonomikis ra problemebia amJamad yvelaze mwvave saqarTveloSi?
5. daaxasiaTeT Sromis ekonomikis kavSiri Sromis sociologiasTan;
6. daaxasiaTeT Sromis ekonomikis kavSiri sxvadasxva mecnierul disciplinebTan.
 Tavi 2. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali

2.1. mosaxleoba da SromiTi resursebi

Sromis bazris formirebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori mosaxleobis ricxovnoba,

misi demografiuli da profesiul-kvalificiuri struqturaa.
mosaxleoba aris mocemul teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba,
romelTac aqvs TviTaRwarmoebis (TviTgamravlebis) unari. mosaxleobis
aRwarmoeba ki TaobaTa uwyveti ganaxlebis procesia. is SeiZleba iyos Sekvecili,
martivi da gafarToebuli. im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosaxleobaSi dabadebaTa ricxvi
metia gardacvlilebze, adgili aqvs gafarToebul aRwarmoebas, piriqiT
SemTxvevaSi–Sekvecil aRwarmoebas, xolo im dros, roca Svilebis Taoba
ricxobrivad imdenivea, ramdenic mSobelTa raodenoba, adgili aqvs mosaxleobis
martiv aRwarmoebas.1 A
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis iseTi
maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti, an kidev,
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis neto koeficienti.
Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti (kS.j)gviCvenebs erTi qalis mier mTeli
sicocxlis manZilze dabadebuli bavSvebis saSualo raodenobas. roca kS.j >4,
iTvleba, rom Sobadobis done maRalia, xolo roca kS.j <2,15-ze _ Sobadobis
arsebuli done martiv aRwarmoebasac ver uzrunvelyofs.
Mmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis neto-koeficienti (Rneto) gviCvenebs, ramdenad
enacvleba gogonaTa Taoba dedaTa Taobas. magaliTad, 2014 wlisaTvis
saqarTveloSi neto koeficienti 1,039-ia, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom gogonaTa
Taoba dedebis Taobas 103,9% Secvlis.
im SemTxvevaSi, roca Rneto < 1 adgili aqvs Sekvecil aRwarmoebas; roca Rneto=1,
adgili aqvs martiv aRwarmoebas; roca Rneto>1 - gvaqvs gafarToebuli
aRwarmoeba.
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesebis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imdenad, ramdenadac mosaxleoba aris SromiTi resursebis formirebis wyaro da
Sesabamisad, misi ricxovnoba da struqtura mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
warmoebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris, samuSao Zalis ricxovnobasa da
struqturaze.
termini `SromiTi resursebi~ pirvelad 1922 wels gamoiyena cnobilma mec-
nierma a. strumilinma, ris Semdegac is farTod gavrcelda msoflio ekonomikur
literaturaSi. SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilia, rome-
lic flobs SromisaTvis saWiro fizikur da inteleqtualur unars, ris meSveo-
biTac awarmoebs materialur dovlaTs an momsaxurebas. Sromisunarianobas gan-
sazRvravs adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi.
samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT Sromisunarianoba aris saerTo, profesiuli da
specialuri.
saerTo Sromis unaris mqone adamiani asrulebs raime samuSaos Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, profesiuli Sromis unaris mqone _ gansazRvrul profesiul saqmia-
nobas eweva, xolo specialuri Sromis unaris mqone adamians samuSaos Sesruleba

1
es sakiTxebi ufro dawvrilebiT Seiswavleba saganSi `demografia~, `mosaxleobis ekonomika~.
11
SeuZlia specifikur sawarmoo an klimatur pirobebSi (magaliTad, miwisqveSa sa-
muSaoebze, maRalmTian raionebSi da a.S.)
Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben srul da aras-
rul anu SezRuduli Sromis unaris mqone adamianebs.
SromiTi resursebis ZiriTad nawils Sromis asakis adamianebi Seadgenen.
Sromis asaki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTnairi araa. Mmisi qveda zRvari bevr
qveyanaSi da, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic 16 welia. rac Seexeba Sromis asakis
zeda zRvars, is bevr qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. amJamad, yvelaze metad
gavcelebuli sapensio asakia 60 weli-qalebisaTvis, 65 weli-mamakacebisaTvis.
2016 wlisaTvis yvelaze meti sapensio asaki iaponiaSia (70 weli), saqar-
TveloSi sapensio asaki qalebisaTvis-60, mamakacebisaTvis-65 welia.
Sromis asakis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis
done, sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba da dasaqmebis strategiu-
li politika. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
sapensio asakad qalebisaTvis dadginda 55 weli da mamakacebisaTvis 60 weli. es
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom jer erTi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosa-
lodneli xangrZlivoba im periodSi xanmokle, 45 weli iyo, amasTan, daCqarebu-
li industrializaciis procesi kadrebis swraf cvlas moiTxovda.
`SromiTi resursebi~ Tavisi arsiT axlos dgas `samuSao ZalasTan~, rome-
lic Tanamedrove Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi asea gansazRvruli: `es
aris 16 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an aqtiurad
eZebs samuSaos.2 misgan gansxvavebiT SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis is nawilia,
romelic ormxrivadaa asakobrivi zRvariT Semofargluli.

2
Эренберг Р. Дж., Смит Р.С. – Совеременная экономика Труда. М., МГУ. 1996. с.34.
ix. aseve Tema-4. danarTi-1.

12
 2.2. mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, mosaxleobis dayofa SromiTi

niSniT emyareba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis princips. kerZod, aravinaa valdebuli,
imuSaos mxolod imitom, rom janmrTelia an Sromis asakSia da aravinaa
valdebuli, gavides pansiaSi imitom, rom is sapensio asakisaa. damqiravebels ara
aqvs ufleba momuSave sapensio asakis gamo gaaTavisuflos Tu es SromiTi
kontraqtiT araa gaTvaliswinebuli.
sqematurad mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:

sqema 2.2.1. mosaxleobis SromiTi struqtura

institucionaluri mosaxleoba – mosaxleobis is nawilia, romelic

mudmivad cxovrobs:
- saskolo tipis pansionebsa da bavSvTa saxlebSi;
- moxucTa da invalidTa saxlebSi;
- religiur dawesebulebebSi;
-sapatimroebsa da sxva gamosasworebel dawesebulebebSi.
1990-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis SromiTi struqturis aRricxva miesadaga sa-
erTaSoriso aRricxvis sistemas, romelic mosaxleobis arainstitucionalur
nawils orad hyofs: ekonomikurad aqtiur da ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleo-
bad.
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba moicavs dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs, e. i.
im kontingents, romelic bazars sTavazobs Tavis Sromas.
ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobaSi Sedis:
 moswavleebi da studentebi;
 pirebi, vinc iReben SromiT an invalidobis pensias;
13
  diasaxlisebi, ojaxis avadmyofi wevris movliT dakavebuli pirebi;
 samuSaos is maZieblebi, romelTac dakarges misi povnis imedi, Tumca mzad
arian imuSaon;
 pirebi, romlebic iZulebis wesiT gadian mkurnalobis kurss;
 pirebi, romlebsac arsebuli Semosavlebis gamo ar surT muSaoba.

mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis saerTo done ganisazRvreba formu-

liT:
E1= E/P*100%, (2.2.1) sadac

E1 – mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis saerTo donea (%);

E – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci);
P – mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic qveynis mosaxleobis
ekonomikuri aqtiurobis dones angariSoben 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi:

E2= E/P15+*100% (2.2.2), sadac

E2 – mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis donea (%);

E – ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci);
P15+ – 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).

2.3. SromiTi resursebis gazomva

SromiTi resursebis absoluturi ricxovnoba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:

Sromis asakis Sromisunarian mosaxleobas gamoakldeba I da II jgufis umuSevari
invalidebi, aseve gamoakldeba SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis pirebi, romlebic ar
muSaoben, daemateba momuSave mozardebi da momuSave pensionerebi.
SromiTi resursebis dinamika, garkveuli periodis manZilze xasiaTdeba Sem-
degi maCveneblebiT: SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrda, zrdis tempi da ma-
tebis tempi.
SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrdis maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba gansaxil-
veli periodis dasawyissa da bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobas Soris
sxvaobiT.
T=R1- Ro (2.3.1), sadac
R1 – SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis bolos,
Ro _SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi.

meore maCvenebeli- SromiTi resursebis zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba periodis

bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi mis
raodenobasTan. e.i.
R1
T  . (2.3.2)
R0

14
 ramdenime wlisTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba rogorc saSualo
geometriuli. e.i.
A

(2.3.3),

sadac n– wlebis raodenobaa.

SromiTi resursebis saSualo wliuri matebis tempi ki gaiangariSeba for-
muliT:

(2.3.4)

2.4. SromiTi resursebis formireba

SromiTi resursebis Seswavlisas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi for-

mirebis anu SromiTi resursebis aRwarmoebis Seswavlas. am mizniT saWiroa, ga-
nisazRvros SromiTi resursebis struqtura da gamovlindes is faqtorebi, rom-
lebic SromiTi resursebis struqturaze moqmedeben.
SromiTi resursebis struqturas Seiswavlian sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis,
erovnebis, dasaqmebis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da sxva niSniT (sqema 2.4.1).

sqema 2.4.1. SromiTi resursebis struqtura

sqesis mixedviT Seswavlisas ganisazRvreba qalebisa da mamakacebis wili Sro-

miT resursebSi. magaliTad, 2014 wels Sromis asakis mosaxleobaSi qalebis wi-
li 49% iyo, 2002w. _50 %.
asakis mixedviT gamoyofen SromiTi resursebis Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebs:
a)Sromisunariani asakis, b)Sromisasakamdeli; g)Sromis asakgadacilebuli. garda
amisa, SromiTi resursebis asakobrivi struqturis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg
asakobriv jgufebs: a)16-29 weli _ axalgazrdoba; b) 30-49w. _ Sua asaki; g)
50-64 w. _ winasapensio asaki; zogjer gamoyofen 50 wels gadacilebul asakob-
riv jgufs, romelsac `mesame asakis~ mosaxleobasac uwodeben.
mocemuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis analizi saSu-
alebas iZleva, ganisazRvros axalgazrdobis wili SromiT resursebSi, Sefasdes

15
SromiTi resursebis daberebis procesi da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 40-64 wlis
asakobrivi jgufis wili sistematurad izrdeba, mimdinareobs SromiTi resurse-
bis dabereba, rac gaiangariSeba formuliT:

W40-64
C Sr .r .sib.  .100% (2.4.1), sadac
W1664
CSr.r.sib. _ SromiTi resursebis siberis koeficienti;
W40-64 _ 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci);
W16-64 _ 16-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci).
SromiTi resursebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formirebaze did
gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi. kerZod, Sobadoba,
mokvdaoba, asakobrivi struqtura da migracia.
roca qveyanaSi Sobadobis done maRalia, SromiT resursebSi izrdeba axal-
gazrdobis wilic, Tumca es ar xdeba mosaxleobis zrdis paralelurad, es pro-
cesi SromiT resursebze garkveuli drois Semdeg aisaxeba. xangrZlivi periodis
manZilze Sobadobis maRali done zrdis Sromis asakSi myof mosaxleobas, rome-
lic am procesis gamo axalgazrdulia, rac gaiTvaliswineba kidec dasaqmebis po-
litikis gansazRvrisas.
mokvdaoba maSin axdens gavlenas SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaze, Tuki is
maRalia Sua asakobriv jgufebSi. sapensio asakis mosaxleobaSi mokvdaobis zrda
gavlenas ar axdens SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis cvlilebaze, xolo Cvil
bavSvTa mokvdaobis maRali maCvenebeli amcirebs mosaxleobis sicocxlianobis
maCvenebels (Kdabadebuli/Kgardacvlili) da garkveuli periodis Semdeg amcirebs
Sromis asakis mosaxleobis raodenobas.
arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura xSirad gansazRvravs SromiT resursebSi
dasaqmebulTa wilsac. kerZod, cnobilia, rom 25 wlamde axalgazrdoba, faqtob-
rivad, swavliTaa dakavebuli da ver erTveba SromiT procesSi, rac amcirebs am
kontingentis wils dasaqmebul mosaxleobaSi. cnobilia isic, rom yvelaze maRa-
li mwarmoeblurobiT gamoirCeva 30-45 wlis asakobrivi jgufi. amitom misi ma-
Rali wili SromiT resursebSi, efeqtiani dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi, maRali Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis sawindaria.
SromiTi resursebis raodenobis cvlilebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
migraciac.
migracia aris ama Tu im teritoriis farglebs gareT adamianTa (migrantTa)
gadaadgileba, romelsac Tan sdevs sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla samudamod an
met-naklebad xangrZlivi droiT.
migraciis identifikaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: manZili (sazRvris
gadakveTa), dro da mizezebi.
drois kriteriumi dakavSirebulia migrantis adgilze CasvlasTan da igi
SeiZleba meryeobdes ramdenime saaTidan mraval wlamde, an individis mTel
darCenil sicocxlemde. amitom dgeba sakiTxi, gadaadgilebuli piri migrantad
rom CaiTvalos, ra dro unda imyofebodes sxva adgilze. drois SedarebiT mcire
xangrZlivobis mixedviT gamoyofen agreTve sezonur migracias da qanqarisebur
migracias.

16
 sezonuri migracia dakavSirebulia samuSao Zalis sezonur moTxovna-
miwodebasTan.
qanqarisebur migracias miekuTvneba mosaxleobis perioduli gadaadgileba
(yoveldRiuri an yovelkvireuli gadaadgileba) samuSaod an saswavleblad erTi
dasaxlebuli punqtidan meoreSi. igi ufro didi qalaqebis gareubnebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
migraciis identifikaciis kriteriumia, agreTve, misi mizezebi. miRebulia,
rom migraciis ZiriTadi mizezebia samuSaos Zebna, socialuri, ekonomikuri da
profesiuli mobilobis moTxovna, ojaxis Seqmna, sabinao pirobebis Secvla (binis
yidva, memkvidreobiT miReba an dabali saarendo gadasaxadi); cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobeseba (klimati, garemo, transporti, momsaxureba da a.S); politikuri
arastabiluroba, eTnokonfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi, samxedro okupacia, da a.S.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoiyofa saerTaSoriso iZulebiTi migracia
(ltolvilebi).
migrantTa saerTo ricxovnobas, romelic garkveul droSi (TveSi,
weliwadSi) gadadis sacxovreblad erTidan meore dasaxlebul punqtSi_ ewodeba
migraciuli nakadi.
mocemuli dasaxlebuli punqtidan (qveynidan) wasulTa da Camosul nakadTa
sxvaobas ewodeba `migraciis saldo~an `migraciuli zrda~an `wminda migracia~;
xolo jams_`saerTo~ an `mTliani~ migracia.
gansakuTrebuli kriteriumebia gamoyenebuli saerTaSoriso migraciis
identifikaciisas. maT Soris, ZiriTad kriteriums `moqalaqeoba~ warmoadgens,
aseve, dabadebis adgili, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba da Camosvlis mizani. e.i. Tu
migrantis gadaadgileba xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTiT, es ukve gare
(saerTaSoriso) migraciaa.
rogorc wesi, migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad axalgazrda asakobriv jgu-
febs moicavs. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca emigracia masStaburia, bunebrivia,
SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, proporciulad mcirde-
ba da SromiTi resursebic berdeba. da piriqiT, Tu imigraciuli procesebi War-
bobs, maSin igive pirobiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba da
SromiTi resursebis gaaxalgazrdavebac mimdinareobs.
SromiTi resursebis formirebisas metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rogo-
ria maTi ganaTlebis done. amis mixedviT SromiT resursebs Seiswavlian Semdegi
niSnebiT: dawyebiTi, zogadi saSualo, saSualo-profesiuli, saSualo-teqnikuri,
arasruli umaRlesi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone. garda amisa, gansazRvraven
rogoria swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba erT kacze da rogoria umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis mqoneTa wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.
UaRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migracia xasiaTdeba e.w.
`tvinebis gadinebis~ tendenciiT, e.i. migrantTa Soris ganaTlebis maRali donisa
da kvalifikaciis pirTa wilis zrdiT; amJamad mimdinareobs maRalkvali-
ficirebuli specialistebis daubrunebeli migracia (mecnierebi, inJinrebi, eqimebi
da a.S.), amas emateba potenciur specialistTa (studentebis, doqtorantebis,
staJiorebis) migraciac, romelTa mimarT tardeba maTi mizidvis mizanmimarTuli
politika ganviTarebuli qveynebis da, gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s mier. bolo 30
weliwadSi ganviTarebadma qveynebma `tvinebis gadinebiT” 60 miliard dolarze
meti dakarges. socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg dasavleTs `tvinebiT”
17
aqtiurad amaragebs yofili socialisturi qveynebi. bunebrivia, es uaryofiTad
aisaxeba migrantTa gamgzavni qveynebis SromiTi resursebis profesiul-
kvalificiur struqturaze.

2.5. SromiTi resursebis ganawileba

SromiTi resursebis ganawileba sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. yvelaze detalurad

igi Seiswavleba saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT. kerZod, romel seqtorSi (saxel-
mwifo Tu kerZo), ekonomikis romel dargSi ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis
mqone adamianTa ra nawilia dasaqmebuli; maT Soris, ramdenia fizikuri da ramde-
ni gonebrivi SromiT dakavebuli, rogori samuSao reJimiT muSaoben isini da a.S.
calkeuli seqtorebis Tu dargebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis Tanafar-
doba xSirad damokidebulia ekonomikis struqturaze, Sromis bazarze arsebul
mdgomareobasa da mTel rig sxva faqtorebze. zogjer SromiTi resursebis gana-
wilebas swavloben sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis donis, calkeuli teritoriebis mi-
xedviT. am ukanasknels _ SromiTi resursebis regionul ganawilebas ganapiro-
bebs regionebSi warmoebis ganviTarebis done, misi struqturuli Taviseburebani
da ekonomikuri koniunqtura.
SromiTi resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis sakiTxis Seswavla saSua-
lebas iZleva, sworad daigegmos misi efeqtiani gamoyeneba; gaangariSdes SromiTi
resursebis prognozuli raodenoba, rogorc moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani per-
speqtivisaTvis. amisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis procesis swor ana-
lizs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros: a) ra profesiisa
da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalazea moTxovna calkeul dargebsa Tu sawarmoebSi
da ra raodenobiT iqneba is saWiro momavalSi; b)sad da rogor moxdes SromiTi
resursebis saWiro raodenobis moZieba da g) ra ekonomikuri programebi unda
ganxorcieldes saWiro resursebis mosapoveblad.
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelobaze swor
warmodgenas iZleva SromiTi potenciali.

2.6. SromiTi potenciali

SromiTi potenciali adamianuri potencialis nawilia, romelic formirdeba

misi bunebrivi monacemebis (niWis), ganaTlebis, aRzrdis da cxovrebiseuli ga-
mocdilebis safuZvelze. igi mosaxleobis warmoebaSi Cabmis zRvruli sididea mi-
si fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebis, profesiuli codnisa da SeZenili Cveve-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SromiTi potenciali Tavisi arsiT axlosaa cnebasTan `adamianuri resurse-
bi~. am ukanasknels xSirad iyeneben dasavlur ekonomikur litereturaSi. amave
dros is ufro farTo Sinaarsisaa, vidre samuSao Zala da adamianuri kapitali.
kerZod, Tu samuSao Zala xasiaTdeba niSnebiT_janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, profesi-
onalizmi, adamianuri kapitali ki am niSnebTan erTad moicavs bunebrivi SesaZ-
leblobebsac (niWi da mobiloba).
SromiTi potenciali zemoT CamoTvlil niSnebTan erTad xasiaTdeba iseTi
niSniTac, rogoricaa TviTrealizaciis unari. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, gu-
lisxmobs aqtivobas, organizebulobas, SemoqmedebiTobas, adamianebTan urTierTo-
18
bis unars da a.S. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur
kapitals Soris Semdegnairad gamoixateba (ix. sqema 2.6.1):

sqema 2.6.1.
Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianuri kapitalis sidide ganisazRvreba im fuladi

saxsrebiT, romelic gamoiyofa adamianis Sromis unaris Seqmnasa da realizacia-
ze, e.i. is aris fuladi saxsrebi, romelic ixarjeba adamianis janmrTelobaze,
ganaTlebaze, bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebaze.
SromiTi potenciali Seiswavleba sam doneze:
1)calkeuli momuSavis; 2)sawarmos, firmis; 3)sazogadoebis.
calkeuli adamianis, momuSavis SromiTi potencialis daxasiaTebisas, upir-
veles yovlisa, unda Sefasdes misi janmrTelobis done. es xdeba Sromisunaria-
nobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvriT. rac Seexeba momuSavis ganaTlebis dones, igi
Sefasdeba skolasa Tu sxva saswavleblebSi swavlis xangrZlivobiT an
swavlebaze finansuri danaxarjebiT. xolo profesionalizmis Sefasebisas gasaT-
valiswinebelia kvalifikaciis done.
adamianis TviTrealizaciis unaris SefasebisaTvis, Seiswavleba misi xasia-
Ti, ramdenad mowesrigebuli, iniciativiani da SemoqmedebiTia igi, rogori urTi-
erToba aqvs garSemo myofebTan, rogoria misi zneobrivi kriteriumebi da, bo-
los, ramden xans aris is mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebuli.
adamianis SromiTi potenciali mudmivad icvleba. SeiZleba igi gaizardos
ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad an SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi janmrTe-
loba gauaresda an SromiTi cxovrebis mZime pirobebi aqvs.
sawarmos SromiTi potencialis gansazRvrisas janmrTelobis done Sefasdeba
samuSao drois im danakargebiT, romelic sawarmos personalis avadmyofobis an
sawarmoo travmis gamo dagrovda. SeiZleba ganisazRvros im xarjis raodenobi-
Tac, romelic warmoebaSi momuSaveTa jandacvas moxmarda. rac Seexeba ganaTlebis
dones, is fasdeba sawarmos mier momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze gaweuli
xarjiT, sawarmoo personalSi saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa
wiliT. xolo sawarmoo koleqtivis profesionalizmi fasdeba produqciis xaris-
xiT, wuniT gamowveuli danakargebis sididiT. TviTrealizaciis unarze ki miuTi-
Tebs iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa gamogonebaTa da racionalur winadadebaTa
raodenoba, axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebis sixSire, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT
miRebuli zarali.
19
 sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebasa da sazogadoebis inteleqtualur doneze. janmrTelobis donis mixedviT
is fasdeba iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mo-
salodneli xangrZlivoba, qveynis biujetidan jandacvaze gaweuli saxsrebis rao-
denoba, mokvdaobis asakobrivi maCveneblebi; ganaTlebis done – ganaTlebaze gawe-
uli xarjebis wiliT saxelmwifo biujetSi da swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT.
profesionalizmi SeiZleba SevafasoT eqsportiT miRebuli SemosavlebiTa
da avariiT gamowveuli zaraliT. sazogadoebis TviTrealizaciis unari _ paten-
tTa da saerTaSoriso premiebis raodenobiT saSualod erT mcxovrebze, mecnie-
rul-teqnikuri progresis tempiT, kanonmdeblobis xarisxiT, gzebisa da tran-
sportis xarisxiT, dasaqmebis doniT da samuSao drois efeqtiani gamoyenebiT.
raodenobrivad SromiTi potenciali izomeba kac/sT-Si. iTvleba, rom es maC-
venebeli kargad asaxavs SromiTi potencialis cvlilebas droSi da saSualebas
iZleva, misi gaangariSebisas is adamianebic ki moicvas, visac mTeli wlis manZil-
ze erTi saaTi mainc aqvT namuSevari.
sawarmoSi SromiTi potencialis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT:

Ф  Z  D  Tc , (2.6.1), sadac
Z _ momuSaveTa raodenobaa (kaci);
DD _ samuSao dReebis ricxvi (dRe);
Tc _ samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba (sT).
sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali gaiangariSeba ase:
m
Ф   Z i  T , (2.6.2) sadac
i 1

Zi _ erovnul ekonomikaSi monawileobis SemZle mosaxleobis ricxvia calkeuli

i-uri jgufebis mixedviT (kaci);
T _ kanoniT dadgenili samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba TiToeuli i-uri jgufisaTvis
kalendarul droSi (sT).

20
 kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT cnebebi: mosaxleoba, mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba, migracia.

2. Mmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ra saxeebia cnobili?
3. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan terminebi: samuSao Zala, SromiTi resursebi,
SromiTi potenciali da adamianuri kapitali?
4. ra kategoriebad iyofa mosaxleoba ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT?
5. ra maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba SromiTi resursebi?
6. ra niSnebiT gansazRvraven SromiTi resursebis struqturas da ra faqtorebi
moqmedeben masze?
7. ra niSniT nawildeba SromiTi resursebi da ra gansazRvravs mis ganawilebas?
8. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan adamianis, sawarmos (firmis) da sazogadoebis
SromiTi potenciali?
9. daaxasiaTeT SromiTi potenciali raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.

21
 Tavi 3. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi
3.1 Sromis bazris arsi da elementebi

Sromis bazari sabazro ekonomikis rTuli elementi da sazogadoebis

socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis dinamiuri sferoa. masze uSualod aisaxeba
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da misi warmomqmneli ekonomikuri,
socialuri da demografiuli movlenebi.
Sromis bazari samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis kontaqtebis
sferoa, sadac erTmaneTis pirispir warsdgebian muSaobis msurvelebi da
damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi).
Sromis bazris arsis gansazRvrisas specialistebs Soris gansjis sagania
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris yidva-gayidvis obieqti Sromis bazarze_samuSao
Zala Tu Sroma. specialistebis erTi nawili eyrdnoba klasikuri politikuri
ekonomiis cnobili ingliseli warmomadgenlebis a. smitisa da d. rikardos
Sexedulebebs da Tvlis, rom Sromis bazarze iyideba Sroma. mkvlevarebis meore
nawili iziarebs aseve cnobili germaneli ekonomistis k. marqsis Teorias da mi-
iCnevs, rom Sromis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia Sromis unari_samuSao Zala.
sakiTxis naTelsayofad saWiroa gairkves, ra warmoadgens saqonels da
Sesabamisad, yidva-gayidvis obieqts bazarze_Sroma Tu samuSao Zala. aRiarebulia,
rom samuSao Zala aris pirovnebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba garkveuli unaris,
gamocdilebis, profesiis, kvalifikaciis saxiT, romlis farglebSic igi
damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs SromiT momsaxurebas anazRaurebis
sanacvlod. Sroma ki aris procesi, mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba gansazRvruli
saqonlis warmoebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT. amdenad, uSualod Sromis
yidva-gayidva bazarze ver ganxorcieldeba. muSaobis msurveli realurad
damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs sakuTari Sromis unaris, SesaZleblo-
bebis gamoyenebas konkretuli SromiTi procesis ganxorcielebisa-Tvis. e.i.
saubaria konkretulad Sromis unaris, funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis yidva-
gayidvaze, romelic CarTuli iqneba Sromis procesSi da anazRaurebac gaicema
rogorc gaweuli Sromis safasuri. ase, rom bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia
specifiuri saqoneli–gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis mqone funqcionirebadi
samuSao Zala. vinaidan am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba xdeba konkretuli Sromis
procesSi, savsebiT kanonzomieria bazars ewodos funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis
anu Sromis bazari.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazari upirveles yovlisa samuSao
Zalis miwodebasa da daqiravebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemaa. Sromis bazari agreTve ekonomikuri
sivrcea_SromiTi mowyobis sferoa, sadac urTierTmoqmedeben samuSao Zalis
myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi. da bolos, igi iseTi meqanizmia, romelic
uzrunvelyofs samuSao Zalis fasisa da Sromis pirobebis SeTanxmebas
damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris.
Sromis bazari sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri normebisa da
institutebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis
safuZvelze samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebas, ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas.

22
konkretulad, Sromis bazari mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da Sromis sferos
organizaciis sabazro formaa.
Sromis bazars, sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs rigi
Taviseburebebi:
_samuSao Zala, rogorc Sromis unari, ganuyofelia mflobelisagan, amitom
SeuZlebelia gacvlis saSualebiT misi sxvis sakuTrebaSi gadasvla. samuSao
Zalis (momuSavis) daqiravebiT damsaqmebeli (damqiravebeli) iZens mxolod misi
Sromis unaris gamoyenebis uflebas gansazRvrul periodsa da pirobebSi,
garkveuli gasamrjelos (fuladi an naturaluri formiT) safasurad;
_samuSao Zalis gacvlis procesi gansxvavebulia nivTobrivi saxis mqone
saqonlis gacvlisagan. gacvlis procesi iwyeba mimoqcevis sferoSi, roca
samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gadadis damsaqmebelze, Semdeg samuSao Zalis
gamoyeneba xdeba warmoebis procesSi_momuSavis uSualo monawileobiT iqmneba
saqoneli an momsaxureba da mTavrdeba isev mimoqcevis sferoSi_miRebuli
xelfasiT momuSave iZens saarsebo saSualebebs;
_institucionaluri struqturebis (dasaqmebis samsaxurebi, profesiuli
kavSirebi, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da a.S.) arseboba warmoSobs Tavisebur
urTierTobebs Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris. kerZod, Sromis bazarze
miRweuli garigeba saTaves udebs xangrZliv urTierTobebs mis subieqtebs Soris;
_Sromis bazarze didi mniSvneloba aqvs garigebis arafulad aspeqtebs
(Sromis Sinaarsi da pirobebi, samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiebi,
samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisa da profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebi da a.S.);
_iseve rogorc nebismier bazarze, Sromis bazarzec realizebuli saqonlis
raodenoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis done) da misi fasi (xelfasi)
ganisazRvreba moTxovna-miwodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, Tumca samuSao
Zalaze moTxovna specifikuria, radgan igi e.w. warmoebuli moTxovnaa. es imas
niSnavs, rom samuSao Zala iyideba ara uSualod myidvelTa moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad, aramed saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis, romlebic
Tavis mxriv gamiznulia bazarze gasayidad. ama Tu im saxeobis (kvalifikaciis)
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, pirdapiraa damokide-buli mis mier warmoebul
produqciaze moTxovnisagan. amitom samomxmareblo da warmoebis saSualebebis
bazrebis regulirebisaken mimarTuli nebismieri RonisZieba aisaxeba dasaqmebis
donesa da dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebze.
Sromis bazris arsis srulfasovani aRqmisaTvis mniSvnelovania,
erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos Sromis bazris farTo da viwro gageba.
farTo gagebiT Sromis bazari moicavs ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas
mTlianad da misi arsi ar daiyvaneba `umuSevrebi-vakansiebi~ Tanafardobaze.
drois garkveul monakveTSi zogierTi damsaqmebeli SeiZleba ar iyos dakavebuli
axali momuSaveebis aqtiuri ZiebiT, xolo dasaqmebulTa didi nawili ar
apirebdes samuSao adgilis Secvlas. amis miuxedavad, isini imyofebian sabazro
konkurenciis pirobebSi da am TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc
aqtiurad monawileobs samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesSi. ase, rom Sromis
bazari farTo gagebiT moicavs dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs,3 romlebic

3
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT iqneba
ganxiluli me-4 TavSi.
23
ayalibeben samuSao Zalis erTobliv miwodebas da erTobliv moTxovnas. samuSao
Zalis erToblivi miwodebiT da erToblivi moTxovniT ganisazRvreba Sromis
bazris tevadoba.
ekonomikis funqcionirebis yovel mocemul momentSi-dasaqmebis garkveuli
donis pirobebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis erTi nawili
dakmayofilebulia samuSao adgilebiT, xolo meore nawili aqtiurad eZebs mas.
swored es ukanaskneli ayalibebs mimdinare Sromis bazars anu Sromis bazars
viwro gagebiT.
mimdinare Sromis bazari Tavis mxriv moicavs Ria da farul Sromis bazrebs.
Ria Sromis bazarze warmodgenilia erTi mxriv, ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc eZebs samuSaos, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikis
yvela seqtorSi arsebuli vakanturi samuSao adgilebi. faruli Sromis bazari
aerTianebs formalurad dasaqmebul pirebs, romlebic warmoebis Semcirebis an
struqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi gaTavisufldebian.
Sromis bazars rogorc sabazro ekonomikis organul Semadgenel nawils, aqvs
rTuli struqtura da funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze.
Tanamedrove, civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebisa da funqcionirebisaTvis
aucilebelia mTeli rigi elementebis arseboba. saxeldobr, misi Semadgeneli
elementebia:
 Sromis bazris subieqtebi;'
 Sromis bazris subieqtebis mier miRebuli ekonomikuri programebi,
gadawyvetilebebi da iuridiuli normebi;
 Sromis bazris koniunqtura;
 Sromis bazris infrastruqtura;
 socialuri dacvis sistema.
Sromis bazris subieqtebia: damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi), romlebic
SeiZleba warmodgenilni iqnen saxelmwifo organizaciebis, saaqcio sazogado-
ebebis, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebis, kooperativebis da a.S.
saxiT; dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli momuSaveebi), visTvisac xelfasi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaroa. aseve dasaqmebulTa is kategoria, romlebsac aqvT samuSao,
magram emuqrebaT misi aSkara dakargvis safrTxe an eZeben axal samuSao adgils
damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad; umuSevrebi, romlebsac ar aqvT samuSao da
aqtiurad eZeben mas (isini SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc umuSevris statusis mqone
moqalaqeebi, aseve pirebi, romlebic pirvelad gamodian Sromis bazarze an
garkveuli Sesvenebis Semdeg surT aqtiur SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabma);
saxelmwifo, romelic warmodgenilia xelisuflebis centraluri da
adgilobrivi organoebis saxiT da asrulebs socialur-ekonomikur,
sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebel funqciebs. saxeldobr, astimulirebs axali
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ekonomikis ama Tu im seqtorSi, SeimuSavebs ZiriTad
iuridiul normebs da wesebs, aregulirebs Sromis bazars arapirdapiri
meTodebiT, icavs misi yvela subieqtis interesebs da a.S.
Sromis bazris normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi, wesebi, normebi, romlebic daaregulireben Sromis bazris subieqtebs
Soris urTierTobebs, zustad gansazRvraven maT uflebebs, Seqmnian momuSaveTa
Sromis unaris realizaciisaTvis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, xels Seuwyoben
xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis
24
gatarebas. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, iuridiul normebisa da wesebis, mosaxleobis
dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis programebis SemuSavebaSi socialuri
partniorobis sistemis farglebSi monawileoben saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa
warmomadgenlebi (umTavresad profesiuli kavSirebis saxiT) da damsaqmeblebi
(mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi).
Sromis bazris koniunqtura Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da
miwodebas Soris Tanafardobaa. aRniSnuli Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, Sromis
bazris koniunqtura SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes: samuSao Zalis deficitiT_roca
Sromis bazarze moTxovna Warbobs samuSao Zalis miwodebas; samuSao Zalis
siWarbiT_roca Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis miwodeba Warbobs moTxovnas da
wonasworobiT_rodesac samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Seesabameba mis miwodebas.
Sromis bazris infrastruqtura dasaqmebis samsaxurebis (rogorc saxelmwi-
fo, ise arasaxelmwifo), proforientaciis, kadrebis profesiuli momzadebisa da
gadamzadebis centrebis, sareklamo firmebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da
fondebis, firmebis sakadro samsaxurebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs
Sromis bazris normalur funqcionirebas.
socialuri dacvis sistema Tanamedrove Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani elemen-
tia. sabazro pirobebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa momuSaveTa garkveuli nawilis
gamoTavisufleba da umuSevrobis arseboba. gamoTavisuflebul personals
umuSevrobis periodSi Wirdeba finansuri daxmareba, gadamzadeba, raTa SeZlos
SromiT saqmianobaSi xelaxali Cabma. amitom Sromis bazris funqcionireba
srulyofili ver iqneba daxmarebebis (Semweobebis), gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi
kompensaciebis, swavlis periodSi stipendiebis da a.S. gacemis gareSe.

3.2. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi

Sromis bazarze erTmaneTis pirispir wardgebian damsaqmeblebi

(damqiraveblebi) da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis is nawili, visac surs muSaoba.
damsaqmeblebsa da samuSaos maZieblebs gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. maTi
interesebis SeTanxmebas Sromis fasis (xelfasis) cvlilebis safuZvelze
uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris meqanizmi, romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: samuSao
Zalaze moTxovna, samuSao Zalis miwodeba, Sromis fasi da konkurencia.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna mTlianad qveynis masStabiT (erToblivi moTxovna)
ganisazRvreba drois mocemul momentSi produqciis (saqoneli da momsaxureba)
warmoebisaTvis saWiro momuSaveTa ricxovnobiT. raodenobrivad igi dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamis tolia. samuSao Zalaze mimdinare
moTxovna ki ganisazRvreba vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad saWiro
momuSaveebis raodenobiT.
samuSao Zalis miwodeba gamoixateba ukve dasaqmebuli Sromisunariani
mosaxleobisa da mosaxleobis im nawilis erTobliobiT, visac surs da SeuZlia
muSaoba garkveuli droisa da anazRaurebis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis mimdinare
miwodeba raodenobrivad moicavs im pirTa erTobliobas, vinc SromiTi
mowyobisaTvis mimarTavs dasaqmebis samsaxurebs an uSualod organizaciebs.
Sromis fasi (xelfasi) bazarze warmodgenilia xelfasis ganakveTis saxiT.
misi sidide, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia mocemul momentSi garkveuli
25
profesiis da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis
Tanafardobaze.
Sromis bazris funqcionireba SesaZlebelia srulyofili (Tavisufali)
konkurenciis, monofsoniis, oligofsoniis, profkavSirebis zemoqmedebis da
ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi.
srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia konkretuli kvalifikaciis mqone samuSao Zalis daqiravebis msurveli
firmebisa da aseve erTnairi kvalifikaciis mqone potenciuri momuSaveebis didi
raodenobiT arseboba. damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da samuSaos maZieblebi
moqmedeben damoukideblad, SeuTanxmeblad-xelfasis ganakveTis gansazRvraSi.
monofsoniad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi situacia, roca dargSi garkveuli
kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia. mocemuli specialobis
da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebs ar SeuZliaT sxva samuSao adgilze muSaoba
(profesiis Seucvlelad), xelfasis ganakveTs karnaxobs damqiravebeli firma da
dargSi ar funqcionirebs profkavSirebi. amrigad, monofsoniaSi igulisxmeba
iseTi sabazro situacia, roca erTi myidvelis (damqiravebeli) pirispir dgas
gamyidvelTa (potenciuri momuSaveebi) didi raodenoba. Sromis bazarze, rogorc
wesi, monofsoniuri pirobebi iqmneba mcire qalaqebSi an iseT regionebSi, sadac
praqtikulad momuSaveTa ZiriTadi masis damqiravebeli erTaderTi firma
funqcionirebs. Tu bazarze damsaqmeblis (damqiraveblis) saxiT gamodis ramdenime
firma, saqme exeba oligofsonias.
profkavSirebis zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarze gamoixateba momuSaveTa
interesebis dacvaSi. maTi saqmianobis mTavari mizania samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis
gadideba da xelfasebis zrda.
ormxrivi monopolia damaxasiaTebelia monofsoniuri Sromis bazrisaTvis,
roca masze zemoqmedebs Zlieri dargobrivi profkavSirebi. monofsonisti firma
cdilobs daawesos wonasworulze dabali xelfasis ganakveTi, xolo
profkavSirebi piriqiT, cdiloben, xelfasi SeinarCunon wonasworulze maRal
doneze. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasis ganakveTi da dasaqmebis done uaxlovdeba
konkurentuli bazris pirobebs.
Sromis bazris funqcionireba arsebiTad damokidebulia samuSao Zalis
moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze. amitom mizanSewonilia bazris meqanizmis am
elementebis ufro detalurad ganxilva.

3.3 moTxovna-miwodeba Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc nebismieri saqonlis an momsaxurebis bazari,

funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna
asaxavs mocemul momentSi ekonomikisaTvis saWiro garkveuli profesiis da
kvalifikaciis momuSaveebis raodenobas. momuSaveTa saWiro raodenobidan nawili
ukve dasaqmebulia, xolo meore nawilisaTvis samuSao adgilebi Tavisufalia, e.i.
raodenobrivad samuSao Zalze moTxovna dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da
arsebuli vakansiebis jamiT ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mrudi (D)
Sromis bazarze (nax. 3.3.1) gamoxatavs momuSaveTa ra raodenobis daqiraveba surT
damsaqmeblebs xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi.
26
 samuSao Zalis miwodeba dasaqmebuli da muSaobis msurveli pirebis
erTobliobiT gamoixateba. miwodebis mrudi (S) ki aCvenebs, samuSao Zalis ra
raodenoba SeiZleba gavides Sromis bazarze xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis
pirobebSi.

nax. 3.3.1. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna da miwodeba Sromis bazarze

garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT xelfasi SeiZleba gaizardos (W2)

donemde. am SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba samuSao Zalis miwodebac (miwodebis mrudze
moZraoba) da damsaqmeblebi Seecdebian momuSaveTa naklebi raodenobis daqiravebas
(moTxovnis mrudze moZraoba). roca xelfasi miaRwevs (W2) dones, samuSao Zalis
miwodeba gadaaWarbebs masze moTxovnas, warmoiSoba konkurencia samuSao
adgilebze pretendentebs Soris. bunebrivia, yvela msurveli ver miiRebs samuSao
adgils, damsaqmeblebs SesaZlebloba aqvT SesTavazon maT dabali xelfasi da
daiqiraon momuSaveebis sasurveli raodenoba. muSaobis msurvelTa nawili
miiRebs samuSao adgilebs, xolo nawili kvlav daiwyebs mis Ziebas. roca
xelfasi daiwevs wonasworul fasze dabla (W0), warmoiSoba samuSao Zalis
deficiti. damsaqmeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian gazardon xelfasi damatebiTi
momuSaveebis mozidvis mizniT. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasi kvlav gaizrdeba W1
donemde da Sromis bazari aRmoCndeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSi.
amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac Sromis bazarze
urTierTzemoqmedebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis didi
raodenoba, xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi da dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi ricxovnoba
ganisazRvreba samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
27
xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis sidide (W1) da misi Sesabamisi dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba (L1) Seesabameba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis
wertils (N).
Sromis bazari sakmaod dinamiuria. amitom saWiroa ganvixiloT ara marto
mosaxleobis calkeuli kategoriebisa da Sromis bazris subieqtebis ricxovneba
drois garkveuli periodisaTvis, aramed Zalze mniSvnelovania statusis mixedviT
calkeuli jgufebis gadaadgilebis (nakadebis) ganxilva. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba
warmovidginoT rogorc Sromis bazris dinamikuri modelis saxiT (ix. sqema
3.3.2).

sqema 3.3.2
mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis nakadebi Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba damokidebulia samuSao Zalis

moTxovna-miwodebis optimalur Sesabamisobaze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis sruli
harmonizacia, erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiur
Semadgenlobasa da, meore mxriv, arsebul samuSao adgilebs Soris, faqtobrivad,
miuRwevadia. rogorc moTxovnaze, aseve samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uamravi
faqtori moqmedebs. amitom mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis ufro detalurad
ganxilva.

28
 3.4. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi

sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Sromis

bazris arseboba, romlis pirobebSic TiToeul adamians SeuZlia Tavisi Sexedu-
lebisamebr gankargos sakuTari Sromis unari_samuSao Zala. sabazro urTierTo-
bebi uzrunvelyofs SromiTi saqmianobis aqtivizacias da radikalurad cvlis
SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas, Sromisadmi damokidebulebas,
Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da xarisxs. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, realurad mainc
arsebobs garkveuli disbalansi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris,
rac ganapirobebs sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas_ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis umuSevrobas.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardoba (Sromis bazris
koniunqtura) Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelic sxvadasxva
faqtorebis zegavleniT mudmivad icvleba. amitom saWiroa moTxovna-miwodebis
Sesabamisobis sistematuri Seswavla da Sefaseba. saxeldobr:
 informaciis mopoveba da sistematizacia;
 samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamovlena;
 TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT informaciis dajgufeba da ganzogadeba;
 analizis Sedegad gamovlenili Tanafardobebis da proporciebis aRwera da
kanonzomierebebis dadgena;
 Sromis bazris funqcionirebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlena da sxva.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna agregirebuli maCvenebelia da masSi aisaxeba am
moTxovnis warmomSobi bevri ekonomikuri movlena da procesi. samuSao Zalis
moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorebs pirobiTad yofen makro da mikroekonomikur
faqtorebad, Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad maTi gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia, radgan
bevri faqtori orive doneze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba da bazris tipi samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. aRniSnuli faqtoris gavlenis axsna
TvalsaCinoa konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmis magaliTze. cxadia,
rom nebismieri firma daqiravebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mogebas moitans TiToeuli damatebiTi momuSave.
radgan mogeba Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobaa, damatebiTi momuSavis
daqiravebiT miRebuli mogeba iqneba mTlian SemosavalSi am momuSavis wvlilisa
da misive xelfasis sxvaoba. mTlian SemosavalSi momuSavis wvlilis dasadgenad
unda ganisazRvros zRvruli produqti da Sromis zRvruli produqtis
Rirebuleba. Sromis zRvrul produqtSi igulisxmeba produqciis moculobis
namati, romelic momuSaveTa raodenobis erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegia,
xolo Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba miiReba Sromis zRvruli
produqtis gamravlebiT warmoebuli produqciis fasze. aRsaniSnavia erTi
Tavisebureba, romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis klebadobiT aris
gamoxatuli_rac ufro meti damatebiTi momuSave iqneba daqiravebuli, miT
naklebia yoveli damatebiTi momuSavis mier Seqmnili zRvruli produqti.
amitom, roca momuSaveTa raodenoba izrdeba, Sromis zRvruli produqti
mcirdeba. paralelurad mcirdeba Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebac da
roca igi gautoldeba konkurentuli bazris mier gansazRvrul xelfass,
firmisaTvis Semdegi momuSavis daqiraveba sazaraloa. amgvarad, Tavisufali
29
konkurenciis pirobebSi firma momuSaveebs daiqiravebs manamde, vidre Sromis
zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba xelfass ar gautoldeba. Sesabamisad, rac
maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba, miT ufro meti momuSavis daqiraveba iqneba
momgebiani konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmisaTvis.
samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi mniSvnelovani faqtorebidan, rogorc
mikro, aseve makro doneze, aRsaniSnavia warmoebis moculoba. aRiarebulia, rom
samuSao Zalaze moTxovna damokidebulia uSualod im saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze moTxovnaze, romelic iwarmoeba TviT am samuSao Zalis mier.
amdenad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro metia moTxovna saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis bazarze, miT metia ama Tu im kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalaze
moTxovna.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mTliani erovnuli produqtisa (mep) da mTliani
Sida produqtis (mSp) zrda warmoadgens samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdisa da,
Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis ganmapirobebel faqtors.
progresuli teqnologiebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze
arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom axali,
progresuli teqnologiebi drois garkveul periodSi amcirebs samuSao Zalaze
moTxovnas. xolo meore nawili miiCnevs, rom axali teqnologiebi ki ar amcirebs
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas, aramed cvlis dasaqmebis struqturas. ganviTarebuli
qveynebis gamocdileba meore mosazrebas ufro adasturebs. teqnologiurma
progresma am qveynebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis didi masStabebiT zrda
gamoiwvia, rasac samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis Semcirebis gareSe Tan axlda
dasaqmebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani zrda. garda aRniSnulisa, progresuli
teqnologiebis danergva yovelTvis ar iwvevs samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas. xSir
SemTxvevaSi xdeba dabalkvalificiuri Sromis Senacvleba mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis
ufro maRalkvalificiuri SromiT.
farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcieleba, saxeldobr,
qveynis monawileoba saerTaSoriso programebSi da proeqtebSi mniSvnelovnad
cvlis samuSao Zalaze mimdinare da perspeqtiul moTxovnas rogorc
raodenobrivi, aseve xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom
erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, ukve uaxloes perspeqtivaSi moTxovna
iqneba mxolod maRalkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze. samuSao Zalis
kvalifikaciisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mudmiv srulyofas
saWiroebs specialistTa momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemac.
garda ganxilulisa, samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedebs mTeli rigi
faqtorebi, romelTa gavlenis xarisxi damokidebulia Sromis bazris
ganviTarebis doneze, saerTo-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, regionul specifikaze da
a.S. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedi sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia:
 momuSaveTa kvalifikacia;
 vakanturi samuSao adgilebis cvlileba;
 samuSao Zalis mobiluroba;
 samewarmeo garemosa da sakanonmdeblo bazis gaumjobeseba;
 mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba;
 samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis zrda;
 investiciebis moculoba da struqtura;
 mosalodneli dargobrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi.
30
 3.5 samuSao Zalis miwodeba da masze moqmedi faqtorebi

Sromis bazris koniunqturas samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan erTad

gansazRvravs miwodeba. samuSao Zalis miwodeba uamravi faqtoris zegavleniT
formirdeba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
 xelfasis sidide;
 gadasaxadebis ganakveTi;
 socialuri daxmarebebis programebi;
 Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi
struqtura;
 mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba;
 mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done;
 samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba;
 migraciuli nakadebi da a.S.
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretul parametrebidan gamomdinare,
Sromis bazarze CamoTvlili faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxi gansxvavebulia
calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebis
arsis asaxsnelad, mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis SedarebiT detalurad
ganxilva.
samuSao Zalis miwodebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens xelfasis sidide
(ganakveTi), rac ufro didia xelfasis ganakveTi, miT meti piri sTavazobs
bazars sakuTar samuSao Zalas (Sromis unars). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom samuSao
Zalis miwodebis sakiTxi calkeuli piris doneze anu gadawyvetileba SromiTi
saqmianobaSi Cabmis Sesaxeb metad individualuria. xelfasis ganakveTis zrda
garkveul donemde astimulirebs adamians, gazardos samuSao Zalis miwodeba,
sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, imuSaos ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs `Senacvlebis efeqti~. xelfasis ganakveTis Semdgomi zrdis
pirobebSi, SeiZleba moxdes samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba. individisaTvis
Semosavlis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeba dasvenebis mniSvneloba da igi amcirebs
samuSao drois xangrZlivobas. am SemTxvevaSi ukve adgili aqvs `Semosavlis
efeqtis~ moqmedebas (aRwerili situacia warmodgenilia nax. 3.5.1-ze).
realurad samuSao Zalis miwodebis reaqcia xelfasis momatebaze
gamoixateba Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis jamiT, Tumca winaswar imis
gansazRvra, romeli efeqti iqneba ufro metad gamoxatuli, Znelia. Tu
dominirebs “Senacvlebis efeqti”, xelfasis gazrdaze momuSave reagirebs samuSao
Zalis miwodebis gazrdiT (muSaobs ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi). Tu
dominirebs “Semosavlis efeqti”, adamiani reagirebs xelfasis gazrdaze samuSao
Zalis miwodebis SemcirebiT (es ukanaskneli miT ufro sagrZnobia, rac metia
sxva Semosavlebis roli momuSavis keTildReobis amaRlebaSi). “Senacvlebis
efeqti” da “Semosavlis efeqti” xelfasis gadidebisas moqmedeben
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
urTierTzegavlena da urTierTwinaaRmdegoba SeuZlebels xdis samuSao
Zalis miwodebis zust prognozirebas, xolo Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis
efeqtis gaanalizeba ufro gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis
saSualebas iZleva.

