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Definition
Definition
The set of negative rational numbers is denoted by Q–.
a a
Q– = { | " 0 and a, b " !, b # 0}
b b
Algebra 8
The set of whole numbers is the set of natural numbers together with zero. It is denoted by
W.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
The set of integers is the set of natural numbers, together with zero and the negatives of the
natural numbers. It is denoted by Z.
Z = {..., –5, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
We use integers to express temperatures below zero, distances above and below sea level, and
increases and decreases in stock prices, etc. For example, we can write ten degrees Celsius
below zero as –10°C.
To express ratios between numbers, and parts of wholes, we use rational numbers.
8 2 3 0 17
For example, , , – , , and are rational numbers.
3 5 7 7 1
The set of rational numbers is the set of numbers that can be written as the quotient of two
integers. It is denoted by Q.
a
Q={ | a, b "! and b # 0}
b
7 ( ' $ (&
' ' & % '
!7 !" !$ !% !& !' !( ) ( ' & % $ " 7
*+,- ./01+2/3 24,5-.6
Radicals
2.71828 ... =e
R = R+ & {0} & R–
R+ is the set of positive 1.4142135 ... = ñ2
real numbers
R– is the set of negative do not terminate and do not repeat. Therefore, we cannot write these decimals as rational
real numbers numbers. We say that they are irrational.
Definition
A number whose decimal form does not repeat or terminate is called an irrational number.
The set of irrational numbers is denoted by Q% or I.
Definition
The union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers forms the set of
all decimals. This union is called the set of real numbers .
The set of real numbers is denoted by R.
R=Q & Q%
Real Numbers For every real number there is a point on the number line. In
other words, there is a one-to-one correspondence between
the real numbers and the points on the number line.
!&)%" !()" ()* + "
2 Algebra 8
Objectives
After studying this section you will be able to:
1. Understand the concepts of square root and radical number.
2. Use the properties of square roots to simplify expressions.
3. Find the product of square roots.
4. Rationalize the denominator of a fraction containing square roots.
Definition
Here are the square roots of all the perfect squares from 1 to 100.
12 = 1 ) ñ1 = 1 62 = 36 ) ò36 = 6
2
2 =4 ) ñ4 = 2 72 = 49 ) ò49 = 7
32 = 9 ) ñ9 = 3 82 = 64 ) ò64 = 8
42 = 16 ) ò16 = 4 92 = 81 ) ò81 = 9
52 = 25 ) ò25 = 5 102 = 100 ) ó100 = 10
The equation x2 = 9 can be stated as the question, ‘What number multiplied itself is 9?’
There are two such numbers, 3 and –3.
Rule
If x " R then
'( x if x & 0.
x2 $| x |$ )
*( – x if x " 0.
Radicals 3
We can conclude that the square root of any real number will always be greater than or equal
to zero. ò–9 is undefined. Negative numbers have no square root because the square of any
real number cannot be negative.
ò–9 # 3, since 32 is 9, not (–9).
ò–9 # –3, since (–3)2 is 9, not (–9).
Note
# ñ9 = 32 = |3| = 3
# If x2 = 9 then x = 3 or x = –3.
h. –ó0.09 i. ò–4
2
g. –ó100 j. (–4) k. –4
2
Solution a. ò81 = 9 b. ñ1 = 1 c. ñ0 = 0
4 2
d. ò64 = 8 e. $ f. ó0.64 = 0.8
9 3
j. (–4) $ 16 $ 4
2
k. –42 $ –16 is undefined
4 Algebra 8
3 + 27 $ 3 + 27 $ 81 $ 9,
Note b(0 óa . 6 =
If a ( 0 then a(0
) ña . ñ6
ña ' ñ a = ó a ' a = a2 $ a.
