3. Ring Spinning Machine 3.5 Ring and Traveller The Ring “The stgnificance ofthe ring and traveller Fig.4 : Ring and Traveller system In most cases the mit to productivity of the rng spinning machine Is defined by the traveler in interdependence withthe rng, and the yara(Fig). Its corespendingly important fr the mil specialist to understand the significant factors and to act on them. Optima runing conditions depen vpen: + Materials ofthe ring and traveller 1 Surface characteristics {The form ofthe both elements 1 smactnness of running 1+ Rupning-n coniions 1 Aber lioncation The form of the ring Basie forme “These are classed into + ubeated rings (in woolen ond worsted spinning): end 1 Unluorested rings ‘The stander rng ofthe snort staple spinning mile the unkbicate type, canbe considered under te neacings + Single sides rings + Double sided rings Single sided ring (2a) Double sided ring Fig.2 : Singl ‘Single sided rings(Fig.28) must be replaces by new ones after they ave worn out; double sided ing(Fig.26) worn en one side‘2d can be turned over and used on the second side, The later serves for mounting ofthe ring while the fist side is acting a traveler guide For rings uted inthe short staple sinning mi, two dimensions are of prime importance: the intern diameter and the Mange wath Rings are availble with the folowing interne! dameters (nr): 36,38, 40, 42,45, 48, 52, and 54 ton to the Mange sizes, 96 follows: z TS z 32 Br Ext Standores fimrene, Ebnge wis The “anti-wedge” ring [Zh ane-Wedge rng was the rst high performance ring [afte snows on entarced Nange inner sce and Is markedly fattened ants upper surface [fT stare farm permis ue ct aaets th» ower cantar ogy ad pace aapad ow (alia ‘eavelers), which i tur lowes operation at higher speeds (Af an wees nngs ane elo waveles belong together and can be used ony in combination ‘The “Low-Crown” ring In this ring, the curvature of the upper surface has bean somewhstftened compares with normal rings (shown in Fig- 3) “us gues more soce forte passage of te Yarn 50 thet te cavatre of te Wave ean eso be rediced andthe cere of Fig.3 : Low Crown Ring In comparison wh antonecge rng he owcrown Fig has he avanages tat he space prove for pasages af he Yorn somewhat lager and tal current raver shape canbe use, with te exceton ofthe liptial wavel. Te oA is togay the mor wicely used ing form. Su-Ring (Fi. 4) @ taro surface conc or he waver on he inne rng fangs (bar heart wanster) @ conpersaton af forces acting onthe raver @ Pers npn raver specs @ sutabie for syerete er. @ Petucon in rover wearFig. 4: Su-Ring In ig.10, F2R indeates the tensile fore exerted n the upward ration by the yar, The FPK Inccates te force counteracting aR whieh arises because the traveler is urged downwrés onto the conical Inner Hange in response tothe high centrifugal fore. Material of the ring ‘The rng should always be tough and hard on its exterior. The running surface In particular deserves the closest attention. The surface layer must nave high and even hardness In the range 600 ~ 850 Vickers. The travallr hardness shouldbe lower (550 ~ 700 Vikers), So that wear curs mainly on the traveller, whichis cheaper and ease to repce ‘Surface smeatanes s also important. It shouldbe high, but notte high, since otherwise 2 lubricating fm cannet Bul up on i The following materials are used + Flame - or induction hardened steal to seme extent; {Nitride steel this i now rare since ablation can arse owing tothe high surface hardness * Carbo-nfsided see; this the most common Required features for the ring 1+ Best quality raw moter + Good, but not ta nigh, surace smoatnness An even surface + ood, even surface hardness higher than that ofthe traveller 4 Te should have been runin 36 wll as possible (optimslruning-n eonlion) + Long operating fe time 1 Correct relationship between ing and bobbin tube diameter + Horzontal aispstcon 1 Tesnould be exact centered relative to the spindle Fiber lubrication on the ring 1 was intial assumed that cooperation between the ring and traveller involved metal-to- metal frcton. The spinners fortunate tt in fac this snot so, since metatormetalreton woula probably lint traveller speed to about 28-30 mys. In realty, the traveller moves on a lubricating film which tbls up self ana which consists prmarlyof callose and wax. Ths ‘im arises trom material abraded from the fibers. If fiber particles are caught between the ring and Wavellr, then at high traveller speeds and with correspondingly high centrifugal forces the partes are partly ground toa paste of smal, colores, transporent and extremely thin plbtelets. The traveler smthens these out to form oeantinuous running surface, ‘Te pesiton, form and structure of the lubricating film is depancent upen many factors inducing yarn fineness, yarn structure, ‘ber raw material, traveller mass, traveller speed and height ofthe traveller bow. In spinsing of yarns finer than, Say, Ne 80, 99 ‘ber lubrication can be expected because