31
 S

xelfasiW
“Semosavlis efeqti”

“Senacvlebis efeqti”
S

samuSao Zalis miwodeba L

nax. 3.5.1. samuSao Zalis miwodeba individis mier

samuSao Zalis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi da socialuri

daxmarebebis programebi. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gavlena samuSao Zalis
miwodebaze damokidebulia gadasaxadis saxeze da ganakveTze. rogorc
proporciuli, aseve progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zegavlena samuSao
Zalis miwodebaze araerTgvarovania. igi damokidebulia gadasaxadis ganakveTze da
progresulobis xarisxze.
socialuri daxmarebis programebi ZiriTadad emsaxureba mosaxleobis
Semosavlebis saarsebo minimumis doneze SenarCunebas. socialuri daxmarebebis
zegavlenis xarisxi samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia mis formebsa da
gacemis pirobebze. magaliTad, demogranti (daxmareba, romelic gaicema
demografiuli niSnis mixedviT, keTildReobis donisagan damoukideblad) zrdis
ojaxis Semosavals da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi amcirebs samuSao
Zalis miwodebas. saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebi,
socialuri daxmarebis miuxedavad, aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos da kvlav samuSao
Zalis mimwodeblebad rCebian.
xelfasis subsidireba keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad gaweuli socialuri
daxmarebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aZlierebs Sromis motivacias. igi SeiZleba
gadaxdili iqnes rogorc fiqsirebuli an procentuli danamati ZiriTad
xelfasze. mastimulirebeli efeqti am SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom Tu
individi ar muSaobs, subsidiac ar gadaixdeba. amasTan, Tu is iwyebs muSaobas,
misi Semosavali subsidiis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miiRebda
mxolod sabazro xelfasis pirobebSi.
samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uSualo gavlenas axdens Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis raodenoba da maTi ekonomikuri aqtivoba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis
zemoqmedebis axsna TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos Sromis bazris magaliTze.
saqarTveloSi bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi samuSao Zala
raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 1990-iani
32
wlebis Semdgom gansakuTrebiT gauaresda mosaxleobis bunebrivi da migraciuli
moZraobis maCveneblebi. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlileba bunebrivi matebis
Semcirebisa da gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos gamo aisaxa samuSao Zalis
miwodebis struqturaze. im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5
milion kacs aRemateboda, qveynis SromiTi resursebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,6
milion kacs Seadgenda. 2007-2015 wlebSi, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli
samsaxuris monacemebiT, ekomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zala)
raodenoba 1.97_2,0 milioni kacis farglebSi meryeobs, aRniSnul periodSi
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis zrda 30 000 kacs ar aRemateba.
saqarTveloSi stabilurad maRalia mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba,
rac zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas Sromis bazarze. 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done 2000-2015 wlebSi saSualod 65-68%-
is farglebSia. mamakacebis 75,1-78.1%-is, xolo qalebis 57,2-58,9%-is
farglebSi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba xSirad
ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqmebaSi. saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRalia sapensio asaks
gadacilebuli moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri aqtivoba. 65 wels gadacilebuli
pirebis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done 2007-2015 wlebSi 43-44%-is farglebSia.
pensionerTa maRali ekonomikuri aqtivoba aseve zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas
Sromis bazarze.
civilizebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mravalwliani
gamocdileba adasturebs, rom samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis (dasaqmebis)
racionalur struqturas arsebiTad sabazro meqanizmi gansazRvravs. gadawyve-
tilebas muSaobis da aqedan gamomdinare, samuSao Zalis miwodebis Sesaxeb
yoveli individi damoukideblad iRebs. saxelmwifos roli Semoifargleba
grZelvadian periodSi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis strategiis
SemuSavebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia Sromis bazris koniunqturaze moqmedi
faqtorebis srulyofili analizi da maqsimalurad realuri prognozebis
gakeTeba. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis prognozirebis mizniT unda
gaanalizdes informacia:
1.mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb:
-mosaxleobis raodenoba;
-samuSao asakis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba sqesisa da ZiriTadi
asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT;
-samuSao asakSi SemsvlelTa raodenoba;
-ojaxis struqtura da Semosavlebis done;
-mosaxleobis ricxovnoba socialur-demografiuli jgufebis (axalgazrde-bi,
qalebi, pensionerebi da sxva) mixedviT;
-profesiuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa ricxovneba ZiriTadi
profesiuli jgufebis mixedviT;
2.ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb;
-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba;
-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri statusis,
profesiebisa da ganaTlebis mixedviT regionul, dargobriv, sqesobriv-asakobriv
da qalaqi-soflis WrilSi;
-dasaqmebulTa ganawileba saqmianobis saxeebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT;

33
 -TviTdasaqmebulTa muSaobis xangZlivoba da miRebuli Semosavlebi
saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT;
-daqiravebulTa ganawileba regionebis, dargebis, seqtorebis mixedviT;
-daqiravebulTa ganawileba saSualoTviuri xelfasebisa da namuSevari drois
xangZlivobis mixedviT;
-umuSevarTa struqtura da maTi ganawileba zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis
mixedviT.
samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis miRebis
wyaroebia: qveynis statistikuri samsaxurebis Sesabamisi monacemebi,
Sinameurneobebisa da samuSao Zalis SerCeviTi gamokvlevis masalebi, specialuri
sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.

3.6 Sromis bazris segmentacia

Sromis bazris segmentaciis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs TviT misi

sirTulidan da specifikidan. inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Sromis farglebSi
Sromis bazari moicavs samuSao Zalis sruliad gansxvavebul jgufebs. samuSao
Zalis miwodebas axorcieleben rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, aseve sxvadasxva kategoriis kvalificiuri
Tu arakvalificiuri muSebi da momsaxure personali. amitom mizanSewonilia
Sromis bazris dayofa garkveul seqtorebad, zonebad. Sromis bazris segmentacia
gulisxmobs momuSaveebisa da samuSao adgilebis dayofas Caketil da myar
seqtorebad, zonebad, romlebiTac Semofarglulia samuSao Zalis mobiluroba.
Sromis bazris calkeul segmentze Tavmoyrilia garkveuli profesiis da
specialobis mxolod erTmaneTis konkurenti momuSaveebi. isini konkurencias ver
uweven sxva segmentis momuSaveebs.
Sromis bazris segmentebidan unda gamoiyos pirveladi da meoradi Sromis
bazrebi. pirveladi Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia stabiluri dasaqmeba,
xelfasis maRali ganakveTi, progresuli teqnologiebi da marTvis Tanamedrove
sistemebi, profesiuli zrdisa da samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis SesaZlebloba,
Zlieri profkavSirebis arseboba.
meoradi Sromis bazari ki xasiaTdeba sapirispiro niSnebiT: arastabiluri
dasaqmebiTa da kadrebis denadobiT, xelfasis dabali ganakveTiT, profesiuli
zrdis naklebi SesaZleblobiT da profkavSirebis ararsebobiT.
Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs Sromis Siga da gare bazrebis
gamijvnas (gamoyofas).
gare bazari axasiaTebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis
urTierTobas qveynis, regionis an ekonomikis romelime seqtoris masStabiT da
uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas Sromis gamoyenebis sferoebis mixedviT.
igi xels uwyobs agreTve momuSaveTa gadaadgilebas erTi samuSao adgilidan
meoreze. gare Sromis bazarze funqcionirebs dargobrivi an profesiuli niSniT
Camoyalibebuli profkavSirebi.
Sromis Siga bazari SemosazRvrulia erTi sawarmoTi da formirdeba
momuSaveTa gadaadgilebiT erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze sawarmos farglebSi.
Sromis Siga bazarze xelfasi da samuSao Zalis ganawileba ZiriTadad
ganisazRvreba administraciuli wesebiT da procedurebiT, mniSvnelovania
34
profkavSirebis zegavlena da dasaqmebac metadaa garantirebuli Sromis gare
bazarTan SedarebiT. amasTan, Tu gare Sromis bazari mniSvnelovanwilad
funqcionirebs kadrebis denadobis meSveobiT, Siga bazari piriqiT, xels uwyobs
denadobis Semcirebas. Siga bazari ZiriTadad orientirebulia konkretul
sawarmoSi specializebul momuSaveebze. garkveuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,
Sromis gare da Siga bazrebi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.
Sromis bazris segmentacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT da gamoiyos
qalTa, axalgazrdobis, invalidTa da pensionerTa Sromis bazari. aseve
socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT-ganaTlebis done, profesiul-
kvalificiuri Semadgenloba, muSaobis staJi; sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT -
saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo.
dasaqmebis legalurobis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris
formaluri da araformaluri seqtorebis gamoyofa.
Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia moqniloba-Sromis bazris
Seguebis unari ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnebTan, rac ganapirobebs
cvlilebebs xelfasis doneSi, gamoyenebuli samuSao Zalis raodenobriv-
xarisxobriv SemadgenlobaSi da a. S.

3.7. Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval qveynebSi Sromis bazris formirebis reJims

da Taviseburebebs ramdenime ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda: saxelmwifos
metismetad gazrdili roli, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uaRresad maRali wili,
samuSao Zalis mobilurobis SezRudva, regulirebadi dasaqmeba da xelfasi da
a.S.
praqtikulad yoveli postsocialisturi qveynisa da, maT Soris,
saqarTvelosTvis, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis etapzeve erT-erT
umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda samuSao Zalis centralizebuli ganawilebis
sistemis gauqmeba, misi Secvla samuSao Zalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiT,
umuSevarTa daxmarebis efeqtiani sistemis formireba da dasaqmebis aqtiuri
politikis RonisZiebebis gatareba. Aaseve, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda
xelfasebis centralizebulad dadgenis wesis gauqmeba da koleqtiuri
xelSekrulebebis sistemis danergva.
saqarTveloSi sistemuri xasiaTis reformebi daiwyo sruli ekonomikuri
kolafsis pirobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axladformirebuli qveynis
ekonomika, faqtobrivad paralizebuli aRmoCnda, radgan igi partniorebisa da
gasaRebis bazrebis gareSe darCa. imavdroulad, gaRrmavda safinanso, resursuli,
socialuri krizisebi, erTimeoris miyolebiT gamwvavda eTnokonfliqtebi. aseT
pirobebSi qveynis samuSao Zala ufunqciod da uperspeqtivod darCa. imis
nacvlad, rom samuSao asakSi myof adamianebs aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT
qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, isini TviTon aRmoCdnen socialurad daucveli
mosaxleobis kategoriaSi.
saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, umZimes socialur_ekonomikur pirobebSic ki,
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebis ZiriTadi
amocanebi sistemuri reformebis dawyebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg, mtkivneulad,
35
magram mainc warmatebiT gadaWres. rasakvirvelia, am saqmeSi didi roli
Seasrula aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis gansxvavebulma tradiciebma
Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi_aq profkavSirebi sakmaod Zlieri iyo da Sromis
bazris funqcionirebis garkveuli meqanizmic arsebobda. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo
is garemoeba, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs metnaklebad normaluri
sastarto socialur-ekonomikuri done gaaCndaT da, rac mTavaria, msoflio
Tanamegobrobis mier gaweuli finansuri daxmareba mizanmimarTulad iqna
gamoyenebuli.
gansxvavebul pirobebSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelo. xangrZlivi ekonomikuri
stagnacia, socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba, sistemuri reformebis gaWianureba
mraval sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda uZraobas Sromis bazarze. ufro
metic, stagnaciiT TviT Sromis bazris formirebac xasiaTdeba_rogorc samuSao
Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesis, aseve institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT.
saqarTvelosaTvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier gamocxadebuli mxardaWera
da ekonomikuri daxmarebebi, marTalia, masStabiT aSkarad Camouvardeboda
aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebisaTvis gaweul daxmarebas, magram
igi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari umwvavesi socialur-
ekonomikuri problemebis gadasawyvetad mokle da saSualovadian periodSi. rigi
obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis
ekonomikuri daxmarebebis didi nawili socialuri problemebis Serbilebas
moxmarda (an saerTod, aramiznobrivad iqna gamoyenebuli) da ara axali samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnas, an ukve funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis reabilitacias. gasagebi
mizezebis gamo amave miznebis realizaciisaTvis ver moxerxda Sinagani rezervebis
akumulacia (dagrovebis ararsebobis gamo). sabolood, miviReT xangrZlivi da
masStaburi stagnacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela segmentSi, rac yvelaze
negatiurad Sromis bazris formirebaze aisaxa.
saqarTveloSi erToblivi samuSao Zala, raodenobrivi parametrebis
TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli faqtorebisa da gare migraciis zegavleniT
sagrZnoblad gauaresda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis dabali done da gare
SromiTi migraciis didi masStabebi garkveul `SeRavaTs~ aZlevs Sromis bazars,
Tumca, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis nawili gadauWrel problemebs
awydeba da wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs stabilur dasaqmebas.
erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenobriv parametrebis gauaresebas Tan axlavs
samuSao Zalis stuqturis deformirebac. qveyana intensiuri gare migraciis gamo
kargavs axalgazrda, mobilur, iniciativian adamianebs, vinc aqtiur SromiT
saqmianobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweva da bunebrivia, ekonomikur dovlaTsac iq
qmnis.
samuSao Zalis raodenobriv_struqturuli parametrebis gauaresebasTan
erTad daeca samuSao Zalis nawilis kvalificiuri donis amsaxveli
maxasiaTeblebi. aTeul aTasobiT kvalificiuri specialisti sistematurad an
periodulad mainc iyo mowyvetili Sesaferis samuSaos, maTi nawili ki,
iZulebuli iyo, daewyo SromiTi saqmianoba sxva sferoSi. Sedegi bunebrivia,
savalaloa_aTiaTasobiT specialistma Sesaferisi SromiTi sarbielis gareSe,
faqtobrivad, sruli dekvalifikacia ganicada da dakarga aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codna da gamocdileba (iaponuri da zogierTi sxva
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis menejmentis praqtikaSi miRebulia Teza_Tu
36
pirovneba 5 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar muSaobs Sesaferis samuSaoze,
igi aRar iTvleba am dargis profesionalad). rac Seexeba dakarguli profesiisa
da kvalifikaciis sanacvlod axali profesiisa da gamocdilebis SeZenis dadebiT
Sedegebs, amaze pasuxi calsaxaa-axali profesia mxolod mcire nawilma aiTvisa.
umravlesobisaTvis SromiTi saqmianobis sakvalifikacio maCveneblebi
gauaresebulia.
Sromis bazris formirebaze uaRresad negatiur zegavlenas axdenda
specialistebis momzadebis qveyanaSi moqmedi sistema. aTeulobiT profesiis
samuSao Zalaze ekonomikis moTxovnis ararsebobis pirobebSi, yvela tipis
saswavlebeli (upirveles yovlisa umaRlesi saswavleblebi) amzadebda aTasobiT
axalgazrdas `prestiJuli~ specialobebis mixedviT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi
mxriv, erovnul meurneobaSi samuSao Zalaze arsebuli moTxovnis masStabebs da
misi cvlilebis Taviseburebebs da, meore mxriv, momzadebuli specialistebis
realur konkurentunarianobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umaRlesi skola,
faqtobrivad, `diplomian umuSevrebs~ amzadebda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis
damadasturebeli diplomebiT aRWurvili axalgazrda specialistebis didi
nawili seriozul uaryofiT zewolas axdenda Sromis bazarze. bazris mxridan
moTxovnadi specialobis safuZvlianad mcodne axalgazrdebi, mcirericxovnobis
gamo, Sromis bazris saerTo suraTs samuSao Zalis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT ver
cvlida.
saqarTveloSi arc samuSao Zalis erToblivi moTxovna gamoirCeva
STambeWdavi masStabebiT. saxelmwifo marTva, Tavdacva, ganaTlebis sfero,
janmrTelobis dacva, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, safinanso-sakredito,
kavSirgabmulobis dawesebulebebi, rkinigza da ekonomikisa da momsaxurebis
zogierTi sxva sfero praqtikulad gajerebulia samuSao Zalis uzrunvelyofis
TvalsazrisiT.
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva
soflis meurneoba. realurad es imis gamo xdeba, rom soflad mcxovrebni
dakavebulni arian sakuTar an ijariT aRebul miwis nakveTebze
sasoflo_sameurneo saqmianobiT. soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobac xSirad
dabalmwarmoebluri, araefeqtiani da arasrulia.
Sromis bazris formirebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqcionirebis
sirTuleebze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom xSiria Seusabamoba dauflebul
profesiasa da dakavebul Tanamdebobas Soris ekonomikis rogorc saxelmwifo,
aseve arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. damsaqmeblebisa da samuSaos maZieblebisaTvis ar
aris xelmisawvdomi srulfasovani informacia konkretuli kvalifikaciisa da
profesiis mqone samuSao Zalisa da vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdis yvelaze realur gzas samewarmeo saqmianobis
liberalizaciis programa iZleva, romlis ganxorcielebis procesSi Seqmnili
axali samuSao adgilebi samuSaos maZiebelTa garkveul kategorias dasaqmebisa da
SromiT asparezze gasvlis saSualebas miscems.
warmodgenili argumentebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos
Sromis bazari mxolod formirebis stadiazea. Sromis bazris formirebasa da
funqcionirebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri da
politikuri mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da rigi makroekonomikuri
37
faqtori. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
makroekonomikuri stabilurobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis gareSe SeuZlebelia
Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba, samuSao adgilebisa da Sesabamisad,
dasaqmebis zrda.
saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris formirebasa da funqcionirebas arTulebs
rigi garemoebebic:
 bolo or aTwleulSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala qveynis Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, Semadgenloba, struqtura, ganaTlebis done;
 ar arsebobs dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRricxvis srulyofili sistema
da Sromis bazrisKkvlevas fragmentuli xasiaTi aqvs;
 umuSevrobis done saqarTvelos regionebSi xelovnurad aris Semcirebuli
soflis meurneobaSi araefeqtiani dasaqmebiT.
 umuSevarTa rigebSi maRalia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis
wili da aRniSnuli maCvenebeli stabiluria wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom miRebuli ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, misi dabali
xarisxis gamo, naklebad icavs moqalaqes umuSevrobis riskisagan;
 qveynisaTvis tipiuri gaxda Sromis bazris iseTi koniunqtura, sadac
samuSao Zalis miwodeba mkveTrad aRemateba moTxovnas, umuSevroba maRali
doniTa da xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba, rac seriozul problemebs
warmoSobs rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri da politikuri
TvalsazrisiT.

38
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris arsi da misi elementebi;

2. CamoayalibeT Sromis bazris Taviseburebebi;
3. axseniT Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi;
4. daaxasiaTeT samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi;
5. axseniT samuSao Zalis miwodebis arsi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi;
6. ras gulisxmobs `Semosavlis efeqti~ da `Senacvlebis efeqti~?
7. ras gulisxmobs Sromis bazris segmentacia?
8. mokled daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris segmentebi;
9. axseniT Sromis pirveladi da meoradi bazris arsi;
10. CamoayalibeT Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi.

39
 Tavi 4. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba

4.1. umuSevrobis arsi da saxeebi

ekonomikur literaturaSi dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, rogorc umniSvnelo-

vanesi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli Sexedu-
lebebis formireba Sromis bazris TeoriasTan mWidro kavSirSi mimdinareobs.
aseTi midgoma saSualebas iZleva dadgindes is kanonzomierebebi, romlebic xsnian
dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis donesa da dinamikas, maTze moqmed faqtorebs,
umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezebs, misi gamovlenis formebsa da socialur-
ekonomikur Sedegebs.
umuSevroba sabazro ekonomikis ganuyofeli movlenaa, rac imiT aixsneba,
rom dinamiur sazogadoebas esaWiroeba sivrce Sromis bazarze. aseT sivrced,
ekonomistebi samuSao Zalis siWarbes miiCnevdnen da miuTiTebdnen, rom misi
garkeuli doniT arseboba sruliad dasaSvebia sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi.
amdenad, umuSevrobis garkveuli donis arseboba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis
gardauval Tvisebas warmoadgens.
umuSevroba, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri movlena axasiaTebs im
dausaqmebel adamianTa kategorias, romlebic Sromis bazarze wonasworobis
mudmivi ryevis Sedegad, moklebulni arian muSaobis SesaZleblobebs. Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciis standartebidan gamomdinare, adamiani umuSevrad rom
CaiTvalos, erTdroulad unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs:
1. iyos ,,samuSaos gareSe~ e.i. ar gaaCndes anazRaurebadi samuSao garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi;
2. ,,mzad iyos mocemul momentSi muSaobisaTvis~ e.i. mzad iyos imuSaos
daqiravebiT an TviTon dasaqmdes;
3. ,,eZebdes samuSaos~ e.i. konkretul RonisZiebebs axorcielebdes anazRau-
rebadi samuSaos mosaZebnad4.
konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, umuSevroba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva
saxis. umuSevrobis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyofis safuZvels misi gamomwvevi
mizezebis sxvadasxvaoba warmoadgens.
umuSevrobis Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebs gamoyofen: friqciuli, struqturuli
da cikluri umuSevroba. Tumca, zogierTi avtori miuTiTebs aseve teqnologiur,
sezonur, institucionalur da sxva saxis umuSevrobaze.
friqciuli umuSevroba_esaa moklevadiani umuSevroba, romelic warmoiSoba
momuSavis erTi samuSaodan adgilidan meoreze gadasvlisas, roca igi ,,or
samuSaos~ Soris mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. mas miekuTvneba aseve Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis droebiTi dausaqmebloba, rodesac momuSave pirvelad gadis Sromis
bazarze an ubrundeba mas. friqciuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezi SeiZleba
aixsnas Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamiurobiT, informaciuli
nakadebis arasrulfasovnebiT. informacia vakanturi samuSao adgilebisa da maT
Sesaxeb, vinc eZebs samuSaos, SeuZlebelia, Sefasebuli iqnas momentalurad,

41996 wlidan saqarTveloSi umuSevris, dasaqmebulis, ekonomikurad aqtiurobis statusis Sefaseba

xorcieldeba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Sso) meTodologiis Sesabamisad. ix. Temis danarTi-1.
aseve, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris vebgverdi. www.geostat.ge

40
amitom dausaqmebeli momuSaveebi da damqiraveblebi maSinve ver pouloben
erTmaneTs, ris gamoc adamiani iZulebulia, garkveuli droiT iyos samuSaos
gareSe. drois es monakveTi aucilebelia, raTa moxdes damsaqmeblebisa da
momuSaveebis urTierTdakavSireba. es garemoeba warmoadgens friqciuli
umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezs.
struqturuli umuSevroba friqciulisagan gansxvavebiT, droSi ufro met
xans grZeldeba da ganpirobebulia samuSao adgilebisa da momuSaveTa
profesiul-kvalificiur struqturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebiT. struqturuli
umuSevrobis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturuli Zvrebia.
warmoebis struqturis cvlileba calkeuli dargebisa da sferoebs Soris
Tanafardobis cvlilebaSi aisaxeba. zogierT maTgans swrafi ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi uCndeba, izrdeba moTxovna maT mier warmoebul produqciaze, rasac
Tan sdevs investiciebis moculobis gadideba da dasaqmebis donis amaRleba. amis
paralelurad, zogierTi dargi ukve ver axorcielebs konkurentunariani
produqciis warmoebas, iZulebuli, Seamciros warmoebis masStabebi da dasaqmebis
done, romelic iwvevs momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebas da umuSevarTa rigebis
gadidebas. am SemTxvevaSi struqturuli cvlilebebi ganapirobeben samuSao Zalis
gadanawilebas warmoebis calkeuli dargebsa da sferoebs Soris, romelic
yovelTvis garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli da zogierT SemTxvevaSi
momuSaveebisagan ar marto dargobriv-profesiul, aramed teritoriul
mobilobasac moiTxovs. amitom umuSevarTa rigebSi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen ara
marto is adamianebi, romlebic ver pouloben sakuTari profesiisa da
kvalifikaciis Sesabamis samuSaos, aramed isinic, visac garkveuli mdgomareobis
gamo ar SeuZlia sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla.
struqturuli umuSevrobis erT-erT nairsaxeobad ganixilaven
teqnologiur umuSevrobas, romlis warmoSobis mizezs mecnierul-teqnikuri
progresi warmoadgens. am ukanasknelis gavlena dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze
mravalmxrivia, igi gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis
sferoze. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlena umuSevrobaze vlindeba imaSi,
rom axali teqnikis danergvisa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Sedegad
iqmneba pirobebi garkveuli raodenobis momuSaveebis gamoTavisuflebisaTvis, rac
sabolood, ganapirobebs momuSaveebze moTxovnis Semcirebas. meore mxriv,
maRalmwarmoebluri teqnologiis danergvis Sedegad ekonomikis axali da
zogierTi tradiciuli dargebis gafarToeba iwvevs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis
gadidebas da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis donis amaRlebas.
sabolood, dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis
gavlenas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs da misi ganviTareba iqamde midis, rom
warmoebis procesidan momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebis tendencia sabolood ufro
Zlieri aRmoCndeba misi mizidvis tendenciasTan SedarebiT. amasTan, umuSevarTa
rigebs upiratesad isini avseben, romelTa profesiul-kvalificiuri momzadebis
done ver pasuxobs warmoebis mzard moTxovnebs.
friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba ekonomikis dinamiuri ganviTarebis
pirobebSi savsebiT bunebrivi da amavdroulad misaRebi movlenaa, ramdenadac
uSualod ekonomikis ganviTarebis principebidan gamomdinareobs. friqciuli da
struqturuli umuSevroba SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSinac ki, roca mTlianobaSi
samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) erToblivi moTxovna miwodebis tolia. friqciuli
41
umuSevroba warmoiSoba Sromis bazris dinamiurobisa da informaciuli nakadebis
arasrulyofilebis gamo, xolo struqturuli umuSevroba_samuSao Zalaze
(Sromaze) moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi teritoriuli da profesiuli
disproporciis Sedegad. sazogadoebaSi sruli dasaqmebis miRweva ar gamoricxavs
friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis arsebobas. ufro metic, umuSevrobis
problemebis kvlevaSi didi adgili ukavia umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis
kategoriis analizs, romelic swored friqciuli da struqturuli
umuSevrobis jams warmoadgens. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done ar aris mudmivi
sidide. masze zemoqmedebs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, samuSao Zalis
struqturis cvlileba, sazogadoebis demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi,
socialuri garantiebi da socialuri dacvis done, profkavSirebis saqmianoba da
a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done mis bunebriv dones, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, aRemateba. gansxvaveba maT Soris arsebiTia ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
daqveiTebis periodSi, roca umuSevroba ciklur xasiaTs iZens da romlis
daZlevac did sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom umuSevroba
qveynis makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
maCvenebelia, am socialur-ekonomikur movlenas mkacri kvalifikacia eZleva
mxolod maSin, rodesac umuSevobis done sayovelTaod dadgenil (msoflio
praqtikaSi miRebul) bunebriv zRvars aRemateba.
cikluri umuSevroba gamowveulia ekonomikuri ciklis im stadiiT,
romelic xasiaTdeba erToblivi danaxarjebis dabali doniT, roca saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze moTxovna mcirdeba, mniSvnelovnad ecema warmoebisa da dasaqmebis
done, izrdeba momuSaveebis gamoTavisuflebis masStabebi, Sesabamisad adgili aqvs
umuSevrobis donis mkveTr gadidebas. aseT umuSevrobas cikluri umuSevrobas
uwodeben, masSi yvelaze naTlad aisaxeba is damokidebuleba, romelsac adgili
aqvs warmoebis dinamikasa da momuSaveTa saqmian aqtiurobas Soris. cikluri
umuSevrobis masStabebis zrda metad uaryofiTi movlenaa, romelic mniSvnelovan
ekonomikur da socialur danakargebs iwvevs sazogadoebaSi. cikluri
umuSevrobis zrdis Tavidan acileba nebismieri qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi prioritetia.
umuSevrobis klasifikaciaSi garkveuli adgili ukavia sezonur umuSevrobas.
igi damaxasiaTebelia calkeuli dargebisaTvis, rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba,
nawilobriv mSenebloba da sxv. am dargebis sawarmoebs SeuZliaT sruli
datvirTviT imuSaon ramdenime Tves, sxva dros isini mkveTrad amcireben an
saerTod wyveten saqmianobas, rac bunebrivi pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. intensiuri
muSaobis periodSi aRniSnuli dargis sawarmoebSi adgili aqvs momuSaveebis
masobriv daqiravebas, xolo samuSaoTa Semcirebis periodSi_masobriv daTxovnas.
sezonuri umuSevroba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:
 Tavisi warmoSobis mizezebiT igi axlosaa ciklur umuSevrobasTan;
 umuSevroba mniSvnelovanwilad nebayoflobiTi xasiaTisaa;
 sezonuri xasiaTis dargis sawarmoebi momuSaveebs maRal anazRaurebas
uxdian, riTac garkveulwilad axdenen umuSevrobis riskis kompensacias.
rac ufro metia mosalodneli sezonuri umuSevrobis vadebi, miT ufro
maRalia anazRaureba.
umuSevrobis saxeebis daxasiaTebisas mizanSewonilia aseve nawilobrivi
umuSevrobis ganxilva. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc miuTiTebda mis arsebobaze iyo a.
42
pigu. igi umuSevrobis aRniSnuli saxis arsebobas ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
daqveiTebis pirobebSi mewarmeebis qcevis sam SesaZlo SemTxvevas ukavSirebda:
 momuSaveebisaTvis sruli samuSao drois SenarCuneba;
 momuSaveebisaTvis monacvleobiT muSaobis SesaZleblobebis micema sruli
samuSao drois pirobebSi;
 yvela dasaqmebulisaTvis samuSao drois Semcireba.
mewarmeebis qcevis pirveli varianti iwvevs srul umuSevrobas, xolo meore
da mesame_nawilobriv umuSevrobas, rac pigus azriT, ufro misaRebia, radgan
srul umuSevrobas mivyavarT erovnuli dividendis srul dakargvamde da samuSao
Zalis xarisxis daqveiTebamde.
umuSevrobis ganxiluli saxeebi Ria umuSevrobas ganekuTvneba. maT garda,
literaturaSi gamoiyofa aseve faruli umuSevrobis kategoria, romelic
warmoiSoba sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa arasruli gamoyenebiT. kerZod, arasruli
samuSao kviris an arasruli samuSao dRis pirobebSi muSaobisas, an im
SemTxvevaSi, roca momuSaveebi iZulebulni arian, gavidnen anazRaurebis gareSe
(uxelfaso) SvebulebaSi.

4.2. dasaqmeba, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri kategoria

dasaqmeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnis

safuZvels warmoadgens, maszea damokidebuli mosaxleobis cxovrebis done,
sazogadoebis danaxarjebis sidide momuSaveTa momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da
SromiTi mowyobis sferoSi. dasaqmebaSi aisaxeba mosaxleobis socialuri
ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, romelic Sromis sferoSi misi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi dasaqmebis procesis sabazro xasiaTi
gamomdinareobs Semdegi fundamentaluri principebis realizaciidan:
 Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferos Tavisufali arCevanis uzrunvelyofa,
rodesac pirovnebas ufleba aqvs, Tavisuflad airCios, miiRos Tu ara
monawileoba sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi. am principis
ganxorcielebisaTvis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna saxelmwifos
mxridan;
 iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva;
 dasaqmebis sferoSi socialuri daxmarebis meqanizmebis amoqmedeba,
romlis mizani iqneba Sromis bazarze arsebuli naklebkonkurentunariani
fenebisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva SromiTi mowyobis procesSi.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, SromiTi urTierToba aris Sromis
organizaciuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi dasaqmebulis mier damsaqmeblisaTvis
samuSaos Sesruleba anazRaurebis sanacvlod.
SromiTi urTierToba warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis
safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT.
SromiTi urTierTobis subieqtebi arian damsaqmebeli an damsaqmebelTa
gaerTianeba da dasaqmebuli an dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba, romelic Seqmnilia
„profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniTa da Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis №87 da №98 konvenciebiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebiTa da wesiT.
43
 damsaqmebeli aris fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, anda pirTa gaerTianeba,
romlisTvisac SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sruldeba garkveuli
samuSao.
dasaqmebuli aris fizikuri piri, romelic SromiTi xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze, damsaqmeblisaTvis asrulebs garkveul samuSaos.
individualuri SromiTi urTierTobis subieqtebi arian damsaqmebeli da
dasaqmebuli. koleqtiuri SromiTi urTierTobis subieqtebi arian erTi an meti
damsaqmebeli an erTi an meti damsaqmebelTa gaerTianeba da erTi an meti
dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba.
amasTan SromiT da winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi akrZalulia
nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri da socialuri
kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis,
sacxovrebeli adgilis, asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis, religiuri, sazogadoebrivi, politikuri an sxva
gaerTianebisadmi, maT Soris, profesiuli kavSirisadmi, kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri
mdgomareobis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis gamo. (saqarTvelos Sromis
kodeqsi. kanoni #4113, 17.12.2010w. muxli 3.).
literaturaSi dasaqmebis mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. maTTvis saerTo aris
is, rom ,,dasaqmebis~ cneba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia adamianis SromiT
saqmianobaSi monawileobasTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi dasaqmeba ganixileba mxolod
rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria: ,,rogorc mosaxleobis funqcionaluri maxasia-
Tebeli, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi Sromis procesSi misi
(mosaxleobis) Cabmis xarisxs da saqmianobis konkretuli saxeebisa da formebis
mixedviT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ganawilebis saboloo Sefasebas warmoad-
gens~. dasaqmebis, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoriis Seswavla or arguments
emyareba: pirveli dakavSirebulia konkretuli adamianis dasaqmebasTan, meore-
saxelmwifos rolTan dasaqmebis pirobebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
konkretul adamianTan mimarTebaSi dasaqmeba SeiZleba daiyos:
garantirebulad, rodesac adamiani, visac surs muSaoba, uzrunvelyofilia
samuSaoTi da ugarantiod, rodesac ar arsebobs ekonomikuri pirobebi, raTa
TiToeuli adamiani, romelsac Sromis unari da survili gaaCnia, dakmayofildes
samuSaoTi.
dasaqmebis pirobebis uzrunvelyofaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba
saxelmwifos, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom dasaqmebis buneba ganpirobebulia ara
marto individis SromisunarianobiT, asakiT an muSaobis surviliT, aramed
pirovnebis SromiTi miswrafebebis realizaciis SesaZleblobebiT. mokled,
saxelmwifoSi adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebisa
da pirobebis arsebobiT. swored igi warmoadgens dasaqmebis ZiriTad wanamZRvars.
dasaqmeba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia adamianebis warmoebis procesSi
monawileobasTan, magram ar unda moxdes misi socialuri mxaris daknineba. es
imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom dasaqmeba moicavs ara marto adamianis saqmianobis
ekonomikur mxares, aramed mTlianad misi sasicocxlo saqmianobis yvela sferos.
amdenad, es cneba gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre misi ekonomikuri an Tundac
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. adamiani, misi materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis done pirdapiraa damokidebuli dasaqmebidan miRebul Semosavalze.
aRniSnulidan gamimdinare, dasaqmeba ganxiluli unda iqnes rogorc
44
umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikur kategoria, romelic gavlenas axdens
rogorc calkeuli individis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis keTildReobis doneze.
dasaqmebas ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed mniSvnelovani socialuri da
demografiuli datvirTva gaaCnia.
amgvarad, dasaqmeba ara marto ekonomikur, aramed mniSvnelovan socialur
kategorias warmoadgens. igi arsebiT rols asrulebs qveynis mosaxleobis
keTildReobis donis amaRlebaSi, TiToeul adamianSi profesiuli
SesaZleblobebis formirebasa da ganviTarebSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasaqmeba momuSaveebis ara marto anazRaurebadi samuSao
adgilebiT uzrunvelyofaa, aramed sazogadoebis erToblivi SromiTi
potencialis gamoyenebis erT-erTi maCvenebelicaa.
dasaqmeba adamianis socialuri ganviTarebis iseT umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs
axasiaTebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia Sromis sferoSi misi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebasTan. am poziciidan gamomdinare, dasaqmeba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas
rogorc moqalaqeebis sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianoba, romelic
dakavSirebulia piradi da sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan da
romelsac, rogorc wesi, moaqvs fuladi Semosavali.
dasaqmebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi aisaxeba yoveli momuSavis SesaZleblobaSi
sakuTari SromiT uzrunvelyos misi da ojaxis wevrebis materialuri da
sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, xolo socialuri_sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo saqmianobaSi monawileobis gziT Seqmnas pirobebi pirovnebis
formirebisa da misi yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.
dasaqmeba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac momuSave tovebs Sromis bazars (viwro
gagebiT) da iwyeba misi SromiTi momsaxurebis gamoyeneba. igi asaxavs
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ra nawili monawileobs sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo SromaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom ,,dasaqmeba~ da ,,Sroma~ ganxilul
iqnas identuri mniSvnelobis mqone cnebebad. Sroma qveynis simdidris Seqmnis
wyaroa, romelic mis socialur-ekonomikur progress uzrunvelyofs. Sroma,
SromiTi saqmianoba_es, upirveles yovlisa, procesia, romlis drosac garkveuli
SromiTi unar-Cvevebisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adamiani zemoqmedebs Sromis
sagnebze winaswar dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. dasaqmeba ki adamianebs Soris
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobaTa sistemaa. igi gamoxatavs dasaqmebis
subieqtis_Sromisunariani mosaxleobis mdgomareobas, romelic CarTulia an, ama
Tu im mizeziT, ar aris CarTuli SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. miuxedavad am
or kategorias Soris arsebuli gansxvavebisa, isini erTmaneTisagan
izolirebulad ar ganixileba. ufro metic, dasaqmebis rogorc socialur-
ekonomikuri kategoriis umniSvnelovanesi elementi esaa urTierTkavSiri
dasaqmebis subieqtebsa (Sromisunariani mosaxleoba) da dasaqmebis obieqtebs
(samuSao adgilebs) Soris. Sromis bazris sxva danarCeni wevrebi xels uwyoben
im pirobebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen dasaqmebis ganxorcielebas ama Tu
im formiT. amasTan, mniSvnelovania dasaqmebis ara marto raodenobrivi, aramed
xarisxobrivi maCveneblebic.
amgvarad, dasaqmeba_esaa socialur-ekonomikuri kategoria, romelic axasia-
Tebs socialur-SromiTi urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formebs da dakavSirebulia
Semosavlis miRebis mizniT sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaSi adamianebis
monawileobasTan.
45
 4.3. dasaqmebis saxeebi da formebi

gamoiyofa dasaqmebis ori ZiriTadi saxe_sruli da arasruli dasaqmeba.

sruli dasaqmeba ar niSnavs Sromisunariani mosaxleobis asi procentiT
dasaqmebas. amiT igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sayovelTao dasaqmebisagan, rasac
adgili hqonda administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi.
TiToeuli Sromisunariani piri valdebuli iyo, monawileoba mieRo sazoga-
doebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobSi da dausaqmleblobis SemTxveva mis mimarT
administraciul zemoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. 1996 wlis 4-20 ivnisis Sromis
saerTaSoriso konferenciis 83-e sesiaze sruli dasaqmeba ganmartebuli iqna,
rogorc mdgomareoba, rodesac yvela, vinc Sromis bazarzea gasuli da aqtiurad
eZebs samuSaos, poulobs mas. rogorc aRiniSna, sruli dasaqmeba ar niSnavs,
rom Sromisunariani mosaxleobidan yvela uzrunvelyofilia samuSaoTi. yoveli
momentisaTvis Sromisunarian pirTa garkveuli nawili sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo
moklebulia muSaobis SesaZleblobas, rac savsebiT bunebrivi movlenaa sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos struqturuli Zvrebi
ekonomikaSi, momuSaveebis survili, sakuTari materialuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis mizniT Seicvalon samuSao adgili, sawarmoebis administraciis
gadawyvetileba, daiTxovos personalis garkveuli nawili da a. S. aseT
pirobebSi sazogadoebis mizania, iswrafodes sruli dasaqmebis miRwevisaken.
sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens xelsayreli
ekonomikuri garemo, finansuri stabiluroba, inflaciis maRali tempebis
ararseboba.
sruli dasaqmeba praqtikulad metad iSviaTad miiRweva, rasac obieqturi
mizezebi aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, is, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba dinamiuri
procesia, romelic mudmivad viTardeba da icvleba, ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs
axali saqonlis warmoeba, aseve mudmivad aqvs adgili axali profesiebis
warmoSobasa da Zveli profesiebis gaqrobas. bazarze axal profesiebze moTxovna
yovelTvis win uswrebs mis miwodebas. amitomaa, rom maSinac ki, rodesac
umuSevrobis done sakmaod maRalia, yovelTvis arsebobs vakanturi samuSao
adgilebis garkveuli raodenoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruli dasaqmeba
miiRweva ara maSin, roca nebismieri saxis samuSao adgilebis miwodeba Seesabameba
sazogadoebis mxridan masze moTxovnas, aramed maSin, roca SemoTavazebuli
samuSao adgilebi ekonomikurad mizanSewonilia. ekonomikurad mizanSewonili
samuSao adgilebi warmoadgenen produqtiul samuSao adgilebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, srulad moaxdinon sakuTari interesebis
realizacia, miaRwion Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maRal dones, miiRon Rirseuli
anazRaureba. maSasadame, maSin rodesac ekonomikurad mizanSewonil samuSao
adgilebze moTxovna kmayofildeba Sesabamisi profesiul-kvalificiuri
struqturis samuSao ZaliT, adgili aqvs srul dasaqmebas.
warmodgenili Sexeduleba kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom sruli
dasaqmebis miRweva sazogadoebaSi urTules problemas warmoadgens, radganac
yoveli konkretuli momentisaTvis ekonomikaSi arsebuli yvela samuSao adgili
ar SeiZleba iyos ekonomikurad mizanSewonili, sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas,
yovelTvis arsebobs samuSao adgilebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic

46
struqturuli Tu sxva xasiaTis cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, moiTxovs
srulyofas, modernizebas an likvidaciasac ki.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseT mdgomareobisas, rodesac adgili aqvs
warmoebis dacemas, momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebis masStabebis zrdas, romelTa
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi ekonomikis ganviTarebis arsebul pirobebSi
SeuZlebelia, radganac samuSaos maZiebelTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba
vakanturi samuSao adgilebis raodenobas_adgili aqvs arasrul dasaqmebas.
literaturaSi srul dasaqmebasTan erTad ixmareba racionaluri da
efeqtiani dasaqmebis cnebebi. `racionaluri dasaqmeba~ upiratesad, gardamavali
ekonomikis pirobebSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac adgili aqvs warmoebis dacemasa da
masobriv umuSevrobas. igi gamoxatavs garkveul balanss ekonomikur efeqtiano-
basa da socialur samarTlianobas Soris dasaqmebis sferoSi da dakavSirebulia
umuSevrobis socialurad misaReb doneze SenarCunebasTan. ,,efeqtian dasaqmebaSi~
igulisxmeba mosaxleobis iseTi dasaqmeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs Rirseul
Semosavals, TiToeuli moqalaqis saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli donis
amaRlebas Sromis sazogadoebrivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdis safuZvelze.
efeqtiani dasaqmebis problema warmoiSoba maSin, roca dasaqmebulTa profesiul-
kvalificiuri momzadebis done ar Seesabameba maT mier dakavebuli samuSao
adgilebis maxasiaTeblebs, rasac Tan sdevs danakargebi, rogorc momuSaveebisa-
Tvis, aseve sazogadoebisaTvis mTlianad. sabolood efeqtiani dasaqmebis ganxilva
mizanSewonilia ori aspeqtiT: ekonomikuriT, rac gulisxmobs adamianuri resur-
sebis racionalur gamoyenebas da socialuriT, rac momuSaveTa interesebs
maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs.
sabazro urTierTobebze gardamaval periodSi gavrcelda dasaqmebis iseTi
formebic, rogoricaa nawilobrivi da epizoduri dasaqmeba. nawilobrivia
dasaqmeba, roca momuSave xuTdRiani samuSao kviridan muSaobs 1-3 dRes, xolo
epizoduria im SemTxvevaSi, roca damsaqmebeli gansazRvravs muSaobis konkretul
dReebs, romelic arc periodulobiT da arc xangZlviobiT ar meordeba.
dasaqmebis arsebul formebs Soris gansakuTrebulia meoradi dasaqmeba,
romelic SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc ukve SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmul
momuSaveTa damatebiTi gamoyenebis forma. Sedegad miiReba erTi da imave piris
ramdenime samuSao adgilze muSaobis gavrcelebis praqtika, rac ZiriTadad
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Sromis bazrisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. meoradi
dasaqmebas Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi aqvs, romelTa Soris mTavaria Semosavlebis
gadidebisaken swrafva. im pirobebSi, rodesac xelfasi CamorCeba saarsebo
minimums, meoradi dasaqmeba momuSavisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis moTxovnilebebis
garkveul doneze dakmayofilebis erT-erTi saSualebaa.
meoradi dasaqmeba Sromis bazarze amJamad arsebuli problemebis gadaWris
saukeTeso gza namdvilad araa. ufro metic, samuSao Zalis Warbi miwodebis
pirobebSi SedarebiT kvalificiuri da mobiluri momuSaveebi axerxeben ori da
meti samuSao adgilis mopovebas, rac sxvebisTvis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebs
amcirebs da, maSasadame, umuSevrobis donis gadidebis saSiSroebas warmoSobs.
sameurneo saqmianobis pirobebis Secvlam samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis sul
ufro moqnili formebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba moiTxova. Camoyalibda axle-
buli midgomebi dasaqmebis problemebisadmi, rac aisaxa globaluri dasaqmebis
koncefciaSi.
47
 Sromis saerTaSoriso biuros ganmartebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali
tempebis qveynebSi dasaqmebis problemebisadmi axleburi (globaluri) midgomis
arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikurad
da socialurad sasargeblo SromiT saqmianobaSi Sromis asakis yvela piris
Cabmas.
dasaqmebis globaluri koncefciis farglebSi gavrceleba hpoves moqnili
(aratipuri) dasaqmebis formebma. aratipiuri dasaqmebis formebze msjeloba
SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, roca momuSavis standartuli dasaqmebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi niSnebidan:
 erT damsaqmebelTan muSaoba;
 damsaqmeblis sawarmoo SenobaSi muSaoba;
 standartuli datvirTva samuSao dRis, kviris, wlis ganmavlobaSi erT-
erTi mainc ar arsebobs.
daqiravebulTa aratipuri dasaqmebis SedarebiT gavrcelebuli formebia: Sin
muSaoba, nawilobrivi dasaqmeba, droebiTi dasaqmeba. maTi gavrceleba damokidebu-
lia ekonomikis dargze, momuSaveTa sqesobriv-asakobriv struqturaze da saqmiani
koniunqturis mdgomareobaze.
warmoebis ganviTarebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, roca aucilebelia
warmoebis moculobis gadideba, SvebulebaSi myofi momuSaveebis Secvla da a.S.
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba aratipuri dasaqmebis erT-erTi forma_droebiTi dasaqmeba.
man didi xania gavrceleba hpova msoflio Sromis bazarze, droebiTi dasaqmeba
gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaSi CarTvas garkveuli vadiT,
rac SromiTi xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. droebiTi dasaqmebis vada
meryeobs erTi dRidan ramdenime Tvemde.

48
 4.4. umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis gazomvis maCvenebelTa sistema

umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva socialur-

ekonomikuri movlenis analizisaTvis, saWiroa maTi ara marto Tvisobrivi daxa-
siaTeba, aramed raodenobrivi Sefasebac, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sesa-
bamisi maCvenebelTa sistemis saSualebiT. am maCveneblebis xasiaTi, sizustis
xarisxi, gamovlenis formebi, monacemebis damuSavebis meTodebi da sirTule
damokidebulia Sesaswavli obieqtis specifikurobaze.
umuSevrobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs miekuTvneba: umuSevrebis ricxovnoba,
umuSevrobis done da xangrZlivoba, umuSevarTa sqesobriv-asakobrivi, profe-
siul-dargobrivi da teritoriuli struqtura. umuSevrobis SefasebaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficients.
ama Tu im qveyanaSi umuSevarTa raodenobis dadgenis meTodebi gansxvave-
bulia. amasTan dakavSirebiT ori meTodologiuri midgoma arsebobs:
pirvelis midgomis Tanaxmad, umuSevrobis maCveneblebi dgindeba mosaxleobis
garkveuli nawilis SerCeviTi dakvirvebis safuZvelze, rac periodulad tardeba
(aSS, iaponia). ase magaliTad, aSS-Si umuSevarTa raodenobis dasadgenad
yovelTviurad xdeba mosaxleobis SerCeviTi gamokvleva. rac 60 aTas ojaxs
moicavs. miRebuli Sedegebi ganzogaddeba mTel qveyanaze.
meore midgomis Tanaxmad, umuSevrobis maCveneblebi dgindeba dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi umuSevris statusis mosapoveblad Semosuli
gancxadebebis safuZvelze (magaliTad, didi britaneTi). pirveli midgoma,
romelic periodul SerCeviT gamokvlevas iTvaliswinebs, ufro ZviradRirebulia,
magram SedarebiT zustad asaxavs umuSevarTa struqturas; rac Seexeba meore
midgomas, igi SedarebiT martivia, magram umuSevrebis Tvisobrivi Semadgenlobis
dazustebis TvalsazrisiT, moiTxovs damatebiTi kontrolis RonisZiebebis
gatarebas im pirebis qcevaze, romlebic sakuTar Tavs umuSevarTa kategorias
akuTvneben.
umuSevrobis mdgomareobis Sefasebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebidan yvelaze
ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli umuSevrobis done. igi gaiangariSeba, rogorc
umuSevarTa raodenobis Sefardeba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao
Zala) raodenobasTan.

Ud=Ur/E×100%

sadac Ud_umuSevrobis donea (procentebSi);

Ur_umuSevarTa raodenobaa;
E_ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, anu samuSao Zalaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom umuSevrobis donis maCvenebeli farTod gamoiyeneba
praqtikaSi, igi araa moklebuli naklovanebebs. kerZod, misi saSualebiT Znelia
msjeloba umuSevrobis xangrZlivobaze, dasaqmebis perspeqtivebze da a.S. Sromis
bazarze arsebuli situaciis analizisaTvis xSirad gamoiyeneba aseve Sromis
bazris daZabulobis koeficienti, romelic gamoxatavs erT vakantur samuSao
adgilze umuSevrebis raodenobas. aRniSnuli koeficientis gaangariSebis
safuZvelia Tavisufali samuSao adgilebisa da umuSevrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli monacemebi. Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficienti gaiangariSeba
49
umuSevarTa raodenobis SefardebiT vakanturi samuSao adgilebis raodenobasTan
(Ur/V) Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficientis saSualebiT SeiZleba msjeloba
umuSevrobis xangrZlivobasa da dasaqmebis SesaZlebelobebze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas
warmoadgens grZelvadiani anu qronikuli umuSevroba, rodesac umuSevrad yofnis
periodi 1-3 wels da ufro met xans grZeldeba.
Sromis bazris mdgomareobis analizisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba umuSevrobis
sqesobriv-asakobriovi, profesiul-dargobrivi da teritoriuli struqtura,
romelic axasiaTebs calkeuli asakis, sqesis, profesiisa da teritoriuli
kuTvnilebis umuSevrebis xvedriT wonas umuSevarTa saerTo raodenobaSi.
saerTaSoriso statistikaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis dasaqmebis
donis maCvenebeli, romelic iangariSeba, rogorc dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis Sefardeba 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobasTan:

Dd=Dr/P15+×100%

sadac Dd_dasaqmebis donea (procentebSi);

Dr_dasaqmebulTa raodenobaa;
P15+ _15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobaa.
dasaqmebis mdgomareobis dasaxiaTebisaTvis aucilebelia aseve Semdegi
maCveneblebis gamoyeneba:
 samuSao Zalis ganawileba sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi
monawileobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare;
 Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebis done;
 momuSaveTa ganawileba ekonomikis dargebis mixedviT anu dasaqmebis
dargobrivi struqtura.
 momuSaveTa profesiul-kvalificiuri struqtura.
dasaqmebis dargobrivi da profesiul-kvalificiuri struqtura, misi
ganviTarebis tendenciebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sqesisa da asakis mixedviT.
mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo SromaSi monawileobis xasiaTis erTgvarovnobiT xasiaTdebian
mosaxleobis socialur-demografiul jgufebs uwodeben. praqtikuli
gamocdileba adasturebs, rom sqesisa da asakis mixedviT mosaxleobis dasaqmebis
Taviseburebebis analizisas mizanSewonilia, gamoiyos Semdegi socialur-
demografiuli jgufebi: mamakacebi, qalebi, axalgazrdebi (16-29 wlis asakis
pirebi), saSualo asakis pirebi (30-49 weli), winasapensio asakis pirebi,
sapensio asakis pirebi. TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis dasaqmebas misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. magaliTad, qalTa SromiTi aqtiuroba
iseTi faqtorebis garda, rogoricaa asaki, profesiuli momzadebis done,
damokidebulia aseve demografiuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebebze, dedobisa da
sawarmoo funqciebis optimalur SeTanawyobaze. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom
damsaqmeblebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tavs arideben qalebis, gansakuTrebiT,
mcirewlovani bavSvebis dedebis samuSaoze miRebas. aRniSnuli kategoriis pirebi,
im axalgazrdebTan erTad, vinc pirvelad gadian Sromis bazarze, miekuTvnebian
dabalkonkurentunarian kontingents.

50
 mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqturis analizs didi mniSvneloba aqvs
mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis da, maT Soris, Sromis bazris funqcionirebis
efeqtianobis SefasebisaTvis. faqtobrivad, dasaqmebis struqtura asaxavs ekono-
mikis struqturas da masSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis
socialur, ekonomikur, demografiul, eTnikur da ekologiur aspeqtebs.
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mdgomareobis analizisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis
ara marto raodenobriv, aramed xarisxobriv Sefasebas. am TvalsazrisiT
SeiZleba, gamoiyos analizis Semdegi aspeqtebi: socialuri; sakuTrebis formis
mixedviT; teritoriul-regionuli; dargobrivi; profesiul-kvalificiuri;
sqesobriv-asakobrivi da aS. isini urTierTdakavSirebulni arian. magaliTad,
dasaqmebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi strutura SeiZleba daxasiaTdes profesiul-
kvalificiuri, dargobrivi, socialuri da sxva niSnis mixedviT. sakuTrebis
formis mixedviT dasaqmebis sruqtura moicavs saxelmwifo seqtorSi da kerZo
seqtorSi dasaqmebulebs da a.S.