Solution a. ñ2 $ ñ8 = ó2 $ 8 = ò16 = 4 b. 7 + 7 $ 7 + 7 $ 49 $ 7
e. 576 $ 36 + 16 $ 36 + 16 $ 6 + 4 $ 24
f. 10 + 90 $ 10 + 90 $ 900 $ 30
Property
For any real numbers a and b, where a ( 0, and b > 0,
a a
$ .
b b
24 24
If a > 0 then
For example, $ $ 4 $ 2, and
6 6
a a
= =
1 =
1. 1 1 1
a a $ $ .
49 49 7
Radicals 5
24a
3
a5 + b 6 x+y
g. h. i.
6a ab2 x3 + y3
25 25 5 50 50
Solution a. = = b. $ $ 25 $ 5
9 9 3 2 2
16 16 4 1 1 1
c. $ $ d. $ $
49 49 7 64 64 8
1 1 1 625 625 25
e. – $– $– f. $ $
100 100 10 144 144 12
24a3 24a3
g. $ $ 4 + a2 $ 4 + a2 $ 2a
6a 6a
a5 + b6 a5 + b6
h. $ $ a4 + b4 $ ( a2 + b2 )2 $ a2 b2
ab 2 ab2
x+y x+ y 1 1 1
i. $ $ $ $
x3 + y3 x3 + y3 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 xy
Property
Proof
( a )n ! a # a # a # ... # a! a # a # a # ...# a ! an
n factors of ña n factors of a
For example, ( a )2 $ a2 $ a,
( 5 )3 $ 53 $ 125, and
6 Algebra 8
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate
(ñ2)4 + (ñ5)4 – (ñ5)2 – (ñ2)6.
n
A radical expression is an expression of the form a.
radicand
Square roots have index 2. However, we usually write square roots in their shorter form, ña:
2
a$ a
Definition
A mixed radical is a radical of the form
x+ n
a (x " Q, x % {–1, 0, 1})
Property
For any real numbers a and b, where a ( 0 and b ( 0,
2
a # b ! a b and a b ! a2 # b.
For example, 8 $ 4 + 2 $ 2 2 + 2 $ 2 2 + 2 $ 2 2,
27 $ 9 + 3 $ 32 + 3 $ 32 + 3 $ 3 3,
32 $ 16 + 2 $ 4 2 + 2 $ 42 + 2 $ 4 2, and
50 $ 25 + 2 $ 5 2 + 2 $ 52 + 2 $ 5 2.
Radicals 7
Solution a. 8 = 22 + 2 = 2 2 -
(
(
2 32 = 2 42 + 2 = 8 2(
( 8 # 2 32 , 18 # 72 , 98
18 = 32 + 2 = 3 2 / .
( $ 2 2 # 8 2 , 3 2 # 6 2 ,7 2
72 = 62 + 2 = 6 2 (
( $ 2 + (2 # 8 , 3 # 6 , 7) $ 6 2
98 = 7 2 + 2 = 7 2
(
0
b. 2 48 # 3 27 – 108 # 243 $ 2 4 2 + 3 #3 3 2 +3 – 6 2 +3 # 9 2 +3
$ 8 3 # 9 3 – 6 3 #9 3
$ (8 # 9 – 6 # 9) 3 $ 20 3
Solution a. 2 2 ! 22 # 2 ! 22 # 2 ! 4# 2 ! 8
b. 3 5 ! 32 # 5 ! 9 # 5 ! 45
c. 5 3 ! 52 # 3 ! 25 # 3 ! 75
d. 10 10 ! 10 2 # 10 ! 100 # 10 ! 1000
e. x y $ x y 2
Property
For any non-zero real numbers a, b, c, and x,
añx + bñx – cñx = (a + b – c)ñx .
Note
ña + ñb # ó a+b
For example,
ñ9 + ò16 = 3 + 4 = 7, but ó9 + 16 = ò25 = 5.
