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    Weber - Three Types Rule (1)

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    Валерия Щербо

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    G@ THE THREE TYPES -66 CF LEGITIMATE RULE Translated by Hans Gerth Max Weber Authority means the probability that a specific command will be obeyed. Such obedience may ted on hverss mouves, Ic may be etemined by, nice by the compliant actor's calculation of that is, the actor's inarticulate habituation that is, purely personal devotion power, however, if it were to rest on such foundations alone, would be relatively unstable, As a rule both rulers and rules uphold the internalized power structure as “legitimate” by right, and usually the shattering of this belief in legitimacy hes far-reaching ramifica- ‘There are but three clear-cut grounds on which to base the belief in legitimate authority. Given pure types each is connected with a funda- mentally different sociological structure of executive staff and means of administration, Copyright 1953 by Hans Gerb, Reprinted with the permission of the translator and the publisher, tbe Berkeley Journal of Sociology. Weber's “Three Types of Legitimate Role” appeared posthumously in the Preuesieehe Johrouecher in 1922 (187: I-12). This exposition was not included in the rst editions of Wirischafr und Gesellschaft The Theory of Social and Beonomic Organization). Inthe 1956 edition of Wirtschaft tind Gesellschaft (Tuebingen: J, C. B. Mobr, 1956), which was substentialy revised by J. Winckelmann, “Tbe Three Types of Legitimate Rule” appears as Section 2 of ‘te “Sociology of Authority” (22 $51-558), ‘ ‘THE THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULE. 1 ly correct procedure elected or appointed and constitutes as a whole and in all its sections rational organizations. A heteronomous and heterocephalous sub-unit w= shall call “public authorities” (Behdrde). The administrative staff con- sists of officials appointed by the ruler; the law-abiding people are mem- ‘cegulations which 3 ‘obedience. ‘The person in euthority, too, obeys a rule when giving an order, namely, “the law,” or “rules and regulations” which represent ab- Stract norms. ‘The person in command typically is the “superior” within ' functionally defined “competency” or “jurisdiction,” and his right to {govern is legitimized by enactment. Specialization sets limits vith regard {o functional purpose and required skill of the office incumbeu: ‘The typical official is a trained specialist whose terms of employ- _ ment are contractual and provide a fixed salary scaled by rank of office, | not by amount of work, and the right to @ pension according to fixed rules [of advancement, His administration represents vocational work by virtue ‘of impersonal duties of office; ideally the administrator proceeds sine ira F< et studio, not allowing personal motive or temper to influen Daiiful obedience is channeled through a hierarchy of offices which su! es lower to higher offices and provides a regular procedure for ‘lodging complaints. al st iscipiine. 1. Naturally this type of “Negel” rule comprises not only the moder Sy structure of state and city government but likewise the power relations vate capitalist enterprise, in public corporations and voluntary ass0- ciations ofall sorts, provided that an extensive and hierarchically organized ‘gta of functionaries exists, Modem political bodies merely represent the * type pre-eminently, Authority of private capitalist organization is partially eteronomous, its order is partly prescribed by the state, and it is com © pletely heterocephalous as regards the machinery of coercion. Normally ©. the courts and police take care of these functions. Private enterprise, how- wet, is autonomous in its increasingly bureaucratic organization of man- agement. The fect that, formally speaking, people enter inte the power ~ onduct, oor 8 MODERN THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION ‘lationship (Herrscheftsverband) voluntarily and are likewise “free” 10 give notice does not affect the nature of private enterprise as a power structure since conditioas of the labor market normally subject the em- ployees to the code of the organization. Its sociological affinity to modern Sate authority will he clarified further in the discussion of the vcowui bases of power and authority. The “contract” as constitutive for the rela- ‘uons of authority in capitalist enterprise makes this a pre-cminent type of “Tegal authority," 2 ures gal ox » tory No strctre 0! author exclusively bureaucratic, wit is managed by contractually hited and appointed officials alone. That 4s quite impossible. Ths top positions of the body politic may be held by “monarchs” (hereditary charismatic rulers), or by popularly elected “presidents” (honce plebiscitarian charismatic rulers), or by parliamentary lected presidents. To the latter case the actual rulers are’ members of patiament or rather the leaders of the prevailing parliamentary partes, ‘These leaders in turn may stand close to the type of charismatic leadership 10 that of notabilities. More of this below. Likewise the administrative staff is almost never exclusively bureau: cratic but vsually notables and agents of interest groups participate in | administration in manifold ways. This holds most of all for the so-called selfgovernment. It is decisive that regular administrative work is. pre= Gomiaantly and increasingly performed by bureaucratic forces. The his. torical development of the modern state is identical indeed with that of ‘modern offcialdom and bureaucratic organization (cf. below), just as the evelopment of modera capitalism is identical with the increasing bue ‘caueratzation of econsmie enterprise. The part played by bureaucracy boecomnes bigger in all structures of power. 