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A. RATIONAL NUMBERS: THE SET Q


1. Understanding Rational Numbers
Definition
The ratio of an integer to a non-zero integer is called a rational n umber . The set of rational
a
numbers is denoted by Q. Q = { | a, b " Z, b # 0}
b

2. The Set of Positive Rational Numbers


If a rational number represents a point on the number line on the right side of zero, then it
is called a positive rational number.
a
In short, is a positive rational number if a and b are both positive integers or both nega-
b
tive integers.
#2 –2 2
For example, and are positive rational numbers, and denoted by .
#7 –7 7

Definition

The set of positive rational numbers is denoted by Q+.


a a
Q+ = { | ! 0 and a, b " !, b # 0}
b b

3. The Set of Negative Rational Numbers


If a rational number represents a point on the number line on the left side of zero, then it is
called a negative rational number.
a
In short, is a negative rational number if a is a positive integer and b is a negative integer,
b
or if a is a negative integer and b is a positive integer.
–5 #5
For example, and are negative rational numbers. We can write negative rational
#4 –4
5 –5 5
numbers in three ways: – $ $ .
4 4 –4

Definition
The set of negative rational numbers is denoted by Q–.
a a
Q– = { | " 0 and a, b " !, b # 0}
b b

Algebra 8

A. THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS


1. Understanding Real Numbers
In algebra we use many different sets of numbers. For example, we use the natural numbers
to express quantities of whole objects that we can count, such as the number of students in
a class, or the number of books on a shelf.
The set of natural numbers is denoted by N.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}

!" !$ !% !& !' !( ) ( ' & % $ "


</04./3 24,5-.6

The set of whole numbers is the set of natural numbers together with zero. It is denoted by
W.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}

!" !$ !% !& !' !( ) ( ' & % $ "


:;+3- 24,5-.6

The set of integers is the set of natural numbers, together with zero and the negatives of the
natural numbers. It is denoted by Z.
Z = {..., –5, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}

!" !$ !% !& !' !( ) ( ' & % $ "


820-9-.6

We use integers to express temperatures below zero, distances above and below sea level, and
increases and decreases in stock prices, etc. For example, we can write ten degrees Celsius
below zero as –10°C.
To express ratios between numbers, and parts of wholes, we use rational numbers.
8 2 3 0 17
For example, , , – , , and are rational numbers.
3 5 7 7 1
The set of rational numbers is the set of numbers that can be written as the quotient of two
integers. It is denoted by Q.
a
Q={ | a, b "! and b # 0}
b
7 ( ' $ (&
' ' & % '
!7 !" !$ !% !& !' !( ) ( ' & % $ " 7
*+,- ./01+2/3 24,5-.6
Radicals

We can write every rational number as a repeating or terminating decimal. Conversely, we


can write any repeating or terminating decimal as a rational number.
3 321
For example, $ 0.6, and $ 0.324 = 0.324242424...
5 990
––
0.6 is a terminating decimal, and 0.324 is a repeating decimal.
There are some decimals which do not repeat or terminate.
For example, the decimals 0.1012001230001234000 ...
3.141592653 ... = $

2.71828 ... =e
R = R+ & {0} & R–
R+ is the set of positive 1.4142135 ... = ñ2
real numbers
R– is the set of negative do not terminate and do not repeat. Therefore, we cannot write these decimals as rational
real numbers numbers. We say that they are irrational.

Definition
A number whose decimal form does not repeat or terminate is called an irrational number.
The set of irrational numbers is denoted by Q% or I.
Definition
The union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers forms the set of
all decimals. This union is called the set of real numbers .
The set of real numbers is denoted by R.
R=Q & Q%

Real Numbers For every real number there is a point on the number line. In
other words, there is a one-to-one correspondence between
the real numbers and the points on the number line.
!&)%" !()" ()* + "

!" !$ !% !& !' ( ' & % $ "

!"#$ &'()"*'+ *,#-$&.

The real numbers fill up the number line.