4.5. umuSevrobis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegi

ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom SromiTi

urTierTobebis sferoSi sabazro meqanizmebis moqmedeba srulebiTac ar iZleva
idealur Sedegs. Sromis bazris meqanizms ar ZaluZs uzrunvelyos sruli
dasaqmeba. SesaZlebelia umuSevrobis bunebrivi (dasaSvebi) donis miRweva da
SenarCuneba. igi kidev ufro gaZnelebulia gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi,
rodesac samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobriv
Seusabamobas Tan sdevs struqturuli (profesiul-kvalificiuri, dargobrivi,
geografiuli da a.s.) disproporciebi droebiT dausaqmebel mosaxleobasa da
Tavisufal samuSao adgilebis struqturas Soris. es mniSvnelovnad
axangrZlivebs dausaqmebeli mosaxleobis Sromis bazarze yofnis periods da
umuSevrobis masStabebis zrdis erT-erT faqtors warmoadgens.
saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis pirobebSi sul
ufro metad problematuri xdeba umuSevrobis zrda, dasaqmebis struqturuli
da regionuli disproporciebis gaRrmaveba, kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis qveynis
farglebs gareT gadineba, mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis Semcireba. es
problemebi udides gavlenas axdens qveynis ara marto ekonomikur, aramed
socialur-politikur ganviTarebaze da zogjer socialuri afeTqebis
ganmapirobebel umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens.
umuSevrobas sazogadoeba miyavs arsebuli resursebis arasrul gamoyenebamde,
erovnuli Semosavlis moculobis Semcirebamde, umuSevarTa profesiul-
kvalificiuri donis daqveiTebamde. sabolood, rogorc j. gelbreiTi aRniSnavs
“samuSao Zalis raodenobaSi umuSevarTa procentuli zrda, ekonomikuri
sistemis moSlilobis xarisxis maCvenebelia”.
erovnuli ekonomikis doneze umuSevrobis uaryofiTi Sedegi gamoixateba
warmoebis masStabebis SemcirebiT. kavSiri umuSevrobis faqtobriv donesa da
mTliani Sida produqtis moculobis Semcirebas Soris Cans e.w. oukenis kanoniT.
misi arsi isaa, rom umuSevrobis faqtobrivi donis erTi procentiT mateba
iwvevs mTliani Sida produqtis 2.0%-2.5%-iT Semcirebas. rac SeiZleba
warmovidginoT Semdegi formulis saxiT:
51
 Y*=Y/[1-β(U-U*)] an (Y -Y*)/Y=-β(U-U*)
sadac Y*- potenciuri mTliani Sida produqtis moculobaa anu mSp-is moculoba
sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi;
Y - nominaluri mTliani Sida produqtis moculobaa saangariSo periodSi;
U-umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done:
U*-umuSevrobis bunebrivi done. ekonomikuri danakargebis gaangariSebisas.
ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi, umuSevrobis bunebriv doned aiReba
5.0-7.0%;
β-oukenis koeficienti (2.0%-2.5%).
umuSevrobis negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegi warmoebis Semcirebis garda
aris:
 sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semcireba;
 umuSevrebisaTvis Semweobebis xarjebis gadideba;
 kvalifikaciis daqveiTeba;
 umuSevrebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis cxovrebis donis daqveiTeba;
 miRebuli ganaTlebis Sedegebis gaufasureba.
miuxedavad amisa, umuSevrobis, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri movlenis
ganxilva ar SeiZleba mxolod negatiuri TvalsazrisiT. upirveles yovlisa,
unda aRiniSnos, rom umuSevroba uzrunelyofs e.w. ,,samuSao Zalis rezervis”
formirebas, rac ekonomikas garkveuli ,,manevrirebis” SesaZlebloba aZlevs
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobis cvlilebisas.
garda amisa, umuSevrobis arseboba xels uwyobs momuSaveebs Soris konkurenciis
gaZlierebas, dasaqmebulebi ufro metad ufrTxildebian sakuTar samuSao
adgilebs, cdiloben ganuwyvetlad aimaRlon kvalifikacia, moergon warmoebis
cvalebad teqnologiur pirobebs da warmoebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis
miRwevebis danergvas. yovelive es xels uwyobs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas,
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas. amasTan, umuSevrobas CamoTvlili dadebiT
mxareebze saubari SeiZleba mxolod maSin, rodesac misi faqtobrivi done
sazogadoebrivad dasaSveb_,,bunebriv dones” uaxlovdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxveaSi,
masobrivi umuSevroba, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi didi xnis manZlze grZeldeba
damangrevelad moqmedebs ekonomikis funqcionirebaze.
umuSevrobis Sedegebis analizisas aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba mis
socialur Sedegebs, romlebic Znelad eqvemdebarebian raodenobriv Sefasebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom umuSevrobis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebis gamijvna
pirobiTi xasiaTis matarebelia, isini mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
magaliTad, umuSevrobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes socialur Sedegs warmoadgens
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri diferenciaciis gaRrmaveba. es ganpirobe-
bulia imiT, rom umuSevroba, umuSevarTa da misi ojaxis wevrebis Semosavlebis
mkveTr Semcirebas iwvevs, rac maTi cxovrebis donis daqveiTebasTan erTad
ganapirobebs socialuri statusis Secvlasac. problema erTnairad mtkivneulia
rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT Cndeba ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi.
umuSevrobis uaryofiTi socialuri Sedegi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi xdeba
grZelvadiani anu qronikuli umuSevrobis pirobebSi. am dros xdeba dausaqme-

52
belTa kvalifikaciis nawilobrivi an sruli daqveiTeba (dekvalifikacias), rac
SeiZleba aisaxos SemdegSi:
_adamians, romelic didi xnis manZilze moklebulia muSaobis
SesaZleblobebs, bunebrivia, uqveiTddeba SromiTi unar-Cvevebi. mas TandaTanobiT
uqreba interesi adrindeli profesiis mimarT, radganac mecnierul-teqnikuri
progresi, aseve gardamavali ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zireuli
cvlilebebi adre SeZenili codnis moZvelebas iwvevs. maSinac ki, rodesac
umuSevari sakuTari profesiiT ipovis samuSaos xangZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg, mas
uwevs garkveuli danaxarjebis gaReba kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad. amasTan, axal
samuSao adgilze adaptirebisas gardauvalia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis da, aqedan
gamomdinare, warmoebis efeqtianobis Semcireba.
_im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac umuSevars Sromis bazris koniunqturis
cvlilebidan gamomdinare uxdeba profesiisa da specialobis Secvla, rogorc
ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri xasiaTis danakargebi mniSvnelovania, radgan axali
profesiis aTviseba moiTxovs sakmod did drosa da finansur danaxarjebs.
_qronikuli umuSevroba sazogadoebaSi kriminogenuli situaciis
gamwvavebisaTvis noyier niadags qmnis. statistikuri monacemebi adastureben, rom
narkomaniis, sxvadasxva saxis kanondarRvevebis SemTxvevebi, umetesad, swored
dausaqmebel mosaxleobaze modis.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. raSi mdgomareobs umuSevrobis arsi da vin SeiZleba CaiTvalos umuSevrad?

2. umuSevrobis ramdeni saxe arsebobs da ras niSnavs umuSevrobis bunebrivi
done?
3. raSi mdgomareobs dasaqmebis arsi da ZiriTadi principebi?
4. ras niSnavs sruli dasaqmeba da rodis aris misi miRweva SesaZlebeli?
5. daaxasiaTeT dasaqmebis Tanamedrove formebi.
6. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis raodenobis gansazRvris meTodologiuri midgomebi.
7. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis Sefasebis raodenobrivi maCvenebelebi.
8. daaxasiaTeT dasaqmebis Sefasebis maCvenebelTa sistema.
9. raSi mdgomareobs umuSevrobis negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegebi da rogor
SeiZleba misi raodenobrivi Sefaseba?
10. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis socialuri Sedegebi.

53
 danarTi #1
samuSao Zalis statistika
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri www.geostat.ge

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri awarmoebs samuSao Zalis

statistikas Sinameurneobebis intergirebuli gamokvlevissafuZvelze. gamokvleva
mimdinareobs yovelkvartalurad, romlis drosac xorcieldeba daaxloebiT
3400 Sinameurneobis 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis wevrebis gamokiTxva, garda:
1.im pirebisa, romlebic ar imyofebian SinameurneobaSi 12 Tvis dameti periodis
ganmavlobaSi;
2.samxedro pirebisa (wvevamdelebi da samxedro pirebi), romlebic cxovroben
yazarmebSi;
3.sapatimroebSi, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi, moxucTa TavSesafrebSi,
internatebSi da sxva instituciur dawesebulebebSi mcxovrebi pirebisa.

qveynis specifikidan gamomdinare, gaeros da Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis

rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT zeda asakobrivi zRvari ar aris dawesebuli,
radgan sapensio asakis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba sakmaod maRalia.

qvemoT mocemuli kriteriumebi da ganmartebebi ar aris dadgenili saqstatis

mier. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis Sefaseba
xorcieldeba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Sso) meTodologiis mixedviT.

ekonomikurad aqtiuri–15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic muSaobs an

sTavazobs Tavis Sromas im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad, romlebic
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaero) erovnuli angariSebis sistemaSi
erovnuli produqtis gansazRvris CarCoebSi xvdeba (dasaqmebuli da umuSevari
pirebi).

dasaqmebuli (daqiravebuli an TviTdasaqmebuli)–15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri,

romelic gamokiTxvis momentis wina 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda (sul mcire,
erTi saaTi mainc) Semosavlis (xelfasis, naturaluri Semosavlis, mogebis da
a.S.) miRebis mizniT, exmareboda usasyidlod sxva Sinameurneobis wevrebs, an
raime mizeziT ar imyofeboda samuSaoze, Tumca formalurad iricxeboda
momuSaved.

daqiravebuli–15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic saangariSo periodis

ganmavlobaSi asrulebda gansazRvrul samuSaos xelfasis an sxva saxis
anazRaurebis (fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT. agreTve, piri, romelsac aqvs
samuSao adgili, magram droebiT ar muSaobs Svebulebis, avadmyofobis, warmoebis
droebiT gaCerebis, samuSaodandroebiT daTxovnis an msgavsi mizezebis gamo.

TviTdasaqmebuli–mesakuTris saqmianoba saangariSo periodSi, mogebis an ojaxuri

Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT,agreTve ojaxur
sawarmoSi/meurneobaSi usasyidlod momuSave piri.

54
umuSevari–15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic ar muSaobda (erTi
saaTiTac ki) gamokiTxvis momentis wina 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi, eZebda samuSaos
bolo 4 kviraSi da mzad iyo muSaobis dasawyebad momavali 2 kviris
ganmavlobaSi.

ekonomikurad araaqtiuri–15 wlis da ufrosi asakis piri, romelic ar muSaobda

(erTi saaTiTac ki) gamokiTxvis momentis wina 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi da ar eZebda
samuSaos gamokiTxvis momentis wina 4 kviris ganmavlobaSi. agreTve piri,
romelic eZebda samuSaobs gamokiTxvis momentis wina 4 kviris ganmavlobaSi,
magram samuSaos moZebnis SemTxvevaSi ar iyo mzad muSaobis dasawyebad uaxloesi
2 kviris ganmavlobaSi.

umuSevrobis done–umuSevarTa procentuli wili ekonomikurad aqtiur

mosaxleobaSi.

dasaqmebulad iTvleba ara mxolod mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic daqiravebiT

dasaqmebulia kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da iRebs gasamrjelos xelfasis
saxiT, agreTve mosaxleobis is nawilic, romelic mogebis, Semosavlis (fuliT
an naturis saxiT) an sxva saxissargeblis miRebis mizniT eweva garkveul
saqmianobas.

TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba adamiani, romelic sakuTar sawarmoSi an sakuTar

meurneobaSi muSaobs da gaaCnia sakuTari Semosavali. Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis meTodologiis Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, rom adamiani CaiTvalos
dasaqmebulad, ar aris aucilebeli rom mas hqondes xangrZlivvadiani SromiTi
xelSekruleba an daqiravebuli iyos vinmes mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom
TviTdasaqmebulTa garkveuli nawilis socialuri mdgomareoba saxarbielo ar
aris da SesaZloa isini eZebdnen damatebiT sxva samsaxurs, zemoaRniSnuli
meTodologiis Tanaxmad, Tu adamiani sakuTari SromiT Semosavals iRebs is
dasaqmebulad unda CaiTvalos.

TviTdasaqmebulTa absoluturi umravlesoba dasaqmebulia soflad, sakuTar

fermerul (glexur) meurneobaSi. magaliTad, aqvs miwis nakveTi an hyavs
pirutyvi, romlidan miRebul produqcias iyenebs rogorc sakuTari
moxmarebisaTvis, aseve gasayidad.

SedarebisTvis moviyvanoT magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom adamiani muSaobs romelime

sawarmoSi SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mas didi
samuSao datvirTva ar aqvs, an sawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba mZimea,
SesaZlebelia dasaqmebulis Tviuri Semosavali daqiravebuli Sromidan Seadgendes
50 an 100 lars. miuxedavad xelfasis mcire odenobisa, bunebrivia rom es
adamiani dasaqmebulia. SesaZloa, adamiani, romelic cxovrobs soflad, ar aqvs
gaformebuli SromiTi xelSekruleba kerZo an iuridiul pirTan da Sesabamisad
ar iTvleba aravis mier daqiravebulad, hyavdes saqoneli, yiddes rZes, yvels da
a.S. da TveSi hqondes 200 lari Semosavali. aRniSnuli pirovneba ganixileba
dasaqmebulad, iseve rogorc daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli piri. Sesabamisad, Sromis
55
saerTaSoriso organizaciis meTodologiis Tanaxmad dasaqmebulad iTvleba
nebismieri piri, romelic eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas mogebis, Semosavlis
(fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT, miuxedavad Semosavlis odenobisa,
saqmianobis tipisa da xangrZlivobisa.

soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulebi, repetitorebi, kerZo taqsebis mepatroneebi,

sacalo vaWrobiT dakavebuli fizikuri pirebi da a.S. Tu gamokiTxvis momentis
wina Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi erTi saaTiT mainc muSaobdnen Semosavlis
(xelfasis, naturaluri Semosavlis, mogebis da a.S.) miRebis mizniT Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciis da Sesabamisad, saqstatis meTodologiis Tanaxmad
dasaqmebulad iTvlebian.

56
 Tavi 5. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura

5.1. Sromis bazris regulirebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

Sromis bazris bunebis Sesaxeb mecnierul kvlevas safuZveli Caeyara

klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis fuZemdeblebis a. smitis, d. rikardos, J. seis,
u. petis, f. kenes da sxvaTa SromebSi.
adam smiti (1723-1790) cnobili ingliseli ekonomisti, ekonomikuri
Teoriis klasikuri skolis fuZemdebeli, Tvlida, rom ekonomika erTiani
sistemaa da ekonomikaSi, iseve rogorc bunebaSi, moqmedebs obieqturi
ekonomikuri kanonebi. igi amtkicebda, rom adamianTa saqmianoba da maTi
miswrafebani ganisazRvreba piradi interesebiT. mxolod piradi interesebis
realizaciiT aRwevs adamiani keTildReobas. a. smitis SexedulebiT, Tavisufali
konkurenciis pirobebSi piradi interesebis realizacia xdeba “uxilavi xelis”
meSveobiT, rac uzrunvelyofs wonasworobasa da sazogadoebriv ganviTarebas,
indivindualuri da sazogadoebrivi faseulobebis Seqmnas. sabazro konkurenciis
meqanizmi mastimulirebel zemoqmedebas axdens rogorc mwarmoeblebze, ise
momxmareblebze. Tavisufali sabazro konkurencia aris ekonomikis mTavari
reguliatori. bazari gansazRvravs, aregulirebs da wyvets yvela ekonomikur
problemas. dasaqmebasTan mimarTebaSi es niSnavs, rom samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-
miwodebis dabalansebas da sruli dasaqmebis miRwevas uzrunvelyofs sabazro
meqanizmi. a. smiti akeTebs daskvnas Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi
dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifos Carevis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb.
SromiTi urTierTobebis ekonomikuri bunebis mecnierul kvlevas, ramac
Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova a. marSalis, a. pigus, d. bartonisa da d. breis
SromebSi, safuZveli Cauyara a. smitis SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriam. aRniSnuli
Teoriis Tanaxmad, saqonlis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba misi warmoebisaTvis
saWiro sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis danaxarjebiT.
a. marSali (1842-1924), kembrijis universitetis profesori, neoklasikuri
Teoriis fuZemdebeli, miiCnevda, rom wonasworoba Sromis bazarze anu
Sesabamisoba samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da masze moTxovnas Soris dakavSirebulia
xelfasis wonasworobiT ganakveTTan. a. marSali, iseve rogorc neoklasikuri
Teoriis sxva warmomadgenlebi, Tvlida, rom xelfasis maRali ganakveTi amcirebs
dasaqmebas da zrdis umuSevrobas. aRniSnulis dasabuTebisaTvis man gamoiyena
“Sromis zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Teoria”.
a. marSalis mowafem da Tanamoazrem, a. pigum (1877-1955) Tavis ZiriTad
naSromSi_`umuSevrobis Teoria~, Camoayaliba dasaqmebis klasikuri Teoriis
ZiriTadi debulebebi. umuSevrobis gamomwvevi mizezebis axsnisas man daasabuTa
Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom Sromis bazarze moqmedebs arasrulyofili konkurencia,
rac ganapirobebs Sromis fasis cvlilebas. misi azriT, xelfasis Semcirebas
SeuZlia dasaqmebis stimulireba. amitom a. pigu da misi mimdevrebi mouwodebdnen
profkavSirebs aqtiurad ar ebrZolaT xelfasis gadidebisaTvis, radgan es
umuSevrobis zrdis mizezi SeiZleba gamxdariyo.
dasaqmebis klasikur Teorias safuZvlad daedo ori ZiriTadi debuleba,
kerZod:

57
 SeuZlebelia iseTi situaciis arseboba, romlis drosac mTliani danaxarjebi
arasakmarisi iqneba sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi warmoebuli produqciis
SesaZenad;
 Tu mTliani danaxarjebi arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba warmoebuli produqciis
SesaZenad, sakmaod swrafad amoqmeddeba berketi fasi-xelfasi, ris Sedegadac
mTliani danaxarjebis Semcireba ar gamoiwvevs warmoebis realuri moculobis,
dasaqmebis da Semosavlebis Semcirebas.
klasikosebis aRniSnuli koncefcia nawilobriv dafuZnebulia J. b. seis
kanonze, romlis Tanaxmad miwodeba warmoSobs sakuTar moTxovnas. es debuleba
d. rikardomac gaiziara: `produqtebs yovelTvis produqtiT yiduloben, fuli
martooden saSualebaa, romliTac gacvla-gamocvla sruldeba~, amrigad, `yoveli
mwarmoebeli aucileblad xdeba an Tavis nawarmis momxmarebeli, an romelime sxva
mwarmoeblis produqtebis myidveli da momxmarebeli~.
J. b. seis kanonis moqmedebas arTulebs danazogebis faqtori. ar arsebobs
imis garantia, rom miRebuli fuladi Semosavlebi mTlianad daixarjeba. maTi
erTi nawili SesaZlebelia danazogebis saxiT iqnas warmodgenili da ar aisaxos
samomxmareblo moTxovnaSi. fuladi Semosavlebis nawilis dazogva iwvevs
moxmarebis ukmarisobas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba warmoebis done da izrdeba
umuSevroba. Tumca klasikosebis mtkicebiT, danazogebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
kapitaldabandebebze. am gziT moxdeba danazogebis kompensireba. amrigad, Tu
mewarmeebi ganaxorcieleben dazogvis sididis tol kapitaldabandebebs, moixsneba
warmoebis donis Semcirebisa da dasaqmebis problema. klasikosebis mtkicebiT,
kapitalizmis dros danazogisa da investiciebis tolobas uzrunvelyofs fulis
bazari. am SemTxvevaSi sargeblis ganakveTma unda SeZlos danazogebis gadatana
investiciebSi. rac ufro maRali iqneba sargeblis ganakveTi, miT ufro meti
iqneba danazogebis sidide.
klasikosebi sxva argumentebis gamoyenebiTac asabuTeben sruli dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobas sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. maTi mtkicebiT, produqciis
warmoebis done damokidebulia ara mxolod danaxarjebze, aramed produqciis
fasebis donezec. Tu sargeblis ganakveTs droebiT ar SeuZlia saojaxo
meurneobaTa danazogebisa da mewarmeTa investiciebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana,
erToblivi danaxarjebis nebismieri Semcireba kompensirebuli iqneba fasebis
donis proporciuli SemcirebiT. xangrZlivi umuSevrobis arseboba, mianiSnebs
imaze, Sromis bazarze moqmedi faqtorebi, uwinares yovlisa, saxelmwifo da
profesiuli kavSirebi, xels uSlian xelfasis elastikurobas.
klasikosTa SexedulebiT, sabazro regulirebis iseT berketebs, rogoricaa
sargeblis ganakveTis meryeoba, fasebisa da xelfasebis elastikuroba, sruli
dasaqmebis SenarCuneba SeuZlia. klasikosebi kapitalizms TviTregulirebad
ekonomikad miiCnevdnen, romelSic sruli dasaqmeba Cveulebrivi wesia,
kapitalizms SeuZlia `Tavisuflad ganviTardes” saxelmwifos yovelgvari Carevis
gareSe. klasikuri Teoria im daskvnamde midis, rom yvelaze ufro misaRebia
saxelmwifoebrivi Caurevlobis ekonomikuri politika.
Sromis bazris Teoriis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvilili Seitanes d.
bartonma, d. breim. r. jonsma. isini zogadi ekonomikuri wonasworobis Teoriis
safuZvelze Seecadnen, daemtkicebinaT, rom sabazro sistemas Seswevs unari,
uzrunvelyos samuSao Zalis sruli gamoyeneba (dasaqmeba) TviTregulirebis
58
gziT. amgvari sabazro wonasworobis idealuri modeli SeimuSava l. valrasma
sami tipis bazris (warmoebis saSualebebis, moxmarebis sagnebisa da sawarmoo
momsaxurebis) wonasworobis gantolebis saxiT. igi Tvlida, rom nebismier
SemTxvevaSi Sromis bazarze uzrunvelyofilia samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da
miwodebis wonasworoba.

sqema 5.1. Sromis bazarze wonasworobis aRdgenis klasikuri modeli.

sainteresoa wonasworobis aRdgenis sakiTxis ganxilva Sromis bazarze

klasikuri Teoriis mixedviT (sqema 5.1). sawyis mdgomareobaSi Sromis bazarze
arsebobs wonasworoba (E wertili), romelsac Seesabameba dasaqmebis,
produqciis moculobisa da fasebis gansazRvruli done. Tu samuSao Zalis
miwodeba gaizarda ΔL sididiT, masze adre arsebuli moTxovnis pirobebSi,
miwodebis axali S`S` mrudi gaivlis sawyisi SS mrudis qveviT da marjvniv
(sqema-1, I kvadrati). Sromis bazarze irRveva wonasworoba da warmoiSoba
umuSevroba. momuSaveebs Soris gaCndeba konkurencia samuSao adgilebisaTvis, rac
gamoiwvevs xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis Semcirebas ΔW/P sididiT, manam, vidre
yvela msurveli uzrunvelyofili ar iqneba samuSaoTi. axali wonasworoba
damyardeba E1 wertilSi.
dasaqmebis zrda ΔL sididiT Y(L) sawarmoo fuqnciis Sesabamisad gamoiwvevs
produqciis gamoSvebis zrdas ΔY sididiT (sqema-1, II kvadrati). Tu mimoqcevaSi
59
arsebuli fuladi masa mudmivia, maSin fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis Sesabamisad,
fasebi Semcirdeba ΔP sididiT (sqema1, III kvadrati).
produqciis gamoSvebis moculobis zrda, masze fasebis dacemis pirobebSi
SesaZlebelia, Tu warmoebis faqtorebis bazarze mcirdeba fasebi, xolo Sromis
bazarze xelfasis ganakveTi.
maSasadame, axali wonasworoba Sromis bazarze (E1 wertili) kvlav
gansazRvarvs xelfasis sabazro ganakveTs, dasaqmebas, warmoebis moculobas da
fasebis dones.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia klasikosebisa da neoklasikosebis
damsaxureba dasaqmebis, umuSevrobisa da Sromis bazris regulirebis Teoriis
ganviTarebaSi. maT mier Camoyalibebuli mniSvnelovani daskvnebi mokled SeiZleba
Semdegnairad gadmoices:
 sabazro sistemas aqvs TviTregulirebis unari. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
(stiqiuri ubedureba, omebi da sxva) wonasworoba Sromis bazarze droebiT
irRveva da SesaZlebelia umuSevrobis warmoSoba. SemdgomSi wonasworoba
aRdgeba da Sesabamisad, miiRweva sruli dasaqmebac;
 bazris regulireba xorcieldeba moqnili fasebis, xelfasebisa da
saprocento ganakveTis meSveobiT. regulatorebis elastikuroba
ganpirobebulia srulyofili konkurenciiT, xolo simyare _ misi
darRveviT;
 Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi, sabazro sisitemas aqvs Sromis-
unariani mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis unari, rac
Seesabameba Sromis bazris funqcionirebis normalur pirobebs;
 xangrZlivi umuSevrobis arseboba SeuZlebelia. Tuki umuSevroba mainc
warmoiSva, igi gamowveuli iqneba fasebis, xelfasis da saprocento
ganakveTis mouqneblobiT;
 saxelmwifo ar unda Caerios Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, radgan
amisaTvis ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli.
klasikur TeoriasTan erTad, Sromis bazris funqcionirebis principebis
Sesaxeb arsebul Sexedulebebze udidesi gavlena moaxdina k. marqsisa da T.
malTusis Teoriebma. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom maT kvlevebs gansxvavebuli
mecnieruli Rirebuleba aqvs. T. malTussa da mis mravalricxovan mimdevrebs
raime gansakuTrebuli Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi Sromis bazris
fuqncionirebis Sesaxeb ar SeuqmniaT. T. malTusi cdilobda umuSevrobis
socialuri urTierToebebis sferodan gamoyvanas da mas miawerda bunebrivi
urTierTobebis kerZo SemTxvevas. T. malTusi moixsenieba im mkvlevrTa Soris,
vinc pirvelma miuTiTa saarsebo minimumisa da xelfasis obieqturi
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
swavlobda ra kapitalis dagrovebas, k. marqsma Camoayaliba e.w.
`xalxTmosaxleobis kapitalisturi kanoni~. kanonis arsi gamoixateboda imaSi,
rom kapitalis dagrovebis procesSi moTxovna samuSao Zalaze da kapitalze
izrdeba. amasTan, samuSao Zalaze SefardebiTi moTxovna naklebi tempiT izrdeba
kapitalze moTxovnasTan SedarebiT. erTi mxriv, amaSi gamoixateba sazogadoebrivi
Sromis nayofierebis zrda, roca kapitalis mzardi masis moZraobaSi mosayvanad
saWiro xdeba momuSaveTa naklebi ricxovnoba, xolo meore mxriv, am kanonis
zemoqmedebis socialuri Sedegia Sromis sarezervo anu umuSevarTa armiis zrda.
60
k. marqsis azriT, kapitalizms ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmeba, xolo kapitalis dagroveba ganuwyvetliv zrdis
umuSevrobas. k. marqsis TeoriaSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli:
 samuSao Zalis moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris SesaZlo Sesabamisobis
miRweva;
 umuSevrobis zrdis sazRvrebi da perspeqtivaSi yvela Sromisunarianis
umuSevrobis daSveba;
 saxelmwifos roli Sromis bazris regulirebaSi.
dasaqmebis problemebis axleburi axsna mocemulia cnobili ingliseli
ekonomistis j. m. keinzis naSromSi“dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi
Teoria” (1936 w.). j. m. keinzis Teoriis Tanaxmad, kapitalizmis dros ar
arsebobs araviTari meqanizmi, romelic sruli dasaqmebis garantias iZleva.
sruli dasaqmeba ufro SemTxveviTia, vidre kanonzomieri. kapitalizmi ar aris
TviTregulirebadi sistema.
keinzis Teoria, upirveles yovlisa, uaryofs seis kanons. mas metad saeWvod
miaCnia debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, sargeblis ganakveTi SesabamisobaSia mewarmeTa
sainvesticio gegmebTan. keinzianelebis mtkicebiT, sargeblis ganakveTis gadideba
ar iwvevs investiciebis zrdas, radgan igi ganapirobebs moxmarebis Semcirebas da
am pirobebSi azri ekargeba sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebas. es imiT
aixsneba, rom danazogebisa da investiciebis ganmaxorcielebel subieqtebs
gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. danazogebis zrdas astimulirebs:
gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebisaTvis rezervis Seqmna;
ojaxis wevrebis uzrunvelyofa moxucebulobis asakSi da sxva SemTxvevebSi
maTze zrunva;
 sargeblis miReba;
 momavalSi mosalodneli xarjebis gadideba;
 memkvidreebisaTvis qonebis datoveba da a.S.
sainvesticio xarjebze mewarmeTa motivacia ufro rTulia. masze
zemoqmedebs aRebuli sesxis sargeblis ganakveTi, aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria
mogebis norma, romelic gansazRvravs investiciis sidides.
keinzianelebi gamoricxaven fasebisa da xelfasebis elastikurobis
saSualebiT umuSevrobis aRmofxvras. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis dros ar
arsebobs srulyofili konkurencia, ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia
arasrulyofil konkurencias, romelic xels uSlis fasebisa da xelfasebis
Semcirebis tendencias. srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, fasebisa da
xelfasebis Semcireba makro doneze da misgan gamomdinare, saerTo danaxarjebis
Semcireba ar gamoiwvevs umuSevrobis donis dacemas. is, rac sasargebloa mikro
doneze, SeiZleba saziano aRmoCndes makro doneze. xelfasis Semcireba mikro
doneze xels uwyobs calkeul sawarmoebSi dasaqmebis zrdas, magram mTlianad
ekonomikaSi gamoiwvevs Semosavlebis Semcirebas. es ukanaskneli uaryofiTad
imoqmedebs gadaxdisunarian moTxovnaze, rac Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba miwodebis
Semcirebasa da umuSevrobis donis amaRlebaSi.
dasaqmebis keinzianuri Teoria mcdarad miiCnevs klasikosebis Sexedulebas
fulis bazris Sesaxeb. klasikosebis mtkicebiT investiciebis dafinansebis
erTaderTi wyaroa mimdinare anabrebi. keinzianuri Teoriis mixedviT arsebobs
dafinansebis sxva wyaroebic_mosaxleobaSi arsebuli naRdi fuli da sakredito
61
dawesebulebebi. ase, rom danazogebisa da investiciebis moculoba ar Seesabameba
erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikaSi warmoebis, Semosavlebis, dasaqmebis da
fasebis meryeobas.
keinzis Teoriis Tanaxmad, danazogebis zrdis xarjze moxmarebis Semcireba
amcirebs investiciebs, moTxovnas saqonelze, maT Soris samuSao Zalaze,
amuxruWebs warmoebis ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, uaresdeba dasaqmebis done.
yvela aRniSnuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze sistematurad icvleba
ganapirobebs warmoebis dacemas an aRmavlobas. saxelmwifos mTavari amocanaa
ekonomikuri berketebis (saprocento ganakveTi, krediti, investicia, gadasaxadebi,
fasebi da sxv.) gamoyenebiT ar dauSvas warmoebis dacema krizisis donemde da
arc ekonomikis uzomo aRmavloba, radgan aseTi aRmavlobis Semdeg SeiniSneba
mkveTri dacema, romelsac Tan sdevs maRali inflacia da umuSevroba.
j. m. keinzis ZiriTadi daskvna dasasaqmebasa da umuSevrobasTan mimarTebaSi
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegi debulebebis saxiT:
 sabazro ekonomika ar warmoadgens TviTregulirebad sistemas, erToblivi
moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobis miRwevis pirobebSic SesaZlebelia
umuSevrobisa da inflaciis garkveuli doniT arseboba;
 moklevadian periodSi fasebi da xelfasis ganakveTi araelastikuria, isini
ar warmoadgenen ekonomikis regulatorebs da ver aRadgenen srul
dasaqmebas. maTi simyare aixsneba bazarze arsebuli konkurenciiT da
monopoliebis arsebobiT, xolo Sromis bazarze profkavSirebis
zegavleniT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian xelfasis ganakveTis Semcirebas;
 sabazro sistemaSi sasurvelia sruli dasaqmebis miRweva, rac ar
gulisxmobs Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 100%iT CarTvas warmoebaSi.
sruli dasaqmeba, es aris praqtikulad maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli
dasaqmeba, rac Seesabameba Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 96 - 97%is CarTvas
SromiT saqmianobaSi.
sabazro ekonomikaSi ar arsebobs meqanizmi, romelic avtomaturad
uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebas yvela pirobebSi. ase, rom erToblivi moTxovnisa
da erToblivi miwodebis wonasworobis SemTxvevaSic realuri dasaqmeba SeiZleba
iyos srul dasaqmebaze naklebi, xolo warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis
(mSp) moculoba potenciurze naklebi;
 aucilebelia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos sistematuri Careva sruli
dasaqmebisa da potenciuri mTliani Sida produqtis misaRwevad, romelsac
bazari damoukideblad ver uzrunvelyofs;
 Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis done erToblivi
danaxarjebis donis pirdapirproporciulia. saxelmwifom, pirvel rigSi,
zegavlena unda moaxdinos erToblivi danaxarjebis mTavar komponentebze
(piradi moxmareba, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, investiciebi, wminda eqsporti).
keinzisa da misi mimdevrebis koncefciebi gamoiyena bevrma qveyanam.
magaliTad, 1944 wlis maisSi didi britaneTis koaliciurma mTavrobam SeimuSava
dasaqmebis politikis programa. am dokumentSi aisaxa ekonomikis saxelmwifo
regulirebis ZiriTadi principi, romelic sxva qveynebzec vrceldeboda da
gansazRvravda e.w. “samrewvelo politikas”. umuSevrobis donis Sesamcireblad,
saWirod CaiTvala ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis mizniT erToblivi
62
moTxovnis stimulireba. ekonomikur zrdas erToblivi moTxovnis saxelmwifo
stimulirebis safuZvelze garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva, magram, meore
mxriv, sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sameurneo meqanizmis Siga winaaRmdegobebis zrda
gamoiwvia, rac mZlavri inflaciuri afeTqebis mizezi gaxda.
1974-1975 wlebis ekonomikurma krizisma daadastura, rom. j. m. keinzis
Teoriis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebiT sabazro ekonomikis
regulireba araefeqtiani gaxda. keinzianuri Teoria gaakritikes monetaristebma
(m. fridmani, i. fiSeri da sxv.). keinzianuri da monetaristuli Sexedulebebi
arsebiTad scildebian erTmaneTs ekonomikis Sinagani stabilurobis sakiTxebSi da
saxelmwifos rolTan dakavSirebiT.
monetaristuli midgomis Tanaxmad, sabazro konkurenciis sistema
uzrunvelyofs makroekonomikuri stabilurobis maRal dones. monetarizmis
ideuri fesvebi klasikur ekonomikur Teoriamde midis. sabazro sistemas, Tuki
igi ar ganicdis saxelmwifos Carevas ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi, aqvs unari,
uzrunvelyos makroekonomikuri stabiluroba. monetaristebis TvalsazrisiT,
ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos Careva keTili zraxvebis miuxedavad,
xels uSlis makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebas. xelfasis minimaluri
ganakveTis sakanonmdeblo wesiT uzrunvelyofa, profesiuli kavSirebis
saqmianoba, soflis meurneobis produqtebze dabali fasebis SenarCuneba,
proteqcionistuli politika da sxva RonisZiebebi aZlierebs fasebisa da
xelfasebis mouqnelobas.
amgvarad, saxelmwifo regulirebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT ekonomikuri
procesebis marTvis Teoria Seicvala monetaristebisa da e.w. “miwodebis
ekonomikis” mimdevrebis TeoriiT. monetaristebis ZiriTadi debulebebi dasaqmebis
problemebis Sesaxeb Semdegia:
 Sromis bazris funqcionirebis pirobebi qmnis umuSevrobis bunebriv dones,
romelic Seesabameba praqtikulad miRwevad dasaqmebas (94-95%);
 Sromis bazarze xangrZlivi da myari wonasworoba miiRweva umuSevrobis
bunebrivi donis pirobebSi. amasTan, inflaciis tempi SeiZleba iyos
nebismieri;
 grZelvadian periodSi ekonomikaze saxelmwifo zemoqmedebis araviTar
RonisZiebas ar SeuZlia, Seamciros umuSevrobis bunebrivi done;
 moklevadian periodSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia Seamciros umuSevroba
bunebriv doneze metad, inflaciis inicirebis safuZvelze, Tumca yoveli
Semdgomi mcdeloba naklebad efeqtiani xdeba, radgan dakavSirebulia
inflaciis maRal tempebTan;
 saxelmwifo ar unda Caerios Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, Tu
umuSevroba ar aRemateba bunebriv dones. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis
araswori politikis Sedegad viTardeba stagflacia_umuSevrobisa da
inflaciis erToblivi zrda.
ganxiluli Teoriebis garda, arsebobs Teoriuli mimdinareobebi, romlebic
gansxvavebulia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolTan mimarTebaSi–dawyebuli
absoluturad yvela sferos regulirebidan (socialisturi), damTavrebuli
sruli CaurevlobiT (libertalisturi).
ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtikam daadastura, rom rodesac
umuSevroba aRemateba bunebriv dones, maSin aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos
63
Careva Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, romlis saqmianobac unda warimarTos ori
ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: umuSevrobis donisa da xangrZlivobis regulireba da
umuSevarTa socialuri dacva. pirveli mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos amocanaa
umuSevrobis bunebriv donemde Semcireba. saxelmwifom unda gamoiyenos
ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis iseTi meTodebi, romlebic inflaciasTan mimarTebaSi
arian neitralurni an iwveven minimalur inflaciur Sedegs. savsebiT
gamarTlebulia saxelmwifos Careva Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, roca xels
uwyobs profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sistemis srulyofas, Sromis
bazris infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, afinansebs umuSevrobis problemebis
kvlevas, astimulriebs axali teqnologiebis danergvas damatebiTi samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT, awesebs SeRavaTian gadasaxadebs mcire biznesisaTvis da
a.S. karg Sedegebs iZleva dasaqmebis regionuli da mosaxleobis socialurad
daucveli jgufebis dasaqmebis miznobrivi programebis ganxorcieleba.
umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifos
moeTxoveba sifrTxile da windaxeduloba socialuri dacvis RonisZiebebis,
daxmarebis odenobis dadgenisa da ganawilebis meTodebis SemuSavebisas.
socialuri politika maSin iZleva realur Sedegs, roca efuZneba ekonomikis
realur SesaZleblobebs.

5.2.Sromis bazris regulirebis aqtiuri da pasiuri politika

Sromis bazris regulirebis politikis prioritetul mimarTulebas

adamianuri resursebis sruli da efeqtiani dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa
warmoadgens. amasTan, saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli, ZiriTadad,
gamoixateba dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis ganxorcielebaSi da pasiuri
politikis RonisZiebebis minimumamde SemcirebaSi. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis
upiratesoba aRiarebulia civilizebuli qveynebis mravalwliani gamocdilebiT,
radgan igi stimuls aZlevs mosaxleobis yvela socialurdemografiul jgufs
Sromis bazarze aqtiuri moqmedebisaTvis, xels uwyobs kadrebis
momzadebagadamzadebisa da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis sistemis gaumjobesebas.
dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis ganxorcielebas safuZvlad udevs dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo, regionaluri da miznobrivi programebis SemuSaveba, sadac
ganisazRvreba dasaqmebisa da kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadebis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis qmediTi meqanizmi.
dasaqmebis aqtiuri politika saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli organizaciuli,
samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis sistemaa, romelic mimarTulia
samuSao Zalis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisa da SromiTi saqmianobis sferos
gafarToebisaken, umuSevrobis Semcirebisa da efeqtiani dasaqmebis zrdisaken.
mimdinare periodSi dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis mizania iZulebiTi
umuSevrobis gamomwvevi realuri mizezebis aRmofxvra da realuri umuSevrobis
bunebriv donemde Semcireba, dasaqmebis efeqtianobis zrda.
dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis amocanebia:
 Sromis bazris struqturis srulyofa;
 samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodebis optimaluri Tanafardobis miRweva;
 dasaqmebis samsaxurebis funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba.
64
 perspeqtivaSi dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis mizani siRaribis donis
Semcireba, SromiTi cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba da, saboloo angariSiT,
cxovrebis donis amaRlebaa. aRniSnuli politikis amocanebi icvleba qveynis
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.
dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis farglebSi gansaxorcielebeli samuSaoebi
saWiroebs koordinirebas da efeqtian menejments. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo
politikis realizacias axorcieleben dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebi
rogorc mTlianad qveynis, aseve regionebis masStabiT. calkeul qveynebSi
dasaqmebis samsaxurebi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT (dasaqmebis saagento, Sromis
birJa, dasaqmebis samsaxuri da sxv.) funqcionireben da uzrunvelyofen Semdegi
specifikuri funqciebis Sesrulebas:
I. analitikuri funqcia:
- Sromis erovnuli da regionuli bazrebis koniunqturis Seswavla da
prognozireba;
- Sromis bazris tevadobisa da struqturis cvlilebis analizi da
prognozi;
- ekonomikuri, samecniero-teqnikuri, demografiuli, socialuri, ekologiu-
ri, sakanonmdeblo da sxva faqtorebis cvlilebis analizi;
- dasaqmebis dinamikis Seswavla;
- damsaqmeblis qcevis motivaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis Seswavla;
- erovnuli ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofa da
masze moTxovnis cvlilebis tendenciebis gansazRvra;
- arsebuli samuSao adgilebis struqturis, maTi xarisxobrivi
maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla;
- regionis samuSao Zalis konkurentunarianobis Seswavla da prognozi;
- samuSao Zalis fasze moqmedi faqtorebis analizi;
- qveyanaSi (regionebSi) SromiTi migraciis mizezebis analizi da sxv.
II. marTvis funqciebi:
- samuSao Zalis marketingis marTvis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa;
- samuSao Zalis marketingis strategiuli da operatiuli dagegmva;
- dasaqmebis sferoSi socialur partniorebs Soris saqmiani urTierTobebis
ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;
- Sromis bazarze marketinguli saqmianobis meToduri uzrunvelyofa;
- Sromis bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT profesiuli momzadebis
sistemis srulyofis xelSewyoba da a.S.
dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis farglebSi gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi
efuZneba Sromis bazarze realurad arsebul mdgomareobis Sefasebas da mimdinare
procesebze sistematuri dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebul daskvnebs. aRniSnulis
uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba Sromis bazris kvlevis da monitoringis gziT.
Sromis bazris kvleva miznad unda isaxavdes samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da
mosaxleobis SromiTi orientaciis Seswavlis safuZvelze maTi dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebis dadgenasa da rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas, rac aucilebelia
dasaqmebaSi xelSewyobis konkretuli programebis mosamzadeblad. rig qveynebSi
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis monitoringis, mewarmeTa sociologiuri
gamokiTxvis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi,
prioritetuli mimarTulebebi da makroekonomikur Tu regionul doneze
65
gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
monitoringiT dgindeba is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis doneze.
Seiswavleba ojaxis Semosavlebis struqtura da wyaroebi, mosaxleobis
sainvesticio ganwyoba da molodini, biznesis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli
faqtorebi da a.S.
Sromis bazris kvlevis mimarTulebebidan ZiriTadia samuSao Zalaze
damqiravebelTa moTxovnis Seswavla. misi mizania samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebisa da winapirobebis gansazRvra, im moTxovnebis dadgena, rasac
damqiraveblebi ayeneben potenciuri momuSaveebis winaSe. aRniSnulTan erTad,
kvlevis procesSi vlindeba mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSemSleli faqtorebi,
maTi daZlevis ZiriTadi gzebi da saSualebebi.
Sromis bazris sistematuri kvleva da monitoringi mimarTulia
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis TviTdasaqmebisa da samewarmeo iniciativebis
mxardaWerisaken. efeqtiani TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyobis mizniT ganisazRvreba
mcire da saojaxo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, xorcieldeba samewarmeo
saqmianobis msurvelTa sameurneo iniciativebis finansuri, teqnikuri da
sakonsultacio mxardaWera.
dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis paralelurad saxelmwifo axorcielebs
pasiuri politikas _ umuSevari mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis mizniT
konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas. erT-erT aseT RonisZiebas miekuTvneba
umuSevrebze Semweobis gacema. Semweobis odenoba da gacemis xangrZlivoba
ukavSirdeba iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa: xelfasis sidide, umuSevarTa asaki
da samuSao staJi. Semweobis gacema droebiTi xasiaTis RonisZiebaa da ar
amcirebs umuSevarTa da samuSaos maZiebelTa SromiTi motivaciis xarisxs.

5.3. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura

Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc sxva bazrebi, funqcionirebs garkveul socialur-

ekonomikur garemoSi. bunebrivia, rom civilizebuli Sromis bazris
damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia misi bunebis adeqvaturi infrastruqturis Seqmna.
Sromis bazris infrastruqtura warmoadgens normatiul–samarTlebriv garemos,
romelic uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris efeqtian funqcionirebas. igi moicavs:
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs, dasaqmebis xelSewyobis arasaxelmwifo
struqturebs, sxvadasxva firmebisa da sawarmoebis personalis marTvis
samsaxurebs, sazogadoebriv organizaciebsa da fondebs. maTgan dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs miakuTvneben: dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurs,
Sromis birJas, samuSao adgilebis banks, dasaqmebis saxemwifo saagentos,
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo programebs, dasaqmebis sainformacio centrs da sxva.
xolo kerZo struqturebSi ZiriTadad moiazreba dasaqmebis kerZo saagentoebi,
personalis daqiravebis saSuamavlo kompaniebi da konsaltinguri centrebi,
personalis marTvis profesionaluri infrastruqtura da sxva.
Sromis bazris ganviTarebis xarisxi, misi civilizebuloba damokidebulia
ara marto imaze, Tu ramdenadaa Camoyalibebuli misi infrastrutura, aramed
imaze, Tu rogor asrulebs igi Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs. rogorc cnobilia,
66
Sromis bazris mTavari socialur-ekonomikuri funqciaa efeqtiani dasaqmebis
miRweva, romlis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovania misi infrastruqturis roli.
konkretulad, Sromis bazris infrastruturam unda Seasrulos Semdegi
funqciebi:
- SromiTi Suamavloba. igi gulisxmobs damsaqmeblebisa da dasaqmebulebis
interesebis optimalur SeTanawyobas Sromis anazRaurebis, Sromis pirobebis,
muSaobis reJimis, momzadebisa da gadamzadebis pirobebsa da sxva mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli funqciis warmatebiT realizacia moiTxovs
socialuri partniorobis sistemis formirebasa da koleqtiuri molaparakebebis
sistemis damkvidrebas socialur-SromiTi urTierTobebis subieqtebs
(saxelmwifo, profkavSirebi, mewarmeTa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis
gaerTianebebi, damqiravebeli, daqiravebuli momuSave) Soris;
- dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevrebis profesiuli momzadeba-gadamzadeba;
- samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da SenarCuneba;
- mosaxleobis inforamaciuli uzrunvelyofa.
sabazro infrastruqturis rTul da urTierTdakavSirebul kompleqsSi
Sromis bazris infrastruqtura Zalze specifikuria. swored Sromis bazris
infrastruqturas, rogorc SromiTi mowyobis institutebisa da maregulirebeli
meqanizmebis sistemas (ix. sqema 5.3-1) SeuZlia Seqmnas Sromis bazarze moTxovna-
miwodebas Soris efeqtiani zemoqmdebisaTvis ekonomikurad xelsayreli pirobebi.

67
 sqema5.3-1
Sromis bazris infrastruqturis ZiriTadi elementebi da Siga da gare
kavSirebi maT Soris

68
 5.4.Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis
etapebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi civilizebuli Sromis bazrisa da misi Sesatyvisi

infrastruqturis formireba 1990 wlebidan daiwyo. miuxedavad xanmokle
periodisa, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebis muSaobaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba
ramdenime etapi gamoiyos.
pirvel etapze (1991-1993ww.) daiwyo sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba. am
mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani iyo 1991 wlis 25 ivliss miRebuli kanoni
“dasaqmebis Sesaxeb”, romelmac gansazRvra saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dasaqmebis
politikis da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis ekonomikuri, organizaciuli da
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis bazris infrastruqturis
formirebis TvalsazrisiT swori orientacia iyo aRebuli, radgan dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo politikis prioritetul mimarTulebebad miCneuli iqna:
- moqalaqeTa SromiTi iniciativis mxardaWera da waxaliseba;
- umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis uzrunvel yofa;
- moqalaqis dasaqmebisaTvis xelSewyoba, umuSevrobis donis maqsimaluri
Semcireba;
- dasaqmebis sferoSi da socialur-ekonomikuri politikis sxva
mimarTulebiT gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa koordinacia.
zemoaRniSnuli kanonisa (muxli 12) da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier
miRebuli saTanado dadgenilebis safuZvelze5 ganisazRvra Sromis bazris
infrastruqturis ZiriTadi subieqtebi da dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo
politikis ganmsazRvreli da maregulirebeli organoebi. kerZod, Sromis,
socialuri dacvisa da demografiis saministrosTan Seiqmna dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo samsaxuri _ dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis, Sromis
saxelmwifo birJis, umuSevarTa profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis
sistemis saxiT. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurs daevala mosaxleobis
dasaqmebisa da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis saTanado programebis SemuSaveba da
realizacia.
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris saqmianobis meore etapi (1994 wlidan
1998 wlis pirveli naxevari), faqtobrivad kvlav mosaxleobis socialuri
dacvisa da daxmarebebis sistemis sakanonmdeblo bazis formirebiT Semoifargla.
zogierTma dadgenilebam SezRuda dasaqmebis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
6
socialuri mxardaWeris sistema , magram dasaqmebis politika ZiriTadad mainc
pasiuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebs moicavda. magaliTad, 1994 wlis dasawyisidan
seqtembris CaTvliT Semweoba daeniSna 10 aTasamde umuSevars. 1997 wlidan
daiwyo ojaxuri daxmarebebis gacema7 da amave wels Semweobis mimReb umuSevarTa
raodenobam 20.5 aTas kacs miaRwia.

5saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba `mosaxleobis dasaqmebis socialuri garantiebis

Sesaxeb~ #19, 1991w.
6saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis dadgenileba 634, `saqarTvelos
respublikaSi faswarmoqmnisa da safinanso sistemis radikaluri reformis, mosaxleobis
socialuri dacvis gadaudebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb. 1993 wlis 5 seqtemberi.
7saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #184 “socialuri (ojaxuri) daxmarebis

Sesaxeb”, 1996wlis 25 dekemberi;

69
 dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurs, Tavisi saqmianobis meore etapze,
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis xelSewyobis mimarTulebiT, rac misi mTavari funqciaa,
raime qmediTi RonisZieba ar gautarebia. aRniSnul etapze dasaqmebis erTiani
saxelmwifo fondis mier ganxorcielda ramdenime RonisZieba, rac gamoixata
umuSevarTa gadamzadebaSi, invalidTa ojaxebisaTvis daxmarebis gacemaSi.
mesame etapze (1998-1999ww.) dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi,
dasaqmebis departamenti da profesiuli orientaciisa da momzadeba gadamzadebis
centri gaerTianda dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis bazaze. qalaqebsa da
raionebSi Seiqmna dasaqmebis centrebi. reorganizacia miznad isaxavda dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo politikis calkeuli mimarTulebebis koordinacias da dasaqmebis
problemebis gadawyvetas erTiani midgomis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia, rom
dasaqmebis erTianma saxelmwifo fondma Tavisi saqmianobis priorotetul
mimarTulebad dasaxa dargobriv uwyebebTan urTierToba, raTa SesaZlebeli
gamxdariyo dargis ganviTarebis adeqvaturad dasaqmebis procesebis prognozireba,
konkretul profesiebze moTxovnis gansazRvra, umuSevarTa gadamzadeba Semdgomi
dasaqmebis perspeqtiviT da sxv. axalma samsaxurma wina planze wamowia
statistikuri informaciis mopovebis, sistematizaciisa da analitikuri
damuSavebis sakiTxebi. Aam mizniT Seiqmna statistikuri kvlevisa da
monitoringis ganyofilebebi. ramdenadme mowesrigda da SedarebiT srulyofili
gaxda registrirebul umuSevarTa Sesaxeb informacia. gamoikveTa umuSevarTa
Semadgenloba asakis, ganaTlebis, profesiis, umuSevrobis xangrZlivobis
mixedviT, informacia vakansiebis Sesaxeb erovnuli meurneobis dargebis,
sakuTrebis formebis da profesiebis mixedviT. aRniSnulma informaciam aCvena
aSkara disbalansi Sromis bazarze arsebul moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris,
rogorc raodenobriv, aseve profesiul-kvalificiur WrilSi. umuSevrobis
problemebis daZlevisa da dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis realizaciis mizniT
aRniSnul etapze pirvelad damuSavda dasaqmebis xelSewyobis programa
turizmisa da kurortebis sferoSi da ganxorcielda axalgazrda umuSevarTa
gadamzadeba.
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris saqmianobis meoTxe etapze Camoyalibda
dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis axali struqtura da misi saqmianobis
ZiriTad principad iqca miznobriv programul dafinansebaze gadasvla. daixvewa
miznobrivi dafinansebis wesi, amaRlda struqturuli qvedanayofebis
pasuxismgebloba. fondis saqmianobis umTavres amocanad daisaxa umuSevarTa
socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba, xolo
grZelvadian periodSi stabiluri dasaqmebis miRweva. 2000 wlis meore
naxevridan aqtiurad daiwyo umuSevarTa momzadeba-gadamzadebis, droebiTi
dasaqmebis, TviTdasaqmebisa da samewarmeo iniciativis mxardaWeris programebis,
droebiTi samuSaoebis organizeba. magaliTad, 2000 wels SeirCa da
ganxorcielda droebiTi samuSaobis 178, xolo 2001 wels 13 proeqti9.
upiratesoba mieniWa sazRvrispira da maRalmTian regionebSi gansaxorcielebel
proeqtebs, rac udaod dadebiTi momenti iyo, radgan aRniSnul regionebSi axali

8 dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis angariSi 1991-2001 wlebSi gaweuli muSaobis

Sesaxeb, Tbilisi 2001w.
9 iqve gv.19.
70
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas gansakuTrebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da
politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs.
dasaqmebis samsaxuris saqmianobis mexuTe etapi ukavSirdeba 2001 wlis 28
seqtembers `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ axali kanonis miRebas, romelmac gansazRvra
dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis ekonomikuri, organizaciuli da
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. dasaqmebis sferos regulirebis saxelmwifo organod
aRiarebul iqna saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis
saministro. aRniSnuli kanonis 38-e muxlis Tanaxmad da saqarTvelos
prezidentis saTanado brZanebulebis safuZvelze likvidirebul iqna dasaqmebis
erTiani saxelmwifo fondi10 da Seiqmna sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri11, dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis
realizaciis xelSewyobisa da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis RonisZiebaTa
ganxorcielebis mizniT. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri saqmianobas warmarTavda
Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros kontroliT.
samsaxuris debulebiT sakmaod detalurad ganisazRvra misi miznebi, funqciebi
da saqmianobis sagani, mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda uflebamosilebis sfero.
daixvewa samsaxuris marTvis organizaciuli srtuqtura da
normatiulsamarTlebrivi baza, rasac xeli Seuwyo rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
miRebam da dasaqmebis sferoSi Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebis
ratificirebam.
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris reorganizaciis mimarTulebiT kidev erTi
nabiji gadaidga 2004 wlis bolosaTvis (meeqvse etapi). gauqmda dasaqmebis
samsaxuri da mis bazaze Seiqmna socialuri daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo saagento12, romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo dasaqmebisa da socialuri
dacvis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis realizacia da saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli socialuri daxmarebis RonisZiebebis gatareba.
gansakuTrebiT radikaluri gardaqmnebiT gamoirCeva saqarTvelos Sromis
bazris infrastruqturis formirebis Semdegi (meSvide) etapi. mTavrobis mier
aRebuli iqna kursi Sromis bazris TviTregulirebaze da saxelmwifos
Caurevlobaze. saqarTvelos axali Sromis kodeqsis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT
gauqmda kanonebi `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~, `koleqtiuri SromiTi davis mowesrigebis
wesis Sesaxeb~, `koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb~,13 gauqmda
`socialuri daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis saxelmwifi saagento~ da mis nacvlad
Seiqmna sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ `socialuri subsidiebis

10saqarTvelos kanoni `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ #1084, 2001wlis 28 seqtemberi.

saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #503 `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piris_dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis likvidaciis Sesaxeb~, 2001wlis 07
dekemberi.
11saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #63 “dasaqmebis sferoSi reformis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb”, 2001wlis 21 Tebervali; saqarTvelos prezidentis
brZanebuleba #402 `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris_dasaqmebis saxelmwifi
samsaxuris debulebis Sesaxeb~, 2002 wlia 13 seqtemberi.
12saqarTvelos kanoni #959 `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis

Setanis Sesaxeb. 2004wlis 29 dekemberi.