5. Bureaucracy dees not represent the only type of legol authority Other types comprise rotating office holders or office holders chosen by ‘ot or popularly elected officers, Parliamentary and committee administra tion and all sorts of collegiate and administrative bodies are included . under the type if and when their competency rests on enacted rules and 1 the use they make of their prerogative follows the «ype of legal admin: 'slcation, During the rst of the modern state collegiate bodies have made essential contributions to the development of legal authority, especially th soncept of “public authorities” (Behérde) originated with them. On the other hand, elected offcialdom has played an important role in the pre-e Watory of the modeen civil service and still does $0 today fa the demo>- ¥ E domestic ‘THE THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULE ° pe P* ‘communal relationships, ‘he man in command is the “lord” raling over obedient “subjects.” People obey the lord personatly since his dignity is hallowed by tradition; _ obedience rests on piety, Commands are substantively bound by tradition, and the lord's inoossiderate violation of tradition would endanger the legitimacy of his personal rule, which rests merely upon the sacredness of tradition, The creation of new law opposite traditional norms is deemed impossible in principle. Aciutlly this is dore by way of “recognizing” a Sentence as "valid of yore” (the Welstum of ancient Germanie law). Out- side the norms of tradition, however, the lord's sway in a given case is restricted only by sentiments of equity, once by quite elastic bonds. Consequently the rule of the lord divides into a strictly tradtion-bound Sphere and one of free favor and arbitrariness where he rules at pleasure sympathy oF antipathy move him, following purely personal considera ions subject especially to the influence of “Zood tums. So far as principles are followed in adrinstration and settlement of disputes, they rest on substantive considerations of ethical equity, justice, or utilitarian expediency, not on formal ceasiderations characteristic of the rule of law. The lord's administrative stafl proceeds in the same way. Te consists of personally dependent men (members of the household or officials), of relatives, of personal feiends (favorites), or asso scope of the “legitimate” preroy defined from case to case at the pleasure of the _ ,lord on whom the Individual servant is completely dependent as regards his employment in more important or high ranking roles, Actually this epends largely on what the servant may dace do opposite the more or giles docile subjects. Personal loyalty of the faithful servant, not fune- ional duty of office and office discipline, control the interralatinnship of ‘administrative staff, ‘One may, however, observe two characteristically different forms of positional relationships, the patriarchs au w MODERN THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION ‘THE THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULE. a administrators have no personal right to their office, there is neither meri ‘and that substantive principles of administration and arbitration take its ent ae entra ears of amination are mane pase. Tht Tkewise is 9 omman feature of 3 tedthonste Fo Seon vt sg on accu of the ord Given the compete dependency fs. and bat rseasyigritoctors especially for economic ie, ar ihe administrative staff on the lord, there is no guarantee against the ‘The patriarch, like the patrimonial ruler, governs and decides 2c- of the sdinistatve Halon te prcan therfore hme great | coding othe princpes of ead lst on 16 On Nin lode era aie ul eepresets te. pore ‘ype. All genuine [> sely bound by wadion, ee at these fetes give leeway, gore ora, Serena ive rrvgates ave conidted ory f, Seon ow juiscaly formal and aoe considerations of equity propery rights of the ord [fa june om se to case ao taking inva éerenes into a at All codications and laws of patrimonial volers embody the spirit Sf the so-called “welfare state.” A combinatior of social ethical with eden men Who er aecoding To the {sol wltaian principles prevail, breking though all rigor of formal fuimacy, Betion, Destous office on them by privilege or concessions | ww. say ave eontretualy, Dy purchase, cenancy oF lease, acquired a tls we ited omce which ennror be arbitrarily caken away from them; hence i. fp the pre-b : i ‘within Tints, their administration is autocephalous and autonomous. istrative staff from the mat i stafl.) This has been " ‘what status groups existed as champions of the tord but they dispose over the material means of administration. This ideas and culture values. represents estate rule | Prete competition of the officeholders for larger bailiwicks Cand in- come) then determines the mutval delimitation of their actoal bailiwicks find takes the Privilege