We can summarize the relationship between the different sets
of numbers that we have described in a diagram. As we know,
the set of natural numbers is a subset of the set of whole
numbers, the set of whole numbers is a subset of the set of
integers, the set of integers is a subset of the set of rational
numbers, and the set of rational numbers is a subset of the
N W Z Q R
Q R set of real numbers. This relationship is shown by the dia-
gram on the left.

2 Algebra 8

1. Understanding Square Roots


Remember that we can write a ' a as a2. We call a2 the square of a, and multiplying a number
by itself is called squaring the number. The inverse operation of squaring a number is called
finding the square root of the number.

Objectives
After studying this section you will be able to:
1. Understand the concepts of square root and radical number.
2. Use the properties of square roots to simplify expressions.
3. Find the product of square roots.
4. Rationalize the denominator of a fraction containing square roots.

Definition

If a2 = b then a is the square root of b (a ( 0, b ( 0).


We use the symbol ñ to denote the square root of a number. ñb is read as ‘the square root of
b’. So if 2 = then = , 0.

Here are the square roots of all the perfect squares from 1 to 100.
12 = 1 ) ñ1 = 1 62 = 36 ) ò36 = 6
2
2 =4 ) ñ4 = 2 72 = 49 ) ò49 = 7
32 = 9 ) ñ9 = 3 82 = 64 ) ò64 = 8
42 = 16 ) ò16 = 4 92 = 81 ) ò81 = 9
52 = 25 ) ò25 = 5 102 = 100 ) ó100 = 10
The equation x2 = 9 can be stated as the question, ‘What number multiplied itself is 9?’
There are two such numbers, 3 and –3.

Rule
If x " R then
'( x if x & 0.
x2 $| x |$ )
*( – x if x " 0.

In other words, if x is a non-negative real number, then x2 $ x, and

if x is a negative real number, then x2 $ – x.

Radicals 3

For example, 32 $ 3, ( 32 $ 9 $ 3), and

(–3)2 $ –(–3) $ 3 ( (–3) 2 $ 9 $ 3).

We can conclude that the square root of any real number will always be greater than or equal
to zero. ò–9 is undefined. Negative numbers have no square root because the square of any
real number cannot be negative.
ò–9 # 3, since 32 is 9, not (–9).
ò–9 # –3, since (–3)2 is 9, not (–9).

Note

x = ñ9 and x2 = 9 have different meanings in the set of all real numbers.

# ñ9 = 32 = |3| = 3

# If x2 = 9 then x = 3 or x = –3.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate each square root.


a. ò81 b. ñ1 c. ñ0 d. ò64 e. ñ9 f. ó0.64

h. –ó0.09 i. ò–4
2
g. –ó100 j. (–4) k. –4
2

Solution a. ò81 = 9 b. ñ1 = 1 c. ñ0 = 0

4 2
d. ò64 = 8 e. $ f. ó0.64 = 0.8
9 3

g. –ó100 = –10 h. –ó0.09 = –0.3 i. ò–4 is undefined

j. (–4) $ 16 $ 4
2
k. –42 $ –16 is undefined

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate each square root.


a. ó100 b. ó121 c. ó144 d. ó169 e. ó225 f. ó361
g. ó400 h. ó625 i. 1225 j. 10000

Solution a. ó100 = 10 b. ó121 = 11 c. ó144 = 12

d. ó169 = 13 e. ó225 = 15 f. ó361 = 19

g. ó400 = 20 h. ó625 = 25 i. 1225 $ 35


j. 10000 $ 100

4 Algebra 8

2. Properties of Square Roots


Property
For any real number a and b, where a ( 0, and b ( 0,
ña $ ñb = óa $ b.

For example, 25 + 16 $ 25 + 16 $ 5 + 4 $ 20,

3 + 27 $ 3 + 27 $ 81 $ 9,

36 a2 $ 36 a2 $ 6 a ( a & 0), and


5 + 5 $ 5 + 5 $ 25 $ 5.

Note b(0 óa . 6 =
If a ( 0 then a(0
) ña . ñ6

ña ' ñ a = ó a ' a = a2 $ a.

Mathematics is a universal language.