13saqarTvelos kanoni #3112, 25.05.2006w. `saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi~.
71
saagento~14. saagentos saqmianobas mTlianad akontrolebs saqarTvelos Sromis,
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro. am ukanasknelis kontrols
eqvemdebareba kidev erTi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ `saqarTvelos
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebeli centri~.
saministros mmarTvelobis sferos daeqvemdebara `janmrTelobisa da socialuri
programebis saagento~, xolo mis struqturul qvedanayofad Camoyalibda _
socialuri dacvis departamenti~15. departamentis saqmianobis ZiriTadi
amocanebia: socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo programebis SemuSaveba da maTi
ganxorcielebis monitoringi; socialur sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis
ganxorcielebis strategiuli gegmisa da meqanizmebis SemuSaveba; socialuri
dacvis sferoSi maregulirebeli aqtebis SemuSavebasrulyofa da sxv.
Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikaSi mniSvnelovani movlena
iyo aseve 2007 wlis dasaqmebis saxelmwifo programis16 damtkiceba (Sromis
bazris infrastruqturis ganviTarebis Semdegi merve etapi). programis
realizacia daevala saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros da
saministros saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebulebas turizmisa da kurortebis
departaments, saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan erTad. aRniSnuli miuTiTebs
imaze, rom Sesabamisi samTavrobo organoebis gadawyvetilebiT aRniSnul etapze
prioritetuli mniSvneloba eniWeba momsaxurebis sferos, gansakuTrebiT ki
turizmis ganviTarebas, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis
safuZvelze. es ukanaskneli ki saWiroebs saTanado profesiisa da kvalifikaciis
kadrebis momzadebas. umuSevrobis daZlevisa da dasaqmebis gaumjobesebis mizniT
sayuradReboa kidev erTi mniSvnelovani samTavrobo programis miReba, romlis
ZiriTadi mizani profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi kerZo seqtoris rolis zrda,
rac xels Seuwyobs Sromis bazarze arsebuli moTxovnis dakmayofilebas
adeqvaturad momzadebuli kadrebiT. am miznis misaRwevad programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saqarTvelos masStabiT minimum 50 profesiuli momzadeba-
gadamzadebis centris Seqmna investiciebis mozidvis mizniT.
mimdinare sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis fonze Sromis bazris
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT aseve mniSvnelovani iyo
ganaxlebuli Sromis kodeqsis 17 miReba, romelic awesrigebs saqarTvelos
terotoriaze SromiT da mis Tanamdev urTierTobebs.
Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebis mecxre etapi praqtikulad
dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi axali xelisuflebis mosvlasTan da mosaxleobis
dasaqmebis xelSewyobis mizniT saqarTvelos dasaqmebis saxelmwifo ministris

14saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris brZaneba #190/n

`sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris `socialuri subsidiebis saagentos debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, 27 ivnisi 2007w.
15saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #249, `saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da

socialuri dacvis saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, 31 dekemberi 2005w.

16saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2007 wlis 30 maisis dadgenileba #110 `dasaqmebis programa

2007: dasaqmeba mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebiT” miznobrivi saxelmwifo

programis damtkicebis Sesaxeb.
17saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. kanoni #4113, 2010 wlis 17 dekemberi.
72
aparatis SeqmnasTan18. saqarTvelos dasaqmebis saxelmwifo ministris aparatis
ZiriTadi amocanebi iyo:
a)umuSevrobasTan brZolis koncefciisa da strategiuli gegmis SemuSaveba da
maTi ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba;
b)umuSevrobis daZlevis mizniT biznes seqtorTan mWidro TanamSromloba;
g)dasaqmebis sferoSi politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gansazRvris mizniT
samecniero-akademiur wreebTan da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan
TanamSromloba;
d)dasaqmebis xelSewyobis mizniT Sromis bazris im seqtorebis gamovlena,
sadac arsebobs an SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas vakansiebi;
e)muSevrobis sistemuri da umuSevarTa raodenobis statistikuri kvleva;
v)dasaqmebis xelSewyobis mizniT sainformacio analitikuri saqmianoba, Sesabamisi
winadadebebis momzadeba da saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis wardgena.
Tumca aparatma ver uzrunvelyo dasaxuli miznis, ZiriTadi amocanebisa da
aRniSnuli funqciebis realizacia da miRebul iqna Sesabamisi dadgenileba misi
likvidaciis Taobaze19.
saqarTvelos Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebis meaTe etapi 2013
wels daiwyo da igi qveynis mTavrobis mier Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis
regulirebis politikis kardinalur cvlilebas ukavSirdeba. kerZod, 2015 wlis
dasawyisidan mTavroba seriozul yuradrebas uTmobs Sromis bazris moTxovnis
kvlevas20, Sromis bazris erTiani sainformacio sistemis ganviTarebas 21 da
Sesabamisad amuSavebs saqarTvelos Sromis bazris formirebis saxelmwifo
strategiasa da misi realizaciis samoqmedo gegmas 2015-2018 wlebis
22
periodSi . maT udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebaT saqarTveloSi, civilizebuli
Sromis bazrisa da misi Sesabamisi infrastruqturis formirebaSi, socialur
SromiTi urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi. amitom, AaRniSnul etapze samTavrobo
strategiis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens:
a)Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi samarTlebrivi bazis srulyofa;
b)efeqtiani dasaqmebis xelSewyoba;

18saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #245 `saqarTvelos dasaqmebis saxelmwifo

ministris aparatis Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb”, 2012 wlis 09 ivlisi.
19saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №43 „saqarTvelos dasaqmebis saxelmwifo

ministris aparatis Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis

2012 wlis 9 ivlisis №245 dadgenilebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebisa da
saqarTvelos dasaqmebis saxelmwifo ministris aparatis likvidaciis RonisZiebaTa
Sesaxeb“ 2013 wlis 1 marti.
20saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba №2420 „saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa
da socialuri dacvis saministros mier Sromis bazris moTxovnis kvlevis
ganxorcielebis mizniT gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb“ 2014 wlis 24 dekemberi.
21saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №733 „Sromis bazris sainformacio sistemis

danergvisa da ganviTarebis koncefciisa da misi ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis

damtkicebis Sesaxeb“, 2014 wlis 26 dekemberi
22saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №732 „saqarTvelos Sromis bazris formirebis

saxelmwifo strategiisa da saqarTvelos Sromis bazris formirebis saxelmwifo

strategiis realizaciis 20152018 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ 2014
wlis 26 dekemberi.
73
 g)Rirseuli samuSao pirobebis da kanoniT gansazRvruli adamianis SromiTi
uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa;
d)samuSao Zalis SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba.
igi iTvaliswinebs aseve im meToduri da informaciuli sistemis formirebis
saWiroebas, rac qveyanaSi Sromis bazris aqtiuri (ALMP) politikis
SemuSavebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis aris aucilebeli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
kidev ufro niSandoblivi da sayuradReboa 2016 wlis dasawyisidan Sromis
bazris analizisa da sainformacio sistemis danergvisa da ganviTarebis
saxelmwifo programisa23 da Sromis bazris aqtiuri politikis strategiisa da
misi ganxorcielebis 2016-2018 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis24 miReba.
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi aSkarad mowmoben, rom
saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis prioritetad kvlav rCeba
umuSevrobis Semcireba da siRaribis daZleva. aRniSnul viTarebaSi metad
aqtualuria Sromis bazris institutebisa da misi adekvaturi
infrastruqturis, efeqtianad momuSave dasaqmebis samsaxuris Seqmna da
ganviTareba.

23saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №68 „Sromis bazris analizisa da sainformacio

sistemis danergvisa da ganviTarebis saxelmwifo programis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“, 2016
wlis 11 Tebervali;
24saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №167 „Sromis bazris aqtiuri politikis

strategiisa da misi ganxorcielebis 20162018 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis damtkicebis

Sesaxeb“. 2016 wlis 4 aprili;.

74
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris regulirebis klasikuri da neoklasikuri Teoria;

2. mokled CamoayalibeT k. marqsis `xalxTmosaxleobis kapitalisturi kanonis~
arsi;
3. raSi mdgomareobs j.m. keinzis ZiriTadi daskvnebi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo
regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT?
4. ra gansxvavebaa Sromis bazris regulirebis keinzianur da monetaristul
Teorias Soris?
5. gadmoeciT dasaqmebis aqtiuri da pasiuri politikis arsi;
6. ra aris Sromis bazris infrastrutura?
7. ra funqciebs asrulebs Sromis bazris infrastruqtura?
8. mokled daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebis etapebi
saqarTveloSi;
9. daaxasiaTeT bolo periodSi mTavrobis mier miRebuli normatiul-
samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qveyanaSi Sromis bazris
formirebis, ganviTarebisa da regulirebis saxelmwifo politikas,
strategias.

75
 Tavi 6. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze
61. profkavSirebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi didi roli eniWebaT profkavSirebs,

rogorc momuSaveTa interesebis gamomxatvel organizacias. miuxedavad amisa,
sazogadoebaSi profkavSirebis rolis Sesaxeb calsaxa damokidebuleba ar
arsebobs. nawili miiCnevs, rom profkavSirebi_esaa monopoliis forma, romelsac
sargebeli moaqvs sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis, magram amavdroulad
did danaxarjebs iwvevs. sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi ki isaa, rom profkavSirebi
warmoadgenen ZiriTad instruments, riTac momuSaveebs SeuZliaT, gaiumjobeson
sakuTari ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da miaRwion socialuri dacvis meqanizmebis
efeqtian funqcionirebas.
profkavSirebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia kapitalisturi urTierTobebis
formirebasTan, rodesac damqiravebelTa da daqiravebulTa ekonomikuri
interesebi mkveTrad daupirispirda erTmaneTs. saqme isaa, rom kapitalisturi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi damqiraveblebis Semosavlebis
zrdis erT-erT umTavres saSualebas momuSaveebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis
gamkacreba warmoadgenda: samuSao drois gaxangZliveba, Sromis anazRaurebis
Semcireba, sxvadasxva saxis jarimebi, Sromis dacvisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis
ekonomia, momuSaveTa TviTneburi daTxovna da a.S. sabolood, urTierTobebis
garTuleba damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebul momuSaveebs Soris xSirad iwvevda
sxvadasxva formis gamosvlebs, gaficvebs, rac zogjer gadaizrdeboda xolme
SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, momuSaveebis mier Sromis saSualebebis ganadgurebaSi.
msgavsi situaciebis Tavidan acileba drois obieqtur moTxovnad iqca.
samrewvelo revoluciebis epoqaSi inglisSi gaCndnen pirveli profkavSiruli
organizaciebi. Tavdapirvelad momuSaveTa profesiul asociaciebs lokaluri
xasiaTi hqondaT da masSi gaerTianebulebi iyvnen SedarebiT maRalkvalificiuri
muSakebi, rac Seexeba dabaklkvalificiur momuSaveebs, umuSevrobis maRali donis
pirobebSi maTi Secvla advilad xdeboda da amitomac isini xSirad
profkavSiruli organizaciebis farglebs gareT rCebodnen.
damqiraveblebi da maTi interesebis gamomxatvelebi, upirveles yovlisa,
saxelmwifo, Tavdapirvelad Seuwynareblobas iCendnen profkavSirebis mimarT,
rac gamoixateboda iseTi specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebaSi, romlebic
zRudavdnen momuSaveTa profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobas. ase magaliTad,
inglisSi 1799-1800 wlebSi miRebuli iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic
ukanonod miiCnevdnen momuSaveTa Sekrebebs da ukrZalavdnen maT demonstraciebis
Catarebas, magram am kanonebma ver SeZles SeeCerebinaT muSebi, metic,
saxelmwifos msgavsma mcdelobebma sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo. amitom
1824 wels inglisSi SeCerebuli iqna antimuSuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
moqmedeba, riTac, faqtobrivad, moxda profkavSiruli saqmianobis legalizacia.
amis Semdeg tredunionizmi male gadaiqca masobriv moZraobad. mravalricxovanma
adgilobrivma profkavSirulma organizaciebma gamocdilebis gacvlisa da
saqmianobis erToblivad warmarTvis mizniT erTmaneTTan kavSirebis damyareba
daiwyes. 1834 wels robert ouenis iniciativiT Seiqmna tredunionebis didi
erovnuli kavSiri (Grand National Consolidated Trade Union), magram es organizacia ar
76
aRmoCnda mtkice da igi maleve daiSala. inglisSi profkavSirebis mcdelobam,
mieRwiaT konsolidirebuli saqmianobisaTvis, Sedegi gamoiRo 1868 wels,
rodesac Seiqmna tredunionebis kongresi (Trades Union Congress), romelic dRemde
warmoadgens profkavSiruli saqmianobis ZiriTad makoordinebel organos did
britaneTSi.
profkavSirul moZraobaSi Tavdapirvelad mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen
gaerTianebulni, qalebs profkavSirSi ar Rebulobdnen. am mdgomareobiT kargad
sargeblobdnen damqiraveblebi: isini cdilobdnen, mecnierebisa da teqnikis
miRwevebis warmoebaSi danergviTa da daqiravebuli Sromis simZimis Semcirebis
kvalobaze farTod gamoeyenebinaT qalebis Sroma, rac gacilebiT iafi da
organizebuli iyo. Tavisi uflebebis dacvis mizniT momuSave qalebi iZulebuli
gaxdnen, SeeqmnaT sakuTari profkavSirebi. daarsda ,,qalTa dacvisa da Tavdacvis
sazogadoeba~. mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moxerxda inglisSi mamakacTa da
qalTa profkavSirebis gaerTianeba. miuxedavad amisa, dRemde ara marto inglisSi,
aramed sxva qveynebSic qalebis wili profkavSiris wevrTa Soris SedarebiT
mcirea. profkavSirebis ganviTarebaSi adgili hqonda sxva tendenciebsac. kerZod,
1889 wels warmoiSva axali tredunionebi (gazis mrewvelobis muSaTa kavSiri,
dokerebis kavSiri). adre arsebuli profkavSiruli organizaciebi yalibdeboda
viwro profesiuli niSniT anu es iyo mxolod erTi profesiis muSebis
gaerTianeba. axali profkavSirebi ki yalibdeboda sawarmoo (dagobrivi)
principiT_maT SemadgenlobaSi erTiandebodnen sxvadasxva profesiis muSebi, vinc
warmoebis erTsa da imave dargs miekuTvnebodnen. garda amisa, profkavSirebis
SemadgenlobaSi ukve Rebulobdnen dabalkvalificiur muSebsac.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi inglisis profkavSirebi ukve aerTianebdnen qveynis
mTeli muSebis TiTqmis naxevars, 1920 wels ki profkavSiris wevrTa wili
muSebis saerTo raodenobaSi 60% Seadgenda. profkavSiruli moZraobis aseTma
organizebulobam misi gavlena qveynis ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi
mkveTrad gazarda.
inglisis magaliTiT profkavSiruli moZraobis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba
sxva qveynebSic mimdinareobda. magaliTad, aSS-Si muSebis pirveli saerTo
erovnuli kavSiri Camoyalibda 1869 wels, magram igi maleve daiSala. pirveli
seriozuli profkavSiruli organizacia aSS-Si Camoyalibda 1881 wels. mas
amerikis Sromis federacia ewodeboda (American Federation of Labor, AFL) is 1955
wels SeuerTda sawarmoo profkavSirebis kongress (Congress of Industrial
Organization, CIO). amerikis mewarmeebi sakmaod didi xnis manZilze did
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen profkavSirul moZraobas. magaliTad, 1920-1930-ian
wlebSi aSS-is mrewvelebis erovnuli asociacia daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom
daenergaT e.w. ,,yviTeli ZaRlis~ principiT muSebTan kontraqtis dadebis
praqtika, romlis Tanaxmadac, muSebi ar unda gawevrianebuliyvnen
profkavSirebSi.DprofkavSirebSi gaerTianebuli muSebis solidarobis Seryevis
mizniT amerikeli mewarmeebi damatebiT daTmobebzec midiodnen. kerZod, isini
muSebs sTavazobdnenDsawarmos mogebis wilebs. profkavSirebis mimarT msgavsi
politika tardeboda prezident f. ruzveltis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde, roca
miiRes kanoni SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (vagneris kanoni), romelic
moiTxovda damqiraveblebisagan profkavSirebTan koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis
dadebis aucileblobas.
77
 profkavSiruli organizaciebi inglissa da aSS-Si Semoifarglebodnen
mxolod ekonomikuri moTxovnebiTa da Tavs aridebdnen radikalur moTxovnebs,
magram sxva qveynebSi isini politizirebulni da revoluciurebi iyvnen. kerZod,
safrangeTSi, italiasa da espaneTSi profkavSirebze anarqosindikalistebi, xolo
germaniaSi, avstriasa da SveciaSi _ social-demokratebi axdendnen gavlenas. am
qveynebSi profkavSirebis memarcxene ideebTan siaxlovem maTi legalizaciis
procesis gaWianureba ganapiroba: safrangeTSi muSaTa kavSirebis organizebis
ufleba oficialurad xelisuflebis mier 1930 wels iqna aRiarebuli, xolo
germaniaSi mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi profkavSirebis ganviTarebaSi e.w.
,,revoluciuri~ periodi faqtobrivad dasrulda. maT sabolood uari Tqves
socialuri simSvidis darRvevaze, ris sanacvlod xelisuflebisagan miiRes
profkavSirebis uflebebis aRiareba da socialuri garantiebi.
profkavSirebsa da mewarmeebs Soris ,,Tbili~ urTierTobebis naTel
magaliTs warmoadgens profkavSiruli moZraobis ganviTareba iaponiaSi. iq
muSebisaTvis mTavari iyo firmisadmi kuTvnileba da ara saqmianobis sfero,
amitom muSaTa organizaciebi qveyanaSi yalibdeboda ara profesiuli principiT,
aramed firmebis mixedviT. es ki imas niSnavda, rom ,,firmul~ profkavSirSi
gaerTianebuli sxvadasxva specialobis muSebi solidarulebi iyvnen ufro
sakuTari firmis menejerebisadmi, vidre sxva firmebis kolegebisadmi. TviTon
profkavSiris aqtivistebi ki firmis xelmZRvanelobisagan garkveul
gasamjelosac Rebulobdnen, rac uzrunvelyofda imas, rom iaponiaSi
profkavSirebsa da menejerebs Soris metad megobruli urTierTobebi
yalibdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, iaponiaSic aris evropuli tipis mcirericxovani
dargobrivi profkavSirebi.
saqarTveloSi profesiuli kavSiris (profkavSirebis) Seqmnis samarTlebriv
safuZvlebi, uflebebi da saqmianobis garantiebi regulirdeba Sesabamisi
kanonmdeblobiT25, romlis mixedviTac yvelas aqvs profesiuli kavSiris Seqmnisa
da masSi gaerTianebis ufleba. profesiuli kavSiri SeiZleba Seiqmnas nebismier
sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebaSi, organizaciaSi da sxva samuSao adgilebze
dargobrivi, sawarmoo, teritoriuli an profesiuli specifikis sxva niSnis
mixedviT.

6.2. profkavSirebis arsi da saxeebi

zogadad profesiuli kavSiri_aris organizacia, momuSaveebis nebayoflobiTi

profesiuli gaerTianeba, romlis mizans sakuTari wevrebis ekonomikuri da
socialuri interesebis dacva warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad profesiuli kavSiri aris
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvruli wesiT Seqmnili arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri, saqmianobis mixedviT – saerTo sawarmoo,
profesiuli interesebiT dakavSirebul pirTa (muSakTa) nebayoflobiTi
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba (organizacia), romlis mizania Tavisi wevrebis

25saqarTvelos kanoni "profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb" №617, 1997 wlis 2 aprili.

78
SromiTi, socialur-ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi uflebebisa da interesebis
dacva da warmomadgenloba.
profkavSirebi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: pirveli, dargobrivi, sadac
gaerTianebulia dargis an firmis momuSaveTa didi nawili maTi saqmianobis saxis
Tu sferos miuxedavad. maT miekuTvnebaT saavtomobilo, qvanaxSiris,
metalurgiul warmoebaSi dasaqmebulTa profkavSirebi; meore, saamqro, anu
profesiuli specifikis profkavSiri romelic aerTianebs mxolod erTi da imave
profesiis momuSaveebs.
"profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad,
dargobrivi profesiuli kavSiri ganimarteba, rogorc iseTi profesiuli kavSiri,
romelic nebayofilobiT aerTianebs saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneobis erTi an
ramdenime monaTesave dargis sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebebSi, organizaciebSi
momuSave profkavSiris wevrebs da moqmedebs saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.
xolo profesiuli specifikis profkavSiri – aris profesiuli kavSiri,
romelic nebayofilobiT aerTianebs erTi an sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebSi,
dawesebulebebSi, organizaciebSi momuSave erTi da igive profesiis mqone
profkavSiris wevrebs da moqmedebs erTi an ramdenime sawarmos, dawesebulebis,
organizaciis, raionis, qalaqis, regionis an saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.
profkavSiruli organizaciebis ricxovnobis Sesaxeb metad mwiri
informacia arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, profkavSiruli organizaciebis
ricxovnobis dinamikis analizisas SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi tendencia. kerZod,
gasuli saukunis 30-ian da meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi profkavSiris
wevrTa absoluturi ricxvic da maTi xvedriTi wonac samuSao Zalis saerTo
raodenobaSi mkveTrad gaizarda da TiTqmis 25%-s gadaaWarba. 1970-iani wlebidan
aRniSnulma maCveneblebma kleba daiwyo da 1990-ian wlebSi mxolod 13%
Seadgina.
mimdinare periodSi msoflio masStabiT profkavSirebis saqmianobas
akontrolebs-Tavisufali profkavSirebis saerTaSoriso konfederacia, romlis
umaRlesi organoa kongresi. am ukanasknelis mowveva xdeba 4 weliwadSi erTxel.
dadgenili monacemebiT msoflioSi profkavSirebis wevrTa saerTo raodenioba
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 25%-s Seadgens. Tumca igi
sakmaod gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveynebis mixedviT. magaliTad, oficialuri
statistikuri informaciis mixedviT skandinaviis qveynebSi profkavSirebSi
CarTulia momuSaveTa 2/3-dan 3/4-mde nawili. avstriaSi, italiaSi, irlandiaSi
es maCvenebeli 35%-mde (daaxloebiT momuSaveTa 1/3) aRwevs. germaniaSi
profkavSiris wevria momuSaveTa 22.6%, espaneTSi 16,3%, safrangeTSi 8,3%, aSS-
Si 13,0%, iaponiaSi 19.0%.
profkavSiris wevrTa ricxovnobaze moqmedi faqtorebis analizisaTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT profesiuli saqmianobis moTxovnisa da miwodebis martivi
modeli. momuSaveTa moTxovna profkavSiruli organizaciis wevrobaze
warmoadgens am wevrobis ,,fasis~ funqcias. es fasi moicavs organizaciaSi
Sesvlis Senatans, yovelTviur sawevros, im drois Rirebulebas, rac saWiroa
profkavSiruli muSaobis warmarTvisaTvis da a.S. sxva Tanabari pirobebisas am
fasis aweva gamoiwvevs im muSebis wilis Semcirebas, visac survili eqneba
gawevriandes profkavSirebSi.

79
 koleqtiur molaparakebebze muSebis interesebis dacva, aseve administraciis
mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesrulebaze kontroli garkveul danaxarjebs
moiTxovs. aseve, profkavSirebs aucileblad esaWiroebaT saxsrebi sxvadasxva
RonisZiebebis Casatareblad. es arTulebs dasaqmebulTa darwmunebas imaSi, rom
swored profkavSirebi warmoadgens im organos, romelic yvelaze ukeTesad
daicavs maT interesebs da amitom aucilebelia profkavSirSi gaerTianeba.
profkavSirebis survili, rom ufro meti momuSave gaaerTianos Tavis rigebSi,
warmoadgens profkavSiris wevrobis fasis mzard funqcias, rac ganapirobebs
kidec miwodebis sidides.
profkavSiris wevrTa ricxvis swraf zrdas gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
xeli Seuwyo kanonmdeblobis srulyofam, amis gamo profkavSirebis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebaSi dadebiTi Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebam, aseve, didi depresiis
periodSi profkavSirebis rolis zrdam. miuxedavad amisa, gasuli saukunis 60-
iani wlebidan aSS-Si adgili hqonda profkavSirebis wevrTa ricxovnobis
TandaTanobiT Semcirebas. amis mizezad r. erenbergi da r. smiti26 profkavSirebis
momsaxurebis moTxovna – miwodebis Tanafardobis ganmsazRvrel xuT mizezs
gamoyofen. esenia:
 samuSao Zalis demografiuli struqturis cvlileba;
 ekonomikis dargobrivi struqturis cvlileba;
 dasaqmebis regionuli struqturis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi;
 im dargebis wilis zrda, sadac araxelsayreli pirobebia profkavSirebis
saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis;
 mzardi konkurenciuli pirobebi da damqiravebelTa winaaRmdegobis gaZliereba
profkavSiruli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg.
samuSao Zalis demografiuli struqturis cvlileba. samuSao Zalis
SemadgenlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qalebis wili. isini met-naklebad Tavs
arideben profkavSirSi gawevrianebas. garkveulwilad profkavSiris wevrobisagan
sargebeli warmoadgens ama Tu im firmaSi muSaobis staJis funqcias. qalebi
mamakacebTan SedarebiT erT firmaSi drois gacilebiT naklebi periodis
ganmavlobaSi muSaoben, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia muSaobis periodebs Soris didi
Sualedebi. amitom danamatebi staJis gamo, vinc did xans ar apirebs erTsa da
imave firmaSi muSaobas naklebmniSvnelovania. aqedan gamomdinare, qalebi naklebad
monawileoben profkavSiruli organizaciebis saqmianobaSi.
ekonomikis dargobrivi struqturis cvlileba. meore faqtori, romelmac
imoqmeda profkavSiris wevrTa ricxovnobis Semcirebaze, dasaqmebis dargobrivi
struqtris cvlilebaa. mkveTrad Semcirda gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi,
transportsa da komunalur momsaxurebaSi dasaqmebulTa wili, sadac
profkavSirebis roli, tradiciulad, mniSvnelovani iyo. amis sapirispirod
gaizarda vaWrobaSi, safinanso organizaciebSi, uZravi qonebiT vaWrobaSi da
momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa wili, sadac profkavSirebis roli
yovelTvis mcire iyo.
dasaqmebis regionuli cvlilebebi. aSS-Si profkavSirebis rolis Semcirebis
mesame faqtori gaxda 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mosaxleobisa da samuSao

26
Р. Дж. Эренберг, Р. Смит, Современная экономика труда. теория и государственная политика. Изд.
московского университета. 1996 г. стр. 507.
80
Zalis migracia Crdilo-aRmosavleTis samrewvelo regionebidan samxreTis
StatebSi. TavisTavad, migraciuli procesebi ver gaxdeboda profkavSirebis
gavlenis Semcirebis mizezi, rom ara tafta-hertlis kanoni, romelic miRebuli
iqna 1947 wels da romlis Tanaxmadac, TiToeul Stats ufleba hqonda mieRo
profkavSirebis uflebis SemzRudavi sakuTari kanoni, romelic krZalavda
samuSaoze miRebisas profkavSiris wevrobis aucileblobas. 1982 wlisaTvis
aseTi kanonebi ukve miRebuli hqonda samxreTis, samxreT-dasavleTisa da qveynis
centraluri nawilis 19 Stats. cxadia, aman ganapiroba profkavSirebis rolis
daknineba am StatebSi. Tumca, araa gamoricxuli, rom qveynis samxreT StatebSi
samuSao Zalis koncentraciam momavalSi gamoiwvios msgavsi kanonmdeblobis
Secvla.
konkurentuli brZola. meoTxe faqtori, romelic did gavlenas axdens
profkavSiris rolis Semcirebaze, konkurenciis gamkacrebaa ucxouri kompaniebis
mxridan iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, sahaero da
saavtomobilo transporti da satelefono kompaniebi, sadac rogorc wesi,
profkavSiris gavlena maRali iyo. ase magaliTad, Tu kompania aRmoaCens, rom
gaizarda konkurencia ucxouri kompaniebis mxridan, maSin igi Seecdeba, gadavides
iseTi saqonlis warmoebaze da Seicvalos profili ise, sadac profkavSirebis
naklebi gavlena iqneba. amasTan, momuSaveebic airCios iseTi demografiuli
jgufebidan, sadac profkavSirSi gawevrianebaze moTxovna mcirea. sabolood,
konkurentuli brZolis gamwvaveba damsaqmeblebs ubiZgebs, gaamkacron
profkavSirebis saqmianobis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi. aseTi winaaRmdegobebi,
udavod, gazrdian profkavSirebis saqmianobis xarjebs, rac Seamcirebs
profkavSirebSi gawevrianebis msurvelebis ricxvs.
damsaqmeblebis winaaRmdegobis gaZliereba. profkavSirebis saqmianobis
winaaRmdeg damsaqmeblebi xSirad iyeneben rogorc kanoniT daSvebul, aseve
akrZalul meTodebs. magaliTad, aSS-Si SromiTi urTierTobebis nacionaluri
kanoniT, damsaqmeblebs ufleba aqvT, gadaibiron momuSaveebi, raTa maT xma miscen
profkavSirebis winaaRmdeg. aseve aqvT ufleba, daiqiraon specialuri
konsultantebi, romlebic daexmarebian damsaqmeblebs antiprofkavSiruli
strategiis SemuSavebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, damsaqmebels ufleba ara aqvs,
daemuqros momuSaves xelfasis dagegmili momatebis SeTanxmebaze uaris TqmiT, an
profkavSiruli organizaciebis aqtivistTa winaaRmdeg gaataros sadamsjelo
RonisZiebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu profkavSirs miaCnia, rom damqiravebeli
mimarTavs kanoniT akrZalul qmedebas, mas ufleba aqvs amis Sesaxeb acnobos
SromiTi urTierTobebis nacionalur sammarTvelos. braldebis damtkicebis
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, mkacri RonisZiebebi gatardeba damsaqmeblebis mimarT.

6.3. profkavSirebis funqciebi

profkavSirebis ganviTarebis safuZvels calkeuli momuSaveebisa da

damsaqmeblebis realuri uflebebis asimetriuloba warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki momuSave uars ityoda damsaqmeblis pirobebis Sesrulebaze, igi, saerTod,
samuSaos dakargavda da umuSevari xdeboda. xolo maSin, rodesac damsaqmebeli
ar iyo Tanaxma momuSavis moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze, mas SeeZlo, es momuSave
daeTxova samsaxuridan ise, rom arafers kargavda da daeqiravebina axali,
81
romelic srulad daakmayofilebda mis moTxovnebs. calkeuli momuSavis
gamosvlebsa da protestze reagirebis aucileblobas damqiravebeli ver xedavs,
magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini gaerTiandebian da warmoebas masobrivi
protestis Sedegad saSiSroeba daemuqreba, damsaqmebeli ukve iZulebeulia, ara
marto moisminos momuSaveebis moTxovnebi, aramed Sesabamisi reagirebac
moaxdinos. amitom, profkavSirebis erT-erTi upirvelesi da umTavresi moTxovna
iyo individualuri SromiTi xelSekrulebebidan koleqtiur SromiT
xelSekrulebebze gadasvla, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda profkavSiris
yvela wevris interesi. amgvarad, sawyis etapze profkavSirebis umTavresi
funqcia iyo daqiravebis procesSi momuSaveTa interesebis dacva. droTa
ganmavlobaSi profkavSirebis funqciebi, nawilobriv, Seicvala. amJamad
profkavSirebi gavlenas axdenen ar marto damqiraveblebze, aramed mTavrobis
finansur da sakanonmdeblo politikazec.
specialistebi gamoyofen profkavSirebis or ZiriTad funqcias: damcavi
(urTierToba ,,profkavSirebi_mewarmeebi~) da warmomadgenlobiTi (urTierToba
,,profkavSirebi_saxelmwifo~). zogjer am funqciebs umateben aseve
mesame_ekonomikur funqciasac, romelic gulisxmobs warmoebis efeqtianobis
amaRlebas.
profkavSirebis damcavi funqcia yvelaze tradiciulia da igi pirdapiraa
dakavSirebuli daqiravebulTa socialur-SromiT urTierTobebTan. saqme exeba ara
marto mewarmeebis mier momuSaveebis uflebebis darRvevis Tavidan acilebas,
aramed ukve darRveuli uflebis aRdgenasac. momuSaveebisa da damsaqmebelebis
poziciebis gaTanabrebiT, profkavSiri daqiravebulebs icavs damqiravebelTa
TviTnebobisagan.
profkavSirebis funqciebis Sesruleba pirdapir ukavSirdeba maTi ZiriTadi
uflebebis realizacias. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad
profesiuli kavSiris ZiriTadi uflebebia:
 muSakTa SromiTi da socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebisa da interesebis
dacvisa da warmomadgenlobis ufleba;
 dasaqmebisadmi xelSewyobis ufleba;
 koleqtiuri molaparakebis warmoebis, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa da
SeTanxmebis dadebisa da Sesrulebisadmi kontrolis ufleba;
 koleqtiuri SromiTi davis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis ufleba;
 informaciis miReba da ganxilva;
 profkavSiruli muSakis swavleba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba;
 Sromis kanonmdeblobis dacvisadmi profkavSiruli kontrolis ufleba;
 Sromisa da garemos dacvaSi monawileobis ufleba;
 saxelmwifo sakuTrebis privatizaciaSi monawileobis ufleba;
 sawarmoTa mmarTvelobis kolegialur organeoebSi monawileoba;
 muSakTa interesebis dacvisa da warmomadgenlobis ufleba SromiTi davis
ganmxilvel organoebSi;
 profesiuli kavSiris urTierToba damsaqmebelTan, damsaqmebelTa
gaerTianebasTan (kavSirTan, asociaciasTan), aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis,
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da sxva warmomadgenlobiT organoebTan.
profkavSiruli brZolis yvelaze gavrcelebul meTods aTwleulebis
manZilze warmoadgenda gaficva. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi iyo pirveli
82
msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, roca profkavSirSi gaerTianebuli momuSaveebi
Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad mimarTavdnen masobriv gaficvebs. ase magaliTad,
inglisSi 1926 wels adgili hqonda saerToerovnul gaficvas, romelmac didi
britaneTis ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela dargi moicva. unda aRiniSnos, rom
profkavSiruli organizaciebi, romlebic sakuTari wevrebis interesebis
dasacavad ZalRones ar iSureben, xSirad organizaciis arawevri dasaqmebulebis
interesebis dacvisas metismet gulgrilobas iCenen.
bolo aTwleulebSi profkavSirebis damcavi funqcia ramdenadme Seicvala.
Tu adre profkavSirebis ZiriTadi funqcia iyo xelfasis gazrda da Sromis
pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis brZola, amJamad misi ZiriTadi funqciaa, ar
dauSvas umuSevrobis donis gadideba da xeli Seuwyos dasaqmebis donis zrdas.
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebis kvalobaze profkavSirebi
iswrafvian ara marto xelfasisa da dasaqmebis donis gadidebisaken, rogorc amas
adre hqonda adgili, aramed Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken, rac axali
mowyobilobebis eqspluataciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ase magaliTad, SvedeTis
profkavSirebis konfederaciis iniciativiT 1990-ian wlebSi msoflioSi daiwyo
ergonomikis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi axali standartebis danergva, rac
iTvaliswinebs eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebisa da xmauris, monitorze gamosa-
xulebis xarisxis mkacr reglamentirebas.
warmomadgenlobiTi funqcia dakavSirebulia momuSaveebis interesebis
dacvasTan ara marto firmis, aramed saxelmwifos doneze. warmomadgenlobis
mizania damatebiTi SeRavaTebis mopoveba. profkavSirebi SeiZleba warmoadgendnen
im momuSaveebis interesebs, romlebic monawileoben xelisuflebis adgilobrivi
organoebisa da TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi. isini Rebuloben monawileobas im
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis momzadebaSi, rac exeba socialur-SromiT sferos,
dasaqmebis saxelmwifo programebis SemuSavebas, Sromis dacvis saxelmwifo
programebs da a.S.
politikur brZolaSi aqtiuri monawileobis kvalobaze profkavSirebi
gvevlinebian seriozul lobistebad, gansakuTrebiT, im gadawyvetilebebis mimarT,
rac exeba im dargebis produqciaze moTxovnis gadidebis RonisZiebebs, sadac
profkavSirebi masobrivad arian warmodgenilni. kerZod, aSS-Si profkavSirebi
yovelTvis aqtiurad gamodiodnen proteqcionizmis sasargeblod _ aSS-Si
importis SezRudvis momxreebad.
warmomadgenlobiTi funqciis warmatebiT realizaciisaTvis profkavSirebi
mWidrod TanamSromloben politikur partiebTan. gansakuTrebiT es exeba
inglisis profkavSirebs, romlebmac jer kidev 1900 w. Seqmnes sakuTari
politikuri partia _ SromiTi warmomadgenlobis partia, 1906 wlidan ki
leiboristuli partia (Sromis partia). profkavSirebi pirdapir afinanseben am
partias. msgavs situacias aqvs adgili SvedeTSi, sadac profkavSirebis
konfederaciaSi gaerTianebuli daqiravebuli momuSaveebis udidesi nawili
uzrunvelyofs SvedeTis social-demokratiuli partiis dominirebul
mdgomareobas. zogierT qveyanaSi profkavSiruli organizaciebi sxvadasxva
politikuri partiebis mimarT amJRavneben Tavis simpaTiebs. magaliTad, germaniaSi
gaerTianebuli profkavSirebis didi nawili, TiTqmis 9 mln. kaci mxars uWers
germaniis socialur-demokratiul partias. danarCeni SedarebiT mcirericxovani
profkavSirebi qristian-demokratebs da a.S.
83
 konkurentuli brZolis gamZafrebis pirobebSi profkavSirebi sul ufro
metad acnobiereben imas, rom momuSaveebis keTildReoba damokidebulia ara
marto damsaqmeblebis mimarT winaaRmdegobaze, aramed Sromis efeqtianobis
amaRlebaze. amitom Tanamedrove profkavSirebi sul ufro naklebad mimarTaven
masobrivi gaficvebis praqtikas.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. rodis warmoiSva profkaSirebi?

2. ram ganapiroba profkavSirebis warmoSoba?
3, ramdeni saxisaa profkavSirebi?
4. ra funqciebs asrulebs profkavSirebi?
5. ra faqtorebi axdenen gavlenas profkavSirebis wevrTa ricxovnobaze?
6. raSi mdgomareobs profkavSirebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi?
7. ra rols asrulebs profkavSirebi Sromis bazris regulirebis procesSi?
8. romeli kanoni aregulerebs saqarTveloSi profkavSirebis saqmianobas?
9. romeli kanoniT regulirdeba saqarTveloSi profkavSirebis saqmianoba?
10. CamoayalibeT profesiuli kavSiris ZiriTadi uflebebi "profesiuli
kavSirebis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad.
11. profkavSirebis ra saxeebia gansazRvruli "profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb"
saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad.

84
 Tema 7. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da
investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi

7.1 adamianuri kapitali da samuSao Zalis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli

moTxovnebi

samuSao Zalis xarisxi nacionaluri ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas gamo-

xatavs. saqarTveloSi amJamad mimdinare didi socialuri gardaqmnebis dros misi
gaumjobeseba umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. CvenSi xorcieldeba ganaTlebisa da pro-
fesiuli momzadebis reforma, rac karg winapirobas uqmnis samuSao Zalis xaris-
xis srulyofas.
ekonomikur literaturaSi `samuSao Zalis xarisxi~ da `adamianuri kapita-
li~ xSirad erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. samuSao Zalis xarisxi _ esaa
adamianis TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic moicavs kvalifikacias da pirovnul
maxasiaTeblebs. `adamianur kapitals~ ki r. erenbergi ase ganmartavs: esaa `codna
da unar-Cvevebi, romelic aqvs muSaks, rac SeuZlia SeiZinos man ganaTlebisa da
profesiuli momzadebis, agreTve, samuSao gamocdilebis meoxebiT.~ bevr mecniers
ki adamianur kapitalSi ganaTlebasa da profmomzadebasTan erTad janmrTelobac
Sehyavs. am SemTxvevaSi profesiuli janmrTeloba, konkretuli samuSaos Sesru-
lebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri unari igulisxmeba.
sazogadoebis mTeli simdidre SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc adamianuri da
materialuri (fizikuri) kapitalis erToblioba. materialur kapitalSi Sedis
miwa, Senobebi, mowyobilobani da a.S. adamianur kapitalSi ki - codna da unar-
Cvevebi.
adamianuri kapitali ganuyofelia pirovnebisagan. isaa misi mesakuTre da ba-
zarze mxolod misiT sargebloba SeiZleba. Tumca nawilobriv, codna da unar-
Cvevebi SeiZleba SeiZinos pirma damatebiTi investiciebis gareSec, praqtikiT, sa-
muSao adgilze swavlebiT. iseve rogorc fizikuri kapitali, adamianuri kapita-
lic cvdeba fizikurad da moralurad. codna Zveldeba, konkretuli adamianic
droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan sustdeba, veRar iTvisebs jerovnad siaxleebs, da
adrindeliviT veRar pasuxobs bazris moTxovnebs.
amrigad, adamianuri kapitali aris dagrovili investicia iseT sferoSi, ro-
goricaa: ganaTleba, profesiuli momzadeba, migracia, profesiuli janmrTeloba.
misi wili mTel kapitalSi ganuxrelad matulobs. magaliTad, mecnierTa gaanga-
riSebiT, dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebsa da iaponiaSi 1800 wels fizikuri
kapitalis wili mTel kapitalSi (fizikuri da adamianuri) 80% iyo. 1913
wels– 67%, 2000 wels– 30%. danarCeni 70% adamianur kapitalze modis.
araa gamoricxuli, rom saqarTveloSi fizikuri kapitalis simciris gamo
ganaTlebis maRali donis pirobebSi adamianuri kapitalis wili mTel naciona-
lur simdidreSi metic iyos, vidre bevr masze ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveya-
naSi.
konkretulad ki ganaTlebaSi, adamianur kapitalSi investirebis ukugeba ga-
moixateba imiT, rom:
_ xelfasis (Semosavlebis) done izrdeba;
_ meti arCevani eZleva adamians, rom ufro saintereso samuSaoze dasaqmdes;

85
 _ izrdeba SesaZlebloba, ufro meti dro dauTmos arasabazro saqmianobas
da mTeli cxovrebac ufro saintereso, SemoqmedebiTi gaxados.
r. erenbergi da r. smiti adamianur kapitalTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs
sam jgufad yofen:
1. pirdapiri danaxarjebi _ esaa sakuTari ojaxis biujetidan gasacemi: swav-
lis qira, saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZenis xarji, migraciaze (saswavlo migracia_
m.t.) danaxarjebi;
2. dakarguli Semosavali _ radgan swavlis dros, adamianur kapitalSi inves-
tirebis procesSi SeuZlebelia sruli reJimiT (sruli samuSao dRiT) muSaoba.
am dros studenti ver muSaobs da SesaZlo Semosavalic ekargeba. aSS mecnierTa
gaangariSebiT, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi am qveyanaSi umaRlesi ganTlebis miRebi-
sas TiToeuli studentisaTvis `dakarguli Semosavlis~ wliuri odenoba 30
aTasamde dolaria.
3. moraluri zarali (danakargebi) _ es danakargebis Taviseburi saxea. ganaT-
lebis miReba umZimesi saqmea da udides fsiqo-nervul danaxarjebs saWiroebs.
swavlis Semdgom muSaobis Zebnac damqancvelia da garkveul stresTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli. saswavlo migracia ki xSirad ojaxs, mSobliur, adaptirebul garemos
swyvets students da damatebiT Zalisxmevas moiTxovs misgan.
adamianSi investiciebi, bunebrivia, xorcieldeba pirovnebis ganzraxviT, rom
momavalSi rac SeiZleba meti Semosavali miiRos. misTvis cnobilia, rom momuSave-
Ta Soris ganaTlebis doneebSi gansxvaveba maT sxvadasxva sididis Semosavalsac
gansazRvravs. marTlac, ganaTlebasa da Semosavals Soris damokidebuleba myaradaa
gamoxatuli ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi. magaliTad, aSS ganaTle-
bis saministros cnobiT, sxvadasxva donis ganaTlebis mqoneTa wliuri Semosavle-
bi aseTia (cxrili 7.1).
cxrili 7.1
ganaTlebis sxvadasxva donis mqone pirebis wliuri Semosavlebi aSS-Si
(aSS dolari)
mamakacis xelfasi
ganaTlebis done qalebi mamakacebi
metia qalis xelasze
bakalavri 51656 80144 1,55-jer
kolejdamTavrebuli 33912 46252 1,36-jer
saSualo skoladamTavrebuli 27184 37680 1,39-jer
saSualo skoladaumTavrebeli 19271 19134 0,99-jer

saSualod bakalavrebi saSualo skoladamTavrebulebze 2-jer met xelfass

iReben.
savsebiT bunebrivia, ganviTarebul sabazro garemoSi gazrdili moswavle (mi-
si mSobeli), umravles SemTxvevaSi, winaswar gansazRvravs konkretuli umaRlesi
ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebs da mizanSewonilobas, mis efeqts. principu-
lad am gaTvlis modeli Semdegnairia: students (mis ojaxs) unda daexarjos
garkveuli Tanxa swavlis qiraze, wignebsa da sxva saswavlo masalaze, ojaxis
gareT cxovrebaze. meore mxriv, studenti kargavs im Semosavals, romelic mas
SeeZlo mieRo studentobis nacvlad rom dasaqmebuliyo.

86
 rogorc vnaxeT, profesiuli ganaTlebis Semdgom igi miiRebs met Semosa-
vals, vidre profesiis uqonlobiT miiRebda. sabolood ki, mTeli karieris gan-
mavlobaSi damatebiT miRebuli Semosavali mniSvnelovnad aRemateba e.w. `xelidan
gaSvebul~ Semosavalsa da profesiul ganaTlebaze miRebul danaxarjebs (sqema
7.1.):

Semosavali B Semosavali

namati Semosavali

xelidan A Semosavali
gaSvebuli
Semosavali

18
swavlis qira, asaki
wignebze da
migraciaze
danaxarjebi

gaweuli xarjebi
sqema 7.1.
ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi da alternatiuli Semosavlebi

adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, nobelis premiis la-

ureatma g. bekerma swored aseTi midgomiT da analiziT daamuSava Tavisi cnobi-
li `adamianuri kapitalis Teoria~. igi afardebda swavliT miRebul sikeTes mas-
ze gaweul danaxarjebTan da danakargebTan. man empiriulad aCvena, rom ganaTleba-
ze xarjviT ufro meti efeqti miiRweoda, vidre uSualod warmoebaSi investire-
biT. informaciuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi adamianuri kapitali erovnuli sim-
didris matebis mTavari faqtoria. nobelis premiis laureatma t. Sulcma igi
amerikis ekonomikis dinamikis analiziT daasabuTa. kerZod, daadgina, rom adamia-
nur kapitalSi investiciiT miRebuli Semosavali bevrad metia, vidre fizikur
kapitalSi investirebidan. igi aRniSnavda, rom yovelgvari adamianuri unarebi an
Tandayolilia, an kidev SeZenili. yoveli adamiani ibadeba individualuri genebis
kompleqsiT, rac mis Tandayolil unars gansazRvravs. Semdgom adamiani SeiZens
Zvirfas Tvisebebs, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi investiciebiT, da ra-
sac Cven `adamianur kapitals~ vuwodebTo. adamiani codnas rom iZens, Tavis Tav-
Si investiciebs abandebs, codniT ki iRebs gazrdil Semosavals. gamZafrebuli
konkurenciis pirobebSi mwarmoebelTa unari, codna bazarze sul ufro metad
fasobs. codna ki misi mwarmoebeli organizaciebis, saswavleblebis produqciaa.
bazari mas sul ufro da ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebs.
Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi dinamiu-
ria. igi unda pasuxobdes Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis moT-
xovnebsac.

