BIVARIATE STATISTICAL

DEVINA TRISNAWATI, ST, MENG

INTRODUCTION

• Methods for bivariate description not only provide a means to

describe the relationship between two variables, but are also the
basis for tools used to analyze the spatial content of a random
function .
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES

Bivariate analysis seeks to determine the extent to which one variable is related
to another variable.

If one variable is indeed related to another, then information about the first
variable might help us to predict the behavior of the second.

on the other hand, our analysis of these two variables shows absolutely no
relationship between the two, then we might need to discard one from the pair in
favor of a different variable which will be more predictive the other variable's
behavior.
• Where a relationship between variables does exist, we can
characterize each variable as being either dependent or
independent.
COMMON BIVARIATE METHODS
Scatterplots

Covariance

Product Moment Correlation Coefficient

Linear Regression
SCATTERPLOTS

• This type of plot serves several

purposes:
• detects a linear relationship,
• detects a positive or inverse
relationship,
• identifies potential outliers,
• provides an overall data quality control
check.

• A common geostatistical application

of the scatterplot is the h-scatterplot.
COVARIANCE
• Covariance is a statistic that
measures the correlation between
all points of two variables.
• This statistic is a very important
tool used in Geostatistics to
measure spatial correlation or
dissimilarity between variables,
and forms the basis for the
correlogram and variogram.
∑(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 0(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑦𝑦 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦 =
𝑛𝑛
• where:
• Xi is the X variable
• Yi is the Y variable
• µx is the mean of X
• µy is the mean of Y n is the
number of X and Y data pairs
PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
• The product moment correlation coefficient
No (ρ ) is more commonly called simply the
correlation correlation coefficient, and is a statistic that
measures the linear relation between all
points of two variables.
• This linear relationship is assigned a value
that ranges between +1 to -1, depending on
the degree of correlation:
• +1 = perfect, positive correlation
Positif Inverse • 0 = no correlation -a totally random relation
correlation correlation • -1 = perfect inverse correlation.
 (𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 )(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑦𝑦 )
∑
𝑛𝑛
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦 =
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
where:
Greek is used to signify the measure of a
• Xi is the X variable
population, while algebraic notation ( r ) is
• Yi is the Y variable used for samples.
• µx is the mean of X
• µy is the mean of Y
• σx is the standard deviation of X
• σy is the standard deviation of Y
• n is the number of X and Y data pairs
RHO SQUARED

• The square of the correlation coefficient ρ2 (also referred to as r2) is

a measure of the variance accounted for in a linear relation.
• This measure tells us about the extent to which two variables
covary.
• Greek symbol ρ2 is used to denote the correlation coefficient of a
population, while the algebraic equivalent is used to r2 refer to the
correlation coefficient of a sample.
LINEAR REGRESSION

• Linear regression is another method we use to indicate whether a

linear relationship exists between two variables.
• This is a useful tool, because once we establish a linear
relationship, we may later be able to interpolate values between
points, extrapolate values beyond the data points, detect trends,
and detect points that deviate away from the trend.
 • A regression line drawn through
the points of the scatterplot helps
us to recognize the relationship
between the variables.
• A positive slope (from lower left to
upper right) indicates a positive or
direct relationship between
Fig above is a simple display of
variables.
regression.
Scatterplot of inverse linear relationship
• A negative slope (from upper left
between porosity and acoustic to lower right) indicates a negative
impedance, the porosity clearly tends to
decrease as acoustic impedance or inverse relationship.
increases.
 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖
where:
𝑎𝑎 = 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥 -b𝜇𝜇𝑦𝑦
• Y is the dependent variable, or the variable
to be estimated • µx is the mean of X
• Xi is the independent variable, or the • µy is the mean of Y
estimator
• b is the slope; defined as b = ρ(σy/σx), and
• ρ is the correlation coefficient between X and
Y
• σx is the standard deviation of X
• σy is the standard deviation of Y
• a is a Constant, which defines the ordinate
(Y-axis) intercept
ANOTHER REGRESSION METHOD