EXAMPLE 3 Simplify each of the following.


a. ñ2 $ ñ8 b. ñ7 $ ñ7 c. ò50 $ ñ2 d. ò25 $ ñ1 e. ó576 f. ò10 $ ò90

Solution a. ñ2 $ ñ8 = ó2 $ 8 = ò16 = 4 b. 7 + 7 $ 7 + 7 $ 49 $ 7

c. ò50 $ ñ2 = ó50$2 = ó100 = 10 d. 25 + 1 $ 25 + 1 $ 25 $ 5

e. 576 $ 36 + 16 $ 36 + 16 $ 6 + 4 $ 24

f. 10 + 90 $ 10 + 90 $ 900 $ 30

Property
For any real numbers a and b, where a ( 0, and b > 0,
a a
$ .
b b

24 24
If a > 0 then
For example, $ $ 4 $ 2, and
6 6
a a
= =
1 =
1. 1 1 1
a a $ $ .
49 49 7

Radicals 5

EXAMPLE 4 Simplify the expressions.


25 50 16 1 1 625
a. b. c. d. e. – f.
9 2 49 64 100 144

24a
3
a5 + b 6 x+y
g. h. i.
6a ab2 x3 + y3

25 25 5 50 50
Solution a. = = b. $ $ 25 $ 5
9 9 3 2 2
16 16 4 1 1 1
c. $ $ d. $ $
49 49 7 64 64 8

1 1 1 625 625 25
e. – $– $– f. $ $
100 100 10 144 144 12

24a3 24a3
g. $ $ 4 + a2 $ 4 + a2 $ 2a
6a 6a

a5 + b6 a5 + b6
h. $ $ a4 + b4 $ ( a2 + b2 )2 $ a2 b2
ab 2 ab2

x+y x+ y 1 1 1
i. $ $ $ $
x3 + y3 x3 + y3 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 xy

Property

For any real number a and n " Z, ( a )n * an (a ( 0).

Proof

( a )n ! a # a # a # ... # a! a # a # a # ...# a ! an

n factors of ña n factors of a

For example, ( a )2 $ a2 $ a,

( 5 )3 $ 53 $ 125, and

( 2)8 $ 2 8 $ 256 $ 16.

6 Algebra 8

EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate
(ñ2)4 + (ñ5)4 – (ñ5)2 – (ñ2)6.

Solution ( 2)2 # ( 5)4 – ( 5) 2 –( 2) 6 $ 2 4 # 5 4 – 5 2 – 2 6

$ (22 )2 # (52 )2 – 52 – (23 )2


$ 22 # 52 – 5 – 23 $ 4 # 25 – 5 – 8 $16

3. Working with Pure and Mixed Radicals


Definition

n
A radical expression is an expression of the form a.

index n radical sign

radicand

Square roots have index 2. However, we usually write square roots in their shorter form, ña:
2
a$ a

Definition
A mixed radical is a radical of the form
x+ n
a (x " Q, x % {–1, 0, 1})

For example, 3ñ2, 6ñ7, and 9ó115 are mixed radicals.


ò55, ò99, and ò27 are not mixed radicals. We say that they are pure radicals.
We can convert between mixed and pure radical numbers to simplify radical expressions.

Property
For any real numbers a and b, where a ( 0 and b ( 0,
2
a # b ! a b and a b ! a2 # b.

For example, 8 $ 4 + 2 $ 2 2 + 2 $ 2 2 + 2 $ 2 2,

27 $ 9 + 3 $ 32 + 3 $ 32 + 3 $ 3 3,

32 $ 16 + 2 $ 4 2 + 2 $ 42 + 2 $ 4 2, and

50 $ 25 + 2 $ 5 2 + 2 $ 52 + 2 $ 5 2.