87
 bunebrivia, ganuwyvetliv icvleba Sromis Sinaarsic, xdeba Sromis universa-
lizacia, erTferovan funqciaTa nacvlad yalibdeba rTuli, kompleqsuri funqci-
ebi, rogoricaa: marTva, kontroli, gawyoba da a.S.
mkveTrad icvleba Sromis daZabulobis done da datvirTvis struqtura. da-
Zabuloba adre, fizikur datvirTvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kunTuri datvirTva
adgils uTmobs nervul-fsiqikur daZabulobas. TandaTan Zlierdeba stresi, xo-
lo `stresmedegoba~ ukve momuSavis SerCevis mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba.
mimdinareobs Sromis unikalizacia. swrafad izrdeba axal, maRalkvalifika-
ciur profesiaTa raodenoba, TviT kvalifikaciis Sinaarsi. Tu adre wamyvani kom-
ponenti samuSao gamocdilebiT miRebuli unar-Cvevebi iyo, TandaTan ufro da
ufro meti mniSvneloba codnas eniWeba. swrafad icvleba dasaqmebulTa profesi-
ul-kvalificiuri struqturac. mcirdeba e. w. `lurjsayeloianTa~ _ muSebis wi-
li da sul ufro matulobs `TeTrsayeloianebis~- kvalificiuri teqnologiuri
personalisa da mosamsaxureTa wili. kidev ufro swrafi matebaa `oqrossayeloi-
anebis~ - mecnier-muSakTa da mkvlevar-teqnologebis, kompiuteruli programebis
specialistTa raodenobisa.
rogorc aRiniSna, xangrZlivi muSaobiT dagrovili gamocdilebis roli Tan-
daTan klebulobs da izrdeba codnis efeqti. am garemoebam cvlileba Seitana
e.w. asakobriv mwarmoeblurobaSi. meti mniSvneloba mieca momuSavis iseT Tvise-
bebs, rogoricaa reaqciis siswrafe, gadawyvetilebis miRebis siCqare, yuradRebia-
noba, gawafuloba, pasuxismgebloba, adaptirebuloba, mobiluroba, inovaciuroba
da a.S, rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli janmrTelobasTan. bazari irCevs stresme-
deg, janmrTel pirovnebebs.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom xeliTi Sromisa da fizikuri datvirTvis wilis Sem-
cirebam da kompiuterizaciam gazarda e.w. SinmuSaobis SesaZleblobebi, roca sa-
muSao sruldeba firmaSi yoveldRiuri gamocxadebis gareSe, Sin davalebis miRe-
biT. meore mxriv, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kompiuterizaciam aqtiur SromaSi
Caaba nawilobriv SromisunarSezRuduli pirebic, rac socialuri progresis ga-
moxatulebaa.
profesiuli momzadebis momsaxurebis bazari, bunebrivia, mWidro kavSirSia
Sromis bazarTan, agreTve, samecniero-teqnologiuri produqciis bazarTan. mar-
Tlac, specialistebis momzadebis struqturasa da samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis
struqturas Soris balansireba rTuli procesia. es Seusabamoba damaxasiaTebe-
lia saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisaTvisac. amJamad saxezea specialistTa Warbwar-
moeba da maTi momzadebis damaxinjebuli struqtura. xSirad gaigonebT, rom ba-
zari TiTon moagvarebs am problemas, rac arasworia. Sromis bazris regulireba-
Si da specialistTa struqturis gansazRvraSi saxelmwifos Careva aucilebelia.
specialistTa momzadebis swor prognozs didi roli akisria. aq saxelmwifos
Careva imitomacaa saWiro, rom bazarze gaCenili moTxovnis dakmayofileba profe-
siuli momzadebis sistemas mxolod ramdenimewliani (5-10 wliani) dagvianebiT
SeuZlia.
CvenSi rom umuSevrebs Soris specialistTa wili metismetad maRalia, amas
umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebi kontingentis araswori struqturac ganapiro-
bebs. amitom saWiroa masze zemoqmedeba.
sabolood, ekonomikurma ganviTarebam da misma struqturam unda gansazRvros
specialistTa wili da speqtri dasaqmebulTa Soris. jer kidev 1990-iani wle-
88
bis sayovelTao krizisamde CvenSi specialistebiT gajerebis maCvenebeli ekonomi-
kis TiTqmis yvela dargSi maRali iyo. maSinac igrZnoboda maTi Warbwarmoeba,
rac postsabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi zeWarbwarmoebadac iqca. amJamad aqtiu-
rad mimdinareobs specialistTa momzadebis optimaluri gzebis Zieba, raSic didi

7.2 ganaTlebis sistemis reforma

amJamad saqarTveloSi moqmedi ganaTlebis mTeli sistema gardaqmnis proces-

Sia.
reformis amocanaa, iseTi Sinaarsi mieces saSualo skolis programebs, rom
gamoavlinos da ganaviTaros moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi unarebi, Camouyalibos maT
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Cvevebi.
aseve reformis mizania saswavlo procesis teqnologiuri aRWurvis radika-
lur srulyofasTan erTad swavlebis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. igi mravalmxrivi
amocanaa da did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. TandaTan unda aRdges maswavleblis Sro-
mis prestiJuloba, gaumjobesdes Sromis pirobebi da gaizardos TviT pedagogTa
momzadebis done. saSualo ganaTlebis saukeTeso magaliTia iaponia, sadac maswav-
leblis kultia.
saSualo skolebSi momzadebam Tanamedrove bazris moTxovnebisadmi adaptaci-
is unarebi unda ganaviTaros.
saSualo profesiuli ganaTleba saqarTveloSi Zlier CamorCa. igi jerjero-
biT araprestiJulia da gadafarulia umaRlesi ganaTlebiT.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelobo saswavleblebSi farTo profilis specia-
listebis momzadebas, romelic ufro advilad moergeba Sromis bazris cvalebad
moTxovnebs.
swrafi mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis epoqaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis
sistema ganuwyvetel srulyofas saWiroebs. iyo dro, roca CvenSi damkvidrebul
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas aRiarebdnen da miiCnevdnen erT-erT saukeTesod
msoflioSi. 1950-ian wlebSi aSS-Si SeSfoTdnen kosmosis aTvisebaSi ssrk-s aSka-
ra upiratesobiT, rac maT maSin ssrk ganaTlebis sistemis meti srulyofilebiT
axsnes. im dros ssrk-Si ganaTlebaze xvedri danaxarjebi sakmaod didi iyo. Sem-
dgomSi igi swrafad gazardes dasavleTis qveynebma da bevrad gaaswres ssrk-s.
CvenSi ki ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro resursebis SezRudulobis gamo daiwyo
specialistTa dauswrebeli swavlebis formiT momzadeba, ramac udidesi dartyma
miayena umaRles ganaTlebas. 1979 wlisaTvis studentTa 2/3 dauswrebeli da sa-
Ramos swavlebis formiT mzaddeboda. daiwyo `diplomizaciis~ procesi, romelic
sakmaod xangrZlivad, dRemde grZeldeba.
savsebiT bunebrivia, sabazro meurneobaze gadasvlam bevri isedac problema-
turi sakiTxi sxva sibrtyiT daayena. TviT evropisa da amerikis qveynebi ganicdi-
an ganaTlebis sferoSi krizisul movlenebis sakmaod uaryofiT Sedegs. miTume-
tes, umwvavesi problemebia CvenSi.
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ra mimarTulebiT unda wavides CvenSi umaRlesi
skolis gardaqmna? pasuxi aseTia:
_ esaa umaRlesi saswavleblebis universitetizacia. idea: dargobrividan-sa-
universiteto ganaTlebaze gadasvla da Tanamedrove specialist-inteligentis
formireba;
89
 _ umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba. studentebis
da samecniero-pedagogiuri kadrebis mobilurobis amaRleba. erTiani saganmanaT-
leblo sivrcis formireba.
dasavleTSi universitetebis misia yovelTvis mxolod ekonomikuri roliT
ar Semoifargleboda. univesitetebis misia yovelTvis iyo ufro liberaluri,
demokratiuli sazogadoebis formireba, axali ideebis generacia. Tavis droze,
humboldtma universitetebis misia am ideiT gamsWvalulma Camoayaliba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi ki es funqciebi meore planze gadavida da TandaTan uf-
ro da ufro profesiul ganaTlebaze da bazarze morgebuli gaxda. erTi Sexed-
viT, es zrdis sabazro ekonomikaSi konkurentunarianobas da cudi ar unda iyos.
magram didi sifrTxilea saWiro, rom ar moxdes Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dehu-
manizacia da sulierebis Sesusteba.
evropa seriozulad dafiqrda (ara marto evropa) swavlebis humanizaciis
problemebze. aq sainteresoa frangi b. esamberis (`ekol politeqnikis~ direqto-
ris) Sefasebani:
`idealuri sistema iqneba is, romelic saSualebas mogvcems SevaTavsoT zo-
gadkulturuli ganaTleba profesionalizmis safuZvlebTan. es ki miiReba saSua-
lo ganaTlebis iaponuri, anglosaqsuri umaRlesi da germanuli zrdasrulTa
(gadamzadeba) sistemebis kombinaciiT~.
gasakviri araa, rom iseve, rogorc sxva sistemebs, ganaTlebis sistemasac
aRmoaCnda Tavisi inerciuloba da reformireba martivi procesi ar gamodga. da-
debiTTan erTad fasian swavlebaze gadasvlas, dafinansebis wyaroebis diversifi-
kacias saqarTveloSic (da aramarto saqarTveloSi) swavlis xarisxis falsifika-
ciac mohyva. arc 1990-ian wlebSi 200-mde axalgaxsnilma umaRlesma saswavle-
belma gaamarTla dafinansebis simwiris, pedagogTa gadatvirTulobisa da zogjer
codnis metismetad dabali donis, mcire kontingentisa da sxva mizezTa gamo.
mTeli rigi umaRlesi saswavleblebis licenzirebaSi daSvebuli iyo Secdomebi.
Sedegad, miviReT codnis falsifikacia.
udavod dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos umaRlesi ganaTlebis or safexu-
riani sistemis_ bakalavriatisa da magistraturis SemoReba. igi ufro Seesabame-
ba sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebs. imavdroulad ufro moqnils xdis specialis-
tTa momzadebis sistemas da mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnebsac ukeTesad Seesaba-
meba. bakalavriatSi studenti iRebs farTo arealis fundamentur codnas moce-
mul dargSi (vTqvaT, ekonomikaSi). magistratura ki moqnilad pasuxobs mecniere-
bis da warmoebis ufro konkretul moTxovnebs. aq Zlier kargadaa mofiqrebuli
mcodne da unariani studentis SerCevis gza. swori organizaciis SemTxvevaSi
warmatebiT xorcieldeba seleqciuroba da unarebic maqsimalurad vlindeba.
meore mxriv, SesaZlebeli xdeba sxva umaRles da fakultetdamTavrebulTa
mizidvac, mecnierebaTa mijnaze azrovnebis Camoyalibeba. nakli isaa, rom magis-
traturis ZiriTadad fasian swavlebaze gadayvanam savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Sea-
ferxos specialistTa momzadeba. aq komercializacia yovelTvis dadebiT rols
ar TamaSobs, xels uSlis fundamenturi, specializebuli ganaTlebis miRebas.
uwyveti ganaTlebis sistemaze dRes bevri iwereba. umaRlesi ganaTlebiT mi-
Rebuli informacia da unar-Cvevebi TandaTan ufro swrafad Zveldeba. amitom sa-
Wiro xdeba misi ganaxleba, magram ise swrafad xdeba yovelive es, rom ganaTleba
iRebs uwyvet xasiaTs. `saboloo ganaTleba~ aRar arsebobs. ganaTlebis procesi,
90
dawyebuli skolamdeli ganaTlebidan SromiTi ciklis damTavrebamde (Semdegac)
ganixileba erTian procesad. amitom TandaTan xdeba intensiuri formireba kadre-
bis momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa. amas sxvadasxva qvey-
nebi gansxvavebulad awesrigeben, Zlier didia kerZo firmebis rolic.
rogorc aRvniSneT, amJamad swrafad xdeba saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo
momsaxurebis gafarToeba.
boloniis procesis erTerTi mTavari mizani isaa, rom Seiqmnas erTiani evro-
puli saganmanaTleblo sivrce. srulyofili codnis miRebis mizniT ufro gafar-
Tovdes studentTa mobiluroba da SesaZlebloba mieceT maT, miiRon ama Tu im
dargSi prestiJis mqone universitetebSi maRali donis codna.
dReisaTvis sazRvargareTis umaRles saswavleblebSi 2 mln studenti swav-
lobs, maTgan mesamedi (600 aTasi) aSS-ze modis, danarCeni ZiriTadad germaniaze,
did britaneTze, kanadasa da safrangeTze.
msoflio savaWro organizaciis cnobiT, sazRvargareTis studentebisaTvis
saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba 50-60 mlrd dolaria. aSS umaRles saswavleblebSi
erTi weli swavleba 15-25 aTasi dolaria, inglisSi _ 12-20 aTasi, avstraliasa
da kanadaSi _ 1,5-2-jer iafi, vidre aSS-Si. saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis saSua-
lo fasi wliurad 10 aTasi aSS dolaria.
amas emateba enisa da mosamzadebeli kursebidan Semosavali, wignebze, tan-
sacmelze, gasarTobze gaweuli da cxovrebis sxva xarjebi. magaliTad, londonSi
studentis wliuri cxovrebis xarji 13-15 aTasi dolaria; aSS-Si 6-14 aTasi
dolari; avstraliasa da kanadaSi _ 5-10 aTasi dolari. sazRvargareT studente-
bidan 100-120 mlrd dolari Sedis nacionalur ekonomikaSi, naxevari midis TviT
umaRles saswavleblebSi.
am fulis wyaroebia;
75-80% _ sakuTari (mSoblebis) jibe;
8-10% _ TviT universitetebi da kolejebi an mimRebi qveynis mTavrobebi
ixdian;
4-5% _ gamgzavni qveynis mTavrobebi da organizaciebi;
4-5% _ kerZo sponsorebi;
1% _ saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ra xeiri aqvT adgilobriv mTavrobebs, rom ucxoel
studentebs uxdian ganaTlebis qiras?
magaliTad, aSS igebs imas, rom magistraturadamTavrebulTa naxevari iqve
rCeba samuSaod. esaa mTeli msofliodan akumulirebuli niWieri kontingenti.
rogorc profesiuli struqturis analizi gviCvenebs, amerikaSi umTavresad
midian biznes-ganaTlebis misaRebad;
germaniaSi_ inJiner-teqnikuri ganaTlebis misaRebad;
safrangeTSi_ humanitaruli ganaTlebis misaRebad;
italiaSi_ samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad.
iuneskos prognoziT, studentTa ricxvi msoflioSi 2000w. 97 mln-dan
2025 wels 260 mln-mde gaizrdeba. aqedan 7 mln. ucxoeli studenti iqneba.
bevri qveyana ucxoel students swavlis qirasac ar an nawilobriv axdevi-
nebs (germania, safrangeTi, fineTi, Svecia). mizani: TavianT Sromis bazarze maTi
mizidva da sacxovrebeli xarjebiT sargeblobaa.

91
 ganaTlebis dafinanseba Cveni umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis erT-erTi yvela-
ze susti mxarea. ucxo qveynebis mTavrobebi ganaTlebaze, Cveulebriv, mTliani
Sida produqtis 5%-s xarjaven, zogi qveyana ki gacilebiT mets. magaliTad, is-
raeli_7,5%, malaizia_6,2%, iemeni_10%, bocvana_8%, lesoto_10%, dania_8%,
norvegia_7%, Svecia_8%, estoneTi_7,5%, saqarTvelo_5%-ze bevrad naklebs.
xarjebi umaRles ganaTlebaze da kvlevaze msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebi
mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi saSualod 1,4%-ia, rac saxelmwifo
biujetis 3.1%-s Seadgens. saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli maCveneblebi Sesabamisad
0.5% da 1.8%-ia.
amitom mTavari amocanaa-umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvlevis resursuli uz-
runvelyofa, saxelmwifo mxardaWeris, dafinansebis gadidebis xarjze-1,2%-mde
mainc mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi, rac saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi saxelmwifo biuje-
tis 3.0%-s Seadgens. es bevrad gaaumjobesebs rogorc mTeli sistemis, ise wam-
yvani umaRlesi saswavleblebis dafinansebas. aqcentis gadatana fasiani seqtoris
gazrdaze yovelTvis gamarTlebuli araa. msoflio umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganviTa-
rebis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba_yvelasaTvis misawvdomoba_moiTxovs saxel-
mwifo mxardaWeris gazrdas. sxvagvarad ganaTlebis dafinanseba, resursuli uz-
runvelyofa gaZneldeba da maRalxarisxovani ganaTleba Znelad misaRwevi gaxdeba.
gadaudebel amocanad unda miviCnioT ganaTlebis muSakTa motivaciuri meqa-
nizmis srulyofa, materialuri stimulirebis uzrunvelyofac. dasaqmebulTa Se-
madgenlobiT, yvelaze kvalificiuri dargi ganaTleba da mecnierebaa, sadac praq-
tikulad kadrebis absoluturi umravlesoba umaRles damTavrebuli specialis-
tia. xelfasis dargobrivi diferenciacis analizi ki gviCvenebs, rom mTel dar-
gobriv speqtrSi am dargSi erT-erT yvelaze dabali xelfasia jerjerobiT.
vinc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobas icnobs, misTvis ad-
vili gasagebia magistraturis da doqturanturis dafinansebis radikaluri
srulyofis aucilebloba. mTeli msoflio miiswrafvis iqiT, rom ar daikargos
bunebiT mocemuli niWi (radgan igi qveynis uni kaluri simdidrea). ganaTlebis
sistemis gardaqmnis dros es gasaTvaliswinebelia.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:
1. ganmarteT cnebebi: `samuSao Zalis xarisxi~, `adaminuri kapitali~, `fizikuri
kapitali~.
2. ra upiratesoba aqvs adamianur kapitalSi investirebas?
3. rogoria ganaTlebis sxvadasxva donis mqoneTa saSualo Semosavlebis Tanafar-
doba?
4. ra daasabuTes nobelis premiis laureatebma g. bekerma da t. Sulcma?
5. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs Tanamedrove Sromis bazri samuSao Zalis xarisxs? ro-
gor icvleba moTxovnis struqtura Sromis bazarze?
6. ra aris saqarTveloSi mimdinare ganaTlebis reformirebis mizani?
7. ras niSnavs erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrce?
8. ras niSnavs ganaTlebis humanizacia?
9. ra aris uwyveti ganaTlebis arsi?
10. rogoria Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis ZiriTadi
parametrebi?
11. ra problemebia ganaTlebis dafinansebis sferoSi?
92
 Tavi-8. socialuri politika da mosaxleobis
Semosavlebi

8.1. socialuri politikis arsi, mizani, amocanebi

zogadad, politika _ es aris gansazRvruli kursi da moqmedebis gzebi, ra-

sac garkveuli miznis misaRwevad sxvadasxva alternativebs Soris irCevs xeli-
sufleba, organizacia, jgufi Tu pirovneba.
socialuri politika, gamoyenebiTi gagebiT, aris RonisZiebaTa sistema, ro-
melic mimarTulia adamianTa keTildReobaze. ufro farTo, mecnieruli gagebiT,
socialuri politika aris sazogadoebis fenebsa da socialur jgufebs Soris
urTierTobisa da urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlis centrSic aris adamiani, misi
keTildReoba, socialuri dacva da socialuri ganviTareba, mosaxleobis sicoc-
xlisunarianobisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa.
socialuri politika mravalmxrivi da struqturulad rTuli movlenaa.
igi moicavs iseT gansxvavebul, magram urTierTdakavSirebul komponentebs, rogo-
ricaa: ganaTleba; jandacva; Sromis bazari, dasaqmeba, umuSevroba; socialuri
partnioroba; Sromis anazRaureba; Sromis usafrTxo pirobebi; socialuri dacva;
umuSevrobisa da sapensio dazRvevis sistema, socialuri usafrTxoeba da sxv.
amitom socialuri politikis Sefaseba ramdenime, Tundac Zalian mniSvnelovani
maCvenebliTa da kriteriumiT (magaliTad, xelfasis sidide, umuSevrobis done,
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, siRaribe da a.S.) SeuZlebelia.
socialuri politikis arsidan gamomdinare, misi obieqtia qveynis mosaxleo-
ba da calkeuli socialuri jgufebi, romlebic saWiroeben gansakuTrebul mxar-
daWeras saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan.
adamianTa keTildReobis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi SeiZleba ganaxorcielos
rogorc xelisuflebam, ise calkeulma organizaciam, sazogadoebrivma jgufma,
arasamTavrobo struqturebma da calkeulma pirebmac. Sesabamisad, socialuri
politikis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxelmwifo, ise calkeuli socia-
luri jgufis interesebis gamomxatveli organizaciuli struqturebi (profesi-
uli kavSirebi, sazogadoebrivi, religiuri, saqvelmoqmedo, politikuri gaerTia-
nebebi, arasabiujeto fondebi da sxv.) da qvelmoqmedi pirovnebebi. mTavari subi-
eqti, ra Tqma unda, aris saxelmwifo, Tumca sxva, zemoaRniSnuli subieqtebic
aranakleb gavlenas axdenen socialur politikaze. cnebaSi `saxelmwifo socia-
luri politika~ moiazreba xelisuflebis politikuri kursi qveynis mosaxleo-
bis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad.
radgan saxelmwifos daniSnuleba aris sakuTar moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze
zrunva, SeiZleba daSveba, rom yvela qmedeba, rasac saxelmwifo axorcielebs, mi-
ekuTvneba socialur politikas. miT ufro, rom sagareo urTierTobebi, Tavdacva,
kanonierebis dacva, garemos dacva da a.S. pirdapir ukavSirdeba adamianTa keTil-
dReobas. magram, istoriulad, Semoifargla da ganisazRvra is seqtorebi, ris
erTobliobasac socialuri sfero ewoda. esaa: mosaxleobis Semosavlebi, dasaqme-
ba da SromiTi urTierTobebi, janmrTelobis dacva, ganaTleba, socialuri dacva,
socialuri momsaxureba, sacxovrebeli pirobebi, usafrTxo garemo. Sesabamisad,
am sferoebSi ganxorcielebuli politika socialuri politikis Semadgeneli
komponentebia.
93
 socialuri politikis mizania mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba da
qveyanaSi socialur-politikuri stabilurobisaTvis pirobebis uzrunvelyofa. am
rTuli da mravalwaxnagiani miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifos socialurma politi-
kam unda uzrunvelyos Semdegi amocanebis gadawyveta:
 ekonomikuri resursebisa da Semosavlebis samarTliani ganawilebisaTvis
pirobebis Seqmna;
 mosaxleobis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmna da janmrTe-
lobis dacvaze zrunva; mosaxleobis farTo fenebisaTvis xarisxiani samedi-
cino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba;
 xarisxiani ganaTlebis miRebaze moqalaqeTa uflebebis realizaciisaTvis
pirobebis Seqmna; xarisxiani ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba;
 mosaxleobis dasaqmebis xelSewyoba da Sromis bazris infrastruqturis
ganviTareba;
 Sromis samarTliani da usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa;
 mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis efeqtiani sistemis formireba;
 sapensio sistemis ganviTareba;
 usafrTxo da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis garemo pirobebis Seqmna.
aRniSnuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad saxelmwifo gamoiyenebs administraci-
ul, ekonomikur, finansur RonisZiebebs, SeimuSavebs da axorcielebs saxelmwifo
politikas Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:
 politika mosaxleobis Semosavlebis sferoSi;
 dasaqmebis xelSewyobisa da SromiTi urTierTobis regulirebis politika;
 mosaxleobis Sromisuunaro da daucveli fenebis socialuri mxardaWera
da dacva;
 ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofis politika;
 jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofis politika;
 socialur-ekologiuri politika;
 socialuri infrastruqturis (sacxovrebeli, sabavSvo baga-baRebi, savaWro
da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis obieqtebi, gzebi, transporti, sakomunika-
cio saSualebebi da sxv.) ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdo-
mobis uzrunvelyofis politika;
 demografiuli (m.S. migraciuli) politika.
socialuri politika saxelmwifo politikis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia,
radganac dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis, misi ZiriTadi jgufebisa da calkeuli ka-
tegoriebis cxovrebis pirobebze zemoqmedebasTan. socialuri politikis Camoya-
libebis, misi Sinaarsis gansazRvris procesSi aqtiurad monawileobs ara marto
saxelmwifo, aramed sazogadoeba da socialuri jgufebi. socialuri politikis
Sinaarsi didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebaSi socialuri jgufebis urTierTmi-
marTebaze. Tu sazogadoeba da socialuri jgufebi ara marto acnobiereben saku-
Tar mdgomareobas, aramed kargad aqvT gaazrebuli misi cvlilebis SesaZleblo-
bebi da gzebi, isini aqtiurad erTvebian socialuri politikis formirebis pro-
cesSi da gavlenas axdenen saxelmwifos socialur politikaze. Tu sazogadoeba
da socialuri jgufebi pasiuria, maSin maT miznebis nacvlad aqvT ocnebebi, nat-
vra, saswaulis an romelime `keTili~ subieqtis (magaliTad, saxelmwifos an ro-
94
melime lideris) imedi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki xSiria imedis gacrueba, rac moma-
valSi sasurvel garemos qmnis socialuri ukmayofilebis zrdisaTvis.
dabalansebuli socialuri politikis gatarebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvel-
yofs qveyanaSi socialur stabilurobasa da usafrTxoebas. amasTan, socialuri
politikis SemuSavebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, mosaxleobis raodenoba da struqtura,
socialur-kulturuli Taviseburebebi, erovnuli tradiciebi da sxva
garemoebebi.
socialuri politikis efeqtianoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli eko-
nomikis mdgomareobaze, saxelmwifos finansur resursebze, organizaciebis SesaZ-
leblobebze da a.S. Tavis mxriv, efeqtiani socialuri politika dadebiT gavle-
nas axdens ekonomikisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis winsvlaze, radganac uzrun-
velyofs socialur stabilurobas, xels uwyobs adamianuri resursebis ganviTa-
rebas da amiT ekonomikis zrdisaTvis qmnis sasurvel pirobebs.
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi, dasavleTis qveynebSi ekonomikuri
dacemis pirobebSi, farTod akritikebdnen socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo garan-
tiebis sistemas da miaCndaT, rom mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofis sis-
tema metismeti tvirTi gaxda ekonomikisaTvis. swored amitom bevrma qveyanam da-
iwyo socialuri politikis sistemis reformireba-srulyofa. reforma Seexo so-
cialuri sferos TiTqmis yvela dargs, dafinansebis principebs, saxelmwifos pa-
suxismgeblobis xarisxs da a.S. gaCnda socialuri politikis sxvadasxva Teorie-
bi da modelebi, magram amosaval principebad kvlav rCeba socialuri samarTlia-
nobisa da socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, rogorc qveynisa da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi winapiroba.
socialuri politikis Sinaarsze uzarmazar gavlenas axdens im sazogadoe-
bis fuZemdebluri normebi da Rirebulebebi, sadac funqcionirebs es sistema.
socialur politikaSi, rogorc sarkeSi, aisaxeba mosaxleobis socialuri molo-
dinebi da xelisuflebis mier am molodinebis gamarTlebisaTvis gadadgmuli nabi-
jebi. amitom konkretulma qveyanam, socialuri politikis koncefciisa da
strategiis SemuSavebisas, reformirebis konkretuli modelis SerCevisas unda
gaiTvaliswinos rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, ise mosaxleobis
erovnuli fsiqologiis, tradiciebisa da RirebulebaTa sistemis Taviseburebebi.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, socialuri politika warumatebeli, xolo Sedegebi so-
cialurad da politikurad gaumarTlebeli iqneba. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia
dabalansebuli socialuri politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, rac, misi
mravalaspeqtianobis gamo, ar aris advili amocana.
mravali qveynis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom miuRebelia rogorc `socialuri
populizmis~ strategia (romelic upiratesobas aniWebs socialuri dacvis po-
litikas, axdens sazogadoebis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis ignorirebas da
mkveTrad zRudavs bazris Tavisufal funqcionirebas), ise aqcentireba mxolod
ekonomikur transformaciaze (e.w. `ekonomikur-teqnologiuri determinizmi~, ro-
melic uaryofs socialuri politikis aucileblobas). saxelmwifos efeqtiani
politika unda efuZnebodes garkveuli balansis SenarCunebas ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis xelSewyobis politikasa da mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis poli-
tikas Soris. socialuri miznebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes ekonomikur ganviTa-
rebas da, piriqiT, ekonomikuri miznebi ar unda axdendnen socialuri miznebisa
95
da problemebis ignorirebas. amasTan, drois garkveul periodSi, qveynis ekonomi-
kuri da socialuri ganviTarebis konkretul etapze, SeiZleba garkveuli upira-
tesoba mieniWos ekonomikuri an socialuri amocanebis gadawyvetas, magram xan-
grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi maT Soris balansis darRvevam SeiZleba migviyvanos
ekonomikur krizisamde (rac kidev ufro gaamwvavebs socialur problemebs), an
socialur afeTqebamde (rac damRupvelia rogorc ekonomikuri, ise socialuri
Tu politikuri TvalsazrisiT).
kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze socialuri politikis efeq-
tianoba ukavSirdeba iseTi globaluri problemebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa:
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba; ekologiurad usafrTxo
garemos Seqmna; socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikis formireba; axlandeli da
momavali Taobebis interesTa Tanasworobis uarunvelyofa; mdgradi ganviTarebis
modelze gadasvla da a.S.
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia gulisxmobs calkeuli individisa da mTeli
sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos socialuri institutebis Zalisxmevis warmarTvas
qveynis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, ekonomika isev rCeba socialuri gadawyvetilebe-
bis realizaciis safuZvlad, magram sul ufro izrdeba socialuri politikis
roli ekonomikuri zrdis problemebis gadawyvetaSi im martivi mizezis gamo,
rom swored socialurad orientirebuli ekonomika, xarisxiani samedicino momsa-
xurebisa da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba, dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, socialuri sa-
marTlianoba, moqalaqeTa socialuri dacvis maRali done da socialuri stabi-
luroba qmnis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis winapirobebs.

8.2. mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da maTi ganawileba

8.2.1. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis arsi da klasifikacia

Semosavlebi udides rols asruleben TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi, rad-

gan maTi meSveobiT xdeba adamianis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. mosaxleobis
keTildReoba da moxmarebis done pirdapir aris damokidebuli Semosavlebis ode-
nobaze. es gansazRvravs Semosavlebis ekonomikur da socialur rols.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebi – es aris fuladi saxsrebi da materialuri sike-
Te, romelsac iRebs mosaxleoba drois garkveul monakveTSi (TveSi, kvartalSi,
weliwadSi).
Semosavlebis klasifikacia sxvadasxva niSniT xdeba. pirobiTad, Semosavlebi
SeiZleba daiyos miRebis formis, warmoebis faqtorebis, miRebis wyaros, miRebis
xerxis mixedviT, dabegvrasa da fasebTan mimarTebaSi da sxv. (ix. sqema 8.2.1).
miRebis formis mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa fulad da arafulad (natura-
lur) Semosavlebad.
mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebi moicavs yvela fulad Semosulobebs mo-
muSaveTa xelfasis, samewarmeo saqmianobidan Semosavlis, pensiis, stipendiis,
sxvadasxva daxmarebis, sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis (procenti, dividen-
di, renta, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidva, uZravi qonebis gayidva da a.S.) saxiT.
arafuladi (naturaluri) Semosavlebi moicavs sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis sa-
ojaxo meurneobaSi warmoebul produqcias, aseve humanitaruli daxmarebiT an
axloblebisagan usasyidlod miRebul produqcias.

96
 sqema 8.2.1. Semosavlebis klasifikacia

miRebis wyaros mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa:

 Semosavlebi SromiTi saqmianobidan (xelfasi, premia da sxva danamatebi
xelfasze; Semosavlebi sakuTar meurneobaSi warmoebuli sasoflo-sameur-
neo produqciis realizaciidan da sxva saxis TviTdasaqmebidan);
 Semosavlebi samewarmeo saqmianobidan (mogeba);
 socializirebuli Semosavlebi (daxmareba, Semweoba, sadazRvevo anazRaure-
ba, pensia, stipendia da a.S.);
 Semosavlebi sakuTrebidan (procenti anabarze; renta; dividendebi fasiani
qaRaldebidan; qonebis an ucxouri valutis gayidviT miRebuli Semosavali
da sxv.);
 sxva Semosavlebi (axloblisagan miRebuli gzavnili, latariiT an sxva ga-
TamaSebiT miRebuli mogeba da a.S.)

warmoebis faqtorebis mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad:

 xelfasi (nominaluri, realuri);
 renta (bunebrivi resursebze, miwaze);
 procenti/kapitali (Semosavali sasesxo kapitalidan, korporaciis moge-
bidan da sxv.).

97
 dabegvrasa da fasebTan mimarTebaSi Semosavali SeiZleba iyos: nominaluri,
gankargviTi da realuri.
nominaluri Semosavali moicavs erTobliv Semosavlebs dabegvrisa da fase-
bis miuxedavad. gankargviTia erToblivi Semosavlis is nawili, romelic rCeba
gadasaxadebisa da sxva savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis gadaxdis Semdeg da romlis
gankargva ojaxs (pirovnebas) SeuZlia. realuri Semosavlis gasaangariSeblad
mxedvelobaSi miiReba aseve fasebis indeqsi (sacalo fasebisa da tarifebis cvli-
leba). igi asaxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, romlis SeZena SesaZ-
lebelia miRebuli gankargviTi SemosavliT.
ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlebis mTavari wyaro xelfasia.
masze modis Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 65-70%. aRsaniSnavia, rom xelfassa da,
Sesabamisad, Semosavlebs aqvs diferenciaciis zrdis tendencia qveynebis, regione-
bis, saqmianobis sferoebis, Sromis pirobebis, individebis mixedviT. xelfasis ga-
nakveTebi bevrad maRalia evropis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, aSS-Si, vidre Ci-
neTSi, ruseTsa Tu saqarTveloSi. arc Tu iSviaTad, xelfasis ganakveTebi dife-
rencirebulia aseve sqesisa da rasobrivi kuTvnilebis mixedviT. es niSnavs, rom
xelfasis regulirebas rogorc makro, ise mikro doneze didi socialur-ekono-
mikuri mniSvneloba aqvs.
makro doneze xelfasis regulirebis mizania siRaribesTan brZola, cxovre-
bis donis zrdis stimulireba, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobis gazrda da,
sabolood, qveynis adamianuri kapitalis gazrda da mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba.
mikro doneze xelfasis regulirebis mizania sameurneo subieqtebis konku-
renciis pirobebis gamoTanabreba, xelfasis ZiriTadi elementebisa (struqturis)
da diferenciaciis safuZvlebis gansazRvra.
Semosavlebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis gansazRvrisaTvis amosavalia
informacia mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis odenoba da
struqtura aRiricxeba statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier Sinameurneobebis
kvlevebis safuZvelze. Semosavlebi da xarjebi ganisazRvreba mTeli mosaxleobis,
erTi Sinameurneobisa da mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT. 2000-2015
wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebi erT sulze gaan-
gariSebiT warmodgenilia cxrilSi 8.2.1.

98
 cxrili 8.2.1
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebi erT sulze
gaangariSebiT, lari
2000 2005 2010 2015
fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi 28.8 59.7 132.1 227.1
daqiravebuli Sromidan 11.7 23.3 56.1 106.6
TviTdasaqmebidan 5.8 10.5 15.3 22.6
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan 5.6 8.5 10.5 22.2
qonebidan (gaqiravebidan,procenti anabridan) 0.3 0.9 1.9 2.5
pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi 2.3 6.8 22.8 41.6
ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi 1.0 3.7 6.9 8.0
saCuqrad miRebuli fuli 2.2 6.0 18.5 23.7
arafuladi Semosavlebi 10.6 21.1 22.6 23.3
Semosavlebi, sul 39.4 80.8 154.7 250.4
sxva fuladi saxsrebi 7.2 11.5 23.9 34.1
qonebis gayidva 1.9 1.4 3.1 2.2
fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba 5.3 10.1 20.8 31.9
fuladi saxsrebi, sul 36.0 71.2 156.0 261.2
fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul 46.6 92.3 178.6 284.5
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. Sinameurneobebis mier
deklarirebuli monacemebis mixedviT.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebis odenobisa da struqturis (ix.
cxrilebi 8.2.1 da 8.2.2) analizi mowmobs, rom bolo 15 weliwadSi mosaxleobis
Semosavlebis mkveTri zrdis miuxedavad, jer kidev mcirea Semosavlebis saerTo
odenoba da problematuria SemosavlebSi dasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
mcire wili.
cxrili 8.2.2
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebis struqtura, 2000-2015 wlebSi*,
procentebSi
2000 2005 2010 2015
fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi 61.8 64.7 74.0 79.8
daqiravebuli Sromidan 25.1 25.2 31.4 37.5
TviTdasaqmebidan 12.4 11.4 8.6 7.9
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan 12.0 9.3 5.9 7.8
qonebidan (gaqiravebidan,procenti anabridan) 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.9
pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi 4.9 7.4 12.8 14.6
ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi 2.1 4.0 3.9 2.8
saCuqrad miRebuli fuli 4.7 6.5 10.4 8.3
arafuladi Semosavlebi 22.7 22.8 12.6 8.2
Semosavlebi, sul 84.5 87.6 86.6 88.0
sxva fuladi saxsrebi 15.5 12.4 13.4 12.0
qonebis gayidva 4.1 1.5 1.7 0.8
fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba 11.4 10.9 11.7 11.2
fuladi saxsrebi, sul 77.3 77.2 87.4 91.8
fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
*gaangariSebulia cxrili 8.2.1-is monacemebis mixedviT.

99
 2015 wlis mdgomareobiT, daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebul Semosavlze
modis mTliani Semosavlis mxolod 37,5%. marTalia, 2000-2015 wlebSi
daqiravebidan miRebuli Semosavali, mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT, 9,1-
jer gaizarda, magram SemosavlebSi xelfasis wili optimaluri donesTan (65-
70%) SedarebiT jer kidev dabalia.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi sakmaod maRalia axloblebisagan
saCuqrad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis wili (8-10%), rac saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis socialur-fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebisa da tradiciuli
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis (naTesaoba, megobroba) anareklia. SemosavlebSi
didi wili ukavia aseve ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebs, romlebsac
sazRvargareT momuSave ojaxis wevrebi da naTesavebi saqarTveloSi darCenil
axloblebs ugzavnian. 2000-2015 wlebSi gzavnilebis odenoba mosaxleobis erT
sulze gaangariSebiT 8-jer gaizarda, Tumca saqarTvelodan SromiTi emigraciis
ZiriTad qveynebSi (ruseTi, saberZneTi, italia) ukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebuli
ekonomikuri krizisis gamo, gzavnilebis odenoba da wili SemosavlebSi Semcirda
(ix. cxrili 8.2.1 da cxrili 8.2.2).
ukanasknel 15 weliwadSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad (18-jer) gaizarda
pensiebis, stipendiebisa da daxmarebebis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebi da maTma
wilma mTlian SemosavlebSi TiTqmis 15% Seadgina, Tumca socialuri
gasacemlebis sidide jer kidev mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba Rirseuli saarsebo
pirobebisaTvis sakmarisi Semosavlis odenobas. qveynis ganviTarebis amocanebidan
gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, upiratesoba unda mieniWos ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis xelSewyobas, rac gazrdis dasaqmebidan miRebul
Semosavlebs, Seamcirebs socialurad daucvelTa raodenobas (2016 wlis
agvistos monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi socialuri daxmarebis paketis mimRebTa
66,3% aqtiuri Sromiunariani asakis - 18-dan 59 wlis - piria)27 da Seqmnis
saarsebo Semweobis gazrdis pirobebs.

8.2.2. Semosavlebis ganawileba

Semosavlebis ganawilebis analizisas yuradReba or ZiriTad aspeqtze
maxvildeba. esenia: funqcionaluri ganawileba da piradi ganawileba.
Semosavlebis funqcionaluri ganawileba
Sesrulebuli funqciebis
Sesabamisad Semosavlis miRebis wyaroebs ukavSirdeba. amis mixedviT sazogadoebis
fuladi Semosavlebi iyofa xelfasad, rentad, procentad, dividendad da a.S.
Semosavlebis ZriTadi nawili, rogorc wesi, xelfasze modis. wvrili
mesakuTreebis (maT Soris TviTdasaqmebuli eqimebis, pedagogebis, advokatebis,
fermerebis, mcire da arakorporaciuli sawarmoebis mflobelebis) Semosavlebi
arsebiTad aris xelfasis, mogebis, rentisa da procentis kombinireba.
Semosavlebis piradi ganawileba dakavSirebulia SinameurneobasTan, rogorc
mxarjav jgufTan da asaxavs im xerxebis erTobliobas, romelTa meSveobiTac
sazogadoebis mTliani Semosavlebi Sinameurneobebs Soris nawildeba. piradi
ganawilebisas mosaxleobis Semosavlebis nawili miemarTeba saxelmwifos

27
wyaro: ssip - socialuri momsaxurebis saagento. http://ssa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=1191
100
SemosavlebSi individualuri gadasaxadebis saxiT, danarCeni ki pirad moxmarebasa
da danazogs Soris nawildeba.
rogorc cnobilia, sabazro ekonomikaSi Semosavlebi moTxovna-miwodebis
kanonis, agreTve zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis safuZvelze formirdeba. amasTan,
sabazro meqanizmi ar iZleva keTildReobis garantirebul dones, vinaidan
adamianebi gansxvavdebian inteleqtualuri, fizikuri da esTetikuri
SesaZleblobebiT, gansakuTrebulad niWierebis gverdiT gvxvdebian
Sromisuunaronic, adamianebi gansxvavdebian profesiuli momzadebisa da
ganaTlebis doniT da a.S. Semosavlebis sidideze gavlenas axdens agreTve
socialuri kavSirebi (nacnoboba), sakuTrebis ufleba, ubeduri SemTxveva,
diskriminacia, profesiuli riskebi, iRbali da a.S.; Semosavlebis gadanawileba
xdeba aseve ukanono gzebiT – Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba, korufcia,
meqrTameoba, gamoZalva, qurdoba, Crdilovani Semosavlebi da sxv. Sesabamisad,
Semosavlebis ganawilebas Tan axlavs uTanasworoba.
Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawilebis mizezebi mravalia. es mizezebi
pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad:
 obieqturi mizezebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba saqmianobis saerTo
sargeblianobas, xelfasis diferenciacias teritoriis, sferoebis,
profesiebisa da Tanamdebobebis mixedviT, ganaTlebis dones, uTanabrobas
sakuTrebis flobaSi da a.S.
 subieqturi mizezebi _ dakavSirebulia pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebTan
(SesaZleblobebi, aqtiuroba, warmateba, kavSirebi, riski, avantiurizmi,
diskriminacia da a.S.).
 specifikuri mizezebi _ ganpirobebulia sabazro garemos TaviseburebebiT
(qveyanaSi samuSao Zalis dabali fasi, normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis
ganuviTarebloba, `Crdilovani~ Semosavlebis didi odenobiT misakuTrebis
SesaZlebloba da sxv.).
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciaciaze gavlenas axdens rogorc
saqmianobis saxeoba (Semosavlis wyaro), aseve rigi demografiuli da socialuri
faqtorebic (ojaxSi momuSaveTa raodenoba, kmayofaze myof pirTa raodenoba,
socialuri moTxovnilebebis done da sxv.).
uTanasworoba SemosavlebSi vlindeba ori formiT – koncentraciiTa da
diferenciaciiT. analizis obieqtebi SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis jgufebi an
regionebi.
SemosavlebSi uTanasworobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba Semdegi statistikuri
xerxi: mosaxleoba iyofa Tanatol wilebad – decilebad (Sesaswavli
erTobliobis 1/10 nawili) an kvintelebad (1/5). gazomva iTvaliswinebs zeda,
saSualo da dabali jgufebis Semosavlebis Sefasebas. Semosavlebis ganawileba
decilebis/kvintelebis mixedviT asaxavs Semosavlebis diferenciacias da
mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTiunarianobis koncentraciis dones.
1980-ian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda msoflio mosaxleobis
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi jgufebis mixedviT: gaizarda zeda da qveda deciluri
jgufebis wili, saSualo jgufebisa ki Semcirda. xuTi dabali decilis
Semosavlebis wilis zrda moxda ZiriTadad CineTsa da indoeTSi Semosavlebis
swrafi zrdiT (am qveynebis wilis gaTvaliswinebiT msoflio mosaxleobaSi).

101
pirveli dabali decilis Semosavlebi gaizarda da gadavida ufro maRal
jgufebSi. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi msgavsi tendenciebi ganviTarda
tropikul afrikasa da bangladeSSi.28 msoflio mosaxleobis zeda decilurma
jgufma Tavisi wili SemosavlebSi mniSvnelovnad gazarda (ZiriTadad
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali tempebis safuZvelze aSS-sa da iaponiaSi).
mosaxleobis erT sulze Semosavlebis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT me-6 da me-5
decilebis wili Semcirda daaxloebiT xuTi punqtiT. me-7 decilma, romelic
moicavs qveynebs mosaxleobis Semosavlebis saSualo doniT (laTinuri amerikis
qveynebi), dakarga daaxloebiT erTi punqti. me-9 decilis wili (sadac
Tavmoyrilia navTob-eqsportiori qveynebi) msoflio SemosavlebSi Semcirda sami
punqtiT _ 27-dan 24 %-mde.29
21-e saukunis dasawyisSi decilebs Soris gansxvaveba isev arsebiTia. qveda
xuT jgufSi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani zrdis miuxedavad, Semosavlebi am
jgufebSi, mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT, ar aRemateba saSualo
msoflio donis 10 procents da Seadgens zeda jgufis Semosavlebis mxolod
1,25 %-s.30
sxva gaangariSebiT, roca msoflios mosaxleoba iyofa 20%-ian jgufebad,
uRaribesi kvintelis Semosavlebi 1965-1990 wlebSi mxolod 14 procentuli
punqtiT gaizarda. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi 1970-ian wlebSi, mosaxleobis
erT sulze, umdidresi kvintelis Semosavali 11-12-jer meti iyo udablesi
kvintelis Semosavlebze (yvelaze Rarib 20-ian jgufze modioda Semosavlebis
mxolod 3-2,5%, xolo umdidres 20%-ze _ Semosavlebis 30-33%). 1990-ian
wlebSi es sxvaoba kidev ufro gaizarda da Seadgina 15-jer meti; braziliaSi
1992 wels es gansxvaveba iyo 31-jer.31
Semosavlebis mimRebTa gradacia asaxavs ufro Rrma qonebriv uTanasworebas
ganviTarebad qveynebSi, vidre es dasavleTis qveynebSia. gansxvaveba uRaribes da
umdidres 20%-ian jgufebs Soris ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi aris 7-
jer, ganviTarebadSi _ 10,6-jer. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es gansxvaveba
ganviTarebul qveynebSi kidev ufro Semcirda, ganviTarebadSi ki igive doneze
darCa. uRaribesi kvintelis wili mdidar qveynebSi bevrad aRemateboda igive
jgufis Semosavlebs Rarib qveynebSi.
Tu dasavleTis ganviTarebul samrewvelo qveynebSi Semosavlebis
uTanasworobas aqvs ZiriTadad orpolusiani xasiaTi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi
arsebobs mravalricxovani socialuri stratifikacia. igi vlindeba mravali
mimarTulebiT – socialuri fenebis, qalaqisa da soflis, warmoebis Tanamedrove
da tradiciuli seqtorebis, eTnikuri jgufebis, CamorCenili da ganviTarebuli
raionebis mixedviT.
dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi moxda uTanasworobis donis Semcireba. ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki
mosaxleobis erT sulze Semosavlebis zrdis kvalobaze uTanasworoba kidev
ufro gaizarda. Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawileba qveynebs Soris da qveynebs

28
Кущеева М.А. Регулирование заработной платы и политика доходов. М., 1998. gv.3
29
World Development Report. 1984, 1990, 1997.
30
Human Development Report. 2007/2008.
31
World Bank 2007b.
102
SigniT (gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebad qveynebSi), Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi
mwvave winaaRmdegobaa.
saqarTveloSi 2015 wels Semosavlebisa da xarjebis ganawileba erT
Sinameurneobaze deciluri jgufebis mixedviT warmodgenilia cxrilSi 8.2.3.

cxrili 8.2.3
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis ganawileba deciluri
jgufebis mixedviT 2015 wels*, procentebSi

deciluri jgufebi
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X sul
Semosavlebis ganawileba
fuladi
Semosavlebi da 100.0
transfertebi 1.8 2.9 3.9 5.0 6.4 7.8 9.8 12.6 16.8 33.0
arafuladi
100.0
Semosavlebi 2.6 5.1 7.4 9.8 10.4 12.6 13.7 12.5 12.9 13.0
Semosavlebi, sul 1.9 3.1 4.2 5.4 6.7 8.2 10.2 12.6 16.5 31.1 100.0
sxva fuladi
100.0
saxsrebi 8.1 4.4 7.0 6.9 7.6 8.7 10.8 9.3 15.8 21.6
fuladi saxsrebi,
100.0
sul 2.6 3.1 4.3 5.2 6.5 7.9 10.0 12.2 16.7 31.5
fuladi da
arafuladi 100.0
saxsrebi, sul 2.6 3.3 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.3 10.3 12.2 16.4 30.0
xarjebis ganawileba
samomxmareblo
100.0
fuladi xarjebi 2.9 4.5 5.5 6.3 7.3 8.7 10.0 12.3 15.6 26.9

arafuladi xarjebi 10. 100.0

5.1 7.9 9.4 9 11.6 11.3 11.7 11.2 10.7 10.3
samomxmareblo
100.0
xarjebi, sul 3.2 4.9 6.0 6.9 7.8 9.0 10.2 12.1 15.0 25.0
arasamomxmareblo
100.0
fuladi xarjebi 3.1 3.9 5.8 7.2 7.3 11.0 10.7 10.6 15.9 24.5
fuladi xarjebi,
100.0
sul 3.0 4.3 5.6 6.6 7.3 9.4 10.2 11.8 15.7 26.2
xarjebi, sul 3.2 4.6 5.9 7.0 7.7 9.5 10.4 11.7 15.3 24.9 100.0
*gaangariSebulia saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebze
dayrdnobiT.

rogorc cxrilis monacemebidan Cans, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis pirveli

rva deciluri jgufis fuladi Semosavlebi jamSi TiTqmis imdenivea, ramdenic
bolo, yvelaze maRalSemosavliani ori (me-9 da me-10) jgufis fuladi
Semosavlebi. mosaxleobis am or yvelaze maRalSemosavlian 20%-ze modis
fuladi Semosavlebis 49,8%, mTliani (fuladi da arafuladi) Semosavlebis
46,4%, samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebis 42,5% da mTliani xarjebis 40,1%. es
103
adasturebs saqarTveloSi Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi uTanasworobis sakmaod
maRal xarisxs, rac socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT
arasasurvelia.
Semosavlebis uTanabrobis dones TvalsaCinod warmoaCens e.w. `lorencos
mrudi~. es aris koordinatTa sistemaze gamosaxuli grafiki, romelic asaxavs
Semosavlebis ganawilebas mosaxleobis jgufebis mixedviT. abcisTa RerZze
ganTavsebulia `mosaxleobis (ojaxebis) jgufebis wili~, ordinatTa ReZze ki
`Semosavlis wili~. Semosavlebis absoluturad Tanabari ganawilebis Teoriul
SesaZleblobas biseqtrisa Seesatyviseba. igi gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli
raodenobis mosaxleoba iRebs imave odenobis (Sesabamisi %-is) Semosavals. es
niSnavs, rom Tu mosaxleobis (ojaxebis) saerTo raodenobis 10% iRebs
Semosavlebis saerTo odenobis 10%-s, 20% - 20%-s, 40% - 40%-s da a.S., maSin
Semosavlebi Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli da Sesabamisi wertilebi biseqtrisaze
ganlagdeba.
Semosavlebis ganawilebis faqtobrivi mrudi aigeba Sesabamisi monacemebis
safuZvelze. sivrce absoluturad Tanabari ganawilebis xazsa (biseqtrisa) da
lorencos mruds Soris asaxavs Semosavlebis uTanasworobis dones. rac ufro
metia es sivrce, anu rac metia daSoreba biseqtrisasa da faqtobriv mruds
Soris, miT metia uTanasworobis xarisxi. Tu lorencos mrudi emTxveva
ordinatTa RerZs, maSin adgili aqvs absolutur uTanasworobas (roca
mosaxleobis 1% Rebulobs Semosavlebis 100%-s, sxvebi ki arafers Rebuloben),
xolo Tu igi emTxveva biseqtrisas, saqme gvaqvs absoluturad Tanabar
ganawilebasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom absoluturad uTanasworo an absoluturad
Tanabari ganawileba praqtikaSi ar gvxvdeba.

დიაგრამა 1. ლორენცოს მრუდი მთლიანი შემოსავლების მიხედვით,

საქართველო, 2015
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

თანაბარი განაწილება ფაქტობრივი განაწილება

104
 lorencos mrudi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes drois sxvadasxa
periodisaTvis, sxvadasxva qveynisa da mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebis
Semosavlebis ganawilebis SedarebisaTvis.
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT, 2015 wlisTvis
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis deciluri jgufebis mixedviT mTliani Semosavlebis
ganawilebis safuZvelze agebuli lorencos mrudi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (ix.
diagrama-1):
Semosavlebis faqtobrivi ganawilebis gadaxras maTi Tanabari ganawilebis
xazidan gviCvenebs jinis koeficienti (procentul gamosaxulebaSi _ indeqsi),
romelsac sxvanairad Semosavlebis koncentraciis maCvenebelsac uwodeben. igi
aris diagonalsa da lorencos mruds Soris moqceuli farTobis Sefardeba
diagonalis qvemoT farTobTan. Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebisas jinis
indeqsi nulis tolia, absoluturad araTanabari ganawilebisas ki erTis toli.
Sesabamisad, rac metia jinis indeqsi, miT uTanasworod aris Semosavali
sazogadoebaSi ganawilebuli.
adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis maRali donis mqone qveynebSi jinis
koeficienti ZiriTadad 0,25-0,33-ia, saSualo ganviTarebis qveynebSi _ 0,33-0,40
da dabali ganviTarebis qveynebSi _ 0,40-0,50 da meti.32 OSCE–is qveynebisaTvis
dadgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT, uTanasworobis Skala Semdegia:
uTanasworobis done Zalian dabalia, Tuki jinis indeqsi 20-22-is tolia;
dabalia, roca jinis indeqsi 24-26-ia; saSualo uTanasworobisas jinis indeqsia
29-31; maRalia uTanasworoba, roca jinis indeqsi 33-35 da metia.33
rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi Semosavlebis ganawilebis uTanasworobis
maCveneblebi maRalia. marTalia, 2014-2015 wlebSi SeiniSneba garkveuli
pozitiuri tendenciebi Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi uTanasworobis Semcirebis
mimarTulebiT, magram saqarTvelos mixedviT gaangariSebuli jinis koeficienti
(ix. cxrili 8.2.4) jer kidev maRalia da didad ar gansxvavdeba laTinuri
amerikisa da afrikis socialurad yvelaze uTanasworo qveynebis analogiuri
maCveneblebisagan.34

5 Human Development Report 2011. Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. gv. 135-138.
33
http://modern-econ.ru/micro/dohody/lorenc.html
34
2000-2011 wlebSi jinis koeficienti mTliani Semosavlebis mixedviT iyo: kolumbiaSi –
0,58, samxreT afrikis respublikaSi– 0,58, gondurasSi _ 0,58, braziliaSi – 0,54, gvatemalaSi
– 0,53, ruandaSi _ 0,53,nikaraguaSi _ 0,52, meqsikaSi _ 0,52, CileSi – 0,52, panamaSi – 0,52,
zambiaSi – 0,51, zimbabveSi – 0,50, ekvadorSi _ 0,49, peruSi – 0,48, domenikis respublikaSi –
0,48, keniaSi _ 0,48, ganaSi _ 0,47, nepalSi _ 0,47, kongoSi _ 0,47, gambiaSi _ 0,47, salvadorSi
_ 0,47, butanSi – 0,47, argentinaSi _ 0,46, ugandaSi _ 0,44, nigeriaSi _ 0,43 da a.S.). wyaro:
Human Development Report 2011. Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. gv. 135-138.
105
 cxrili 8.2.4
jinis koeficienti, saqarTvelo, 2000-2015

wlebi mTliani mTliani mTliani mTliani mTliani

fuladi Semosavlebis fuladi xarjebis samomxmareblo
saxsrebis mixedviT2 xarjebis mixedviT4 xarjebis
mixedviT1 mixedviT3 mixedviT5
2000 0,56 0,50 0,47 0,44 0,40
2005 0,53 0,44 0,45 0,41 0,39
2010 0,52 0,46 0,50 0,46 0,43
2015 0,47 0,42 0,48 0,45 0,40
1 - mTliani fuladi saxsrebi moicavs rogorc fulad Semosavlebsa da transfertebs,
aseve sxva fulad saxsrebs
2- mTliani Semosavlebi moicavs rogorc fulad Semosavlebsa da transfertebs, aseve
arafulad Semosavlebs
3 - mTliani fuladi xarjebi moicavs rogorc samomxmareblo, aseve arasamomxmareblo
fulad xarjebs
4 - mTliani xarjebi moicavs rogorc mTlian fulad xarjebs, aseve arafulad xarjebs
5 - mTliani samomxmareblo xarjebi moicavs rogorc samomxmareblo fulad xarjebs,
aseve arafulad xarjebs
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.