Multiple Regression

Polynomial Regression
MULTIPLE REGRESSION

• Sometimes it happens that there is no single variable sufficiently

closely related to the variable being estimated to yield good results.
• It is possible that when several variables are taken jointly, the
estimate of the derived variable may be satisfactory.
• For linier regression with more of two independent variables, we use
multiple regression
• Simple equation below:
Ze = a + b X + c Y
• Assume there is a set of data with n-pair variables, and by the least
square method we have to find the value of a, b, and c such that the
Σ (Z – Ze)2 is minimum. From calculus, we have the normal equation :
an + b Σ X + c Σ Y = Σ Z
a Σ X + b Σ X 2 + c Σ XY = c Σ Z
a ΣY + b Σ XY + c Σ Y 2 = Σ YZ
• We can find a, b, and c
• In some statistical books this equation was expressed in other form
such as: Y = function of (X1 , X2 , X3 … Xk ) … etc. The general form
as:
Ye = ao + a1 X1 + a2 X2 + …… + ak Xk
• We must find the coefficient of ao , a1 , a2 ……… ak
• For multiple regression with two independent variables:
Ye = ao + a1 X1 + a2 X2
• And the normal equations that must be solved are:
Σ Yi = aon + a1 Σ X1i + a2 Σ X2i
ΣYi X1i = ao Σ X1i + a1 Σ X1i 2 + a2 Σ X1i X2i
Σ Yi X2i = ao Σ X2i + a1 Σ X1i X2i + a2 Σ X2i 2
• Otherwise, multiple regression with three independent variables is :
Ye = ao + a1 X1 + a2 X2 + a3 X3
• And we must solve four normal equations as follows:
Σ Yi = ao n + a1 Σ X1i + a2 Σ X1i + a2 Σ X2i + a3 Σ X3i
Σ Yi X1i = ao Σ X1i + a1 Σ X1i 2 + a2 Σ X1i X2i + a3 Σ X1i X3i
Σ Yi X2i = ao Σ X2i + a1 Σ X1i X2i + a2 Σ X2i 2 + a3 Σ X2i X3i
Σ Yi X3i = ao Σ X3i + a1 Σ X1i X3i + a2 Σ X2i X3i + a3 Σ X3i 2

These above equations could be simplified by making a new

variables such as:
𝑋𝑋1 = (𝑋𝑋1 − 𝑋𝑋�1 ) ; 𝑋𝑋2 = (𝑋𝑋2 − 𝑋𝑋�2 ); 𝑋𝑋1 = (𝑋𝑋3 − 𝑋𝑋�3 ) also y = (𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌�1 )
• These equations becomes
y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 also y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3
• The coefficient a1 and a2 can find from these normal equations:
Σ yi xi1 = a1 Σ x1i 2 + a2 Σ x1i x2i
Σ yi x2i = a1Σ x1i x2i + a2 Σ x2i 2
• For three variables, the value of a1, a2 and a3 can find from:
Σ yi xi1 = a1 Σ x1i 2 + a2 Σ x1i x2i
Σ yi x2i = a1 Σ x1i x2i + a2 Σ x2i 2
Σ yi x3i = a1 Σ x1i x3i + a2 Σ x2i x3i + a3 Σ x31 2
• The coefficient a1, a2, and a3 can also find by using those new
variables above that we have their equations as follows
𝑎𝑎0 = 𝑌𝑌� − 𝑎𝑎1 𝑋𝑋1 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑋𝑋2
(∑ 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 )2 (∑ 𝑋𝑋1𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ) − (∑ 𝑋𝑋1𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ) (∑ 𝑋𝑋2𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )
𝑎𝑎1 =
(∑ 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 )2 (∑ 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 )2 − (∑ 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 )2
(∑ 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 )2 (∑ 𝑋𝑋2𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ) − (∑ 𝑋𝑋1𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 ) (∑ 𝑋𝑋2𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )
𝑎𝑎2 =
(∑ 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 )2 (∑ 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 )2 − (∑ 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 )2
• These coefficients are used in the regression equation, and its named
as partial regression coefficient., since a1 indicate the change of Y to
X1 if the X2, X3 assumed fixed. Also the a2 expressed the change of Y
to X2 if X1 and X3 assumed fixed, and so on.
• The value of the standard error of estimate expressed as:
∑(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 )2
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦.12.𝑘𝑘 2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 𝑘𝑘 − 1
• EXAMPLE:
The number of benthonics foraminifera (Y ) per unit area depend on
salinity (X1 ) and the depth of seafloor (X2 ), and the data as follows:

X1 10 2 4 6 8 7 4 6 7 6
X2 7 3 2 4 6 5 3 3 4 3
Y 23 7 15 17 23 22 10 14 20 19
 No Yi X1i X2i X1iYi X2iYi X1iX2i X1i 2 X2i 2

1 23 10 7 230 161 70 100 49

2 7 2 3 14 21 6 4 9

3 15 4 2 60 30 8 16 4

Find the multiple regression equation for 4 17 6 4 10 68 24 36 16

these data so we can estimate the
distribution of benthonic foraminifera 5 23 8 6 184 138 48 64 36
around this area.
6 22 7 5 154 110 35 49 25
We made a table below :
7 10 4 3 40 30 12 16 9

8 14 6 3 84 42 18 36 9

9 20 7 4 140 80 28 49 16

10 19 6 3 114 57 18 36 9

total 170 60 40 1122 737 267 406 182

• From this tabulation we find: • Using these values for the
Σ Yi 170 normal equation we find:
Σ X1i 60
Σ X2i 40
170 = 10 ao + 60 a1 + 40 a2
Σ X1iYi 1122 1122 = 60 ao + 406 a1 + 267 a2
Σ X2iYi 737
Σ X1i X2i 267 737 = 40 ao + 267 a1 + 182 a2
Σ X1i 2 406
• Finally we get ao = 3.92; a1 =
Σ X2i 2 182
2.50; a2 = - 0.48 , and the
n 10
multiple linier regression
equation is:
Ye = 3.92 + 2.50 X1 – 0.48 X2
 X1i X2i Yi Ye Yi - Ye (Yi – Ye)
2

10 7 23 25.56 - 2.56 6.5536

2 3 7 7.48 - 0.48 0.2401
4 2 15 12.96 2.04 4.1616

To find the value of Sy,12 (standard error 6 4 17 17.00 0 0

of estimate) we made a calculation table 8 6 23 21.04 1.96 3.8416
as follows: 7 5 22 19.02 2.98 8.8804
4 3 10 12.48 - 2.48 6.1054
6 3 14 17.48 - 3.48 12.1040
7 4 20 19.50 0.50 0.2500
6 3 19 17.48 1.52 2.3104
44.4888

n = 10, k = 2 and (Yi – Ye ) 2 = 44.4888 then the value of Sy,12 2 = (44.4888)/7 = 6.3555
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
GENERAL EQUATION

• From the scatter diagram, if there is no linier indication between X

and Y, the correlation is possible a non linier. The general equation
of non linier regression ( for three level)
Ye = a + b X + c X 2 +dX 3

• method until (Y – Ye)2 minimum. Their normal equations are:

Σ Y = an + b Σ X + c Σ X 2 + d Σ X 3
Σ XY = a Σ X + b Σ X 2 + c Σ X 3 + d Σ X 4
Σ X 2Y = a Σ X 2 + b Σ X3 + c Σ X 4 + d Σ X 5
Σ X 3Y = a Σ X 3 + b Σ X 4 + c Σ X 5 + d Σ X 6
THERE ARE SOME NON-LINIER
REGRESSION EQUATIONS AS FOLLOWS:

Quadratic Cubic parabola Exponential Geometric

parabola • Ye = a + bX + c X 2 • Ye = a b X • Ye = a X b
• Ye = a + bX + cX 2 +dX3

Gompertz Logistic Hyperbolic

• Ye = p q bX 1 1
• 𝑌𝑌𝑒𝑒 = • 𝑌𝑌𝑒𝑒 =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 +𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
 • An example with the data as below ( 2
QUADRATIC
slide after this slide)
PARABOLE
MODEL • Use these values in normal equation we
get :
Ye = a + b X + c X 2
the normal equation are : 948 = 33 a + 172 b + 1148 c
Σ Yi = a + b Σ Xi + c Σ Xi 2 5833 = 172 a + 1148 b + 8722 c
Σ XiYi = a Σ Xi + b Σ Xi 2 + c Σ Xi
3 41759 = 1148 a + 8722 b + 71456 c
Σ Xi 2 Yi = a Σ Xi 2 + b Σ Xi 3 + c Σ
we find the values a = - 1,759 b =
Xi 4

9,497 c = 0,547
and the quadratic parabola regression
equation is:
Ye = - 1,759 + 9,497 X – 0,547 X 2
Xi Yi Xi 2 Xi 3 Xi 4 Xi Yi Xi 2 Yi 2
1 6 1 1 1 6 6

1 8 1 1 1 8 8

1 9 1 1 1 9 9

2 15 4 8 16 30 60

2 12 4 8 16 24 48

2 13 4 8 16 26 52
2 13 4 8 16 26 52
3 23 9 27 81 69 207
3 23 9 27 81 69 207
3 20 9 27 81 60 180
3 25 9 27 81 75 225
4 27 16 64 256 108 432
4 29 16 64 256 118 464
4 30 16 64 256 120 480
5 30 25 125 625 150 750
5 33 25 125 625 165 825
5 32 25 125 625 160 800
Xi Yi Xi 2 Xi 3 Xi 4 Xi Yi Xi 2 Yi 2
6 35 36 125 625 175 875
6 37 36 216 1296 222 1332
6 37 36 216 1296 222 1332
6 36 36 216 1296 216 1296
6 35 36 216 1296 210 1260
7 38 49 343 2401 266 1862
7 36 49 343 2401 252 1764
7 36 49 343 2401 252 1764
8 38 64 512 4096 304 2432
8 36 64 512 4096 288 2304
8 39 64 512 4096 312 2496
9 39 81 729 6561 351 3159
9 38 81 729 6561 342 3078
10 40 100 1000 10000 400 4000
10 38 100 1000 10000 380 3800
10 42 100 1000 10000 420 4200
172 948 1148 8722 71456 5833 41759
 • The general equation is
QUBIC
Ye = a + b X + c X 2 + d X 3
PARABOLIC
MODEL • The normal equations have to solve for
Higher the power of X in regression getting the values a, b, c, and d, are
equation, more normal equations have
to solve. The quick solution is by using Σ Yi = an + b Σ Xi + c Σ Xi 2 + d ΣXi 3
matrix algebra
Σ XiYi = a Σ Xi + b Σ Xi 2 + c ΣXi 3 + d ΣXi 4
Σ Xi 2Yi = a Σ Xi 2 + b Σ Xi 3 + c Σ Xi 4 + d ΣXi
5

Σ Xi 3Yi = a Σ Xi 3 + b Σ Xi 4 + c Σ Xi 5 + d ΣXi
6
EXPONENTIAL MODEL

• The general equation:

Ye = a b X
• By logarithmic we have a new linier form:
log Ye = log a + (log b) X
• If we assume Y’ = log Ye ; a’= log a, and b’ = log b, the equation can be rearranged as:
Y’ = a’ + b’ X and then a’ and b’ can be found, finally we can find a and b.
• In the logarithmic forms the values a and b can be directly calculated as