8 Algebra 8
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Solution a. ñ3 + ñ3 = (1 + 1) ñ3 = 2ñ3
b. 2ñ5 + ñ5 = (2 + 1) ñ5 = 3ñ5
c. 3ñ6 + 4ñ6 = (3 + 4)ñ6 = 7ñ6
d. 10ñ5 – 3 ñ5 = (10 – 3)ñ5 = 7ñ5
e. ò50 + ò98 + ó162 = ó25$2 + ó49$2 + ó81$2 = 5ñ2 + 7ñ2 + 9ñ2
= (5 + 7 + 9)ñ2 = 21ñ2
f. 5ñx – ò9x + ó64x = 5ñx – 3ñx + 8ñx = (5 – 3 + 8) ñx = 10ñx
a. ñ7 ... 3 b. 3ñ5 ... 2ò10 c. 2ñ7 ... 3ñ3 d. –2ñ3 ... –3ñ2
7... 9 3 + 5... 2 + 10
2 2
2 + 7... 3 + 3
2 2
– 22 + 3... – 32 + 2
7" 9 45 ! 40 28 ! 27 – 12 ! – 18
7 "3 3 5 ! 2 10 2 7 !3 3 –2 3 ! –3 2
Property
Let a, b, m, and n be four real numbers, satisfying a = m + n and b = m ' n. Then,
1. m # n $ a#2 b 2. m– n ! a–2 b ( m $ n)
Proof
1. In order to verify these expressions, suppose that t = ò m + ñn.
t2 = (ò m + ñn)2 = (ò m + ñn) $ (ò m + ñn)
= (ò m $ ñ n) + ( ò m $ ñ n) + ( ñn $ ò m ) + (ñn $ ñ n)
(by the distributive property)
= m + (ò m $ ñ n) + (ñn $ ò m ) + n
= m + n + 2 óm $ n (by the commutative property)
a b
) t2 = a + 2ñb ) t = a#2 b
2. We can prove the second part in the same way. Try it yourself.
Radicals 9
e. 5 # 21 f. 2# 3
Solution a. 3 # 2 2 $ 2 # 1 $ 2 #1 b. 5#2 6 $ 3 # 2
c. 6 # 32 $ 6 # 2 8 $ 4 # 2 $ 2 # 2
4+2 4$2
d. 6 – 4 2 $ 6 – 2 + 2 2 $ 6 – 2 22 + 2 $ 6 – 2 8 $ 4 – 2 $2 – 2
4+2 4$2
e. We need a 2 in front of ò21 before we can use the property. Therefore, let us multi-
2
ply the expression by .
2
7+3 7$3
2 2 + (5 # 21) 10 # 2 21 7# 3 7 3
5 # 21 $ + 5 # 21 $ $ $ $ #
2 2 2 2 2 2
3+1 3$1
2 4#2 3 3# 1 3 1
f. + 2# 3 $ $ $ #
2 2 2 2 2
Check Yourself 1
1. Simplify the expressions.
a. ñ2 $ ñ2 b. ñ8 $ ò32 c. ò3x $ ó12x d. ñ2 $ ò18
32 12 a+ b 1
e. f. g. h. –
2 3 a3 + b 3 49
2. Evaluate the following.
2 Algebra 8
a. 3– 2 2 b. 6#2 8 c. 7 – 2 10 d. 3 # 8 e. 9– 4 5 f. 7 – 48
g. ( 6 – 2 ) # ( 8 % 2 12 ) h. ( 7 % 1) # ( 8 – 28 ) i. 3– 5 # 3% 5
Answers
1 1
1. a. 2 b. 16 c. 6x d. 6 e. 4 f. 2 g. h. – 2. a. 10 b. a2 + b – c3 3. a. 3ñ2 b. 5ñ2
ab 7
c. 4ñ3 d. 2ñ5 e. 4ñ3 f. ñ2 g. –2ñ2 h. ò3x 4. a. ò75 b. ò45 c. ò32 d. ò20 e. a2 # b
1 1
5. a. 3ò30 b. 3ñ2 c. –ñ3 d. 3ñ3 6. a. 3ñ5 > 2ò10 b. ! c. –2ñ5 > –3ñ3 7. a. ñ2 – 1
2 3
b. 2 + ñ2 c. ñ5 – ñ2 d. ñ2 + 1 e. ñ5 – 2 f. 2 – ñ3 g. 4 h. 6 i. 2
Solution Start from the radical on the ‘inside’ of the expression and move outwards.
a. Start with ñ9, on the inside, and work outwards.