Semosavlebis mixedviT mosaxleobis diferenciaciisa da koncentraciis maRa-

li xarisxi uaryofiTad moqmedebs ara marto qveyanaSi arsebul socialur viTa-
rebaze, aramed negatiurad aisaxeba erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebazec, radgan
amcirebs erToblivi moxmarebis moculobas da zrdis socialur programebze sa-
biujeto saxsrebis warmarTvis aucileblobas.
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis odenoba da maTi ganawilebis proporciebi, arsebi-
Tad, gansazRvravs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobas da moTxovnilebebis
dakmayoflebis xarisxs. es ki gamoxatulebas poulobs mosaxleobis cxovrebis
doneSi.

8.3. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done

8.3.1. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da misi Sefasebis parametrebi

cxovrebis done axasiaTebs adamianTa materialuri, sulieri da socialuri

moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebisa da dakmayofilebis xarisxs, anu sxva sityvebiT,
cxovrebis done – es aris mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa struqtura da Sesabami-
si saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT maTi dakmayofilebis xarisxi.
adamianTa moTxovnilebebi Zalze mravalferovania. igi icvleba individis
kulturuli ganviTarebis donisa da piradi Taviseburebebis mixedviT. moTxovni-
lebebSi gamoiyofa:
1. fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebi (sakvebze, tansacmelze, fexsacmelze da
a.S.);
2. sulieri (inteleqtualuri) moTxovnilebebi;
3. socialuri moTxovnilebebi (romlebic kmayofildeba sazogadoebrivi saq-
mianobis procesSi).

106
 mosaxleobis cxovrebis done Qqveynis ekonomikis sarkea, radganac cxovrebis
donisa da xarisxis gaumjobeseba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donezea damokidebu-
li. amasTan, cxovrebis donis amaRleba qmnis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
SesaZleblobebs, mis materialur bazas. magram pirobebi, romlebic aucilebelia
cxovrebis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad, ar Semoifargleba mxolod saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis moxmarebis doniT. cxovrebis xarisxi moicavs aseve ekonomikuri da
politikuri ganviTarebis socialur Sedegebs – sicocxlis saSualo xangrZli-
vobas, daavadebebis dones, Sromis pirobebsa da dacvas, informaciis xelmisaw-
vdomobas, adamianis uflebaTa dacvas da a.S. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis cxovrebis
xarisxi ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre cxovrebis done.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done kompleqsuri kategoriaa. misi analizisa da Se-
fasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva parametrebi: mTliani Sida produqti (mSp),
erovnuli Semosavali da realuri Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze; sacxov-
rebliT uzrunvelyofa; saqonelbrunvisa da momsaxurebis moculoba mosaxleobis
erT sulze; ganaTlebisa da jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba da a.S. cxovrebis dones
iribad axasiaTebs Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis maCveneblebi, sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivoba da sxv. magram cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad sakmarisi ar aris
ganzogadebuli da gasaSualebuli maCveneblebi, romlebic gaiangariSeba qveynis
mosaxleobis mixedviT. aucilebelia moxmarebisa da Semosavlebis moculobisa da
struqturis analizi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialuri, profesiuli da demog-
rafiuli jgufebis mixedviT. magaliTad, rogoria mosaxleobis yvelaze dabalSe-
mosavliani 10%-is da yvelaze maRalSemosavliani 10%-is Semosavlebis wili
Semosavlebis saerTo odenobaSi; rogoria erovnuli meurneobis sxvadasxva
sferoebSi momuSaveTa xelfasi; rogoria Sinameurneobis danaxarjebis struqtura
da a.S.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes sami aspeqtiT:
1. mTeli mosaxleobis mimarT;
2. socialuri jgufebis mimarT;
3. ojaxebis mimarT.
bolo ori kategoriis mixedviT Sefaseba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mo-
saxleobis fenebad dayofis dasaxasiaTeblad, ramdenadac ojaxebisa da jgufebis
Semosavlebis diferenciaciis Semcireba saxelmwifos socialuri politikis pri-
oritetuli mizani da amocanaa.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefasebas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs sasursaTo
da samomxmareblo kalaTis RirebulebasTan, saarsebo minimumTan, samomxmareblo
biujetTan.
sasursaTo kalaTa aris Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTi adamianisaTvis saWiro kvebis
produqtebis nakrebi, romelic gaangariSebulia produqtebis moxmarebis minima-
luri normebis safuZvelze. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba adamianis fiziologiur
moTxovnilebas, kaloriulobas, ZiriTadi sakvebi nivTierebebis Semcvelobasa da
kvebis organizaciis tradiciul Cvevebs.
sursaTis moxmarebis minimaluri normebis gasaangariSeblad jandacvis insti-
tutebi (saministro, departamenti, samedicino profilis kvleviTi
dawesebulebebi) SeimuSaveben e.w. moxmarebis fiziologiur normebs.

107
 moxmarebis fiziologiuri normebi diferencirebulia mosaxleobis
socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT (bavSvebi da mozardebi, Sromisuna-
riani asakis mamakacebi da qalebi, xandazmulebi da moxucebi). Sromisunariani
mosaxleobisaTvis minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis formirebis safuZvelia Sromi-
sunariani mamakacis kvebis produqtebis nakrebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs dRe-Ra-
meSi 2700 kkal-s35. moxmarebis fiziologiuri normebi zogjer diferencirebu-
lia teritoriuli zonebis mixedviTac. sakvebi produqtebis energetikuli Rire-
bulebis (kaloriulobis), maTi moxmarebis tradiciuli struqturisa da norme-
bis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba sasursaTo kalaTis Semadgenloba.
sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba gaiangariSeba mosaxleobis calkeuli jgu-
fis mier sursaTis moxmarebis minimaluri normis gamravlebiT maTi Sesyidvis sa-
Sualo fasze.
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri saarsebo minimums angariSobs
im minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis mixedviT, romelic dadgenilia ,,sakveb
nivTierebebsa da energiaze organizmis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebisa da
saarsebo minimumis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiro sasursaTo kalaTis Semadgenlobis
normebisa da normativebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos Sromis,
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2003 wlis 8 maisis #111/n
brZanebis Sesabamisad. Tavdapirvelad xdeba minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis
Rirebulebis daTvla saqarTvelos 5 qalaqis (Tbilisi, quTaisi, baTumi, gori da
Telavi) fasebis safuZvelze. Semdeg etapze xorcieldeba TiToeuli
produqtisaTvis saSualo fasis gaangariSeba mTeli qveynisaTvis. Semdeg ki
gaiangariSeba sasursaTo kalaTis Tviuri saSualo Rirebuleba masSi Semavali
produqtebis Tviuri Rirebulebis SekrebiT.36
adamianis arsebobisaTvis, sursaTis garda, saWiroa mTeli rigi arasasursa-
To saqoneli da momsaxureba. arasasursaTo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna
ganisazRvreba saqonlis sami jgufis mixedviT:
1. garderobis sagnebi (zeda tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, Tavsaburi da a.S.);
2. sanitariisa da higienis sagnebi, medikamentebi;
3. xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebi (aveji, WurWeli, eleqtrosaqoneli, sa-
meurneo daniSnulebis sagnebi da sxv.).
saerTo (sasursaTo da arasasursaTo) minimaluri moxmarebis moculoba na-
turalur gamosaxulebaSi qmnis minimalur samomxmareblo kalaTas.
minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis nakrebi,
romelic obieqturad aucilebelia adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakma-
yofileblad, anu es aris tipiuri donisa da struqturis sasursaTo da arasa-
sursaTo saqonlis Tviuri moxmarebis moculoba.
minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba sasursaTo ka-
laTis Rirebulebisa da arasasursaTo xarjebis gaangariSebis safuZvelze. arasa-
sursaTo xarjebis moculoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros sasursaTo da arasasursaTo
xarjebs Soris dadgenili garkveuli Tanafardobis safuZvelzec. magaliTad,

35
kaloriebis odenoba SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli ara marto qveynebis, aramed qveyanaSi
garkveuli periodebis mixedviT. magaliTad, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi igi Seadgenda 3300 kkal-s,
1990-ian wlebSi – 2700 kkal-s, xolo 2004 wlidan – 2300 kkal-s.
36
wyaro: http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology.pdf
108
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri saarsebo minimums angariSobs
Semdegnairad: zemoaRniSnuli meTodikiT gaangariSebul minimaluri sasursaTo
kalaTis Rirebulebas hyofs 0.7-ze da miRebuli namravliT adgens saarsebo
minimums, anu saarsebo minimumis RirebulebaSi sasursaTo xarjebis wili
ganisazRvreba 70%-iT, arasasursaTo xarjebis wili ki 30%-iT.
saarsebo minimumi warmoadgns adamianis janmrTelobis SenarCunebisa da
sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebeli kaloriebis Semcveli
kvebis produqtebis naturalur nakrebs, agreTve danaxarjebs arasasursaTo
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, gadasaxadebsa da savaldebulo gadasaxdelebze.
saarsebo minimumi diferencirebulia qveynebis ganviTarebis donisa da mosax-
leobis socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT.
socialur-demografiuli niSniT saarsebo minimumis diferenciaciisas gamoi-
yofa: Sromisunariani mosaxleoba, moxucebi da xandazmulebi, eqvs wlamde asakis
bavSvebi da 7-15 wlis mozardebi. saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba
xdeba Sromisunariani mamakacisa da saSualo momxmareblisaTvis, aseve erTsulia-
ni, orsuliani, samsuliani, oTxsuliani, xuTsuliani, eqvsi da metsuliani oja-
xebisa da saSualo ojaxis mixedviT. 2016 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobiT, saqarTve-
loSi saarsebo minimumis odenoba Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis Seadgenda 156,6
lars, saSualo momxmareblisaTvis _ 138,7 lars, xolo saSualo (3,4-suliani)
ojaxisaTvis _ 262,6 lars.37
saarsebo minimumis produqtebis, arasasursaTo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis,
gadasaxadebisa da savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis nakrebis RirebulebiTi Sefaseba
warmoadgens saarsebo minimumis biujets. saarsebo minimumis struqtura gansaz-
Rvravs saarsebo minimumis biujetis xarjvis muxlebs (danaxarjebi kvebaze, ara-
sasursaTo saqonelze, momsaxurebaze, gadasaxadebi da sxva gadasaxdelebi). saar-
sebo minimumis biujetis Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba aseve mosaxleobis erT
sulze da erT Sinameurneobaze gaangariSebiT.
maCveneblebi, `saarsebo minimumi~ da `saarsebo minimumis biujeti~ saxelmwi-
fos mier gamoiyeneba, rogorc socialuri politikis instrumentebi. kerZod, am
maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba, da-
balSemosavliani kategoriebisaTvis miznobrivi socialuri daxmarebis sistemis
formireba, minimaluri xelfasis, minimaluri pensiis, socialuri daxmarebis
odenobis gansazRvra da a.S.
rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo doneze adgens saarsebo minimumis
biujetsa (xSirad mas moixsenieben, rogorc saarsebo minimums) da minimalur
xelfass. Teoriulad, maTi sidide toli unda iyos. amaSia saarsebo minimumis bi-
ujetis ekonomikuri arsi. magram sinamdvileSi minimaluri xelfasi zogjer nak-
lebia saarsebo minimumis biujetze, rac SeiZleba aixsnas (da ara gamarTlebuli
iqnes) qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobiT.
ganasxvaveben saarsebo minimumis biujetsa da minimalur samomxmareblo biu-
jets. saarsebo minimumis biujetis gaangariSebis safuZvelia saarsebo minimumi,
romelic uzrunvelyofs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebis dabal, minimalu-
rad aucilebel cxovrebiseul standarts. minimaluri samomxmareblo biujeti ki
warmoadgens ufro maRali standartis saarsebo minimums da moicavs kulturul-

37
wyaro: http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=178&lang=geo
109
sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo daniSnulebis sagnebis moxmarebis minimalur stan-
dartebsac. minimalur samomxmareblo biujeti SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad aRematebo-
des saarsebo minimumis biujets.
racionaluri samomxmareblo biujeti, minimaluri samomxmareblo biujetis
garda, asaxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebas, Sinameurneobis uzrunvel-
yofas kulturul-sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo daniSnulebis sagnebiT, adamianis
racionaluri moxmarebis dakmayofilebas mecnierulad dasabuTebuli normebis Se-
sabamisad. racionalur samomxmareblo biujetSi, minimalurisagan gansxvavebiT,
mcirea kvebaze danaxarjebis wili da metia arasaursaTo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis biujetis wili.
mosaxleobis diferenciacia Semosavlebis donis mixedviT saarsebo minimumisa
da saarsebo minimumis biujetis safuZvelze SesaZleblobas iZleva, materialuri
uzrunvelyofis donis mixedviT gamoiyos Semdegi jgufebi:
 `Raribi~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT saarsebo
minimumze naklebi an misi tolia;
 `naklebuzrunvelyofili~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaan-
gariSebiT imyofeba saarsebo minimumisa da minimalur samomxmareblo biu-
jets Soris intervalSi;
 `uzrunvelyofili~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSe-
biT mdebareobs minimalur samomxmareblo biujetsa da racionalur sa-
momxmareblo biujets Soris;
 `mdidari~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT racio-
nalur samomxmareblo biujetze maRalia.
CanarTi 1: aSS-is mosaxleobis ganawileba Semosavlebis mixedviT
aSS-Si mdidrad iTvleba adamiani, romlis Semosavali weliwadSi 100 000 aSS dolars
aRemateba. SinameurneobisaTvis (ojaxisaTvis) es maCvenebeli 250 aTasi dolaria. aSS-Si aseTia
mosaxleobis 2%, anu 5,5 mln adamiani (2,3 mln Sinameurneoba). maTze modis mosaxleobis
fuladi Semosavlebis 18%.
aSS-Si mdidrebi iyofian sam kategoriad: `yvelaze mdidrebi~, `Zalian mdidrebi~ da `ubralod
mdidrebi~. `yvelaze mdidrad~ iTvleba Sinameurneoba, romlis wliuri Semosavali 1 miliard
dolars aRemateba. aSS-Si aseTia daax. 550 aTasi ojaxi (Sinameurneobebis 0,5%). `Zalian
mdidaria~ ojaxi, romlis wliuri Semosavali 500 aTasidan 1 mln dolaramdea; `ubralod
mdidrebis~ wliuri Semosavali ki 250-dan 500 aTasi aSS dolaria weliwadSi.
amerikelebis daax. 20 %-s (23 mln ojaxi, anu 55 mln adamiani) 100-dan 250 aTas dolaramde
wliuri Semosavali aqvs. esaa `zeda saSualo klasi~ _ amerikis siamaye. maTze modis saerTo
Semosavlebis daax. 40%, anu mdidrebis Semosavlebze 2-jer meti.
aSS-is Sinameurneobebis 1/4-is (29 mln ojaxi, 69 mln adamiani) wliuri Semosavali 30-dan 100
aTas dolaramdea weliwadSi (erT sulze 1750-3500 dolari TveSi). mosaxleobis am jgufze
modis mTliani Semosavlebis 22%. es aris `saSualo klasi~.
moqalaqeebi, romelTa yovelTviuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 1150 aSS dolars, aSS-Si
iTvlebian Raribebad (aSS-Si siRaribis zeda zRvaria saarsebo minimumi gamravlebuli 2,5-ze) da
saxelmwifosgan sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebebis miRebis ufleba eZlevaT. aSS –Si ~Raribia~
mosaxleobis 1/3 (91 mln adamiani, 38 mln ojaxi). maTze modis saerTo Semosavlebis 10% (800
mlrd).
amerikelebis 13% `yvelaze Raribia~. maTi Semosavali erT sulze TveSi 700 dolarze naklebia.
es Semosavali sakmarisia SimSilisa da sicivisagan Tavdasacavad, aseve samedicino
daxmarebisaTvis. mosaxleobis 6-7% usaxlkaroa. Raribebis naxevars (mosaxleobis 16-18%-s) ara
aqvs aranairi samedicino dazRveva, Tumca Raribebis 90%-is Svilebi swavloben skolebSi.

110
Raribi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba Znelad xelmisawvdomia. Raribis
pensia siRaribis Semweobis tolia (450-750 dolari TveSi).
wyaro: http://www.marketologi.ru/lib/berezin/income.html
saarsebo minimumisa da minimaluri samomxmareblo biujetis monacemebi gamoi-
yeneba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad da siRaribis maCveneblebis ga-
saangariSeblad.

8.3.2. siRaribe. siRaribis maCveneblebi

siRaribes ara aqvs zusti da erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba. farTo gagebiT,

ojaxi cxovrobs siRaribeSi, Tu mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebi sakarisi ar
aris ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, anu siRaribe aris mdgomare-
oba, roca individisa Tu ojaxis Semosavlebi CamorCeba maTi ZiriTadi moTxovni-
lebis dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebs.
siRaribis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia siRaribis zRvris dadgena. siRaribis
zRvari aris adamianis an ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebis is done, romelic auci-
lebelia:
 pirveladi saWiroebis saqonlis (sakvebi produqtebi, tansacmeli, sacxov-
rebeli) SesaZenad;
 umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileb-
lad.
siRaribis zRvari ganisazRvreba konkretuli qveynis pirobebis gaTvaliswine-
biT da ar eqvemdebareba sxva qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebTan Sedarebas. misi
sidide damokidebulia konkretuli qveynis SesaZleblobebsa da sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis doneze, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis ganawilebaze, socialuri statusisa
da socialuri molodinebis sistemaze. ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi si-
Raribis zRvari mniSvnelovnad aRemateba saarsebo minimums. magaliTad, aSS-Si es
maCvenebeli 4-suliani ojaxis kvebis minimaluri danaxarjebis gasammagebuli ode-
nobis tolia. es niSnavs, rom dabalSemosavliani ojaxebi kvebaze saSualod Se-
mosavlebis 1/3-s xarjaven (saqarTvelosaTvis es maCvenebeli 80-85%-s Seadgens).
saerTaSoriso SedarebebisaTvis 2008 wels gaerom gansazRvra absoluturi
siRaribis zRvris saerTaSoriso maCvenebeli, romelic Seadgens 1,25 aSS dola-
ris eqvivalentis Semosavals erT sulze gaangariSebiT (2005 wlis
msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis mixedviT)38. msoflio bankis
bolodroindeli klasifikaciiT, ukiduresad Raribad (Ratakad) iTvleba piri,
romelic sakuTar Tavze dReSi xarjavs 2,5 aSS dolars da saSualo Raribad
iTvleba piri, romelsac dReSi sakuTar Tavze 5 aSS dolarze metis daxarjva
ar SeuZlia.39
siRaribis zRvris dadgena saWiroa imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros mosaxleobis
is nawili, romlis Semosavlebi aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebla-
dac ar kmara da romlebic saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan saWiroeben

38
წყარო: http://european.ge/sakartvelos-sagharibis-propili/
39
WORLD BANK GROUP. GEORGIA: RECENT TRENDS AND DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION (FY16
GEORGIA POVERTY ASSESSMENT) POVERTY AND EQUITY GLOBAL PRACTICE. AUGUST 17, 2016.
http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/980951472223098077/Georgia-PPA-FY16-presentation-AUG2016-final.pdf
111
daxmarebas. siRaribis zRvari, fasebis zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, periodulad gada-
isinjeba.
siRaribis zRvari SeiZleba gaangariSebuli iqnes:
 cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli Semosavlis donis pirdapiri gaangariSebis me-
TodiT (saarsebo minimumis mimarT);
 qveyanaSi saSualo SemosavalTan (an moxmarebasTan) Tanafardobis meTodiT.
gaangariSebis meTodikis Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben absolutur da SefardebiT
siRaribes.
absoluturi siRaribe aris mosaxleobis cxovrebis minimaluri done, rome-
lic ganisazRvreba adamianis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebis (kvebis produqteb-
ze, tansacmelze, sacxovrebelze) safuZvelze, anu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
nakrebis (kalaTis) safuZvelze, romelic aucilebelia adamianis ZiriTadi moT-
xovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, abso-
luturi siRaribis zRvaria saarsebo minimumi (saarsebo minimumis biujeti). Sesa-
bamisad, absoluturad Raribia mosaxleoba, romlis Semosavlebi oficialurad
dadgenil saarsebo minimumze naklebia.
SefardebiTi siRaribe gviCvenebs dabalSemosavliani fenebis Semosavlebis
(moxmarebis) Tanafardobas mocemul qveyanaSi xelmisawvdomobis saSualo dones-
Tan. aseTi midgomiT, Raribia mosaxleoba, romlis Semosavlebi saSualo Semosav-
lis (an moxmarebis) garkveul fiqsirebul nawilze (magaliTad, 40%-ze, an 60%-
ze) naklebia.
mosaxleobis siRaribis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba siRaribis donis, siRa-
ribis siRrmisa da siRaribis simwvavis maCveneblebi.
siRaribis done gviCvenebs siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis wils
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi. siRaribis done anu Raribebis indeqsi gaianga-
riSeba formuliT:
H = q / n.
sadac n aris mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba, q – Raribebis raodenobaa.
siRaribis siRrme asaxavs Raribi ojaxebis Semosavlebis gadaxras siRaribis
zRvridan. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad aris daSorebuli Raribi mosaxleobis
moxmarebis wili mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvris doneze jamuri moxmare-
bidan. siRaribis siRrme asaxavs Tanxas, romliTac adamianebi `CamorCebian~ siRa-
ribis zRvars. igi gviCvenebs im programebis Rirebulebas, romlebic saWiroa
mTeli mosaxleobis Semosavlebis siRaribis zRvramde gasazrdelad.
siRaribis siRrme gaiangariSeba formuliT:
P1 = ∑i=1...q(1- yi / z ) / n = ∑i=1...q(z - yi ) / n z ,
sadac yi aris Raribi mosaxleobis i-uri wevris moxmarebis sidide, z ki -
siRaribis zRvaria. ∑i=1...q(z - yi ) - Raribebis moxmarebis jamuri sididea, romelic
maT siRaribis zRvramde misaRwevad sWirdebaT, nz _ mTeli mosaxleobis
siRaribis zRvris donis Sesabamisi jamuri moxmarebaa.
siRaribis donis ucvleli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, rac metia siRaribis
siRrme, miT metia Raribebis moxmarebis daSoreba siRaribis zRvridan.
siRaribis simwvave asaxavs, Tu ramdenad mkveTria diferenciacia TviT Ra-
ribTa Soris. igi gviCvenebs Ratakebis wils Rarib mosaxleobaSi. siRaribis sim-

112
wvave Tavisi SinaarsiT moicavs rogorc siRaribis siRrmes, aseve RaribTa Soris
uTanabrobas. siRaribis simwvave gaiangariSeba formuliT:
P2 = ∑i=1...q(1- yi / z )2 / n
siRaribis siRrmis maCveneblis ucvleli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, rac metia
siRaribis simwvave, miT metia Ratakebis (moxmarebis mixedviT nulis maxloblo-
baSi myofi mosaxleobis) wili RaribTa Soris.
saqarTveloSi 1996-2005 wlebSi siRaribis done, siRrme da simwvave gaian-
gariSeboda saarsebo minimumisa da medianuri moxmarebis40 60%-sa da 40%-s mi-
marT, 2006 wlidan ki saarsebo minimumis mimarT aRar gaiangariSeba. 2007
wlidan daiwyo e.w. "registrirebuli siRaribis" maCveneblis gaangariSebac,
romelic asaxavs ssip-"socialuri momsaxurebis saagentoSi" registrirebuli
siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis wils mosaxleobis saerTo
raodenobaSi. saqarTveloSi siRaribis maCveneblebi 2000-2015 wlebSi
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 8.3.1.
cxrili 8.3.1
siRaribis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi 2000-2015 wlebSi, procentebSi

siRaribis done siRaribis siRrme siRaribis simwvave registr

irebuli
medianuri moxmarebis

medianuri moxmarebis

medianuri moxmarebis

medianuri moxmarebis

medianuri moxmarebis

medianuri moxmarebis
siRaribe
saarsebo minimumis

saarsebo minimumis

saarsebo minimumis
40%-s mimarT

40%-s mimarT

40%-s mimarT
60%-s mimarT

60%-s mimarT

60%-s mimarT
wlebi

mimarT
mimarT

mimarT

2000 51,8 23,0 10,3 21,8 7,7 3,2 10,7 3,7 1,6 _
2001 51,9 22,6 9,8 20,4 7,4 3,1 10,5 3,6 1,5 _
2002 52,1 21,8 9,7 19,8 7,1 3,0 10,4 3,5 1,5 _
2003 54,5 22,0 9,7 21,3 7,3 3,2 11,2 3,7 1,7 _
2004* 35,7 24,6 10,9 12,2 8,1 3,4 6,1 4,0 1,7 _
2005 39,4 24,1 10,1 13,5 7,8 3,1 6,6 3,6 1,5 _
2006 _ 23,3 9,4 _ 7,2 2,8 _ 3,3 1,3 _
2007 _ 21,3 9,2 _ 6,9 2,7 _ 3,2 1,3 6,4
2008 _ 22,1 9,5 _ 7,0 2,7 _ 3,2 1,2 8,4
2009 _ 21,0 8,8 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9,9
2010 _ 22,7 10,0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9,7
2011 _ 23,0 10,4 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9,2
2012 _ 22,4 9,3 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9,7

40
medianuri moxmareba – moxmarebis odenoba, romelic mosaxleobas hyofs Suaze (anu mosaxleobis 50%
moixmars medianur moxmarebaze naklebs, meore 50% ki – masze mets).
113
 2013 _ 21,4 8,4 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9,7
2014 _ 21,4 8,0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 11,6**
2015 _ 25,3 9,6 _ _ _ _ _ _ 10,1
*2004 wlidan saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodikis cvlilebis safuZvelze misi sidide Semcirda
TiTqmis 40%-iT da Sesabamisad, Semcirda saarsebo minimumis mimarT gaangariSebuli siRaribis maCveneble-
bi.
** 2014-2015 wlebis monacemebi efuZneba 2014 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebs. 2007-
2013 wlis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gadaangariSeba moxdeba 2014 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao
aRweris saboloo Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg. Sesabamisad, moxdeba siRaribis zRvars qveviT myofi
mosaxleobis wilis gadaangariSeba.
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.

siRaribis maCveneblebis Sefaseba gamoiyeneba siRaribis Semcirebis saxelmwi-

fo programebis SemuSavebisaTvis.
saxelmwifo socialuri programebi, romlebic mimarTulia siRatakis daZle-
vasa da SemosavlebSi uTanabrobis Secirebisaken, moicavs socialuri dazRvevis
ganviTarebis, umuSevrobis Semweobis gazrdis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis, ufaso
samedicino daxmarebis, sabinao mSeneblobisa da a.S. mimarTulebebs. am programe-
bis mizania mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRatakebis (`pauperizaciis~) Tavidan acileba
da transfertuli gadaxdebis meSveobiT mosaxleobis Raribi fenebis Semosavle-
bis mxardaWera.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis amaRleba miiRweva rogorc
socialuri daxmarebis programebis ganviTarebiT, ise Semosavlebis regulirebis
mizanmimarTuli saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebiT.

8.4. Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politika

8.4.1. Semosavlebis regulirebis socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba

Semosavlebis politika saxelmwifos socialuri politikis ganuyofeli na-

wilia. igi mimarTulia mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciaciis Semcirebisaken,
sabazro ekonomikis monawileebs Soris winaaRmdegobis Serbilebisa da ekonomi-
kur niadagze socialuri konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebisaken.
Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politika miznad isaxavs ori mTavari amocanis ga-
daWras:
1. Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT daxmareba gauwios mosaxleobis Seda-
rebiT daucvel fenebs;
2. moaxdinos mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danazogebis gaufasurebisagan
dacva.
Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa saxelmwifo bi-
ujetis meSveobiT Semosavlebis gadanawileba, romlis Sedegad erovnuli Semosav-
lis mniSvnelovani nawili mosaxleobis maRalSemosavliani fenebidan dabalSemo-
savlian fenebze gadadis.
sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda iqnas Semosavlebi ganawilebuli, eko-
nomikur da filosofiur mecnierebaSi grZeli da winaaRmdegobrivi istoria aqvs.
rogor unda iqnes daculi socialuri samarTlianoba erovnuli Semosavalis ga-
nawilebisas? msjeloba am sakiTxze mosazrebebisa da poziciebis farTo da zog-
114
jer urTierTsawinaaRmdego speqtriT gamoirCeva. erTni amtkiceben, rom Tanaswo-
roba kapitalizmis gadarCenis ZiriTadi pirobaa, meoreni aRniSnaven, rom `Tanas-
worobisaken miswrafeba~ daRupavs sabazro sistemas da a.S.
Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebis sasargeblod mTavari argumentia is, rom
gadanawileba aucilebelia momxmareblis saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebis maqsimizaci-
isaTvis, anu zRvruli sargeblianobisaTvis, aseve, socialuri stabilurobis Se-
narCunebisaTvis. Tanabari Semosavlebis sawinaaRmdego argumenti ki imaSi mdgoba-
reobs, rom am miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifom gadasaxadebis saxiT maRalSemosav-
liani ojaxebisagan unda amoiRos Semosavlebis nawili da gadaunawilos igi da-
balSemosavlian ojaxebs. amiT mcirdeba orives miswrafeba Semosavlebis (xelfa-
sis) gazrdisaken. Sedegad klebulobs maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis stimulebi da,
Sesabamisad, mcirdeba ekonomikis efeqtianoba.
Semosavlebis gadanawilebaSi saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebi sabiujeto Semo-
savlebiT aris SezRuduli. socialuri danaxarjebis gadaWarbeba sagadasaxado
Semosavlebze iwvevs sabiujeto deficits da inflaciis mZlavr faqtorad iqceva.
saxelmwifo biujetis socialuri danaxarjebis gazrda, miRebuli sabiujeto Se-
mosavlebis farglebSic ki, iwvevs gadasaxadebis gazrdas, rac, Tavis mxriv, amci-
rebs sabazro stimulebs. amitom Semosavlebis politikaSi unda aisaxos socia-
luri samarTlianobisa da sabazro Tavisuflebis principebi, ramac unda uzrun-
velyos socialuri harmoniisa da sabazro efeqtianobis Sexameba.
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqcia erovnuli Semosavlis ganawilebisas mdgoma-
reobs imaSi, rom Seamciros gansxvaveba socialuri jgufebis SemosavlebSi da sa-
zogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis uzrunvelyos SedarebiTi keTildReoba. amasTan,
gadanawilebis procesebSi saxelmwifos metismetma Carevam da Semosavlebis gaTa-
nabrebam SeiZleba migviyvanos sazogadoebis ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da samewar-
meo saqmianobis efeqtianobis Semcirebamde. socialuri programebis gafarToeba
xels uwyobs sxvis kmayofaze myofTa socialuri fenis zrdas. Semosavlebis
sruli gamoTanabreba niSnavs sabazro meqanizmebis ugulebelyofasa da ngrevas.
amitom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifos socialuri politika unda
iyos Zalian moqnili da zusti instrumenti, romelic mowodebulia xeli Seuw-
yos socialur stabilurobas, sazogadoebaSi socialuri daZabulobis Semcirebas
da, imavdroulad, ar unda moSalos mewarmeobisa da maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis
stimulebi.
arsebobs Semosavlebis gadanawilebis ori ZiriTadi arxi:
1. piradi Semosavlebis progresuli dabegvra;
2. transferuli gadaxdebis sistema.
piradi Semosavlebis progresuli dabegvra gulisxmobs Semosavlebis zrdis
paralelurad saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTis progresulad zrdas. amiT xde-
ba maRalSemosavliani jgufebis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawilis amoReba da
saxelmwifo socialuri programebis meSveobiT maTi gadanawileba dabalSemosav-
lian jgufebze. Semosavlebis progresuli dabegvris sistema bevr qveyanaSi
gamoiyeneba da igi socialuri daxmarebebis finansuri uzrunvelyofis umTavresi
berketia. Tumca progresuli dabegvris ganakveTebis metismetad gazrda amcirebs
maRali Semosavlebis miRebis stimuls, maRalmwarmoebluri Sromisa da investi-
ciebis motivacias, xels uwyobs kapitalis sazRvargareT gadenas da anelebs

115
erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebs. Sesabamisad, didi mniSvneloba aqvs
ganakveTebis mizanSewonilobis dasabuTebas.
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi uTanasworobis Sesamcireblad mTavari roli
transferul gadaxdebs ekuTvniT. maTi mizania mosaxleobis socialurad daucve-
li fenebis gaRatakebis dauSvebloba da socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobebis
simwvavis Semcireba. socialuri transferebi – es aris mosaxleobis socialurad
daucveli kategoriebisaTvis fuladi da naturaluri gadaxdebis sistema,
romlis mizania mosaxleobis daucveli fenebis Semosavlebis mxardaWera da am
gziT sazogadoebaSi socialuri daZabulobis Semcireba, damnaSaveobis zrdis Ta-
vidan acileba, agreTve, mosaxleobis moTxovnisa da msyidvelobiTunarianobis
mxardaWera.
socialuri transferebis meqanizmi moicavs gadasaxadebis saxiT Semosavle-
bis nawilis amoRebas mosaxleobis saSualo da maRalSemosavliani nawilisagan
da daxmarebebis gadaxdas SedarebiT uqonelTaTvis, SromisuunaroebisaTvis, umu-
SevrebisaTvis da sxv.
magram transferuli gadaxdebis, rogorc Semosavlebis gadanawilebis arxis,
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi arsebiTad damokidebulia sabiujeto Semosavlebze.
amasTan, socialuri daxmarebebis, umuSevrobis Semweobis da a.S. gazrda da xan-
grZlivi droiT gacema, garkveul wilad amcirebs Sromis stimulebs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze. amitom
socialuri dacvis sistemis ganviTarebasTan erTad saxelmwifom unda
uzrunvelyos mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis xelSemwyobi programebis
SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba.
Semosavlebis ganawilebis politika mowodebulia, Seamciros mosaxleobis
maRal da dabalSemosavlian jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba, magram mxolod im zomiT,
rom man safrTxe ar Seuqmnas saqmiani aqtiurobis zrdas.
msoflio gamocdileba adasturebs, rom efeqtiani, socialurad orientire-
buli sabazro ekonomikis formireba warmoudgenelia mosaxleobis Semosavlebis
ganawilebis saxelmwifo regulirebis gareSe. amasTan, Semosavlebis done damoki-
debulia qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. Semosavlebis politika unda axameb-
des ekonomikur efeqtianobasa da socialur samarTlianobas.

8.4.2. Semosavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmi

Semosavlebis politika sxavdasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva formiTa da meqaniz-
mebiT xorcieldeba. qveynebis mixedviT regulirebis Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs:
qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis done;
socialuri partniorobisa da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis tradiciebi
da praqtika;
sazogadoebaSi socialuri daZabulobis xarisxi.
Semosavlebis politikis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi mravalferovania. igi mo-
icavs urTuerTdakavSirebul saxelmwifo da sabazro, administraciul da samar-
Tlebriv, ekonomikur da socialur berketebs da gulisxmobs regulirebas makro
da mikro doneze.
Semosavlebis regulirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli RonisZiebebi SeiZleba dajguf-
des ekonomikur, finansur da administraciul RonisZiebebad.

116
 ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi mimarTulia dabalansebuli ekonomikuri zrdisaT-
vis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da gavlenas axdenen mosaxleobis realur Semosavleb-
ze. ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo-ekonomikuri da seqtoruli
xasiaTis. magaliTad, saxelmwifo regulirebis praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba
qveynis samrewvelo potencialis ganviTarebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seq-
mnis programebi, romelTa mizania Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da
xelfasiT uzrunvelyofis xelSewyoba da bazris uzrunvelyofa samomxmareblo
saqonliT. am mizniT erovnuli mewarmeobisaTvis dgindeba ufro xelsayreli pi-
robebi. amas emsaxureba aseve ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnebisa da erovnu-
li valutis stabilizaciis programebi.
seqtoruli (dargobrivi) programebis farglebSi xdeba calkeuli dargebisa
Tu sferos ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis maTi produqciis xelmisawvdomo-
bis mxardaWera (magaliTad, zogadsaganmanaTlebo an samedicino dawesebulebebis
saxelmwifo qselis Seqmna, romlis momsaxureba mosaxleobisaTvis ufasoa), an
fasebis saxelmwifo politikis meSveobiT calkeuli saqonlis moxmarebis garkve-
uli donis miRweva/SenarCuneba da a.S.
ekonomikur RonisZiebebs Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs e.w. `dep-
resiuli teritoriebis~ ganviTarebis programebis SemuSavebas. aseTi programebi
mowodebulia, uzrunvelyos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da Semosavlebis gaz-
rda ekonomikurad CamorCenil regionebSi, anu iq, sadac maRalia umuSevroba da
sustia ekonomikuri potenciali.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcire biznesis (mcire mewarmeobis) ganviTarebis
programebs, ramdenadac igi warmoadgens adamianTa didi jgufisaTvis Semosavlis
wyaros da xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi saSualo fenis formirebas.
finansuri RonisZiebebi dakavSirebulia nominaluri Semosavlebis regulire-
basTan da ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos mxridan mosaxleobis daxmarebis sistemas
(daxmarebebi, pensiebi, dotaciebi da sxv.). magaliTad, bevr ganviTarebuli qveyana-
Si saxelmwifo socialuri daxmarebebis meSveobiT axorcielebs mravalSviliani
ojaxebis, SSm pirebis, oboli bavSvebis, martoxela mSoblebis da a.S. finansur
mxardaWeras.
administraciuli RonisZiebebi – es aris sakononmdeblo aqtebis sistema,
romlebic aregulireben mosaxleobis Semosavlebs. administraciuli RonisZiebe-
bis mTavari Semadgeneli elementebia: sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba; normatiuli
aqtebi minimaluri xelfasisa da garantirebuli Semosavlebis Sesaxeb; kanonmdeb-
loba mosaxleobis Semosavlebis indeqsaciis Sesaxeb; sapensio da SromiTi kanon-
mdebloba. sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba SeiZleba adgendes SeRavaTebs calkeuli
kategoriis moqalaqeebisa da ojaxebisaTvis (magaliTad, daubegravi minimumis da-
weseba, xandazmulebisa da SromisuunaroTaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawese-
ba, SeRavaTiani kreditebi mewarmesaTvis da a.S.) an, piriqiT, mosaxleobis erTi
jgufis Semosavlebis gadanawilebas sxva jgufebis sasargeblod (aqcizebis Semo-
Reba fufunebis sagnebze, uZravi qonebis dabegvra, individualuri Semosavlebis
gaTvaliswinebiT sagadasaxado ganakveTebis diferenciacia da sxv.).
Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politika xorcieldeba sami ZiriTadi mimarTule-
biT:
1.Semosavlebis regulireba normatiuli wesebis safuZvelze;

117
 2. inflaciaze kontroli sagadasaxado da fiskaluri RonisZiebebis meSveo-
biT;
3. sammxrivi TanamSromlobis politika (e.w. `tripartizmi~).
Semosavlebis regulireba normatiuli wesebis safuZvelze gulisxmobs
Sromis anazRaurebis saxelmwifo regulirebas da moicavs Semdeg RonisZiebebs:
Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri sididis dadgena sakanonmdeblo bazaze;
mewarmeebis mier Sromis anazRaurebaze mimarTuli saxsrebis an fizikuri
pirebis Semosavlebis sagadasaxado regulireba;
danamatebis raionuli koeficientebisa da %-uli danamatebis dadgena;
Sromis anazRaurebis saxelmwifo garantiebis dadgena.
Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri sididis dadgena saxelmwifos mxridan rea-
luri xelfasis regulirebis mniSvnelovani berketia. minimaluri xelfasi dam-
saqmeblebsa da momuSaveebs Soris molaparakebebisa da SeTanxmebis sayrdeni wer-
tilia.
Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri sidide warmoadgens arakvalificiuri samu-
Sao Zalis Rirebulebis qveda zRvars da gaiangariSeba TveSi fuladi gadaxdis
saxiT, romelsac iRebs daqiravebiT momuSave piri Sromis normalur pirobebSi
martivi samuSaos Sesrulebisas.
Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri odenoba ganisazRvreba cxovrebis Rirebu-
lebisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mis gaan-
gariSebas, rogorc wesi, safuZvlad udevs saarsebo minimumi da eqvemdebareba pe-
riodul gadaangariSebas samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Sromis anazRaurebis minimalur odenobis safuZvelze dgindeba xelfasis mi-
nimaluri ganakveTi _ minimaluri xelfasi. momuSave adamianis (romelic asru-
lebs SromiT movaleobebs, Sromis normebs) Tviuri minimaluri xelfasi ar SeiZ-
leba iyos Sromis anazRaurebis minimalur odenobaze naklebi. minimalur xelfas-
Si ar Sedis danamatebi, kompensaciebi da sxva wamaxalisebeli gadaxdebi.
dasavleT evropis rig qveynebSi arsebobs e.w. xelfasis zrdis dasaSvebi
zRvari, romelic dafiqsirebulia socialuri partniorobis saerToerovnul
programebSi.
Semosavlebis regulirebis mniSvnelovani berketebia SromiT anazRaurebaze
mimarTuli saxsrebis an fizikuri pirebis Semosavlebis sagadasaxado regulire-
ba, xelfasebis dargobrivi diferenciacia, danamatebis, raionuli koeficientebisa
da %-uli danamatebis dadgena da a.S. es sakiTxebi regulirdeba qveynis sagadasa-
xado kanonmdeblobiTa da socialur partniorebs (saxelmwifo, damsaqmebelTa
gaerTianebebi, profkavSirebi) Soris SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze.
Semosavlebis politikis ganxorcielebis meTodebi SeZleba gansxvavebuli
iyos qveynebis mixedviT. Cveulebriv, upiratesoba eniWeba meTodebs, romlebic gu-
lisxmobs damsaqmeblebsa da momuSaveTa Soris nebayoflobiT SeTanxmebas saxel-
mwifos monawileobiT, rac ar gamoricxavs xelfasis zrdaze saxelmwifo kon-
trolis administraciuli RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas.
sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi xelfasis saxelmwifo regulirebis SedarebiT
efeqturi xerxia garantirebuli minimumis (an ganakveTis) gansazRvra socialuri
partniorebis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. qveyanaSi dadgenili minimaluri xelfasis
odenobidan gamomdinare warmoebs molaparakebebi damsaqmeblebsa da profkavSirebs

118
Soris sxvadasxva doneze koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebisas. saxelSekru-
lebo sistemis meSveobiT Sromis anazRaurebis regulireba xdeba generaluri
(qveynis masStabiT), teritoriuli da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis (xelSekrulebe-
bis) safuZvelze.
mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis doneze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
inflacia. maRali inflacia iwvevs Sromis Sedegebis gaufasurebas, amcirebs rea-
lur xelfass, aufasurebs moqalaqeTa danazogebs. maRali inflaciis pirobebSi
ara marto uaresdeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, aramed ecema saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebis moculoba, rasac mivyavarT ekonomikur krizisamde da sa-
zogadoebis didi nawilis realuri Semosavlebis Semcirebamde. maRali inflaciis
ekonomikaze damangreveli zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad bevri qveynis mTav-
roba krizisis periodSi mimarTavs nominaluri xelfasisa da fasebis zrdaze
kontrols, axdens Semosavlebis indeqsacias da amiT Tavidan icilebs mosaxleo-
bis realuri Semosavlebis Semcirebis negatiur Sedegebs.
Semosavlebis indeqsacia gulisxmobs samomxmareblo saqonelze fasebis (mom-
saxurebaze tarifebis CaTvliT) cvlilebis Sesabamisad mosaxleobis fuladi Se-
mosavlebis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebs. inflaciis pirobebSi Semosavlebis indeqsa-
ciis meqanizmi SesaZleblobas iZleva, nawilobriv an srulad aunazRaurdes mo-
saxleobas samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gaZvireba. Semosavlebis in-
deqsacia mimarTulia mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT socialurad daucveli, fiqsi-
rebuli Semosavlebis mqone jgufebis (pensionerebi, martoxela mSoblebi, mra-
valSviliani ojaxebi, studentebi da sxv.) msiydvelobiTunarianobis SenarCunebi-
saken. Semosavlebis indeqsacia gulisxmobs mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis
(xelfasi, pensia, daxmareba, stipendia) gadaangariSebas da cvlilebas inflaciis
Sedegad gamowveuli danakargebis sruli an nawilobrivi kompensirebis mizniT.
indeqsacia xorcieldeba rogorc saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv doneze, ise dar-
gobrivi SeTanxmebebisa da calkeul kompaniebSi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis safuZ-
velze.
indeqsacia, rogorc nominaluri xelfasis inflaciisagan dacvis meTodi,
gavrcelebuli iqna sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebul qveynebSi meore msoflio
omis damTavrebis Semdeg.
moqalaqeTa indeqsaciiT mocvis donis mixedviT ganviTarebuli sabazro eko-
nomikis qveynebi SeiZleba daiyos oTx kategoriad:
1.qveynebi, sadac praqtikulad mTeli mosaxleobaa moculi indeqsaciiT (bel-
gia, dania, islandia, italia da sxv);
2. qveynebi, sadac indeqsacia gamoiyeneba mxolod gansazRvruli socialuri
jgufebis mimarT (rogorc wesi, koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisi
punqtis safuZvelze) (kanada, safrangeTi, Sveicaria, aSS da sxv.);
3. qveynebi, sadac indeqsacia praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba (avstralia, germa-
nia, iaponia, Svecia da sxv.);
4. qveynebi, sadac indeqsaciis ganxorcielebis kursi ganicdis mniSvnelovan
cvlilebas Semosavlebis saerTo politikis konteqstSi (magaliTad, ni-
derlandebi, norvegia, fineTi da sxv.).
pirveli jgufis qveynebSi indeqsaciis farTod gavrceleba mniSvnelovanwi-
lad dakavSirebulia am qveynebSi koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis kargad awyobil

119
sistemasTan, romelic profkavSirebis gaerTianebebis mudmiv kontrolqveS imyo-
feba.
meore jgufis qveynebSi indeqsacia moicavs mxolod samuSao Zalis nawils.
magaliTad, aSS-Si indeqsaciiT moculia arasasoflo-sameurneo muSakebis mxolod
10%; im momuSaveebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi profkavSiri aqvT, es wili daax-
loebiT 40%-ia. safrangeTSi saarsebo minimumis zeviT indeqsacia akrZaluli iyo
mTavrobis specialuri dadgenilebiT. am jgufis qveynebis ganmasxvavebeli Tavise-
burebaa didi mravalferovneba indeqsaciis gamoyenebul meqanizmebSi erTi sferos
SigniTac.
mesame jgufis qveynebSi indeqsacia praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba. mewarmeebisa
da momuSaveebis umetesoba Tvlis, rom indeqsaciis avtomaturad regulirebadi
meqanizmi arsebiTad zRudavs socialuri partniorebis uflebebsa da SesaZleb-
lobebs koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebisas.
meoTxe jgufs miekuTvnebian qveynebi, sadac indeqsaciis ganxorcielebis
kursi, konkretuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, ganicdis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs.
es RonisZiebebi SeiZleba iyos xelfasis zeda zRvris dadgena, xelfasis indeqsa-
ciuri zrdis zRvruli koeficientis dadgena da a.S. magaliTad, fineTSi 1967
wlis oqtomberSi, erovnuli valutis mniSvnelovani gaufasurebis Semdeg, mTav-
robasa da rig profkavSirebs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad profkav-
Sirebma uari Tqves xelfasis avtomaturi regulirebis meqanizmebis gamoyenebaze.
koleqtiur xelSekrulebebSi indeqsaciis Sesaxeb punqti gamoCnda mxolod 1979
wels. igive iTqmis norvegiaze, sadac indeqsacia sakmaod didxans gamoiyeneboda.
rigi qveynebi, fasebis zrdis pirobebSi, zRudaven an sulac ugulebelyofen in-
deqsacias da Zalisxmevas mimarTaven xelfasis zrdis Semcirebaze. magaliTad, po-
loneTSi 1990 wels `stabilizaciis programis~ Semadgeneli nawili iyo nomina-
luri xelfasis zrdaze mkacri kontroli. magram, iugoslaviisgan gansxvavebiT,
sadac stabilizaciis programa iTvaliswinebda xelfasis gayinvas, poloneTSi, ga-
moyenebuli iqna misi nawilobrivi indeqsaciis meqanizmi xelfasis fondis zRvru-
li zrdis specialuri koeficientebis gamoyenebiT. am koeficientebis sidide
sxvadasxva periodebSi Seadgenda 0,2; 0,3; 0,6 da 1,0-s.
rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, Semosavlebis regulirebis sferoSi
saxelmwifo politika efuZneba gansxvavebul midgomebs indeqsaciis ganxorciele-
bis mimarT. magram fasebis zrdis pirobebSi Semosavlebis regulirebisaTvis in-
deqsaciis RonisZiebebi praqtikulad TiTqmis yvelgan gamoyeneba. indeqsaciiis me-
qanizmis parametrebis arCeva garkveuli principebis safuZvelze xdeba da saxel-
mwifos SesaZleblobebsa da politikazea damokidebuli.
indeqsaciiT xdeba dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis Semosavlebis mxardaWera, raTa
maT SeZlon cxovrebis xarisxis arsebuli standartisa da msyidvelobiTunaria-
nobis SenarCuneba, rac, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikis ganviTarebis aucilebeli pi-
robaa. amasTan, Semosavlebis indeqsacias aqvs arsebiTi naklic. magaliTad, man Se-
iZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos ufro mwarmobluri Sromis motivaciaze, xels ar
uwyobs antiinflaciuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas da a.S. indeqsaciis mowinaaRmde-
geebi miuTiTeben, rom indeqsaciis politika aCqarebs inflaciur procesebs, Tum-
ca, evropis qveynebSi xelfasis indeqsaciis gamocdilebis analiziT, uSualo kav-
Siri indeqsaciasa da inflaciis daCqarebasa Tu Senelebas Soris ar dasturdeba.

120
msoflio gamocdileba mowmobs, rom inflaciis procesze indeqsaciis negatiuri
gavlena SeiZleba SeizRudos sul cota sami meTodiT. esenia:
1.fasebis zrdasa da Semosavlebis matebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis drou-
li regulireba;
2. saxelmwifos mier (an koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebiT) samomxmareblo fa-
sebis zrdis indeqsis dadgena, romlis miRwevis Semdegac gamoiyeneba in-
deqsaciis RonisZiebebi;
3. kompensaciebis gadaxdis formulebis gamoyenebiT.
kompensaciebis gadaxdis formulebi gansxvavebulia. rig SemTxvevebSi formu-
lis umniSvnelovanesi elementia e.w. `indeqsaciis zRvari~, anu fasebis zrdis
dadgenili done, romlis miRwevisas xorcieldeba indeqsacia. magaliTad, Sveica-
riaSi rig xelSekrulebebSi dafiqsirebulia `zRvari~ 5-6 %-is doneze. sxva
midgomiT, xelfasi izrdeba fasebis zrdis paralelurad. xelfasis zrdis tempi
am SemTxvevaSic damokidebulia fasebis indeqsis zrdis dadgenil zRvarze. maga-
liTad, aSS-sa da kanadaSi aseTi zRvaria samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis zrda
0,3 an 0,4 punqtiT; italiaSi `zRvari~ utoldeba indeqsis erT punqts, belgia-
Si _ 2%-s, luqsemburgSi _ 2,5%-s.
minimalur zRvarze dafuZnebuli sistema, roca yovelTviurad xdeba Semo-
savlebis avtomaturi koreqtireba, gamoiyeneba belgiasa da luqsemburgSi. av-
straliaSi, daniasa da niderlandebSi xelfasi, rogorc wesi, gadaisinjeba naxe-
var weliwadSi erTxel.
praqtikaSi fasebis zrdasa da indeqsacias Soris gardauvalia garkveuli
droiT gansxvaveba, ramdenadac Semosavlebis regulireba, rogorc wesi, xorciel-
deba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac fasebis zrda miaRwevs garkveul dones. bunebrivia,
rom am permanentulma dagvianebam SeiZleba Seamciros indeqsaciis, rogorc rea-
luri xelfasis inflaciisagan dacvis saSualebis, efeqtianoba. amitom indeqsa-
cia, Cveulebriv emyareba fasebis indeqsis gasaSualebul maCveneblebs garkveul
periodSi, magaliTad, 2-3 Tvis monacemebs, romlis Semdegac gaicema sakompensa-
cio gadaxdebi.