Radicals 7

EXAMPLE 6 Simplify the expressions.


a. ñ8 + 2ò32 – ò18 + ò72 – ò98
b. 2ò4 8 + 3ò27 – ó108 + ó243

Solution a. 8 = 22 + 2 = 2 2 -
(
(
2 32 = 2 42 + 2 = 8 2(
( 8 # 2 32 , 18 # 72 , 98
18 = 32 + 2 = 3 2 / .
( $ 2 2 # 8 2 , 3 2 # 6 2 ,7 2
72 = 62 + 2 = 6 2 (
( $ 2 + (2 # 8 , 3 # 6 , 7) $ 6 2
98 = 7 2 + 2 = 7 2
(
0

b. 2 48 # 3 27 – 108 # 243 $ 2 4 2 + 3 #3 3 2 +3 – 6 2 +3 # 9 2 +3

$ 8 3 # 9 3 – 6 3 #9 3
$ (8 # 9 – 6 # 9) 3 $ 20 3

EXAMPLE 7 Write the numbers as pure radicals.


a. 2ñ2 b. 3ñ5 c. 5ñ3 d. 10ò10 e. xñy

Solution a. 2 2 ! 22 # 2 ! 22 # 2 ! 4# 2 ! 8

b. 3 5 ! 32 # 5 ! 9 # 5 ! 45

c. 5 3 ! 52 # 3 ! 25 # 3 ! 75

d. 10 10 ! 10 2 # 10 ! 100 # 10 ! 1000

e. x y $ x y 2

Property
For any non-zero real numbers a, b, c, and x,
añx + bñx – cñx = (a + b – c)ñx .

Note
ña + ñb # ó a+b
For example,
ñ9 + ò16 = 3 + 4 = 7, but ó9 + 16 = ò25 = 5.

8 Algebra 8

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EXAMPLE 8 Perform the operations.

a. ñ3 + ñ3 b. 2ñ5 + ñ5 c. 3ñ6 + 4ñ6 d. 10ñ5 – 3ñ5


e. ò50 + ò98 + ó162 f. 5ñx – ò9x + ó64x

Solution a. ñ3 + ñ3 = (1 + 1) ñ3 = 2ñ3
b. 2ñ5 + ñ5 = (2 + 1) ñ5 = 3ñ5
c. 3ñ6 + 4ñ6 = (3 + 4)ñ6 = 7ñ6
d. 10ñ5 – 3 ñ5 = (10 – 3)ñ5 = 7ñ5
e. ò50 + ò98 + ó162 = ó25$2 + ó49$2 + ó81$2 = 5ñ2 + 7ñ2 + 9ñ2
= (5 + 7 + 9)ñ2 = 21ñ2
f. 5ñx – ò9x + ó64x = 5ñx – 3ñx + 8ñx = (5 – 3 + 8) ñx = 10ñx

EXAMPLE 9 Compare the following numbers.

a. ñ7 ... 3 b. 3ñ5 ... 2ò10 c. 2ñ7 ... 3ñ3 d. –2ñ3 ... –3ñ2

Solution a. 7...3 b. 3 5...2 10 c. 2 7...3 3 d. –2 3... – 3 2

7... 9 3 + 5... 2 + 10
2 2
2 + 7... 3 + 3
2 2
– 22 + 3... – 32 + 2
7" 9 45 ! 40 28 ! 27 – 12 ! – 18
7 "3 3 5 ! 2 10 2 7 !3 3 –2 3 ! –3 2

Property
Let a, b, m, and n be four real numbers, satisfying a = m + n and b = m ' n. Then,

1. m # n $ a#2 b 2. m– n ! a–2 b ( m $ n)

Proof
1. In order to verify these expressions, suppose that t = ò m + ñn.
t2 = (ò m + ñn)2 = (ò m + ñn) $ (ò m + ñn)
= (ò m $ ñ n) + ( ò m $ ñ n) + ( ñn $ ò m ) + (ñn $ ñ n)
(by the distributive property)
= m + (ò m $ ñ n) + (ñn $ ò m ) + n
= m + n + 2 óm $ n (by the commutative property)

a b

) t2 = a + 2ñb ) t = a#2 b
2. We can prove the second part in the same way. Try it yourself.