4 # 21 # 13 # 9 $ 4 # 21 # 13 # 3 $ 4 # 21 # 16
$ 4 # 21 # 4 $ 4 # 25 $ 4 # 5 $ 9 $ 3
1 4 1
b. 6 6 72 16 $ 6 6 72 $ 6 6 72
16 16 4
1
$ 6 6 72 + $ 6 6 36
2
$ 6 6 + 6 $ 6 36 $ 6 + 6 $ 36 $ 6
9 25 5 9 3
c. 1# 1# $ 1# $ 1# $ $
16 16 4 4 2
Radicals 2
c. x # x # x # ... $ 5. Find x.
x $ 2 2 2 2 2 ...
2
(remove a square root)
"##$##%
x
x2 $ 2 + x ( 2 2 2 ... $ x)
x +x 2x
$ (simplify)
x x
b. a a a a ... $ 7 c. ( x # x # x # ... ) 2 $ 5 2
( a a a a ... ) 2 $ 7 2 x # x # x # x # ... $ 25
"###$###
%
5
a a a a ... $ 49 x # 5 $ 25
"#
#$##
%
7
x $ 20
a + 7 $ 49
a$7
ñ2 $ (ñ3 + 2ñ2) = ñ2 $ ñ3 + ñ2 $ 2 $ ñ2
= ñ6 + 2 $ ñ2 $ ñ2
= ñ6 + 2 $ 2
= ñ6 + 4
22 Algebra 8
= ñ4 + ñ6 + ñ6 + ñ9 = 2 + 2ñ6 + 3 = 5 + 2ñ6
a. 3% 5 # 3– 5 b. 2% 2 # 2– 2 c. a% b # a– b
Solution a. 3 # 5 + 3 – 5 $ (3 # 5) + (3 – 5) $ 3 2 – ( 5) 2 $ 9 – 5 $ 4 $ 2
b. 2 # 2 + 2 – 2 $ (2 # 2 ) + (2 – 2 ) $ 2 2 – ( 2 ) 2 $ 4 – 2 $ 2
c. a% b # a– b ! a2 – b
Radicals 23
Solution a. (ñ3 + ñ2) $ (ñ5 – 1)= (ñ3 $ ñ5) – (ñ3 $ 1) + (ñ2 $ ñ5) – (ñ2 $ 1)
= ò15 – ñ3 + ò10 – ñ2
b. (ñ5 + ñ3) $ (ñ7 + ñ2) = ( ñ5 $ ñ7) + (ñ5 $ ñ2) + (ñ3 $ ñ7) + (ñ3 $ ñ2)
= ò35 + ò10 + ò21 + ñ6
c. (2ñ3 + 1) $ (ñ5 + 1) = (2ñ3 $ ñ5) + (2ñ3 $ 1) + (1 $ ñ5) + 1
= 2ò15 + 2ñ3 + ñ5 + 1
d. (3ñ2 – 2) $ (ñ5 – ñ3)= (3ñ2 $ ñ5) – (3ñ2 $ ñ3) – (2 ñ5 + 2ñ3)
= 3ò10 – 3 ñ6 – 2 ñ5 + 2ñ3
5. Rationalizing Denominators
3 10 19 1
Look at the numbers , , , and . They are all fractions, and each fraction
5 2 12 13
has an irrational number as the denominator. In math, it is easier to work with fractions that
a a b a+b ab a ab
So, $ + $ $ . Note that and have the same value: they are
b b b b+b b b b
equivalent fractions.