121
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:
1.ganmarteT socialuri politikis arsi, mizani da amocanebi.
2. daaxasiaTeT socialuri politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
3. daaxasiaTeT socialuri politikis efeqtianobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
4. raSi mdgomareobs `socialuri populizmis strategia” da `ekonomikur-
teqnologiuri determinizmi”? rogoria maTi urTierTmimarTeba?
5. ganmarteT mosaxleobis Semosavlebi. ra niSnebiT xdeba Semosavlebis kla-
sifikacia da rogoria Semosavlebis saxeobebi?
6. daaxasiaTeT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebis struqtrura da Zi-
riTadi tendenciebi 2001-2015 wlebSi.
7. aRwereT da SeafaseT Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawilebis mizezebi da
faqtorebi.
8. daaxasiaTeT Semosavlebis uTanasworebis formebi da maTi gazomvis meTo-
debi.
9. SeafaseT Semosavlebis ganawilebis sferoSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli si-
tuacia.
10. ra aris `lorencis mrudi” da romeli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba mis sa-
fuZvelze?
11. ra aris mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da ra maCveneblebiT fasdeba igi?
12. ra aris `sasursaTo kalaTa” da rogor gaiangariSeba misi Rirebuleba?
13. rogor ganisazRvreba `minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa” da misi Rire-
buleba?
14. ra aris `saarsebo minimumi”?
15. riT gansxvavdeba `saarsebo minimumis biujeti”, `minimaluri samomxmareb-
lo biujeti” da `racionaluri samomxmareblo biujeti” erTmaneTisagan?
16. ganmarteT siRaribe da siRaribis zRvari, aboluturi da SefardebiTi si-
Raribe
17. rogor gaingariSeba siRaribis done, siRrme, simwvave?
18. daaxasiaTeT saqarTveloSi arsebuli cxovrebis donis ZiriTadi paramet-
rebi da tendenciebi.
19. ra mniSvneloba aqvs Semosavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebas?
20. daaxasiaTeT Semosavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebis gzebi da meTodebi.

122
 Tema 9. Sromis organizacia
9.1 Sromiis organizaciis arsi

sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi Sromis racionaluri

organizacia warmoebis efeqtianobis zrdis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.
Sromis organizacia im RonisZiebaTa sistemaa, romelic Sromis maqsimaluri
mwarmoeblurobis miRebis mizniT uzrunvelyofs samuSao adgilebis racionalur
organizaciasa da momsaxurebas, Sromis mowinave ileTebisa da meTodebis
gamoyenebas, Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmnas, Sromisa da dasvenebis
racionaluri reJimis dadgenas, samuSao drois efeqtian gamoyenebas.
Sromis organizacias me-XIX saukunis bolos mieqca gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba da daiwyo e.w. teilorizmiT (amerikeli inJinris frederik teiloris
xelmZRvanelobiT). igi mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT im Sromis normebis dadgenas gulisxmobda, romelic gazrdida Sromis
mwarmoeblurobas. dadginda, agreTve, nedleulisa da masalebis xarjvis normebi,
danadgarebis muSaobisa da maTi momsaxurebis drois normebi. Sromis
anazRaurebaSi upiratesoba mieca sanardo xelfass.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi teilorizmis safuZvelze warmoiSva fordizmi. igi
ukavSirdeba aSS-s saavtomobilo industriis damaarseblis h. fordis saxels. man
Sromis procesis srulyofis safuZvelze mniSvnelovnad Seamcira sakuTari pro-
duqciis fasi, orjer gazarda muSaTa xelfasi, riTac mTlianad daipyro bazari.
1930-ian wlebSi warmoSva axali mimarTuleba - `adamianur urTierTobaTa
skola~ (harvardis universitetis profesorTa jgufi e. meios xelmZRvanelo-
biT), romelic xangrZlivi samecniero kvlevebis safuZvelze mivida im daskvnamde,
rom Sromis motivaciaSi gadamwyvetia moraluri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi.
maTi azriT, damqiravebelsa da daqiravebuls Soris saukeTeso damokidebuleba
qmnis jansaR mikroklimats, riTac SeiZleba Sromis efeqtianobis zrda.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi damuSavda e.w. socioteqnikuri midgoma,
Sromis humanizaciis Teoria, mimarTuleba `bataizmi~ da a.S. amJamad, ki Sromis
organizaciis safuZvlad miCneulia SromiTi cxovrebis xarisxis koncefcia,
romelic gulisxmobs Semdeg RonisZiebaTa gatarebas:
 Sromis racionaluri danawilebisa da kooperaciis miRweva;
 Sromis adekvaturi da samrTliani anazRaureba;
 Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa da daqiravebulTa
janmrTelobis dacva;
 momuSavis piradi unaris gamoyeneba da ganviTareba;
 profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelyofa da dasaqmebis
garantiebis arseboba;
 SromiTi koleqtivis socialuri integracia;
 SromiTi da ojaxuri valdebulebaTa Sesruleba.
Sromis danawileba da kooperacia gulisxmobs samuSao adgilebis,
qveganyofilebaTa da momuSaveTa erTnairi ekonomikuri funqciiT mecnierulad
dasabuTebul specializacias. man unda uzrunvelyos samuSao drois danakargebis
minimizacia. magaliTad, Tu Sromis procesis operaciad danawilebas mivyavarT

123
iqamde, rom operaciaTaSoris transportirebis dro ufro metia, vidre TviT
operaciaze daxarjuli dro, Sromis Semdgomi danawileba araefeqturi xdeba.
Sromis danawileba moiTxovs Sromis racionalur kooperacias. igi
gulisxmobs calkeuli SromiTi procesis uwyvet, riTmul da gegmazomier
gaerTianebas.
Sromis racionaluri danawileba da kooperacia kadrebis swori
ganawilebisa da samuSao adgilebis momsaxurebis srulyofis safuZvelia. kerZod,
igi uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamis
samuSao adgilebze samuSaos sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mowinave Sromis
ileTebisa da meTodebis danergvas, Sromis monotonurobis gareSe maT
kvalificiur zrdas. monotonurobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT zogjer SiZleba
uari vTqvaT samuSaos funqcionalur da teqnologiuri niSniT mkacrad
gansazRvrul reglamentaciaze; an imisaTvis, rom ufro mimzidveli gaxdes
Sromis procesi, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT profesiuli SeTavseba.
profesiuli SeTavseba gulisxmobs erTi momuSavis mier sxva profesiis
funqciaTa Sesrulebas. is SeiZleba iyos sruli, roca momuSave sxva momuSavis
yvela funqcias iTavsebs da nawilobrivi, roca mxolod calkeuli funqciis
SeTavseba xdeba. amis Sedegad mcirdeba daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba da izrdeba
Sromis mwarmoeblureba.
profesiuli SeTavseba ekonomikurad maSinaa gamarTlebuli, roca:
 ZiriTadi profesiiT momuSave arasruli samuSao dRiTaa dakavebuli;
 daqiravebuli srulyofilad flobs im profesias, romlis samuSaosac
iTavsebs;
 Tu SeTavsebuli funqciis Sesruleba ar emTxveva ZiriTadi samuSaos
Sesrulebis dros;
 profesiuli SeTavseba gavlenas ar axdens ZiriTadi samuSaos Sesrulebis
sizustesa da xarisxze.
vidre profesiaTa SeTavsebis sakiTxi gadawydeba, saWiroa im piris Sromis
procesze dakvirveba, romelic sxvis funqciebs iTavsebs. analizdeba misi Sromis
mwarmoebluroba SeTavsebamde da SeTavsebis Semdeg.
swori gadawyvetilebis kriteriumad iyeneben e.w. momuSaveTa dasaqmebis
(muSaobis) koeficients:
Tzd  Tsd
Kp  sadac,
Tc
TZD _ ZiriTad samuSaoze muSobis dro (sT. wT da a.S)
TSD __ damatebiTi funqciebis Sesrulebis dro (sT. wT da a.S)
TC _ samuSao dRis an cvlis xangrZlivoba (saaTi)
dasaqmebis koeficienti ar unda iyos erTze meti. e.i. saerTo Sromatevadoba ar
unda aWarbebdes samuSao dRis an cvlis xangrZlivobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
gadawyvetileba araracionaluria.

124
 9.2. Sromis pirobebi

Sromis organizacia moiTxovs samuSao adgilisa da momuSavis srul

Sesabamisobas. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri samuSao adgili unda iTvaliswineb-
des Semdeg moTxovnebs:
 momuSavis specialur codnasa da unars;
 profesionalizms, fizikur Zalas, yuradRebas;
 pasuximgeblobas samuSaos Sesrulebasa da sxva momuSaveTa usafrTxo
Sromaze;
 Sromis normalur pirobebs.
Sromis pirobebs Sromis procesSi momuSavis irgvliv arsebuli garemo
qmnis. kerZod, samuSao adgilis aRWurviloba, srulyofili teqnologia, Senoba-
nagebobebis, mowyobilobaTa gamarTuloba, sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi,
esTetikuri garemo, profesiuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, adamianTa Soris
urTierTdamokidebuleba. sabolood, yovelive zemoCamoTvlili adamianis
Sromisunarianobis ganmsazRvrelia.
sawarmoo pirobebi iqmneba socialur-ekonomikuri, teqnologiur-
organizaciuli da bunebrivi faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT.
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi gulisxmobs im normatiul-samarTlebrivi
kanonmdeblobis arsebobas, romelic Sromis reglamentacias axdens,
uzrunvelyofs profesiuli riskebisgan dacvas, usafrTxo da janmrTeli Sromis
pirobebis stimulirebas. garda amisa, Sromis pirobebis dacvaze awesebs
samarTlebriv da administraciul pasuxismgeblobas.
teqnologiur-organizaciuli faqtorebi ganapirobebs iseTi sawarmoo
garemos Seqmnas, roca uzrunvelyofilia Sromis racionaluri danawileba da
kooperacia, Sromis mowinave meTodebisa da ileTebis danergva, Sromisa da
dasvenebis racionaluri reJimis daweseba da a.S.

sqema 9.2.1. Sromis pirobebis klasifikacia

S r o m i s p i r o b e b i

sawarmoo sanitarul- fsiqofizi esTetikuri socialuri

higienuri ologiuri

adamianis organizmi

Sromisunarianoba adamianis adamianis ganwyoba da

funqcionaluri damokidebuleba
mdgomareoba da Sesasrulebeli
muSaobisunarianoba samuSaosadmi

125
 bunebriv faqtorebs miekuTvneba geografiuli, geologiuri, biologiuri,
klimaturi, da sxva faqtorebi, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyos sawarmos
normalur funqcionirebas.
Sromis pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis muSaobisunaria-nobas.
Sromis arasasurveli pirobebi iwvevs zedmeti energiis xarjvas, zrdis sawarmoo
travmatizms, amis gamo samuSao drois danakargebsac. sabolood ki, uaresdeba
produqciis xarisxi, yalibdeba Sromisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, izrdeba
kadrebis denadoba. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri mewarme cdilobs, Tavis
sawarmoSi metnaklebad normaluri Sromis pirobebi Seqmnas. gansakuTrebiT isini,
vinc grZelvadian proeqtebze muSaoben. Tumca, gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi
momuSave, gansakuTrebiT kerZo seqtoris mcire sawarmoebi finansuri problemebis
gamo Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmnaze naklebad zrunaven, rasac xSirad
arasrulyofili Sromis kanonmdeblobac uwyobs xels.
Sromis pirobebi SeiZleba iyos optimaluri, dasaSvebi da mavne.
optimaluri da dasaSvebi Sromis pirobebi qmnian Sromis usafrTxo
pirobebs. mavne Sromis pirobebs ki, romlebic simZimis mixedviT sxvadasxva-
gvaria, ganapirobebs mTeli rigi fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri faqtorebi.
fizikur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: temperatura, tenianoba, mtvrianoba, xmauri,
vibracia, ganaTeba da a.S. magaliTad, normalurad iTvleba haeris temperatura,
Tu fizikuri Sromisas is 160C, gonebrivi Sromisas – 18-230C; mZime fizikuri
Sromisas dasaSvebia 12-160C. temperaturis sanitaruli norma icvleba wlis
drois, klimaturi zonis mixedviT. komfortuli mikroklimatis Seqmna miiRweva
ventilaciis, kondicionerebisa Tu sxva teqnikuri saSualebebis daxmarebiT.
normalur tenianobad daxurul sawarmoSi miiCneven tenianobas 30-60%-is
farglebSi. misi miRwevac specialuri mowyobilobiT xdeba.
adamianis Sromisunarianobaze metad mavne gavlenas axdens xmauri da
vibracia. xmauris intensivoba izomeba decibeliT, xmauris sixSire – hercebiT
(ix. cxrili 9.2.1).
cxrili 9.2.1
xmauris xarisxi daZabulobis mixedviT

daZabulobis xarisxi xmauri, decibeli sixSire, herci

normaluri 60-75 300
momatebuli 76-88 800
maRali 89-100 800-1000
Zalian maRali 101-110 1001-1500
maqsimaluri 110 da meti 1500 da meti

zedmeti xmauri adunebs adamianis yuradRebas, iwvevs gadaRlilobas da,

Sesabamisad, amcirebs adamianis muSaobisunarianobas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xmauri 85
decibelze metia, gamoyenebuli unda iyos xmaurmxSobi saSualebebi. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas vibraciis maRali donis pirobebSi, misi mavne Sedegebis
neitralizebis mxrivac. radgan Warbi vibracia iwvevs adamianis nervuli energiis
zedmet xarjvas, gaRizianebas, arteriuli wnevis matebas, adamianis reaqciis
unaris daqveiTebas.
 didia optimaluri ganaTebis mniSvneloba. saukeTesoa bunebrivi ganaTeba,
dRis Suqi. aranormaluri ganaTeba iwvevs mxedvelobis nervis gadaRlas, rasac
mTeli organizmis gadaRlac mosdevs. ganaTebis xarisxi damokidebulia sinaTlis
wyaroze, sinaTlis Tanabar ganawilebaze. sxvadasxva samuSaos Sesrulebisas
mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, saidan udgeba sinaTlis nakadi samuSao adgils, zevidan,
qvevidan Tu gverdidan. ganaTeba optimaluradaa miCneuli, Tu is 1000-2000
luqsia. ganaTeba racionaluria, Tu:
 is sakamarisia;
 Tanabradaa ganawilebuli;
 sinaTlis nakadi sworadaa mimarTuli;
 ar aris Crdilebi, gansakuTrebiT, moZravi Crdilebi;
 gamoiyeneba sinaTlis damabrmavebeli Suqisagan damcavi saSualebebi;
 calkeuli saxis samuSaoebisaTvis arsebobs sinaTle aucilebeli
speqtruli SemadgenlobiT.
Sromis normaluri pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs im ferTa
gamas, romliTac SeiZleba iyos SeRebili warmoebis saSualebebi. ferebi aris
civi da Tbili. maTi moqmedeba adamianze SeiZleba dadebiTic iyos da
uaryofiTic. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom wiTeli feri zrdis adamianis mxneobas
da aqtivobas, umatebs wnevas, aaqtiurebs imunitets, exmareba adamians daZlios
apaTia, magram didi doziT misma gamoyenebam SeiZleba nevrozic gamoiwvios. asevea
lurji feric. is xels uwyobs nervuli sistemis aRdgenas. aumjobesebs
mxedvelobas, magram didi doziT misma gamoyenebam SeiZleba yuradRebis gafantvac
gamoiwvios. TeTri feric sixalisis Semtania, magram zedmeti doziT masi
gamoyeneba Sromis monotonurobas zrdis da daRlilobas iwvevs.
uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis muSaobisunarianobaze iseTi qimiuri da
biologiuri faqtorebic, rogoricaa toqsinebi, mtveri, radiacia, romelic Slis
adamianis organizmis qsovilebs, iwvevs qronikul daavadebebs da, sabolod,
aqveiTebs adamianis Sromisunarianobas.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze did gavlenas axdens adamianis
fsiqofizioligiuri mdgomareoba Sromis procesSi. misi qmedeba energiis
xarjvisa da moxmarebis uwyveti procesia. Sromis simZimesac daxarjuli
energiis raodenoba gansazRvravs (cxrili 9.2.2).
cxrili 9.2.2
energiis dRiuri xarjva (kkal)

Sromis simZimis done energiis xarjva

I done – mcire simZimis samuSao 2200-2600
II done – zomieri simZimis samuSao 2800 - 3400
III done – mZime samuSao 3600-4000
IV done – Zalian mZime samuSao 4200-6000 da meti

energiis xarjvis zeda dasaSveb zRvarad dReSi 4800 kilokaloriaa

miCneuli. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom amdeni energia mas samuSao
drois mxolod mcire monakveTSi SeuZlia daxarjos. xangrZlivad am raodenobiT
energiis xarjva iwvevs profesiul daavadebebs.

127
 adamianis muSaobisunarianobas gansazRvravs Sromis intensivobac. Sromis
intensivoba Sromis daZabulobis xarisxia, romelic izomeba drois erTeulSi
adamianis fizikuri, gonebrivi da nervuli energiis danaxarjebiT.
Sromis normalur intensivobad miCneulia energiis is danaxarjebi,
romelsac adamiani eweva saaTSi 4,8 km siCqariT moZraobisas.
samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi adamianis muSaobisunarianoba cvalebadia (sqema
9.2.2).
kerZod, samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi gamoyofen sam fazas:
1.muSaobisunarianobis zrdis faza, romelic samuSaos sfecifikidan
gamomdinare, ramdenime wuTidan 1,5 sT-mde SeiZleba gagrZeldes. misi Semcireba
damokidebulia samuSao adgilis swor organizaciasa da momsaxurebaze. am
periodSi mecnierebi rekomendacias iZlevian funqcionaluri musika an sawarmoo
tanvarjiSi gamoviyenoT, raTa organizmi mTlianad momzaddes sruli
datvirTvisTvis.
sqema 9.2.2.
muSaobisunarianobis cvlileba samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi

2.mdgradi muSaobisunarianobis faza. am periodSi Sromis procesi

maqsimalurad riTmuli, koordinirebuli da maRalxarisxoviania. is maqsimum 3-5
saaTs grZeldeba. am periodis gaxangrZlivebis mizniT mizanSewoniladaa miCneuli
mcirexniani Sesvenebebi. samuSaos simZimis mixedviT mikropauzebis xangrZlivoba
samuSao drois 5-10%-mde SeiZleba iyos.
3.mesame fazaSi daRlilobis gamo mcirdeba muSabomisunarianoba. klebulobs
muSaobis tempi. mcirdeba yuradReba, izrdeba Secdomebis ricxvi, es periodi
dgeba 8 saaTiani Sromis Semdeg.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu muSaobisunarianobis daqveiTebis Semdeg Sroma ar
wydeba, organizmi iZulebulia, ukanaskneli rezervic gamoiyenos. is bolomde
ifiteba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sunTqva gaZneldes, guliscemis sixSirem
moimatos, mexsiereba daqveiTdes, inteleqtualuri saqmianoba Sesustdes.
muSaobis gaxangrZliveba iwvevs e.w. `Cavardnas~, rac Semdgom xangrZliv
dasvenebas an mkurnalobas moiTxovs.

128
 muSaobisunarianobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs momuSavis dReRamuri
fiziologiuri riTmi (bioriTmi). is izrdeba dRisiT, Rame ki mcirdeba. maRali
muSaobisunarianoba damaxasiaTebelia dilis 6 saaTidan 15 saaTamde. maqsimums
aRwevs 10-12 saaTze. Semdeg mcirdeba. 15 saaTidan ki is isev izrdeba, SedarebiT
maRali unarianoba grZeldeba 22 saaTamde. Tumca ar aris iseTive maRali,
rogorc dRis pirvel naxevarSi. minimums is aRwevs Ramis 3 saaTze. yvelaze meti
Secdomebic, ubeduri SemTxvevebi Tu sawarmoo travmatizmis yvelaze meti
raodenoba am periodze modis. amitom yvelaze racionalurad miCneulia ara
samcvliani, aramed orcvliani samuSao reJimi, sadac dRis periodi maqsimalurad
iqneba gamoyenebuli. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu teqnologiuri procesi moiTxovs
uwyvet sawarmoo reJims, maSin gardauvalia samcvlian reJimze gadasvla, Tumca
Ramis cvlis xangrZlivoba ufro naklebi unda iyos da mizanSewonilia isic, rom
Ramis cvlaSi kvebisaTvis Tu sxva mizniT gamiznuli SesvenebaTa dro ufro
xangrZlivi iyos, vidre es dRis cvlaSia. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom
pirveli cvla ar unda daiwyos 6 saaTze adre da bolo cvla 24 saaTze gvian.
cvlis normaluri xangrZlivoba 8 saaTia. Sromis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT is
SeiZleba 6 saaTamde Semcirdes, gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi-4 saaTamdec ki. adamians,
vinc samuSaos specifikidan gamomdinare, dReRameSi 12 saaTs muSaobs, dasvenebisa-
Tvis 48 saaTi unda mieces. cvlis ganmavlobaSi rekomendebulia 10 wuTiani
mikropauzebi, araumetes 20 wuTisa cvlis ganmavlobaSi. sasadilo Sesvenebis
xangrZlivoba 0,5-1 saaTia, xolo cvlebs Soris yoveldRiuri dasvenebebis dro
samuSao drois ormagi xangrZlivobis toli mainc unda iyos.
adamianis muSaobisunarianoba cvalebadia kvirisa da sezonis mixedviT.
yvelaze maRali muSaobisunarianoba kviris meore, mesame da meoTxe dReebSia. rac
Seexeba sezonur muSaobisunarianobas, miCneulia, rom is maRalia gazafxu-lis
bolodan Semodgomis dawyebamde da Zalian mcirea zamTris periodSi, rac
aixsneba, rogorc amindis cvlilebiT, ise kvebis struqturis, dRis sinaTlis,
mzis aqtivobis, adamianis endokrinuli sistemis sezonuri cvlilebiT.
saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobiT damsaqmeblis mier gansazRvruli
samuSao drois xangrZlivoba, romlis ganmavlobaSic dasaqmebuli asrulebs
samuSaos, ar unda aRematebodes kviraSi 40 saaTs, xolo specifikuri samuSao
reJimis mqone sawarmoSi, sadac warmoebis/SromiTi procesi iTvaliswinebs 8
41
saaTze meti xangrZlivobis uwyvet reJims, kviraSi 48 saaTs . 5 dRiani samuSao
kviris pirobebSi 2 gamosasvleli dRea. dasaqmebuls ufleba aqvs, isargeblos
anazRaurebadi SvebulebiT–weliwadSi sul mcire 24 samuSao dRiT, xolo
anazRaurebis gareSe SvebulebiT–weliwadSi sul mcire 15 kalendaruli dRiT42.

41
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. kanoni #4113, 17.12.2010w. muxli 14;
42
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. kanoni #4113, 17.12.2010w. muxli 21.
129
 9.3 profesiuli riskebi da maTgan dacva

profesiuli riski adamianis janmrTelobis Seryevis an sikvdilis albaTobaa

kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas. is SesaZlebelia
arsebobdes ori saxiT:
 janmrTelobis daqveiTebis riski;
 profesiuli daavadebis riski.
janmrTelobis Seryeva SeiZleba moxdes ubeduri SemTxveviT, romelic
sxvadasxva simZimis SeiZleba iyos. ubedur SemTxvevas sawarmoSi miekuTvneba
samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi miRebuli travmebi, mZime mowamvlebi, siTburi
dartyma, damwvroba, moyinva da sxva. profesiuli daavadeba mavne da saSiSi
sawarmoo garemos Sedegia, ramac SeiZleba droebiTi da mudmivi Sromisuunaroba
gamoiwvios. zogjer adgili aqvs farul profesiul risksac, rasac adamianis
gadaRliloba iwvevs. igi amcirebs mis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobas.
profesiuli riskebisagan dacva regulirdeba SromiTi usafrTxoebis,
Sromis kanonis, SromiTi kontraqtis an sxva romelime sakanonmdeblo norma-
tiuli aqtiT. am samuSaoSi CarTulia Sromis medicina da Sromis dacvis
samsaxurebi, socdazRvevis samsaxurebi. maT saqmianobaSi sami mimarTuleba
gamoiyofa:
- samkurnalo profilaqtikuri: profesiul daavadebaTa arsebobis
safuZvlebis Seswavla, janmrTelobisaTvis arasasurveli sawarmoo faqtorebis
dasawyisSive gamovlena, samedicino profilaqtika da daSavebulTa mkurnaloba,
maTi samedicino, socialuri da profesiuli reabilitacia.
- analizur-profilaqtikuri: Sromis pirobebis kontroli, im momuSaveTa
maqsimaluri kontroli, romlebic profesiuli riskis qveS arian; sanitarul-
higienuri normativebis Sesabamisoba gamoyenebul teqnikasTan, mudmivi higienuri
eqspertiza;
- analitikur-statistikuri: profesiul daavadebaTa dinamikis da mizezebis
analizi. sawarmoo travmatizmisa da misi socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebis,
invalidobis, mokvdaobis Seswavla.
- profesiuli riskebis Sefaseba da misi Semcirebis RonisZiebaTa dagegmva.
kerZod, organizaciul-teqnikuri, sanitarul-higienuri da sxva RonisZiebebi.
arsebuli mdgomareobis analizis safuZvelze samuSao drois xangrZlivobis
SesaZlebeli Semcireba, damatebiTi Svebulebis micema, samuSao staJis Semcireba,
kanoniT dadgenil sapensio asakamde profesiuli pensiis micema da a.S.
- profesiuli riskebis dazRveva da kompensaciebis gacema. Sromisuunarobis
SemTxvevaSi kompensacia SesaZlebelia, gaices garkveuli Tanxis saxiT.
SesaZlebelia, is mieces da moxmardes sanitarul-sakurorto mkurnulobas,
proTezirebas, specialuri satransporto saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofas,
profesiul gadamzadebas da a.S.
- mewarmis ekonomikuri stimulireba momuSaveTa profesiuli riskebisagan
Tavdacvis mizniT.

130
 9.4 Sromis normireba

Sromis normireba gansazRvruli samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis saWiro Sromis

danaxarjebis dadgenaa normaluri Sromis intensivobis pirobebSi. konkretulad,
Sromis normirebis meSveobiT dgindeba calkeul samuSao adgilze Sesasrulebeli
samuSaos moculoba, saWiro momuSaveTa ricxvi, maTi profesiul-kvalificiuri
struqtura, xelfasis fondi da misi struqtura.
Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi saSualebas iZleva, zustad
ganvsazRvroT mTeli samuSaos an misi calkeuli operaciis Sesrulebis dro.
misi dadgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos mowinave teqnologiis arseboba,
muSaobis optimaluri sawarmoo reJimebi da samuSao adgilis efeqturi
organizaciis pirobebi. igi, Tavis mxriv, Sromis ekonomistisagan moiTxovs am
sferoSi arsebuli samecniero miRwevebisa da arsebuli gamocdilebis codnas.
Sromis normireba Sromis zomis dadgenis procesia. Sromis zomis dadgena
moiTxovs im teqnikur, ekonomikur, fsiqofiziologiur da socialuri
faqtorebis Sesaxeb codnas, romelic gavlenas axdens Sromis procesze. Tu
Sromis norma araa ekonomikurad dasabuTebuli, is Tavis funqcias kargavs.
kerZod, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sromis norma veRar xdeba Sigasawarmoo dagegmvis
saSualeba, Sromis racionaluri organizaciis safuZveli, Sromis efeqtianobis
sazomi.
Sromis norma ekonomikurad dasabuTebulia maSin, Tu is mowyobilobaTa da
momuSaveTa optimalur datvirTvas iTvaliswinebs.
Sromis norma fsiqofiziologiurad dasabuTebulia maSin, Tu adamianis
fizikuri da nervuli energiis xarjva optimaluria, e.i. adamiani Sromisunari-
anobas xangrZlivad inarCunebs da daxarjuli energiis swrafi aRdgena xdeba.
socialurad dasabuTebuli norma saSualebas iZleva, Sroma iyos
Sinaarsiani. samuSaos Sesrulebis procesSi momuSaves saSualeba aqvs,
damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi procesi ganaxorcielos. am dros Sromis
monotonuroba minimumamdea dayvanili.

9.5 Sromis normis saxeebi

mravali saxis Sromis norma arsebobs, magram yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba

drois, gamomuSavebis, momsaxurebis, ricxovnobisa da mmarTvelobis normebi.
drois norma (Ndr)_samuSaos erTeulis Sesrulebaze drois danaxarjebia,
romelic dgindeba erT muSaze an muSaTa jgufze. gansazRvrul organizaciul-
teqnikur pirobebSi maTi kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad. is gaiangariSeba formuliT:
Ndr = T , (1) sadac
Y
T – samuSao drois xangZlivobaa (wuTi, saaTi);
Y– produqciis saerTo moculoba.

gamomuSavebis norma. – erTi momuSavis an jgufis mier drois erTeulSi

gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobaa, romelic iTvaliswinebs momuSaveTa
kvalifikaciasa da arsebul organizaciul-teqnikur pirobebs. gamomuSavebis
norma drois normis ukuproporciulia. igi ZiriTadad masobriv da
131
msxvilseriul warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba, sadac yovel samuSao adgilze erTi an
ramdenime operacia sruldeba. is gaiangariSeba formuliT:
Ngam = Y , (2)
T
sadac Y daDAT igive mniSvneloba aqvs, rac (1) formulaSi. SinaarsiT is
axlos dgas e.w. normirebul davalebasTan, romelic gulisxmobs samuSaos
moculobis im odenobis dadgenas, romelic garkveul monakveTSi unda
Sesruldes erTi muSis an jgufis mier.
momsaxurebis norma sawarmoo obieqtTa (mowyobilobaTa, samuSao adgilTa)
is raodenobaa, romelsac unda moemsaxuros momuSave an brigada drois
gansazRvrul periodSi (cvlaSi, dReSi, TveSi da a.S). aseTi norma, ZiriTadad,
damxmare muSebisaTvis dgeba. misi gaangariSebisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa
gaangariSdes momsaxurebis drois norma, e. i. dro, romelic saWiroa cvlis
ganmavlobaSi mowyobilobis erTeulis momsaxurebisaTvis. mis dasadgenad
gamoiyeneba qronometraJi. momsaxurebis norma gaiangariSeba formuliT:

T
Nmoms = (3) sadac
N
T – cvlis xangrZlivobaa;
N – momsaxurebis drois norma.
mmarTvelobis normiT ganisazRvreba im momuSaveTa ricxovnoba, romelic
erT xelmZRvanels unda daeqvemdebaros.
ricxovnobis normiT dgindeba momuSaveTa is ricxovnoba, romelic
aucilebelia garkveuli moculobis samuSaos Sesasruleblad gansazRvrul
organizaciul-teqnikur pirobebSi. ricxovnobis norma gaiangariSeba formuliT:

Nricx = Y  N DR , (4) sadac

FK
Y – samuSaos moculobaa; NN
NDdr –drois normaa;
F – cvlis xangrZlivobaa;
K – normis Sesrulebis procenti.
zemoT aRniSnul normaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania drois norma,
radgan mis safuZvelze dgindeba TiTqmis yvela saxis norma (sqema 9.5.1).
drois normis dadgena qvemoT mocemuli sqemis Sesabamisad, calkeuli saxis
drois danaxarjebis Seswavlis safuZvelze xdeba da gaiangariSeba formuliT:

NDdr = Nmos.dask+Nop. dr +Nmoms +Ndasv.+NSewyv. (5)

mosamzadebel - daskvniTi dro is droa, romelic ixarjeba sakuTari Tavisa

da warmoebis saSualebaTa momzadebaze davalebis Sesasruleblad. is
damokidebuli ar aris samuSaos moculobaze.

132
 sqema 9.5.1
drois norma Semadgenloba da struqtura

drois norma

sacalo dro mosamzadebel-

daskvniTi dro

operatiuli dro samuSao adgilis reglamentirebuli

momsaxurebis dro Sesvenebebis dro

ZiriTadi dro teqnikuri dasvenebisa da

momsaxurebis dro saWiroebis dro
moxmarebis dro

damxmare dro organizaciuli Sewyvetebis dro,

momsaxurebis dro romelsac teqno-
lgia moiTxovs

ZiriTadi dro uSualod samuSao davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli droa.

is meordeba yoveli operaciis Sesrulebis Semdeg an gansazRvruli samuSaos
Sesrulebis Semdeg da iyofa or nawilad: ZiriTad da damxmare drod. ZiriiTadi
dro ixarjeba uSualod produqciis warmoebaze, damxmare ki - ZiriTadi drois
efeqturad gamoyenebaze. magaliTad, damxmare dro SeiZleba gamoiyenon
mowyobilobis marTvaze, mowyobilobaze calkeuli detalebis damagrebasa da
moxsnaze da a. S.
samuSao adgilis momsaxurebis dro moicavs teqnikuri da organizaciuli
momsaxurebis dros. igi ixarjeba imisaTvis, rom mTeli cvlis ganmavlobaSi
samuSao adgili srul wesrigSi iyos. masSi Sedis mowyobilobis dazeTvis,
gawyobis, garecxvis, gawmendis, daTvalierebis, warmoebis narCenebisagan
gaTavisuflebaze daxarjuli dro (teqnikuri momsaxurebis dro), gamoyenebuli
taris gadaadgileba, dokumentaciis mowesrigeba samuSaos bolos (organizaciuli
momsaxureba) da a.S
Sewyvetebis dro is droa, roca momuSave muSaobis procesSi monawileobas
ar iRebs. igi iyofa reglamentirebuli Sewyvtebisa da arareglamentirebuli
Sewyvetebis drod.
reglamentirebuls miekuTvneba Sewyveta, rasac sawarmoo procesis
teqnologia da organizacia moiTxovs, pirad saWiroebisa da dasvenebis dro,
romelic samuSao dRis ganrigiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli (mag. sasadilo Sesveneba).

133
 arareglamentirebuli Sewyvetebi–es is droa, romelic gamowveulia
sawarmoo procesis normaluri mimdinareobis darRveviT. is SeiZleba gamowve-
uli iyos warmoebis naklovanebebiT, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT da a. S.
samuSao drois yvela danaxarji iyofa normirebul da aranormirebul
drod. kerZod, mosamzadebel-daskvniTi dro, operatiuli dro, samuSao adgilis
momsaxurebis dro da reglamentirebuli Sewyvetebis dro Sedis drois normaSi
da, Sesabamisad, normirebul droSi.
aranormirebuli samuSao drois danaxarjebi samuSao drois pirdapiri
danakargia da drois normaSi ar Sedis.
samuSao drois danaxarjTa struqturis analizi saSualebas iZleva,
ganisazRvros samuSao drois danakargebi da samuSao adgilze araracionaluri
SromiTi danaxarjebi.

9.6. samuSao drois danaxarjTa Seswavlis meTodebi

samuSao drois danaxarjTa Seswavla, ZiriTadad, ori meTodiT xdeba.

1. fotografiiTa da 2)qronometraJiT.
fotografiis Catarebisas dakvirveba warmoebs momuSaveze an momuSaveTa
jgufze mTeli cvlis an cvlis calkeul periodSi. mas atarebs normadari an
TviT momuSave (TviTfotografia). fotografia specialurad damuSavebuli rukiT
warmoebs. daxarjuli drois gazomva saaTis saSualebiT xdeba. miRebuli
SedegebiT dgeba samuSao drois balansi, romelic saSualebas iZleva,
ganvsazRvroT samuSao drois danakargebi da rezervebi.
fotografia tardeba calkeul individze an momuSaveTa jgufze, magram
arsebobs marSrutuli fotografiac, romlis drosac xdeba im momuSaveTa
jgufze dakvirveba, romlebic sxvadasxva ubanze muSaoben.
masobrivi fotografirebisas gamoiyeneba momenturi dakvirvebis meTodic. am
dros erTgvarovani drois danaxarjebis raodenobis registracia da aRricxva
xdeba drois SerCeul momentSi. am meTodis upiratesobaa dakvirvebis Catarebis
simartive, monacemTa miReba mokle droSi da naklebi Sromatevadoba. misi naklia,
is, rom monacemebi manqana-danadgarebis an mowyobilobaTa mocdenis mizezebis
Sesaxeb arasrulia. amitom ama Tu im meTodis gamoyeneba bevradaa damokidebuli
damkvireblis kompetenturobaze.
qronometraJiT Seiswavleba Sromis procesSi calkeul operaciaze
daxarjuli dro. is gamoiyeneba maSinac, roca Sromis ama Tu im ileTis
Sesrulebis racionalurobis garkveva gvinda. qronometraJiT dgindeba, ratom
ver sruldeba esa Tu is drois norma, ramdenad mowinave Sromis ileTebs flobs
momuSave, Sromis organizaciis srulyofis ra RonisZiebebi SeiZleba daisaxos da
a.S.
qronometraJis Catarebisas dakvirvebis obieqti SeirCeva imis mixedviT, ra
mizani gvaqvs. Tu Cveni mizania davadginoT drois norma, maSin dakvirvebis
obieqtad unda SevarCioT is momuSave, romlis Sromis Sedegi momuSaveTa
saSualo Sedegebze maRalia, magram mowinave muSis Sedegze dabali. amasTan,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos isic, rom momuSavis Sromis tempi Seesabamebodes
Sromis normalur intensivobas.

134
 Tu qronometraJi tardeba imisaTvis, rom dainergos Sromis mowinave
ileTebi da meTodebi, maSin dakvirvebis obieqti unda iyos is muSa, romelic
yvelaze efeqtur meTodebsa da ileTebs iyenebs.
dakvirvebis obieqtis SerCevis Semdeg xdeba operaciis aRwera, romelic
daitaneba qronorukaze. amave dros, ganisazRvreba dakvirvebaTa raodenoba da
SeirCeva is xelsawyoebi, romliTac unda Catardes qronometraJi (saaTi,
wammzomi, qronometri da a.S.), dgindeba e.w. safiqsaJo wertilebi, e.i. operaciis
dawyebis da damTavrebis niSnebi bgeris an vizualuri saxiT. magaliTad, safiqsaJe
wertili SeiZleba iyos xelis Sexeba instrumentze an nakeTobaze da a.S.
qronometraJiT miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebiT ganisazRvreba calkeuli
SromiTi operaciis Sesrulebis dro da Sefasdeba misi efeqturoba.
praqtikaSi zogjer fotoqronometraJsac iyeneben, romelic saSualebas
iZleva, Sesruldes is amocana, romelic aqvs fotografiasac da qronometraJsac.

9.7. Sromis normebis dadgenis meTodebi

Sromis normebis gaangariSebis ramdenime meTods gamohyofen; maTgan

aRsaniSnavia:
1. analitikuri meTodi; 2. krebsiTi meTodi.
analitikuri meTodiT Sromis normebi arsebuli normebis kritikuli
analizis safuZvelze dgindeba. kerZod, SromiTi operacia nawevrdeba calkeul
elementebad. TiToeuli elementis mixedviT ganisazRvreba Sesasrulebeli
samuSaos xangrZlivoba. am dros analizdeba yvela faqtori, romelmac SeiZleba
mocemuli operaciis Sesrulebis droze gavlena moaxdinos, es iqneba
organizaciul-teqnikuri Tu Semsruleblis fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebi.
gaiangariSeba mTeli operaciis an misi elementebis Sesrulebis xangrZlivoba da
dgindeba misi Sesrulebis Tanmimdevroba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am meTodis ufro Tanamedrove nairsaxeobas
warmoadgens Sromis normirebis mikroelementuri meTodi. is farTodaa
gavrcelebuli ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi (aSS, iaponia, Ggermania,
safrangeTi da a.S.). am meTodis gamoyenebisas Sromis procesi nawildeba
umartives, pirvelad SromiT moqmedebebad (momuSavis TiTebis, xelebis, tanis da
sxva moZraoba), romelsac mikroelementi hqvia. sxva meTodTan SedarebiT misi
upiratesoba isaa, rom SromiTi ileTebisa da moqmedebebis racionaluri
Tanmimdevrobis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva. dasavleTis praqtikaSi am meTodis
metad farTo saxesxvaobebi gamoiyeneba: kerZod, `samuSaos sirTulis gamTva-
liswinebeli sistema~ (e.w.Work Faktor), `droisa da moZraobis analizis~ sistema
(MTA-Motion –Time Analysis) da `drois gansazRvris~ meTodi (e.w. MTM, Metohds
– Time Measuremant). am ukanasknel sistemaSi SromiTi moZraoba danawevrebulia
19 mikroelementad: 8 varianti xelebis moZraobisa, 9 varianti korpusisa da
fexebisa, 2 varianti Tvalebis moZraobisa. TiToeul mikroelementze dgindeba
normativi, romliTac aiwyoba nebismieri moZraobis, ileTis, operaciis norma.
Sromis normirebis krebsiTi meTodis gamoyenebisas normebi dgindeba mTel
SromiT operaciaze an nakeTobaze elementebad misi danawevrebis gareSe. es
SeiZleba moxdes statistikuri monacemebis gamoyenebis an ubnis xelmZRvanelis
135
gamocdilebis safuZvelze (e. w. sacdel-statistikuri), an kidev adre
Catarebul operaciasTan Sedarebis mixedviT (e.w SedarebiTi).
normirebis krebsiTi meTodis gamoyenebisas cdomileba metia, vidre
analitikuri meTodis gamoyenebisas.
ama Tu im meTodiT sargeblobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT warmoebis tipi.
magaliTad, masobriv da msxvilseriul warmoebaSi, sadac operaciaTa ganmeore-
badoba ufro xSiria, mcire uzustobis daSvebac ki droisa da sxva saxis
resursis did danakargebs iwvevs. wvrilseriul da erTeulad warmoebaSi mcire
cdomilebebi did gavlenas ar axdens warmoebis danaxarjebze. amitom krebsiTi
meTodis gamoyeneba ufro dasaSvebia.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. axseniT Sromis organizaciis arsi.

2. ra aris Sromis danawileba da kooperacia?
3. ra SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi profesiaTa SeTavseba?
4. ra faqtorebi moqmedebs Sromis pirobebze sawarmoSi?
5. rogor regulirdeba profesiuli riskebis dacva?
6. rogoria adamianis muSaobisunarianoba dRis, kviris da wlis manZilze?
7. axseniT Sromis normirebis arsi.
8. ra saxis normebi arsebobs?
9. samuSao drois danaxarjTa Seswavlis ra meTodebi arsebobs?
10. ra meTodebiT xdeba Sromis normireba?

136
 Tavi 10. Sromis anazRaurebis
organizacia

10.1. xelfasi da misi saxelmwifo regulireba

xelfasi daqiravebuli momuSavis Sromis sazRauria. misi sidide gansazRvru-

lia damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris dadebuli SromiTi xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze. damsaqmeblisaTvis xelfasi sawarmoo xarjebis nawilia, romelic
eZleva momuSaves misi Sromis sazRaurad, Sromis an samuSao Zalis fasis
mixedviT. Sromis anazRaurebis safuZvels Sromis procesSi warmoSobili
SromiTi urTierTobebi warmoadgens. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad
SromiTi urTierToba aris Sromis organizaciuli mowesrigebis pirobebSi
dasaqmebulis mier damsaqmeblisaTvis samuSaos Sesruleba anazRaurebis
sanacvlod. igi warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze nebis
Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT. xolo TviT Sromis
anazRaurebis forma da odenoba ganisazRvreba SromiTi xelSekrulebiT43.
xelfasis sidideze moqmedebs sxvadasxva faqtori. upirveles yovlisa, mis
odenobas Sromis bazarze Sromaze (samuSao Zalaze) moTxovna-miwodeba
gansazRvravs. moTxovnis zrda xelfasis zrdas iwvevs, moTxovnis Semcireba ki -
xelfasis Semcirebas. Sromis miwodeba sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs Sromis fasze.
roca Sromis miwodeba SezRuduli raodenobiT xdeba, Sromis fasi izrdeba da
Sesabamisad izrdeba xelfasis sidide.
xelfasis sidideze gavlenas axdens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi. maTi
zrda aZvirebs cxovrebis Rirebulebas da Sesabamisad, imatebs xelfasis zrdaze
moTxovna.
xelfasis sidide damokidebulia minimaluri xelfasis doneze. minimaluri
xelfasi ki ganisazRvreba saarsebo minimumiT. amave dros xelfasis odenoba
nawilobriv damokidebulia profkavSirebis aqtiurobaze, warmoebaSi momuSavis
SromiT wvlilze da a.S.
sazogadoebaSi xelfasi mniSvnelovan funqciebs asrulebs, maTgan
upirvelesi, uZvelesi funqciaa stimulirebis funqcia, romliTac axdens
momuSavis dainteresebas Tavisi Sromis SedegiT.
xelfasis saSualebiT unda dakmayofildes momuSavis da misi ojaxis wevrTa
saarsebo moTxovnilebebi. amiT xelfasi kvlavwarmoebis funqcias asrulebs.
amasTan, mas aqvs e.w. socialuri funqciac, riTac xelfasi samomxmareblo
bazarze mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.
xelfasma rom Tavisi funqciebi Seasrulos, aucilebelia Semdegi
principebis dacva:
a)xelfasis forma da sistema unda iyos yvela momuSavisaTvis gasagebi da
martivi;
b) xelfasis zrda unda moxdes warmoebisa da Sromis efeqtianobis zrdis
mixedviT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moxdeba inflacia;

43saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. kanoni #4113, 17.12.2010w. muxli 2, muxli 31.

137
 g) Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempi win unda uswrebdes saSualo
xelfasis zrdis temps;
d) xelfasi diferencirebuli unda iyos dargebis, regionebis, Sromis
pirobebis mixedviT. erTnairi Sinaarsisa da kvalifikaciis Sroma unda
anazRaurdes Tanabrad miuxedavad momuSavis sqesisa, asakisa da erovnebisa;
e) xelfasis sididis gansazRvrisas rogorc kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo
seqtorSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos minimaluri xelfasis done da saSualo
xelfasis sidide.
saxelmwifo roli xelfasis regulirebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba
minimaluri xelfasis dadgeniT.
minimalurma xelfasma unda uzrunvelyos martiv, arakvalificiur samuSaoze
dasaqmebuli momuSavis samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebisaTvis saWiro yvela piroba.
ZiriTadi kriteriumi, riTac ganisazRvreba minimaluri xelfasis sidide,
momuSavis da misi ojaxis arasrulwlovani wevrebis saarsebo moTxovnilebaa.
minimaluri xelfasi unda Seesabamebodes samomxmareblo kalaTas. masSi Sedis
aucilebeli kvebis produqtebi, samomxmareblo saqoneli da momsaxureba.
minimaluri xelfasi ar SeiZleba Sromisunariani adamianis saarsebo minimumze
naklebi iyos.
minimaluri xelfasis sididis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis done, mdidrebisa da Raribebis cxovrebis doneTa
gansxvaveba, minimaluri xelfasis saSualo xelfasTan Tanafardoba. evropis
socialuri qartiiT, minimaluri xelfasi saSualo xelfasis 60% mainc unda
iyos. evropis qveynebma miaRwies imas, rom minimaluri xelfasi saSualo
xelfasis 50%-ze naklebi ar aris. Tumca gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi am pirobis dacva SeuZlebeli gaxda da,
Sesabamisad, minimaluri xelfasis saSualo xelfasTan Tanafardobis zoma
SedarebiT mcirea.
xelfasis saxelmwifo regulirebis erT-erTi meqanizmia indeqsacia. igi
icavs mosaxleobis Semosavlebsa da danazogebs gaufasurebisagan.
arsebobs indeqsaciis ori saxe: gamafrTxilebeli da retrospeqtuli.
gamafrTxilebeli indeqsacia gulisxmobs xelfasis zrdas samomxmareblo fasebis
prognozuli zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT. is win uswrebs inflacias.
retrospeqtuli indeqsaciisas xelfasis zrda xdeba warsul periodSi
samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis Sesabamisad. praqtikaSi ufro xSirad xelfasis
retrospeqtul indeqsacias iyeneben. xelfasis zrda am dros xdeba mas Semdeg,
roca gazrdili samomxmareblo fasebi garkveuli drois Semdeg stabiluri
gaxdeba.
indeqsaciisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi zRvaris dadgenas. magaliTad,
italiaSi indeqsaciis zRvari, roca is avtomaturad mimdinareobs, aris 1%;
safrangeTsa da belgiaSi_2%; ruseTSi_6%. xelfasis indeqsaciisas
samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis sruli kompensacia ar xdeba.
indeqsaciis garda, xelfasis saxelmwifo regulireba xdeba individualuri
Semosavlebis dabegvriTac. es ZiriTadad maRalSemosavlian moqalaqeebs exebaT. am
RonisZiebas saxelmwifo mimarTavs gansakuTrebiT mZime finansuri mdgomareobis
dros.

138
 saxelmwifos saxelfaso politika mimarTuli unda iyos xelfasis
msyidvelunarianobis zrdisaken, xelfasi unda gaxdes mosaxleobis Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaro. amasTan, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos misi drouli gadaxda.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT Sromis anazRaureba gaicema TveSi erTxel.
damsaqmebeli valdebulia nebismieri anazRaurebis Tu angariSsworebis dayovnebis
yoveli dRisaTvis gadauxados dasaqmebuls dayovnebuli Tanxis 0.07 procenti 44.

10.2. xelfasis formebi da sistemebi

xelfasis organizacia sxvadasxva sistemiTa da formiT xdeba.

gavrcelebulia xelfasis organizacia a)satarifo sistemiT; b)utarifo
sistemiT; g)Sereuli sistemiT.
satarifo sistemiT Sromis anazRaureba xdeba individualuri Sromis
Sedegis mixedviT, utarifo sistemiT anazRaurebisas_koleqtivis Sromis
saboloo Sedegis mixedviT.
satarifo da utarifo xelfasis sistemaSi, ZiriTadad, xelfasis ori
forma gamoiyofa_sanardo da droiTi. Sereul sistemaSi ki xelfasis Semdegi
formebia: a)sakomisio, b)sapaio, g)e.w. mcuravi sargoebi da a.S.
xelfasis organizaciis sistemebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia
satarifo sistema.
satarifo sistema im normativTa erTobliobaa, romlis safuZvelze
ganisazRvreba momuSavis xelfasis zoma Sromis pirobebis, kvalifikaciisa da
individualuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
satarifo sistemis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, ganaxorcielos principi:
“Tanabari SromisaTvis_Tanabari anazRaureba”. satarifo sistemis safuZvelze
formirdeba satarifo xelfasi.
satarifo sistemis elementebia:
1)satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobari;
2)satarifo bade;
3)satarifo ganakveTebi da Tanamdebobrivi sargoebi.
satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobari normatiuli dokumentebis erTobliobaa.
masSi mocemulia informacia imis Sesaxeb, ra unda icodes Teoriulad da
praqtikulad ama Tu im profesiis adamianma Sesabamisi Tanrigis samuSaos
mixedviT.
satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobarebi ori saxisaa: dargobrivi da
dargTaSorisi. dargobrivSi daxasiaTebulia is samuSaoebi da profesiebi,
romlebic niSandoblivia mocemuli dargisaTvis, xolo dargTaSorisSi _ is
samuSaoebi da profesiebi, rac saerToa ekonomikis yvela dargisaTvis.
satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobaris ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa: 1)samuSaoTa
tarifikacia; 2)muSaTa sakvalifikacio Tanrigis gansazRvra; 3)im programebis
Sedgena, ris mixedviTac unda moxdes momuSaveTa momzadeba da kvalifikaciis
amaRleba.
satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobari Sedgeba sami nawilisagan. pirvel nawilSi
mocemulia samuSaoTa daxasiaTeba, meoreSi Camoyalibebulia, Tu ra unda icodes

44saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. kanoni #4113, 2010 wlis 17 dekemberi. muxli 31.
139
mocemuli specialobis momuSavem, vinc ama Tu im Tanrigs flobs; mesame nawilSi
_ tipuri samuSaoebis magaliTebia mocemuli. daaxloebiT asevea agebuli
satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobarebi xelmZRvanel personalsa da specialistebze.
mis safuZvelze dgeba saStato siebi, romelSic CamoTvlilia Tanamdebobebi
Sesabamisi Tanamdebobrivi sargoebiT.
satarifo sistemis meore elementi, satarifo bade sakvalifikacio
Tanrigebisa da Sesabamisi satarifo koeficientebis erTobliobaa. satarifo
badis pirveli Tanrigis satarifo koeficienti yovelTvis erTis tolia.
danarCeni satarifo koeficientebi dgindeba koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze.
satarifo bade SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos sxvadasxva dargebsa da
sawarmoebSi. misi umTavresi daniSnuleba isaa, rom sxvadasxva kvalifikaciis
muSaks sxvadasxva zomis xelfasi mieces mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos
sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, mocemul satarifo badeSi satarifo
ganakveTebi gviCveneben, ramdenjer maRal xelfass iRebs ama Tu im Tanrigis
momuSave pirveli Tanrigis momuSavesTan SedarebiT. pirvel da bolo Tanrigebs
Soris Tanafardobas ewodeba satarifo badis diapazoni. saqarTvelos erovnul
meurneobaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 6-8 Tanrigiani badeebi.
satarifo bade
satarifo Tanrigi I II III IV V VI VII VIII
satarifo koeficienti 1 1.07 1.14 1.28 1.50 1.70 1.80 2.0

satarifo badis mesame elementia, satarifo ganakveTi. igi gamoxatavs drois

erTeulSi momuSavis anazRaurebis zomas. is gviCvenebs, ramdens vuxdiT momuSaves
1 saaTSi, 1 dReSi, kviraSi an 1 TveSi.
minimaluri satarifo ganakveTis (I Tanrigis ganakveTi) dadgenisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos minimaluri xelfasis done. is ar SeiZleba kanoniT
dadgenil minimumze naklebi iyos (sakanonmdeblo wesiT dadgenili minimaluri
xelfasis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi).
satarifo ganakveTebi SeiZleba izrdebodes Tanabrad, progresulad, an
regresulad, an Sereulad.
msoflio praqtikaSi yvelanairi satarifo bade gamoiyeneba. specialistTa
daskvniT, satarifo koeficientebs Soris gansxvaveba 10%-ze naklebi ar unda
iyos. amave dros, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom satarifo xelfasi mTeli
xelfasis 65_70%-s mainc unda Seadgendes.