∑ log Yi ∑ Xi
log a = − log b
n n

𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙Yi − ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ∑ log Yi

log a = 2
n ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − (∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 )2
 Data X
As Example We Calculate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
This Data: 6 15 23 27 30 37 38 38 39 40

Data Y
8 12 23 29 33 37 36 36 38 38
9 13 20 30 32 36 36 39 42
13 25 35 35

Logarithmic To These Y- Data X

data, But X-data Fixed, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Then: 0.7782 1.1761 1.3617 1.4314 1.4471 1.5682 1.5798 1.5798 1.5911 1.6021

0.9031 1.0792 1.3617 1.4624 1.5185 1.5682 1.5563 1.5563 1.5798 1.5798
Data Y

0.9542 1.1139 1.3010 1.4771 1.5051 1.5563 1.5563 1.5911 1.6232

1.1139 1.1139 1.5441 1.5441

• From these data we get the values:
Σ Xi = 172; Σ log Yi = 46.5890 ; Σ Xi 2 = 1.148 ; Σ Xi. logYi = 260.2505 ;
and n = 33
• Then a and b can be found as:

33 260.2505 − 172 46.5890

• log a = 2 = 0.0692
n ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 −(∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 )2

Then b = 1.173  172 

− (0.0692 )
46.589
log a =  = 1.051
46.589 172
33  33 
• log a = − 0.0692 = 1.051
33 33

Then a = 11.24
• The model of exponential equation is
Ye = (11.24) (1.173) X
• If we little change this equation model in another form as:
Ye = a e bX

• Where e = 2.7183…. The solution is likely that above but in

natural logarithmic form:
Ln Ye = ln a + bX
• And by converting to general logarithmic we have:
log Ye = log a + 0.4343 bX
 • The geometric model has a general form:
Ye = a.X b
GEOMETRIC • and it can be rearranged by logarithmic
MODEL become a linier form:
log Ye = log a + b log X
• coefficient of a and b can be found by
these equations bellows:
∑ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 ∑ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎 = − 𝑏𝑏
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − (∑ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 )(∑ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 )
𝑏𝑏 =
𝑛𝑛(∑ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) − (∑ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 )2
 Xi Yi Log Xi Log Yi logXi Log Yi Log2 Yi

WE SEE THIS 20 150 1.3010 2.1761 2.8311 1.3926

EXAMPLE IN THE 35 125 1.5441 2.0969 3.2378 2.3842

TABLE AS FOLLOWS 60 105 1.7782 2.0212 3.5941 3.1620

100 100 2.0000 2.0000 4.0000 4.0000
150 92 2.1761 1.9638 4.2734 4.7354
300 97 2.4771 1.9868 4.9215 6.1360
500 97 2.6990 1.9865 5.3623 7.2846
800 62 2.9031 1.7924 5.2035 8.4280
1200 58 3.0792 1.7634 5.4298 9.4814
1300 40 3.1139 1.6021 4.9887 9.6963
1500 38 3.1761 1.5798 5.0176 10.0876
1600 35 3.2041 1.5441 4.9474 10.2662
Total 29.4519 22.5134 53.8072 77.3543
 22.5134 29.4519
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎 = − −0.2856 = 2.5770, so a = 377.6
12 12

12 53.8072 − (29.4519)(22.5134)
𝑏𝑏 = 2
= −0.2856
12 77.7543 − (29.4519)
The regression equation is:
−0.2856
377.6
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 = 377.6 𝑋𝑋 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 = 0.2856
𝑋𝑋
 • The simple general equation is:
1
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 =
𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 ≠ 0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
LOGISTIC MODEL
1
= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
• By logarithmic we get:
1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = log 𝑎𝑎 + (log 𝑏𝑏)𝑋𝑋
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
• This is a linier equation with variables of X and
log (1/Ye) and the value of a and b can be got
by exponential model by changing the term of
log Y by log (1/Ye)
 • The simple general equation of
HYPERBOLIC hyperbolic model is:
MODEL
1 1
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌

• The values of a and b can be got by

linier regression by changing the
variable of Ye with that of 1/Ye.
 Xi Yi 1/Yi Xi 2 Xi/Yi
20 150 0.0066 400 0.132
35 125 0.0080 1225 0.28
60 105 0.0095 3600 0.57
100 100 0.0100 10000 1.00
These data beside can shows the
150 92 0.0108 22500 1.62
hyperbolic model of calculation:
300 97 0.0103 90000 3.09
500 97 0.0103 250000 5.15
800 62 0.0161 640000 12.88
1200 58 0.0172 1440000 20.64
1300 40 0.0250 1690000 32.50
1500 38 0.0263 2250000 42.05
1600 35 0.0285 2560000 47.20
7565 0.1786 8957725 167.112
• We have the values of Σ Xi = 7565,Σ (1/Yi) = 0.1786 ; Σ Xi 2 =
8,957,725 ; Σ (Xi/Yi) = 167,112 and n = 12

• By equation for coefficient of simple linier regression, then:

12 167,112 − (7565)(0.1786)
𝑏𝑏 = 2
= 0.000013
12 8957725 − (7565)
(0.1768) 8957725 − (7565)(167.112)
𝑎𝑎 = 2
= 0.0066
12 8957725 − (7565)
The regression equation for hyperbolic model is:
1
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 =
0.0066 + 0.000013. 𝑋𝑋
TRANSFORMATION
FOR DATA
LINIERIZATION
 ADVANTAGES
1. Easy to calculate.
2. Provides information in a very
condensed form.
3. Can be used to estimate one
variable from another variable
or from multiple variables.
LIMITATIONS
1. Summary statistics sometimes can
be too condensed, and do not carry
enough information about the
shape of the distribution.
2. Certain statistics are sensitive to
abnormally high/low values that
properly belong to the data set
(e.g., covariance, correlation
coefficient). Outliers can highly bias
a regression predication equation.
3. No spatial information.
SIMULATION
• Simulation is the representative model for real situations.
• In laboratories, we often perform a number of experiments on
simulated model s to predict the behaviour of real system under
true environments.
• Simulation is mainly of two types :
(a) Analog simulation (or environmental simulation) and
(b) Computer simulation (system simulation). Simulation models can be
classified into four categories:
(a) Deterministic models ,
(b) Stochastic models
(c) Static models
(d) Dynamic models.
 Simulation techniques allow experimentation with a model
of the real-life system instead of the actual operating system
ADVANTAGES OF
SIMULATION
Simulation allows time to be incorporated into an analysis

The non-geologist can comprehend simulation more easily

than a complex mathematical model.

Simulation enables a geologist to provide insights into

certain managerial problems where analytical solutions of a
model are not possible or where the actual environment is
difficult to observe.
 1. Optimum results cannot be produced by
LIMITATIONS OF simulation.
SIMULATION 2. Another drawback lies in the quantification
TECHNIQUES of the variables.
3. In very large and complex geological
situations involving many variables, it
becomes difficult to develop the computer
program on account of large number of
variables and the inter-relationships that are
involved amongst them.
4. Simulation should be limited to complex
situations and not applied to some simple
problems which can otherwise be solved by
more appropriate techniques of
mathematical programing.
 • BUATLAH ANALISIS BIVARIAT
TERHADAP DATA PADA PERTEMUAN
ASSIGMENT UNIVARIAT 2 MINGGU LALU.
• TUGAS DIKUMPULKAN MAKSIMAL
JUM’AT, 24 SEPTEMBER 2021 JAM
23.59 MELALUI KULON.
• TUGAS DIKUMPULKAN DALAM
BENTUK FILE EXCEL DENGAN FORMAT
PENAMAAN : NAMA_TUGAS BIVARIAT