traveller mass and hence centrifugal force are lew. Maximum eraveller speeds therefore lower then thot in spnsing of coarse yor. Neder rng/traveller combinations with wall funconing fiber lubriaton enable traveler speeds In extrema cases up to 40, vse. Running in a new ring112 worn rng is replace by @ ew ane, fiber lubrication absent fom the replacement. Over a eatain period, only metate rmetal freon Is present atthe contaceng surfaces of the rng and traveller. This Is vary etial phase, since the new ring can ‘ery 200 suter damage trom pitting, and alo owing tothe rs of welaing. Hence, rng manufacturers have established precise rule fortis running in phase, + Neu rings should not be degreased, but only rubbed over with a dry cloth + Use etn tne correc travaler with 915-208 reduction n spindle speed, or the normal spindle speed with a traveller 1-2 umber ighter than usa + The frst traveler change shouldbe cared out aftr 15 min + The second traveler vanges should be cared out after 30 min + Thre traveler enange should take place after 3 to 1.5 hrs + The fourth traveller changes are tobe made after tne sedond and thd dots. + roveler changes should again takes place after fth ang eight dof, Between times, the spindle speed can be increased in steps. ‘The Traveller ‘+The travller imparts twist tothe yarn, and enables wining of the yarn onto the cop + The length wound on ta the cop er unt ume coresponds tothe dference between speed of spindle and traveller. And ‘his shoul be equal to that of front rllr delivery speed +The speed ditferance que to lagging ofthe traveler relative tothe sind, since the traveller does not have a drive of ks ‘own but ie ragged along behind the spindle i known a "Traveller L39” “+ igh contact pressure (up to 35 Nim) is generates Between the ring and traveler during winding, msinly due to czntrfugal force +The pressure induces strong frconal forces whic in turn let to generation of significant amount of heat. {This isthe Kemal of the ringtravelar problem, The lon mass ot the traveller does not perm cspaton of heat inthe short time avilable. As 6 result the traveler sped i mies Classification ‘Travelers ar requred to wind up yarns of very efferent types: coarse/fne; smocth/hatry; compact vluminous; stong/weak; naturel Mer/syntetie ber ‘These widely varying yarn types cannet all be spun using Just one traveller variety of travellers are needed. bifarence are ‘ound in: form; mass; rew meter; Fishing restment of the material; wire profile; size ofthe yarn clearance opening forthe trea. Spinnars must make wise deeson according to conctns. ‘The form of the traveller Ditferent traveller shapes ae shown in Fig. 5 oP) Fig. 5 : Traveller shapes (a) C traveler; (b) flat traveler (standard traveler); (¢) elliptical traveler; (d) N traveler “The travalar must be shaped to corerpond exactly withthe rlngs inthe contact zane, so that a single contac surface, wth the greatest posible surace sea, i ereated between these two elements, The Bow ofthe traveller shoul be a Nat possible, >| ‘order to Keep the centre of gravity lew and thereby improve smoctaness of running. ‘The following shapes are in use in the shor-staple spinning mil (a) C-taveer (©) Fistor oval traveler (©) etipecal traveler (@) N-traveter ‘The wire profile of the travellerDierenttravller wire profiles are shown in Fig. 6 dr ud ges 20000 fr rh FOE Fig.6 : Wire profiles for ring travelers Wire profile so influences both the behavior ofthe traveller and certsin yarn characteris, namely + Contact surface ofthe ning {+ smoot running + Thermal tanster + Roughening erect ‘The material of the traveller + Generate as tle heat as possible 1 Quiciy astioute tne generates neat from the araawhare it davelops (the contact surtace) over the whole volume of the veaveler + TWanster hs heat apily to the ring and thea + Be elastic, 2 thatthe traveler wil not break 38s pushed on tothe rng 1 Ex high wear resistance; but + Se somewhat less nord then the rng, because the rveller must wear oway in use in preference tothe rng 1m view ofthese requirements, travelers used in the short staple spinning mill are almost exclusively made of steel. However, pure steal coos net optimally ful the frst three requirements, Accordingly, traveller manufacturers have made effets over Several decades to improve runsing properties by surtace leatment. Suitable processes or this purpose are: + lctroplating,n whic the traveller receives a coatng of one or most metal ers e.g nickel and ser; or + Chemical treatment ofthe surface to reduce tition and pting ‘Traveller Mass “ravller mass determines the magntuge of tritionl forces between the traveler andthe cng, and these in tur determine the winding 2d balloon tension If travaller mass is too small the ballon wil be t9 81 ané the cop too sof; material take-up Inthe cop wl be Iw. An unéuly igh traveler mass leads to nigh yarn tension and many end breaks. Aecardingly, the mass of Ue Laver must be maleres ‘exactly to