Look at some more examples:
3 3 2 3+ 2 3 + 2 6 6
$ + $ $ $ $ ,
2 2 2 2+ 2 2 + 2 4 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
$ + $ $ $ 3, and
3 3 3 3+ 3 3
3 5 3 5 2 3+ 5+2 3 + 10 3 10
$ + $ $ $ .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2+2 2+2 4
24 Algebra 8
Definition
An expression with exactly two terms is called a binomial expression. Two binomial expressions
whose first terms are equal and last terms are opposite are called conjugates , i.e. a + b and
a – b are conjugates.
If a ( 0 and b ( 0, then the binomials xña + yñb and xña – yñb are conjugates. We can use
conjugates to rationalize denominators that contain radical expressions.
1
For example, let us rationalize . ñ3 – ñ2 is the conjugate of ñ3 + ñ2.
3# 2
Therefore, we multiply the numerator and the denominator by ñ3 – ñ2 to rationalize the
denominator.
1 3– 2 1 + ( 3 – 2) 3– 2 3– 2 3– 2
+ $ $ $ $ $ 3– 2
3# 2 3– 2 ( 3 # 2) +( 3 – 2) ( 3) 2 – ( 2) 2 3–2 1
Remark
(a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
(ña + ñb)(ña – ñb) = a – b where a ( 0 and b ( 0.
5 5 3#2 2 5 + (3 # 2 2 ) 5 +3 # 5 +2 2
Solution a. $ + $ $
3–2 2 3–2 2 3#2 2 (3 – 2 2 )(3 # 2 2 ) 3 2 – (2 2 ) 2
3 5 # 2 10 3 5 # 2 10
$ $ $ 3 5 # 2 10
9–8 1
3– 2 ( 3 – 2 ) (2 2 # 1) 3 + 2 2 # 3 +1 – 2 + 2 2 – 2 +1
b. $ + $
2 2 –1 (2 2 – 1) (2 2 # 1) (2 2) 2 – 12
2 6 # 3 –2 2 +2 – 2 2 6 # 3 –4– 2
$ $
8 –1 7
6# 2 ( 6 # 2 ) (1 # 3) 6 # 6 + 3 # 2 +1 # 2 + 3
c. $ + $
1– 3 (1 – 3) (1 # 3) 12 – ( 3) 2
6 # 18 # 2 # 6 6 # 3 2 # 2 # 6 2 6 #4 2
$ $ $ $– 6 – 2 2
1– 3 –2 –2
3 2 –2 (3 2 – 2) (5 – 2 5) 3 2 + 5 – 3 2 + 2 5 – 2 + 5 – 2 +2 5
d. $ + $
5#2 5 (5 # 2 5) (5 – 2 5) 5 2 – (2 5) 2
15 2 – 6 10 – 10 – 4 5 15 2 – 6 10 – 10 – 4 5
$ $
25 – 20 5
Radicals 25
3 2
#
3 #2 2 3–2 2
3 2 1 3 3–2 2 2 1 2 3 #2 2 2
Solution # $3 + 4#3 + 4
3 #2 2 3–2 2 5 3 # 2 2 3 – 2 2 6 5 3 – 2 2 3 #2 2 6
( 3 + ( 3 – 2 2)) #( 2 + ( 3 #2 2 ))
$
( 3 # 2 2) + ( 3 – 2 2 )
( 3 + 3) – ( 3 + 2 2 ) #( 2 + 3) #( 2 + 2 2 )
$
( 3)2 – (2 2 )2
3–2 6 # 6 #4 7– 6 6 –7
$ $ $
3–8 –5 5
Check Yourself 2
1. Rationalize the denominators and simplify.
3 5 1 3 3 5 3 5
a. b. c. 2 d. –5 + e. f.
7 3 2 5 3 2 6
1 a + b 2 x + y a3 + b4
g. h. i. j.
2 10 a 3
x +y3 3
a + b2
2. Rationalize the denominators and simplify.
1 2 2 3 5 #1 3– 2
a. b. c. d. e. f.