10.3. xelfasis sanardo da droiTi formebi

xelfasis ama Tu im formis SerCevisas gaiTvaliswineba Semdegi pirobebi:

 Sromis normirebis xarisxi;
 samuSaos meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis done;
 mewarmis moTxovna, gazardos produqciis moculoba Tu gazardos
produqciis xarisxi.
mas Semdeg, roca ukve sabolood gadawydeba sakiTxi, xelfasis ra sistemam
unda imuSaos mocemul sawarmoSi Tu dawesebulebaSi, zemoT aRniSnuli
140
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganisazRvreba, ra formiT SeiZleba gaices xelfasi,
sanardo Tu droiTi formiT, raTa xelfasma Tavisi funqciebi srulad
Seasrulos da miRweuli iqnes Sromis maRali mwarmoebluroba.
sanardo xelfasi gaiangariSeba Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT:

З = Р  V (10.3.1), sadac
Р _produqciis erTeulis sanardo Sefaseba (lari, TeTri);
V_damzadebuli produqciis raodenoba (cali).
Tavis mxriv, produqciis erTeulis sanardo Sefaseba ganisazRvreba
Semdegnairad:
Р = Н  Т (10.3.2), sadac
Н_drois normaa;
Т_saaTobrivi, dRiuri, Tviuri satarifo ganakveTi.
satarifo ganakveTi sanardo formiT xelfasis gacemisas dgindeba
Sesrulebuli samuSaos Tanrigis mixedviT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sromis procesi mkacrad reglamentirebulia
gansazRvruli operaciebiT, rac saSualebas iZleva, momuSaves daudgindes
Sesabamisi drois norma, mizanSewonilia sanardo formis gamoyeneba. maSinac, roca
samuSao xeliT, meqanizebul-xeliT an meqanizebulad sruldeba, umjobesia
sanardo formis gamoyeneba, radgan produqciis raodenoba pirdapir momuSavis
Sromazea damokidebuli.
droiTi xelfasis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia im dros, roca warmoebis
procesSi aqcenti gadatanilia produqciis xarisxze.
xelfasis droiTi forma amJamad ufro progresul formadaa miCneuli.
ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi firmebi ZiriTadad xelfasis droiT formas
iyeneben. droiTi xelfasis gacemisas momuSavis xelfasis zoma ganisazRvreba misi
kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad, faqtobrivad namuSevari drois mixedviT. e.i.

З = Т  F (10.3.3), sadac
Т_satarifo ganakveTia (lari/saaTi, l/dR, l/TveSi);
F_faqtobrivad namuSevari dro (sT, dRe da a.S.).
satarifo ganakveTi droiT xelfasSi dgindeba momuSavis Tanrigis mixedviT.
xelfasis sanardo da droiT formas gaaCnia Tavisi upiratesobebi da
naklic. magaliTad, sanardo xelfasi sakmaod Zlier stimulators warmoadgens,
radgan didia maRali xelfasis miRebis SesaZlebloba. produqciis zrdaze
orientaciisas mcirdeba sawarmoo xarjebi produqciis erTeulze. am dros
naklebia moTxovnileba kontrolze, ris gamoc sanardo xelfasiT anazRaurebisas,
metia uxarisxo produqciis wili da dgeba arasawarmoo personalis
anazRaurebis problemac.
rac Seexeba droiT xelfass, misi upiratesoba isaa, rom is momuSaveTaTvis
advilad gasagebia, martivi da iafia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis saregulireblad.
amasTan, stabiluri Semosavlis wyaroa, magram misi naklia is, rom muSaobis
Sedegebis waxalisebis SesaZleblobebi SedarebiT SezRudulia.
sanardo da droiTi xelfasi praqtikaSi sxvadasxva saxiT gamoiyeneba.
droiTi xelfasi gvxvdeba martivi droiTi, droiTi premiuli normirebuli
davalebiT da droiTi premiulis saxiT.
141
 martivi droiTi xelfasis zoma iangariSeba (3) formuliT. droiTi
premiuli saxiT anazRaurebisas xelfasi ganisazRvreba Semdegi formuliT:

З = Зsat. + П (10.3.4), sadac

Зsat._satarifo xelfasia, romelic gaiangariSeba (3) formuliT (lari);
П_premiis is raodenobaa, romelic muSas mieca Sromis gansazRvruli
raodenobisaTvisa da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis miRwevis gamo.
droiTi premiuli normirebuli davalebiT gamoiyeneba iq, sadac muSis
funqciebi zustadaa reglamentirebuli da SeiZleba yovel operaciaze
gaangariSebuli iqnes drois norma. aseTi saxis xelfasi sanardo formis
elementebsac moicavs. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca aucilebelia
normirebuli davalebis Sesruleba rogorc calkeul samuSao adgilebze, ise
calkeul samuSao ubnebze. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSinac, roca sawarmos
efeqtiani saqmianoba damokidebulia materialuri resursebis ekonomiaze, igegmeba
profesiaTa SeTavseba an momsaxurebis sferos gafarToeba.
am saxis xelfasis zoma gaiangariSeba (3) formuliT, mxolod premia
ganisazRvreba normirebuli davalebis Sesrulebis mixedviT.
xelfasis sanardo forma gvxvdeba Semdegi saxiT:
a)pirdapiri sanardo; b)sanardo premiuli; g)sanardo progresuli,
d)sanardo regresuli; e)iribi sanardo; v)akorduli sanardo; z)koleqtiuri
sanardo.
pirdapiri sanardo xelfasi gaiangariSeba (1) formuliT. danarCeni saxis
xelfasi gaiangariSeba pirdapiri sanardo xelfasis bazaze. pirdapiri sanardo
xelfasi, faqtobrivad, momuSavis satarifo xelfasia. yvelaze metad xelfasis am
saxeebidan gavrcelebulia sanardo-premiuli. am SemTxvevaSi xelfasi
gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT.

З = Зpir.sanardo + П (premia) (10.3.5)

sanardo-progresuli sistemisas xelfasi ganisazRvreba formuliT:

З = P0V0 + Pprog.Vnormis zeviT (10.3.6), sadac

P0 _Cveulebrivi gziT gaangariSebuli sanardo Sefasebaa;

V0 _dadgenili normiT Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba;
Pprog._progresulad gazrdili sanardo Sefaseba;
Vnormis zeviT _normis zeviT Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba.
progresulad gazrdili sanardo Sefasebis (Pprog.) gasaangariSeblad dgeba
specialuri skala, romelSic mocemulia, ramdeni procentiT unda gaizardos
gegmuri sanardo Sefaseba samuSaos normis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebisas.
magaliTad, Tu muSam Sromis norma 105%-iT Seasrula, sanardo Sefaseba
gegmurTan SedarebiT SeiZleba 15%-iT gaizardos.
sanardo progresuli sistema praqtikaSi naklebad gamoiyeneba. misi naklia:
gaangariSebis sirTule, Sromis intensivobis zrda, rac momuSavis janmrTelobaze
cudad moqmedebs da xelfasis fondis gadaxarjvis saSiSroeba. amitom mas
mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi iyeneben.
142
 sanardo regresuli xelfasi sanardo-progresulis Sebrunebuli saxea. misi
gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca sawarmoSi xandazmuli, magram
kvalificiuri kadrebis SenarCuneba undaT, roca sawarmos winaSe produqciis
zrdis amocana ar dgas.
iribi sanardo xelfasi gamoiyeneba damxmare da momsaxure momuSaveebis
Sromis anazRaurebisas da gaiangariSeba formuliT:

З = Pir.  Vfaqt. (10.3.7), sadac

Pir. _ iribi sanardo Sefasebaa;
Vfaqt._momsaxure momuSavis mier faqtobrivad Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba.
rac Seexeba anazRaurebis akordul da akordul-premiul sistemas, misi
gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca sawarmoo SekveTis Sesruleba surT
maqsimalurad Semcirebul vadebSi. amisaTvis momuSaveebs gamouyofen mTlianad
Sesrulebul samuSaoze gaTvaliswinebul xelfasis fonds, romelsac avansis
saxiT yovelTviurad aZleven maT. bolos ki, rac darCeba, obieqtis Cabarebis
Semdeg miecemaT. Tu samuSao gansakuTrebiT xarisxianadaa Sesrulebuli, maSin
momuSaveebs premiasac gamouyofen. xelfasis es saxe, ZiriTadad, mSeneblobaSi
gamoiyeneba, Tumca inflaciis dros am saxiT xelfasis gacema SezRudulia.

10.4. xelfasis utarifo sistema

xelfasis utarifo sistemas satarifo sistemis antipodsac uwodeben.

satarifo sistemiT momuSave xelfass iRebs Sromis procesSi sakuTari wvlilis
Sesabamisad, utarifo sistemiT ki momuSavis xelfasi damokidebulia Sromis
saboloo Sedegze. principuli gansxvaveba am or sistemas Soris Semdegia:
satarifo sistemaSi pirveladia momuSavis gamomuSaveba, meoradi _ xelfasis
fondi. utarifoSi _ piriqiT, pirveladia, xelfasis fondi, meoradi _ individis
gamomuSaveba. utarifo sistemis gamoyenebisas xelfasis fondsa da sawarmos
saqmianobis saboloo SedegebTan Sesabamisoba garantirebulia, rac ar arsebobs
satarifo sistemaSi.
utarifo sistemiT, TiToeuli momuSavis xelfasis zoma gaiangariSeba
formuliT:

X i  K i  Ti
Зз = Ff  n
(10.4.1), sadac
X
i 1
i  K i  Ti

Ff _koleqtivisaTvis gankuTvnili xelfasis fondia (lari);

Xi_ i-uri momuSavis kvalifikaciis donis koeficienti (bali, procenti an sxva
erTeuli);
Ki_ i-uri momuSavis SromiTi monawileobis koeficienti (balebi, procenti an
sxv.erT.);
Ti _ i-uri momuSavis mier faqtobrivad namuSevari dro (sT, dRe, Tve);
n _ momuSaveTa raodenoba (kaci);

143
 maSasadame, utarifo sistemiT Sromis anazRaureba damokidebulia Semdeg
faqtorebze: momuSaveTa ricxvze, maT mier namuSevar droze, SromiTi
monawileobis koeficientsa (Smk) da momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis doneze (mkd).
sakvalifikacio koeficientis (mkd) gaangariSeba ori meTodiT xdeba: pirvel
SemTxvevaSi misi gansazRvra faqtobrivi xelfasis mixedviT xdeba. e.i. momuSavis
kvalifikacia fasdeba ara marto imiT, ra icis da ganaTlebis ra mowmobebi aqvs,
aramed mis mier faqtobrivad miRebuli xelfasiT, radgan maRali xelfasiT is
Tavisi codnisa da ganaTlebis realizaciis met unars adasturebs.
am meTodis naklia is, rom SesaZlebelia, samuSao subieqturad ganawildes
da xelsayreli samuSao mxolod erT pirs mieces. am dros premirebis
maCvenebeli maxinjdeba da irRveva principi: _ Tanabari SromisaTvis Tanabari
anazRaureba. Tu damokidebuleba xelfass, kvalifikaciasa da Sromis saboloo
Sedegebs Soris darRveuli ar aris, maSin momuSavis faqtobrivi xelfasis
mixedviT kvalifikaciis donis gansazRvra misaRebia.
sakvalifikacio koeficientis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT

X = ЗsaS / Зmin (10.4.2.), sadac

ЗsaS _ momuSavis saSualo xelfasi utarifo xelfasis danergvamde 6 TviT an

erTi wliT adre (lari);
Зmin_ igive periodSi yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi momuSavis saSualo xelfasi
(lari).
(10.4.2) formulaSi saSualo xelfasis gaangariSebisas mxedvelobaSi
miiReba Semdegi gasacemlebi:
 satarifo xelfasi an Tanamdebobrivi sargo;
 premia, miRebuli Sromis saboloo SedegebisaTvis;
 sarTebi profesiis SeTavsebisTvis;
 wanamatebi profesiuli ostatobisaTvis;
 sarTebi Sromis intensiurobis zrdisaTvis.
meore meTodiT mkd-s gansazRvra Sromis anazRaurebis moqmedi pirobebis
safuZvelze xdeba. magaliTad, Tu mewarme da momuSave pirobas deben, rom
kvalifikaciis done ganisazRvros samuSaos sirTulis, Sromis intensiurobis,
profesiuli ostatobis da a.S. sxva parametrebiT, mkd gaiangariSeba am
parametrebis Sesabamisi koeficientTa gadamravlebiT. e.i.

X = KsirT* KSr.int.* Kprof.ost.* ... (10.4.3)

rac Seexeba SromiTi monawileobis koeficients (Smk), is utarifo sistemis

meore mniSvnelovani elementia da ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva maCveneblebis
safuZvelze.
Smk-s zrdisa da Semcirebis pirobebi damqiraveblisa da koleqtivis
SeTanxmebiT wesdeba. Smk-s zrdis pirobebi SeiZleba iyos: momuSavis SromiTi
aqtivoba; muSaobis mowinave meTodebis gamoyeneba; SromiTi gamocdilebis
gaziareba damwyebi momuSaveebisTvis; momijnave profesiis SeTavseba; materialuri
resursebis ekonomia da a.S.

144
 Semamcirebel pirobebs SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes: masalebis gadaxarjva;
uiniaciativoba, pasiuroba; SromiTi disciplinis darRveva (gacdenebi);
mowyobilobis mocdenebis zrda da a.S.
xelfasis organizacia utarifo sistemis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes iq, sadac koleqtivi Tavis Tavze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas Sromis
saboloo Sedegebze. amasTan, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im koleqtivSi, romlis
wevrebi erTmaneTs kargad icnoben da maT Soris urTierTpativiscemaa.
rac Seexeba xelfasis Sereuli sistemis formebs, maTgan yvelaze metad
gavrcelebulia xelfasis sapaio forma, sakomisio da e.w. `mcuravi sargoebi~.
sapaio formiT xelfasis micemisas, xelfasis sidide ganisazRvreba imis
mixedviT, ramdenia momuSavis wili anu pai xelfasis fondSi da rogoria
sawarmos an misi qvedanayofis Sromis saboloo Sedegi.
xelfasis sakomisio forma produqciis realizaciis zrdis stimulirebis
saSualebaa. momuSave xelfass realizebuli produqciis moculobidan garkveuli
procentis saxiT iRebs. magaliTad, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebiT dadgenilia, rom
momuSavis sakomisio normativi 1%, maSin 10000 laris produqciis realizaciis
SemTxvevaSi momuSavis xelfasi 100 lari iqneba.
bolo periodSi gavrcelda xelfasis iseTi forma, rogoricaa e.w. `mcuravi
sargoebi~. am formiT xelfasi ZiriTadad saSualo da maRali safexuris
xelmZRvanelebs miecemaT. am kategoriis muSakebs Tanamdebobrivi sargoebi
yovelTviurad ecvlebaT imis mixedviT, rogor icvleba warmoebis efeqtianobis
maCveneblebi (mogeba, produqciis TviTRirebuleba, Sromis mwarmoebluroba)
produqciis moculobis gegmuri maCveneblis Sesrulebisas. magaliTad, Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis 1%-iT gazrdis (Semcirebis) SemTxvevaSi maTi Tanamdebobrivi
sargo gaizrdeba (Semcirdeba) 1,5%-iT.
inJiniringul da konsaltingur firmebSi Sromis anazRaureba xdeba e.w.
`SromiTi jildos~ saxiT, e.i. xelfasi miecemaT samomsaxureo firmaSi
momsaxurebis saxiT Sesuli gadasaxadidan gansazRvruli procentis odenobiT.

145
 10.5. Sromis materialuri stimulireba

praqtikaSi Sromis materialuri waxalisebis metad mravalferovani

sistemebi arsebobs. imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba esa Tu is
waxalisebis sistema, gamoyofen mis Semdeg saxeebs:
_premiebi Sromis mimdinare SedegebisaTvis. magaliTad, gegmuri samuSaos
SesrulebisaTvis an misi gadaWarbebisaTvis, produqciis TviTRirebulebis
SemcirebisaTvis da a.S. aseTi saxis premiebi yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli;
_sarTebi da wanamatebi xelfasze, romelic miecema calkeul momuSaves
profesiaTa SeTavsebisaTvis, momsaxurebis zonis gafarToebisaTvis, profesiuli
ostatobisaTvis da a.S.
_erTdrouli daxmarebebi da jildoebi, romelic gaicema weliwadSi
erTxel an orjer gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani davalebis SesrulebisaTvis an
mTeli sawarmos miRwevebisaTvis xangrZlivi drois manZilze da a.S.
waxalisebis sistemis mocemuli saxeebidan premiebs Sromis mimdinare
SedegebisaTvis SeiZleba hqondes rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri
xasiaTi. sarTebsa da wanamatebs mxolod individualuri xasiaTi aqvT, xolo
erTdrouli daxmarebebi da jildoebi ufro metad koleqtiuri xasiaTisaa,
Tumca zogjer calkeul momuSaveebzec SeiZleba gaices.
Sromis mimdinare SedegebisaTvis momuSaveTa premireba xdeba premirebis
debulebis safuZvelze.
premirebis Sesaxeb debulebis SemuSaveba sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSaoa. am
dros dgindeba premirebis pirobebi, misi maCveneblebis raodenoba, premiis zoma,
premirebis perioduloba, premirebis wyaroebi da warmoebis is qvedanayofebi,
sadac dainergeba waxalisebis mocemuli sistema. debulebis SemuSavebaSi, rogorc
wesi, monawileoben daqiravebulTa warmomadgenlebic.
premirebis sistemis efeqtianoba vlindeba xelfasis fondis sididesa da
struqturaSi: kerZod, satarifo xelfasis wili mniSvnelovnad maRali unda
iyos premiasTan SedarebiT. maT Soris toloba SesaZlebelia mxolod
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, maSin, roca amis gareSe samomxmareblo
bazarze produqciis konkurentunarianobis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia.
premirebis sistemis efeqtianoba vlindeba maSinac, roca premirebis
maCveneblebi Seesabameba warmoebis amocanebs. magaliTad, Tu premias momuSaves
vaZlevT xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis, amasTan, warmoebis mocemul qvedanayofSi
premirebis debulebaSi premirebis maCveneblad produqciis moculobis zrdaa
dadgenili, bunebrivia, aseT SemTxvevaSi premirebis sistemis efeqtianobaze
saubaric ar SeiZleba.
garda amisa, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, ramdenad sworadaa
gansazRvruli premirebis pirobebi. Tu premiis zoma isea dawesebuli, rom xdeba
misi Sesruleba an cotaTi gadaWarbeba, maSin premirebis sistema gamarTulia. Tu
premiis ZiriTadi Tanxa iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebaze midis, romelsac didi
Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba, maSin premiis arsebuli zoma dausabuTebelia. amasTan,
roca premirebis maCveneblis Sesruleba imdenad didia, rom daricxuli premiis
sidide mniSvnelovnad metia, vidre debulebiT dadgenili premiis zoma, maSin
arsebuli rezervebi arasaTanadodaa Sefasebuli da arasworadaa dadgenili
premiis zoma.
146
 maSasadame, premirebis debuleba ise unda SemuSavdes, rom man uzrunvelyos
warmoebis efeqtianobis zrda.
sarTebi, wanamatebi, erTdrouli premiebi da jildoebi. sarTebisa da
wanamatebis sididec premiis msgavsad ganisazRvreba sawarmos mier da wesdeba
profkavSirTan SeTanxmebiT.
sarTebi da wanamatebi Tavisi xasiaTis mixedviT aris sakompensacio da
mastimulirebeli.
amJamad 50-ze meti sakompensacio saxis wanamati da sarTia gavrcelebuli.
maT miekuTvneba danamatebi Ramis saaTebSi muSaobisaTvis, sazeganakveTo
samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis, gamosasvlel da sadResaswaulo dReebSi muSaobi-
saTvis, mravalcvliani reJimiT muSaobisaTvisa da a.S.
mastimulirebel sarTebsa da wanamatebs miekuTvneba anazRaureba maRali
kvalifikaciisaTvis, profesiuli ostatobisaTvis, profesiaTa SeTavsebisaTvis,
momsaxurebis zonis gafarToebisaTvis da a.S. garda amisa, sarTebi da wanamatebi
gaicema Sromis mavne pirobebSi muSaobisaTvis. sarTis zoma ganisazRvreba
konkretuli samuSao adgilis atestaciis Semdeg.
rac Seexeba erTdroul premiebsa da jildoebs, misi gamoyeneba xdeba maSin,
roca momuSavis Sromis raodenobis zustad gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, waxaliseba
ki - aucilebeli (magaliTad, keTilsindisierebis gamo, maRali profesiuli
kulturis gamo da a.S.).
erTdrouli daxmarebebi momuSaveebs eZlevaT wliuri Sromis Sedegebis
mixedviT. saaqcio sazogadoebebSi am funqcias dividendebi asruleben. garda
amisa, erTdrouli daxmarebebi gamoiyeneba warmoebis qvedanayofebs Soris ukeTesi
Sedegebis wasaxaliseblad, konkursSi `saukeTeso profesionali~ an `saukeTeso
samuSao adgili~ gamarjvebulTaTvis da a.S. jildoebi ki ZiriTadad gaicema
koleqtivebze profesiuli dResaswaulebis dros an TiToeul momuSaveze mis
saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT.
momuSaveTa stimulirebis mizniT sul ufro metad gamoiyeneba mogebaSi an
sawarmos kapitalSi monawileobis sistemebi. am sistemebis gamoyeneba efeqturia
konkurentunarian sawarmoebSi. miCneulia, rom maTi gavrceleba `ekonomikuri
demokratizaciis~ maCvenebelia. amasTan, am mizniT, farTod vrceldeba socialuri
Senatanebis sistemis gamoyenebac, riTac momuSaveni CarTulni arian ama Tu im
sapensio sqemebSi, uzrunvelyofilni arian samedicino dazRveviT, subsidiebiT
ganaTlebaze, transportze, an Rebuloben sxvadasxva saxis socialur daxmarebas.

147
 10.6 xelfasis fondi

xelfasis fondi is fuladi saxsrebia, romelic gankuTvnilia momuSaveTa

Sromis asanazRaureblad.
xelfasis fondi oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1)namuSevari drois anazRaureba; 2)aranamuSevari drois anazRaureba;
3)erTdrouli wamaxalisebeli gasacemlebi; 4)gasacemlebi kvebaze, gaTbobaze,
binaze.
1)namuSevari drois anazRaureba moicavs:
_satarifo xelfass;
_premiebsa da jildoebs;
_mastimulirebel da sakompensacio sarTebsa da wanamatebs satarifo ganakveTebsa
da Tanamdebobriv sargoebze;
_im kvalificiur momuSaveTa anazRaurebas, romlebic ZiriTadi samuSao
adgilidan gaTavisuflebulni arian kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT;
_momuSaveTa honorars, romlebic sawarmos personalis siaSia da muSaoben
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi;
_samuSaoze specialuri Sesvenebebis anazRaurebas;
_samuSaoze SeTavsebiT myofTa xelfass;
_im momuSaveTa anazRaurebas, romlebic sawarmos personalis siaSi ar arian-
mowveulni arian konsultantad an eqspertad, an leqciis wasakiTxad da a.S.
2)aranamuSevari drois anazRaureba moicavs:
_yovelwliuri damatebiTi an kanonmdeblobiT gauTvaliswinebeli Svebulebis
anazRaurebas;
_anazRaurebas saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi davalebis SesrulebisaTvis;
_im momuSaveTa anazRaurebas, romlebmac administraciis brZanebiT arasruli
samuSao dRe imuSaves;
_donorTa anazRaurebas dasvenebis dReebSi;
_iZulebiTi gacdenebis anazRaurebas.
3)erTdroul wamaxalisebel gasacemlebSi Sedis:
_erTdrouli premiebi;
_jildo SromiTi staJisaTvis;
_materialuri daxmarebebi sawarmos momuSaveebze;
_waxalisebis mizniT momuSaveebze ufasod an SeRavaTian fasSi gacemuli aqciebis
Rirebuleba;
_fuladi kompensacia gamouyenebel Svebulebaze;
_sxva wamaxalisebeli jildoebi gacemuli saCuqrebis saxiT.
4)gasacemlebSi kvebaze, gaTbobaze, binaze Sedis:
_kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad momuSaveebze ufasod gacemuli kvebis produqtebis
Rirebuleba;
_sawarmos iniciativiT sazogadoebrivi kvebis obieqtebSi ufaso an SeRavaTiani
kvebis Rirebuleba;
_ufasod gacemuli sacxovrebeli binebis qiris anazRaureba;
_momuSaveze ufasod gacemuli saTbobis anazRaureba.
xelfasis fondis formirebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sawarmos
SesaZleblobebi, premirebis maCveneblebi.
148
 xelfasis fondSi gadaxarjva iwvevs produqciis TviTRirebulebis zrdas,
mogebis Semcirebas da warmoebis rentabelobis dacemas. xelfasis fondSi
saxsrebis nakleboba, gansakuTrebiT, inflaciis dros, ganapirobebs saSualo
xelfasis donis Semcirebas, rac iwvevs kadrebis denadobis zrdas, koleqtivis
destabilizacias da socialur konfliqts.
xelfasis fondis dagegmva sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. kerZod, cnobilia
xelfasis fondis dagegmvis eqstrapolaciuri, normatiuli, faqtoruli da
detaluri dagegmvis meTodi. maT Soris yvelaze metad praqtikaSi
gavrcelebulia e.w. eqstrapolaciuri meTodi. am meTodiT xelfasis fondis
dagegmvisas sabaziso periodSi daxarjuli xelfasis fondis koreqtireba xdeba
sagegmo periodSi momuSaveTa ricxovnobisa da saSualo xelfasis cvlilebis
mixedviT. igi gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:

Ф = Фsab.  Imom.  IsaS.xel. (10.6.1), sadac

Фsab. _sabaziso periodSi daxarjuli xelfasis fondi (lari);

Imom._sagegmo periodSi momuSaveTa ricxvis indeqsi;
IsaS.xel. _sagegmo periodSi saSualo xelfasis indeqsi.
aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebisas gaangariSebis sizuste ufro maRalia Tu
xelfasis fondis gansazRvra xorcieldeba calkeuli kategoriis momuSavebis
(muSa, specialisti, momsaxure personali da a.S.) mixedviT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi xelfasis mTliani fondi iangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:
n
LLgeg = L  Lsab.i  Iper.i  IsaS.xel.i (10.6.2), sadac
i 1

i=1, 2, 3,................ n. personalis kategoriebia, romelTaTvisac mimdinareobs

xelfasis fondis gaangariSeba, xolo n personalis kategoriaTa raodenoba.
eqstrapolaciis moeTodiT ZiriTadi sawarmoo personalis gegmiuri
xelfasis fondis gaangariSebisas SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas produqciis
warmoebis moculobis, Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da saSualo xelfasis dinamikis
maCveneblebi:

LLgeg. Zir. = LLsab. Zir.  Ipr.  Imw.  IsaS.xel. (10.6.3), sadac

Lgeg. Zir.da LLsab. Zir -ZiriTadi sawarmoo personalis xelfasis fondia

Sesabamisad sagegmo da sabazo periodSi;
Ipr. -warmoebuli produqciis moculobis dinamikis indeqsi;
Imw. –Sromis mwarmoeblurobis dinamikis indeqsi sagegmo periodSi;
IsaS.xel –saSualo xelfasis moculobis dinamikis indeqsia;

(magaliTi: sabazo periodSi ZiriTadi sawarmoo personalis xelfasis fondi

2500000 laria. sagegmo periodSi gaTvaliswinebulia produqciis warmoebis
moculobis zrda 9%-iT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda 7,5%-iT da saSualo
xelfasis zrda 5,4%-iT. maSin (17) formulis gamoyenebiT xelfasis gegmiuri
fondi saangariSo periodSi Seadgens 3087561.25 lars.
149
 LLgeg. Zir.=Lsab. Zir.  Ipr.  Imw.  IsaS.xel.=2500000*1.09*1.075*1.054=3087561.25 lars)

normatiuli meTodiT xelfasis fondis dagegmvisas ganisazRvreba xelfasis

normativi produqciis erTeulze. is gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT:

N = Nsab.  (IsaS.xel./Imwar.) (10.6.4), sadac

Nsab._sabaziso periodSi daxarjuli xelfasis fondis normativi (lari);

IsaS.xel._sagegmo periodSi saSualo xelfasis indeqsi;
Imwar._sagegmo periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi.
xelfasis normativis gaangariSebis Semdeg gaiangariSeba xelfasis fondi
Semdegi formuliT:
Lgeg. = N  V (10.6.5), sadac

N_xelfasis normativia produqciis erTeulze;

V_produqciis moculoba sagegmo periodSi.
xelfasis fondis detaluri dagegmvisas xelfasis fondis gansazRvra xdeba
misi Semadgeneli calkeuli nawilis mixedviT. jer xdeba sagegmo periodSi
samuSao drois anazRaurebis gansazRvra misi calkeuli qvepunqtebis mixedviT.
Semdeg ki, misi danarCeni nawilebis gansazRvra. zogierTi punqtis gaangariSeba,
magaliTad, iseTisa, rogoricaa sazeganakveTo samuSaoebis anazRaureba,
sadResaswaulo dReebSi muSaobisaTvis anazRaureba (ra Tqma unda, Tu es
grafikiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli) da sxva, ganisazRvreba sabazo periodSi
faqtiurad gaweuli xarjebis mixedviT.
faqtoruli meTodi. aRniSnuli meTodiT xelfasis fondis gaangariSebisas
iyeneben Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da saSualo xelfasis dagegmvis faqtorul
meTods. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda TiToeuli faqtoris (ΔLH) mixedviT
gaiangariSeba personalis fardobiTi gamoTavisuflebis maCveneblis safuZvelze
Semdegi formulis mixedviT:

ΔLH=E/(R-E)*100% (10.6.6)sadac,

E-momuSaveTa fardobiTi ekonomia (gamoTavisufleba) ama Tu im faqtoris

zemoqmedebiT (kaci);
R-personalis sawyisi ricxovnoba, anu erTi momuSavis sabazo gamomuSavebis
pirobebSi produqciis, samuSaos, momsaxurebis gegmiuri moculobis
SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli personalis ricxovnoba.
(magaliTi: Tu personalis ricxovnoba sabazo periodSi 1000 kacia, xolo
warmoebis moculobis zrda 5%, maSin personalis sawyisi ricxovnoba 1050
(1000*1.05) kacs Seadgens). teqnikur-organizaciuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT 50
kacis fardobiTi ekonomiis (gamoTavisuflebis) SemTxvevaSi Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis zrda Seadgens 5%-s /50/(1050-50)/.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis faqtoruli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs
ganvsazRvroT Sromis anazRaurebis fondis SesaZlo zrda perspeqtivaSi. Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorebidan Sromis anazRaurebis zrdaze pirdapir
150
moqmedebs iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen samuSao drois gamoyenebis
gaumjobesebas Sromis organizaciis srulyofis, Sromis intensivobisa da simZimis
cvlilebis, agreTve kvalifikaciisa da profesiuli ostatobis amaRlebis
Sedegad. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis danarCeni faqtorebi (warmoebis
teqnikuri donis amaRleba, struqturuli cvlilebebi, warmoebis organizaciisa
da marTvis srulyofa da sxva) ar aris damokidebuli konkretuli momuSavis
Zalisxmevaze da isini Sesabamisad asaxvas ver pouloben saSualo xelfasis
sididis cvlilebaSi.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT xelfasis arsi.

2. ra faqtorebi moqmedeben xelfasis sidideze?
3. gansazRvreT xelfasis funqciebi da principebi.
4. ra meqanizmebiT aregulirebs saxelmwifo xelfasis sidides?
5. xelfasis ra sistemebi da ra formebi arsebobs? daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli
maTgani.
6. ra gansxvavebaa xelfasis satarifo da utarifo sistemebs Soris?
7. ris safuZvelze irCeven xelfasis ama Tu im formas?
8. daasaxeleT materialuri stimulirebis ZiriTadi saxeebi.
9. gansazRvreT xelfasis fondi da misi struqtura.
10. xelfasis fondis dagegmvis ra meTodebi arsebobs? daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli
maTgani.

151
 Tavi 11. Sromis mwarmoebluroba

11.1. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis arsi, saxeebi da misi gazomvis

maCvenebelTa sistema

Sromis ekonomikis Teoria mwarmoeblobis problemas warmoebis faqtorTa

Teoriis farglebSi Seiswavlis. zogadad, misi arsi isaa, rom moinaxos
optimaluri Tanafardoba warmoebis maqsimalurad SesaZlebel Sedegsa da mis
misaRwevad saWiro minimalur danaxarjs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, zogadad
mwarmoebluroba _ esaa mocemul periodSi warmoebuli saqonlis (samuSaos,
momsaxurebis) moculobis Sefardeba mis sawarmoeblad saWiro danaxarjebTan.
Sromis mwarmoebluroba rTul da winaaRmdegobriv ekonomikur kategorias
warmoadgens. igi damokidebulia warmoebis faqtorebis, upirveles yovlisa,
ZiriTadi kapitalis gamoyenebis doneze. amasTan, Sromis mwarmoebluroba
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis efeqtianobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia.
igi saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes rogorc erTi momuSavis, aseve mTlianad
organizaciis personalis Sromis efeqtianoba.
zogadad, Sromis mwarmoebluroba ganisazRvreba, rogorc warmoebuli
produqciis (samuSaos, momsaxurebis) moculobis Sefardeba mis sawarmoeblad
saWiro SromiT danaxarjebTan. amasTan, warmoebuli produqciis moculoba
SeiZleba gamovsaxoT rogorc RirebulebiT, ise naturalur maCveneblebSi.
namuSevari dro ki_saaTebSi, kac-saaTebSi, kac-dReebSi, momuSaveTa saSualo
siobriv ricxovnobaSi.
erTgvarovani produqciis mwarmoebel dargebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
donis daxasiaTebisaTvis upiratesad iyeneben SromiTi danaxarjebis erTeulze
gamomuSavebis maCvenebels, gamosaxuls naturalur da pirobiT-naturalur
gamoxatulebaSi. kerZod, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gaangariSebas
axorcieleben warmoebuli produqciis (gamoxatuli naturalur da pirobiT-
naturalur maCveneblebSi) SefardebiT SromiTi danaxarjebTan (namuSevar kac-
saaTebze an kac-dReebze).
produqciis moculobis gayofiT momuSaveTa saSualosiobriv ricxovnobaze
miiReba Sromis mwarmoebluroba, anu gamomuSaveba (Tvis, kvartlis, wlis
mixedviT).
amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoebluroba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi damokidebu-
lebiT:
Sm=Pm/S

sadac Sm _ esaa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done, Pm _ warmoebuli

produqciis moculoba (produqciis gamoSveba mimdinare periodSi), S _
namuSevari drois (daxarjuli Sromis) raodenoba.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis donis cvlileba (dinamika) ganisazRvreba, rogorc
saangariSo periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis donis Sefardeba sabaziso
periodis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan. igi axasiaTebs sabaziso periodSi Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis zrdis an klebis procents sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazomvis sami meTodi arsebobs: naturaluri,
RirebulebiTi da SromiTi.

152
 naturaluri meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Sromis mwarmoebluroba
(gamomuSaveba) ganisazRvreba fizikuri zomis erTeulSi gamosaxuli (cali, tona,
metri, litri da sxva) gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis gayofiT momuSaveTa
ricxovnobaze an namuSevari saaTebis raodenobaze.
magaliTi. metalurgiulma kombinatma wlis ganmavlobaSi awarmoa 50 aTasi tona
Tuji. kombinatSi momuSaveTa saSualowliri ricxovnoba Seadgens 2 aTas kacs.
aRniSnuli monacemebis safuZvelze Sromis mwarmoebluroba Seadgens:

Sm=50000tona:2000kaci = 25 tona/kacze
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazomvis naturaluri meTodi gamoiyeneba
erTgvarovani produqciis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi. Aamitom, misi gamoyenebis
farglebic SezRudulia.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazomvis RirebulebiTi (fuladi) meTodis arsi
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi warmoebuli produqciis moculoba
(produqciis gamoSveba) gamoisaxeba RirebulebiT maCvenebelSi.
magaliTi. sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi gamouSva A dasaxelebis 2,0 mln. Llaris
produqcia, B dasaxelebis 1,5 mln. laris Rirebulebis produqcia da C dasaxelebis
1,0 mln laris Rirebulebis produqcia. momuSaveTa saSualowliri ricxovnoba Seadgens
1000 kacs weliwadSi. erTi momuSavis saSualowliuri gamomuSaveba Seadgens:

Sm=(2000000+1500000+1000000)/1000=4500 lari/kacze
RirebulebiTi meTodi saSualebas iZleva, ganvaxorcieloT araerTgvarovani,
diferencirebuli fasebis mqone produqciis aRricxva da Sesabamisad, Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis donis gazomva. miuxedvad amisa, am meTods garkveuli
naklovanebebic axasiaTebs.
SromiTi meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebuli produqciis moculoba
da gaweuli danaxargebi gamoisaxeba norma-saaTebSi.
magaliTi.sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi gamouSva 5 aTasi erTeulis A
dasaxelebis nawarmi da 10 aTasi erTeuli B dasaxelebis nawarmi. A dasaxelebis
produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadoba Seadgens _ 10 norma-saaTs, B dasaxelebis
produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadoba aris _ 6 norma-saaTs. momuSaveTa saSualowliri
ricxovnoba 500 kacia.
erTi momuSavis Sromis mwarmoebluroba iqneba:

Sm=(5000×10+10000×6)/500=220 norma-saaTi/kacze

Sromis mwarmoeblobis gazomvis SromiTi meTodis gamoyeneba garkveuli

naklovanebis matarebelia. gaangariSebis maRali sizustis uzrunvelsayofad
aucilebelia, Sromis moqmedi normebi iyos mecnierulad dasabuTebuli, rac
xSirad miuRwevel problemas warmoadgens, radganac warmoebaSi teqnikuri
progresis miRwevebis danergvas Tan ar sdevs Sesabamisi normebis damuSaveba da
warmoebaSi danergva. es bunebrivia, moqmedebs SromiTi maCeneblebis gaangariSebis
sizusteze. amasTan, SromiTi meTodis gamoyeneba metad Sromatevad samuSaos
warmoadgens.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis Sebrunebul sidides Sromatevadoba warmoadgens,
romelic gviCvenebs produqciis erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWiro samuSao drois

153
raodenobas. produqciis Sromatevadobis Semcireba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli
Sromis mwarmoeblurobasTan, rac Cans Semdegi damokidebulebidan:

ΔSm=(SS×100)/(100– SS)
SS=( ΔSm×100)/(100+ ΔSm)

sadac, ΔSm_esaa saangariSo periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis nazrdi

sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT, %-Si; SS_ produqciis erTeulze Sromatevadobis
Semcireba sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT, %-Si.
magaliTi. sawarmom sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT produqciis Sromatevadobis
done 2.5%-iT Seamcira. es Semdegnairad imoqmedebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gadidebaze:

ΔSm=(2.5%×100%)/(100%-2.5%)=2.56%.

amgvarad, produqciis erTeulze Sromatevadobis 2.5%-iT Semcirebam Sromis

mwarmeoblurobis 2.56%-iT gadideba gamoiwvia.
magaliTi. sawarmom sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done
3.0%-iT gazarda, rac Semdegnairad imoqmedebs produqciis Sromatevadobis Semcirebaze:

SS=(3.0%×100%)/(100%+3.0%)=2.91%.

amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis 30%-iT gadidebam ganapiroba produqciis

Srmatevadobis 2.91%-iT Semcireba.
ganasxvaveben Sromatevadobis Semdeg saxesxvaobebs: teqnologiur, warmoebis
momsaxurebis, sawarmoo, warmoebis marTvisa da srul Sromatevadobas.
teqnologiuri Sromatevadoba warmoadgens yvela ZiriTadi _ rogorc
sanardo, aseve droiTi muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebis jams;
magaliTi. wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmoSi ZiriTadi menarde muSebis SromiTma
danaxarjebma Seadgina 150 aTasi kac-saaTi, xolo ZiriTadi droiTi muSebis SromiTma
danaxarjebma _ 50 aTasi kac-saaTi. teqnologiuri Sromatevadoba Seadgens:

St=150000+50000=200000 kac-saaTs

warmoebis momsaxurebis Sromatevadoba (Smoms) _ esaa ZiriTadi saamqroebis,

yvela damxmare ubnebisa da samsaxurebis damxmare muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebi,
romlebic axorcieleben warmoebis momsaxurebas.
magaliTi. wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmoSi ZiriTadi saamqroebis damxmare muSebis
SromiTi danaxarjebi Seadgenen 50 aTas kac-saaTs, warmoebis momsaxurebaSi dasaqmebuli
damxmare ubnebisa da samsaxurebis muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebi _ 75 aTas kac-saaTs.

Smoms.=50000+75000=125000 kac-saaTs

sawarmoo Sromatevadoba (Ssw) _ esaa ZiriTadi da damxmare saamqroebis yvela

muSis Sromis danaxarjebi, romelic iangariSeba Semdegnairad:
Ssw= St+ Smoms

154
 magaliTi. wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmoSi teqnologiurma Sromatevadobam Seadgina
200 aTasi kac-saaTi, warmoebis momsaxurebis Sromatevadobam ki _ 125 aTasi kac-saaTi,
Sesabamisad:
Ssw=200000+125000=325000 kac-saaTi

warmoebis marTvis Sromatevadoba (SmarT) asaxavs xelmZRvanelebisa da

specialistebis SromiT danaxarjebs, xolo srul Sromatevadoba warmoadgens
personalis yvela kategoriis Sromis danaxarjebs.
ekonomikuri analizisas xSirad gamoiyeneben aseve samuSao drois danaxarje-
bisa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsebs.
samuSao drois danaxarjebis indeqsi (Jdr) – asaxavs produqciis erTeulze
samuSao drois danaxarjebis (Sromatevadobis) Semcirebas da gaiangariSeba
formuliT:
Jdr=∑q1×t1/∑q1×t0

sadac q1 _ esaa sabaziso periodSi warmoebuli produqciis moculoba

gamosaxuli Sesabamis erTeulebSi; t0 da t1 _ produqciis erTeulis warmoebaze
samuSao drois danaxarjebi, Sesabamisad, sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi.
magaliTi. sabaziso periodSi A dasaxelebis nawarmis Sromatevadobam Seadgina 15
norma-saaTi, saangariSo periodSi _ 10 norma-saaTi; B dasaxelebis nawarmis
Sromatevadobam Seadgina sabaziso periodSi 5 norma-saaTi, xolo saangariSo periodSi
_ 3 norma-saaTi. warmoebis moculobam saangariSo periodSi Seadgina A dasaxelebis
nawarmis _ 10 aTasi erTeuli, B dasaxelebis nawarmisa _ 15 aTasi erTeuli.
samuSao drois danaxarjebis indeqsi toli iqneba:

Jdr=(10000×10+15000×3)/(10000×15+15000×5)=0,644

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi (JSr) samuSao drois danaxarjebis indeqsis

Sebrunebuli sididea, romelic Semdegi formuliT iangariSeba:

JSr=∑q1×t0/∑q1×t1

magaliTi. wina magaliTis monacemebis gamoyenebiT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis

indeqsi ( JSr) SeiZleba Semdegnairad gaviangariSoT:

(A) JSr=10000×15/10000×10=1,5;
(B) JSr=15000×5/15000×3=1,66

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebis gansazRvrisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba

aseve indeqsi, romelic gaiangariSeba Sesadaris fasebSi gamosaxuli, erTi
momuSavis gamomuSavebis moculobis SedarebiT sabaziso da saangariSo
periodebSi:

Jg=∑q1×P/∑p1: ∑q0× P/∑p0

Jg=B1/ B0
sadac q0 da q1 _ sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi gamoSvebuli produqciis
moculobaa naturalur gamosaxulebaSi; P _ produqciis erTeulis Sesadarisi
155
fasia; p0 da p1 _ momuSaveTa saSualosiobrivi ricxovnobaa sabaziso da
saangariSo periodSi; B0 da B1 _ sawarmoos sawarmoo-samrewvelo personalis
erT momuSaveze gaangariSebuli sasaqonlo produqciis gamomuSavebis moculobaa
Sesadaris fasebSi, Sesabamisad, sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi.
magaliTi. saangariSo periodSi sawarmoSi A dasaxelebis produqciis warmoebam
Seadgina 10 aTasi erTeuli (sabaziso periodSi _ 9 aTasi erTeuli), B dasaxelebis
produqciisa _ 5 aTasi erTeuli (sabaziso periodSi _ 4 aTasi erTeuli). A
dasaxelebis produqciis erTeulis Rirebulebam Seadgina 5 lari, B dasaxelebis
produqciis erTeulis Rirebulebam Seadgina 10 lari. momuSaveTa saSualowliuri
ricxovnoba saangariSo periodSi Seadgenda 1000 kacs, xolo sabaziso periodSi _ 1100
kacs.
arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi iqneba:
monacemebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi iqneba:

10000×5+5000×10 9000×5+4000×10
Jg=-------------------------:------------------------ =1,29
1000 1100

erTi momuSavis gamomuSavebis moculobis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis

indeqsis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba sawarmos calkeuli qvedanayofebis mixedviT
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblis Sedareba da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
zrdis rezervebis gamovlena.

156
 11.3. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis
faqtorebi da rezervebi

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis problemis Seswavlisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

misi zrdis faqtorebis gamovlenas. maT miekuTvneba, upirveles yovlisa,
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis danergva warmoebaSi, aseve Sromisa da
warmoebis organizaciis srulyofa.
ekonomikur literaturaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis faqtorTa
klasifikaciaSi ramdenime midgoma arsebobs: erT-erTi midgomis Tanaxmad SeiZleba
gamovyoT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorTa ori jgufi:
1.faqtorTa jgufi, romelic eqvemdebareba saqmiani subieqtis marTvas:
strategiuli gadawyvetileba, organizaciuli sakiTxebi, SromiTi urTierTobebi,
xelmRvanelebi da saSualo rgolis makontrolebeli kadrebi, teqnologia,
warmoebis saSualebebi, gamokvlevebi da gamogonebebi, produqciis xarisxi,
Sromis pirobebi, informacia;
2.faqtorebi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian saqmiani subieqtis marTvas:
mTavrobis politikuri RonisZiebebi, infrastruqtura, sabazro meqanizmi,
kanonebi, SromiTi resursebi, kultura da socialuri Rirebulebebi.
aRniSnulis garda Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorebi SeiZleba
davajgufoT Semdegnairadac.
1.materialur-teqnikuri faqtorebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia warmoebis
teqnikur donesTan, teqnoligiebis, teqnikisa da gamosayenebeli masalebis
srulyofasTan;
2.organizaciuli faqtorebi, romlebic axasiaTeben Sromis, warmoebisa da
marTvis organizacias;
3.socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi, romlebic miekuTnebian warmoebis
pirovnul komponents_momuSaveTa momzadebas, maT motivirebasa da kmayofilebas.
damoukidebel faqtorad SeiZleba gamovyoT aseve warmoebis masStabi.
materialur-teqnikuri faqtorebis kompleqsi, romelic gavlenas axdens
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze, xasiaTdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT: Sromis
energoaRWurviloba _ yvela saxis energiis moxmarebis done erT samrewvelo
muSaze; Sromis eleqtroaRWurviloba _ eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT
samrewvelo muSaze; Sromis teqnikuri aRWurviloba _ ZiriTadi kapitalis
moculoba erT momuSaveze;
meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis done _ meqanizebuli da avtomatizirebuli
SromiT dasaqmebuli muSebis wili; warmoebis qimizacia, progresiuli masalebisa
da qimiuri procesebis gamoyeneba _ warmoebis qimizirebuli procesebis xvedriTi
wili.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis faqtorTa Soris wamyvani adgili ukaviaT
materialur-teqnikur faqtorebs, radganc swored isini uzrunvelyofen
Sromatevadobis Semcirebas.
organizaciul faqtorebi xasiaTdebian Semdegi maCveneblebiT:
 warmoebis marTvis organizaciis srulyofa (marTvis aparatis struqturis
srulyofa, warmoebis marTvis sistemis srulyofa, sawarmoo procesebis
operatuli marTvis gaumjobeseba, marTvis avtomatizirebuli sistemebis
danergva da ganviTareba);
157
  warmoebis organizaciis srulyofa (warmoebis materialuri, teqnikuri da
sakadro momzadebis gaumjobeseba, damxmare samsaxurebisa da meurneobebis _
satransporto, sasawyobo da sxva, organizaciis srulyofa);
 Sromis organizaciis srulyofa (Sromis danawilebisa da kooperaciis
srulyofa, Sromis mowinave meTodebisa da xerxebis gamoyeneba, samuSao
adgilebis organizaciisa da momsaxurebis srulyofa, Sromis organizaciis
moqnili formebis danergva da sxva).
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi xasiaTdeba SromiTi koleqtivis
profesiul-kvalificiuri momzadebis doniT, socialur-demografiuli
SemadgenlobiT, SromiTi aqtiurobiTa da iniciativianobiT da a.S.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze gavlenis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, yvela zemoT
aRniSnuli faqtori SeiZleba davyoT pirdapiri da iribi zemoqmedebis
faqtorebad. faqtorebis moqmedeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT funqcionaluri
damokidebulebis saxiT, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, metnaklebi sizustiT
davadginoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens esa Tu is faqtori Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
zrdaze. pirdapir faqtorebs miekuTneba materialur-teqnikuri da
organizaciuli faqtorebi. iribi zemoqmedebis faqtorebs miekuTneba, ZiriTadad,
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis rezervebi _ esaa produqciis warmoebis
moculobis zrdisa da xarisxis amaRlebis, aseve SromiTi danaxarjebis
Semcirebis gamouyenebeli SesaZlebelobebi. raodenobrivad igi SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT, rogorc garkveuli drois manZilze Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
miRweul da maqsimalurad SesaZlebel sidideebs Soris sxvaoba.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis rezervebis klasifikaciaSic SeiZleba gamovyoT
ramdenime midgoma:
mizanSewonilia rezervebis dajgufeba faqtorebis Sesabamisad. warmoebis
procesis analizisas is saSualebas iZleva, gamovlindes Sromis mwrmoeblurobis
zrdis TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT arsebuli gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebi da
danakargebi, da Sesabamisad, davsaxoT maTi gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis gzebi;
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis rezervebi SeiZleba davyoT aseve
faqtorebis gamoyenebis xasiaTis (eqstensiuri da intensiuri) da zemoqmedebis
mimarTulebis (gamoyenebuli resursebis jgufebis) mixedviT;
warmoSobis doneebis mixedviT rezervebi SeiZleba iyos: zogadsaxelmwifo,
regionuli, dargTaSorisi, dargobrivi, Sigasawarmoo.
zogadsaxelmwifo rezervebis gamoyeneba gavlenas axdens Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze mTeli qveynis masStabiT. maT miekuTneba warmoebis
ganlageba, samuSao Zalis racionluri gamoyeneba da sxva;
regionuli rezervebi axasiaTebs mocemuli regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
faqtorebis ufro efeqtiani gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs;
dargTaSorisi rezervebi axasiaTebs sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebs Soris
dargTaSorisi kavSirebis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebs;
dargobrivi rezervebi _ esaa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis
SesaZleblobebi konkretuli dargis konkretul sawarmoebSi;
Sigasawarmoo rezervebi ganisazRvreba sawarmoebSi nedleulis, masalebis,
mowyobilobebis, samuSao drois gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrdiT. samuSao drois
pirdapiri danakargebis garda, adgili aqvs farul danakargebTan, rac wundebuli,
158
arsebuli standartebisadmi Seusabamo produqciis warmoebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
gamoyenebis vadebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblobis zrdis rezervebi
SeiZleba iyos mimdinare da perspeqtiuli. mimdinare rezervebi gamoiyeneba Tvis,
kvartlis, wlis ganmavlobaSi gamomdinare sawarmoebis realuri
SesaZleblobebidan. perspeqtiuls miekuTneba rezervebi, romelTa
amoqmedebisaTvis sawarmos uaxloes periodSi sakmarisi resursebi ar aqvs da
romlebic SeiZleba amoqmeddes erT weliwadSi, an ufro meti xnis Semdeg.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT Sromis mwarmoebluroba

2. ras niSnavs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda?
3. daaxasiaTeT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gaangariSebis meTodebi.
4. ra faqtorebi moqmedebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze?
5. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis ra rezervebi arsebobs?

159