both the yarn (fineness, strength) andthe spindle specs. Ira choices evalable between two traveler weighs, then the heavier is normally selected, since it wil give greater cop weigh, rather running ofthe traveller and better transfer of heat out ofthe traveler and beter transfer of heat out ofthe travel ‘The traveller clearer |Ayarn consists of bors that are bound into the structure more or less effectel, but that ars in any event relatively shor. I's‘therfore inevitable tat as the yarn runs trough the traveller, some Miers wil be detached For te most part they fost away into the atmosphere, but ome remaln caught on the travel, These retained fbers can ‘accumulate us they form @ (UR, and the resulting inezesse It rover mass can lead to much increased yor tension which finaly can Incuce an end break, bor removing devices, so called traveller closers are mounted close to the rng inorder to prevent formation of such ber accumulators. They shouldbe set as close as possible te the traveller without, however, Intererng wih ss movements. EXQc. seting is very important. RING AND TRAVELLER Ring diameter, flange width and ing profile depends upon the Fre, twist per inch of the machine, maximum spindle speed, winding capacty ate ‘Operating speed of the traveller hes 2 maximum im, because the hest generted Between ring and traveller shoul be ‘lssipated by the low mass ofthe traveller within a short time avaiable, Tete coton combed yarn efor knitting traveller speed wil not be Imiting factor: Since yarn TP less, te yarn strand isnot Strong enough. Therefore the tmting actor willbe yarn tansion. Following points tobe considered 1) For 125 24s, 42mm rina with 180 mm It can be used 2) For 265 to 36s, 40 mm ing with 180 Hf cen be uses 13) For 365 0 60, 38 mm rng with 170 mm Ii cn be used 44) For 70s 0 1205, 36-mm rng with 160 mm i can be used 5) tf wincing is 2 problem, fis batter to go for reduced production with bigper rng cl. 18) Antiwedge rng profes better, because of better heat dsipation| 7), Eliptical traveller shouldbe used, to avd start-up breaks in hosiery counts 1 S2%¢ltyp0 of waver cere canbe used to aol seuulation of freon the traveller 9s vaveler wih wast des not perform well dung startup. For polyester/otton blends and cotton weaving counts yam strangle not @ problem. The limiting factor wil be 2 traveller speed. Fra ing camer of 40 mm, spindle speed vp to 19500 should not be a prblem. Rings ike Titan (from Braecker), HCN (Gergasesl} ete, wll be able to mest the requirements For spindle speeds more than 20000 rpm, ORBIT rings or SU-RINGS should be used As the area of contact is more with this ing, with higher speeds and pressure, the heat produced can be dissipated without any problem. Normal sing and laveter| profi will not beable to un at speeds hisher than 20000 to produce a goed aualty yarn. ‘ORBIT rings wil Be of great help, to werk 100% palestr at higher spinle speeds. Because, ofthe Lension, the heat produced between cng and traveller fs extremely high. But one should understand that, the yar srenath of polyesters very Nigh. Here {the limiting factor is oly the heat Gipaion. Therelore ORBIT RINGS with high area of contact wil be able to run wala higher spindle speeds when processing 100% palyester. ite running £00% cotton, tne fibre cust in cotton, acts Hike a lubricant, Al he cltans do not frm same amount of lubricating fim if there is no More briation, traveller wears out very fast, Because ofthis wor out or burnout travelers, mcro-weling| ‘2ccurs onthe ing sutace,< which results in damaged rng surface, Nence imperfections and haviness increases Ia the yarn. Lubrication is good with West African cottons, It may net be tue with all the cottons from West Africa, In general there s a teeing, eatans from Russa, or trom very dry places, lubrealion is very bad. I! the Mare ubeation is very ad, iis Better to use lighter travllers and change the travers as early as possible, ‘Traveler fe sepends upon the type af raw materia, numiity canons, rng rame speeds, the yarn count, ete. Ite climate i ‘ry, re uoreaton wil be les wile processing cxton Traveller Me Is very less when Viscose rayon Is processed expecially semi dul fre, because of fw lubrication. Tava Ife better for optical bright res. ‘Traveller te etter for Ply/cetton blends, because of beer bictionYetween rng end traveler Because of the cetfugal force exerted by the traveller on the yar, the pals from the flare fll on the ring whare the traveler in contect. These parle at tice alubreaing film Between ring Sd ravelle Sources : “+ Wisin, “Technology of shart Staple Spinning’, The Texte Insitute, Manuel af Texte Teewolagy ll volumes. 1 Cart, Lawrence,” Fundamentals of Spun Yarn Teennlogy", CRC Publications, 2003, 1 PR Lord Hand Book af Yarn Production“ Science, Technology and Economie, Talo and Francs, 2003. 1 Ene Oxteby, “Spun vor Technology, Butterworths, 1987, 1 NCUTE publications on Yam Mancfacurng, Indian insttute of Technology, Del