2 –1 3– 2 5 %1 6–2 5 –1 2 3– 2
2 5 –2 2 5– 7 a a# b 3
g. h. i. j. k.
2 10 – 6 7– 5 a# b a– b 3 3–2 7
3. Rationalize the denominators and simplify.
1 1 2 2 1 1
a. # b. # c. +
5# 2 5– 2 2– 2 2# 2 3# 3 3– 3
2 2 3 3 2 3
d. – # e. – #
2 #1 2 –1 2 2 3 #1 1 – 3 3 3
Answers
21 15 30 10 b 2
1. a. b. c. ñ2 d. –ò15 e. ò15 f. g. h. i. j. ab 2. a. ñ2 + 1
7 3 4 20 a xy
5 –1 3 6 #6 3# 5 4– 6 35 # 3
b. ñ6 – 2 c. d. e. f. g. 5ñ2 – ò10 + 3 ñ5 – 3 h.
2 2 2 10 2
a – ab a # b # 2 ab 2 5 6 –16 # 3 2
i. j. k. –9ñ3 – 6ñ7 3. a. b. ñ2 c. d. e. 17 3 – 3
a–b a–b 3 6 4 6
26 Algebra 8
EXERCISES 1 .1
1. Evaluate the square roots. 5. Perform the operations.
h. 9x3 # 16 x3 – 4 x 25 x
2. Simplify the expressions.
a. ñ3 $ ñ3 b. ñ5 $ ñ5 i. 2.25 – 2.89 # 1.44
c. ñ3 $ ò12 d. ñ3 $ ò27
h. 3 2 x + 4 + 18 xy
2
g. 3a + 5a
e. 8–2 7 f. 5 # 24
g. 7– 4 3 h. 3# 8 # 3– 8
4. Write each number as a mixed radical.
i. 4 # 15 – 4 – 15 f. a # 2 # 8a – a
a. ñ8 b. ò72 c. ó243
d. 1000 e. ó125 f. x3 y2 k. 2 # 2 4 # 12
Radicals 27
3 2 2 10 # 2 21
d. 13 # 6 # 6 # 9 j. k. l.
2# 3 3– 5 7# 3
a. 2 2 2 2 ... $ x b. 3 3 3 3 ... $ x
11. Perform the operations.
c. 3x # 3x # 3x # ... $ 9 1 1
a. #
3 2
3 2
b. #
9. Find the products. 3 #1 3 –1
a. ñ5 $ (ñ2 + ñ3) 5 2
c. –
b. ñ7 $ (1 + ñ7) 2 3 – 11 2 3 # 11
c. –ñ2 $ (ñ3 – ñ8 + 1) d. 4 2 2 3
–
3 #2 2 3–2 2
d. ñ2 $ (ñ8 + ò32)
e. ñ6 $ (2ñ3 + 3ñ2)
f. (3 + ñ5) $ (3 – ñ5)
28 Algebra 8
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Objectives
After studying this section you will be able to:
1 Understand the concepts of nth root and rational exponent.
2 Write numbers in radical or rational exponent form.
3 Understand the properties of expressions with rational exponents.
4 Use the properties of rational exponents to solve problems.
A. RATIONAL EXPONENTS
1. nth Roots
In section 8.2 we studied exponential equations.
For example, 2n ! 2n = 2 is an exponential equation. Let us solve it.
2n ! 2n = 22n = 2 (an ! am = an+m)
22n = 21
1 1
1 1
2n = 1, n = . If we substitute for n in the original equation we will get 2 2 # 22 ! 2,
2 2
1
Remember that we do not usually write the index for square roots:
2
ña = ña.
Look at some examples of different roots:
52 = 25 and 5 = ò25 ‘the square root of 25 is 5’,
3
23 = 8 and 2 = ñ8 ‘the cube root of 8 is 2’,
3
33 = 27 and 3 = ò27 ‘the cube root of 27 is 3’, and
4
24 = 16 and 2 = ò16 ‘the fourth root of 16 is 2’.
Radicals 29