oft << "patrimonist dependents (soves, tondemen) at administrators are to te fond throughout the Mizastein orient and in Egypt down 0 the fie of the Mamelukes; they represent the most extreme and what would Fccem to be the most consistent type of the purely patriarchal rule devoid for estates, Plebeian freemen as administrators stand relatively close ‘0 fallotal offclaldom, The administcation by literati can vary greatly in “fecordance with theit nature: typical is the contrast between Brahmins tnd Mandarin, and both in wrn stand opposits Budahist and Christian Be cerics—yet their administration always approximates the estate type of paver structure. revThe rule of estates is most clearly represented by aristocracy. in jure form by feudalism, which pats in the plice of the functional and faa! duty of office the personal allegiance and the appeal to status nor of the enfeofted. Tn comparison to patriarchalism, all estate rule, based upon more oF ess sable appropriation of adminisirative power, stands closer to legal Fe saoriy asthe guarantes surrounding the prerogatives of the privileged Hiusume the form of special “rights” (a result cf the “division of power” oe EI feature of al traditonatisic forms of authori. aang the ettes), This raion SN in patriarchal strvetures, with nna oe” soon of the Tord or of his administrative staf Wet sdinsation completly, dependent he lord's arbitrary sway. must be bought or eared by personal relations, (This is one of the On the other band, the strict discipline and the lack of rights of the ad- ' ‘Thcie administration is entirely heteronomous and heterocephalous, the i origins of the institution of fees.) It is decisive that formal law is absent E ' J The power prerogatives of the lord hence ate divided ' the fond! and the privileged administrative stafl, and this division of powers mong the estates brings about a high degeee of stereotypy in the nature of adm archal rile (of 8 SLandesvaer) Fepeesets but th ype of traditionalist rule, Any estes” wo elaim tegiimacy successfully by virtue of mere habitea~| ranncmtecent the most typical coatast, on the one hand, tothe positon wy Seneactally employed worker in business enterpri 7 the way a fathtal member ofa religious community emotionaly relates oe vonat Actually the domestic group (Hausverband} isthe nuctest 1 a eirbnalst power structres, The typical “officals” of the patrimoni era sine. are domestic officers with originally purely domeste sks edapfer, chamberain, macsal, cupbeare, seneschal, major dome) 4 Thetcovcnstence of the sticly tradion-bound and the free sphere €L Zor 12 MODERN THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION THE THREE Tyres oF LecrTMATE RULE a9 Tipe ot leg a tarcaliam i more easly related to the f yOu" hots forthe prophet, For the warrior hero the legitimate orders Tasoated act seu than ste sensation of eats, which | Tbh opposte rev creatine by powcr the sword or he aoa cats eteNzed tough he appropriation of the means of | vue of hs anmuniation ot sgt ef rrouongy fearon Aimnitration by the staf. Plebeians (used 38 jurists) in Europe's princely | In the genuine form Of chasiamets juss, ang arbitration the lord or servis have been pacemarkers of the mnoders ware ‘aage” speaks the law and the (military or religious) following gives it teeognition, whichis obigetory, unless tomebody rales a conrcee cae to charismatic validity. This ease presents striggle of leader hice the Inst analysis can solely be decided by the confidence of the community: [ely on side cen be rights the ether side must be wrong and be sod : omprisecr fr 10 mate amends power of the mind and ‘A. The ype of charismatic authority has frst been developed iinet unheard of and brandy by W°sony Gena, author for the early Christian com- fertonal devotion. The putest hout his recognizing that fe represents n type of authonty. Tho the great cemagogue | em bas siae been wed repeatedly witout replies oie arog Early history shows longside afew beginnings of “enacted story, hich are by no'means eniely absent, the division af all power wlan, ‘ships under tradition and charisma. Besides the “economic chief” (sachem) of the Indians, an essenilly traditional figure, stands the chorea watior prinee (corresponding to the Germanis “dute") with hs loons ng, Hunting and war campaigns, both demanding « leader of enon | dtnry personel endowment, ste the eel; mage ib the "sacred Glos fol charismatic leadership. Throughout the. ages charsmate, autores fxsried by prophets and warrior princes has hed sway owes rem Te arismatc poitcian—the "demagogue"™is the product of the ceradenal fly sate. Tn the ciy state of Jerusalem he emerged ony ia alifens costume as a prophet, ‘The consition of Athens’ howeren war some pletely eat out for his existence after the innovations of Pevides and =. Ephiltes, since without the demagogue the state machine would not anton at al m group or following, The person in commend is typically the “leader”, he ‘is obeyed by the “disciple.” Obedience is given exclusively to the leader as 3 person, for the sake of his non-routine qualiti is is if he is “forsaken” ie strength, or if the masses ose faith in his leadership capacity. The administrative sof is selected aecorcing to sharima and personal devotion, hence selecion does not consider special

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