Radicals 9

EXAMPLE 10 Simplify the expressions. Use the property to help you.

a. 3#2 2 b. 5#2 6 c. 6 # 32 d. 6–4 2

e. 5 # 21 f. 2# 3

Solution a. 3 # 2 2 $ 2 # 1 $ 2 #1 b. 5#2 6 $ 3 # 2

2+1 2$1 3+2 3$2

c. 6 # 32 $ 6 # 2 8 $ 4 # 2 $ 2 # 2

4+2 4$2

d. 6 – 4 2 $ 6 – 2 + 2 2 $ 6 – 2 22 + 2 $ 6 – 2 8 $ 4 – 2 $2 – 2

4+2 4$2

e. We need a 2 in front of ò21 before we can use the property. Therefore, let us multi-
2
ply the expression by .
2
7+3 7$3

2 2 + (5 # 21) 10 # 2 21 7# 3 7 3
5 # 21 $ + 5 # 21 $ $ $ $ #
2 2 2 2 2 2

3+1 3$1

2 4#2 3 3# 1 3 1
f. + 2# 3 $ $ $ #
2 2 2 2 2

Check Yourself 1
1. Simplify the expressions.
a. ñ2 $ ñ2 b. ñ8 $ ò32 c. ò3x $ ó12x d. ñ2 $ ò18

32 12 a+ b 1
e. f. g. h. –
2 3 a3 + b 3 49
2. Evaluate the following.

a. (ñ3)2 + (ñ4)4 – (ñ5)2 – (ñ2)4 b. (ña)4 + (ñb)2 – (ñc)6


3. Simplify the expressions.
a. ò18 b. ò50 c. ò48 d. ò20 e. 5ñ3 – 2ñ3 + ñ3
f. 2ñ2 + 3ñ2 – 4ñ2 g. ò50 – ò18 – ò32 h. ó12x + ó27x – ó48x

2 Algebra 8

4. Write each number as a pure radical.


a. 5ñ3 b. 3ñ5 c. 4ñ2 d. 2ñ5 e. añb
5. Perform the operations.
10 15 27 75 12
a. 6 #2 b. 5ñ2 – ñ8 c. ò27 – ò48 d. # –
3 2 4 4 4
6. Compare the numbers.
1 1
a. 3ñ5 and 2ò10 b. and c. –2ñ5 and –3ñ3
2 3
7. Write each expression in its simplest form.

a. 3– 2 2 b. 6#2 8 c. 7 – 2 10 d. 3 # 8 e. 9– 4 5 f. 7 – 48

g. ( 6 – 2 ) # ( 8 % 2 12 ) h. ( 7 % 1) # ( 8 – 28 ) i. 3– 5 # 3% 5

Answers
1 1
1. a. 2 b. 16 c. 6x d. 6 e. 4 f. 2 g. h. – 2. a. 10 b. a2 + b – c3 3. a. 3ñ2 b. 5ñ2
ab 7
c. 4ñ3 d. 2ñ5 e. 4ñ3 f. ñ2 g. –2ñ2 h. ò3x 4. a. ò75 b. ò45 c. ò32 d. ò20 e. a2 # b

1 1
5. a. 3ò30 b. 3ñ2 c. –ñ3 d. 3ñ3 6. a. 3ñ5 > 2ò10 b. ! c. –2ñ5 > –3ñ3 7. a. ñ2 – 1
2 3
b. 2 + ñ2 c. ñ5 – ñ2 d. ñ2 + 1 e. ñ5 – 2 f. 2 – ñ3 g. 4 h. 6 i. 2

EXAMPLE 11 Simplify the following.


1 9
a. 4 # 21 # 13 # 9 b. 6 6 72 16 c. 1# 1#
16 16

Solution Start from the radical on the ‘inside’ of the expression and move outwards.
a. Start with ñ9, on the inside, and work outwards.

4 # 21 # 13 # 9 $ 4 # 21 # 13 # 3 $ 4 # 21 # 16

$ 4 # 21 # 4 $ 4 # 25 $ 4 # 5 $ 9 $ 3

1 4 1
b. 6 6 72 16 $ 6 6 72 $ 6 6 72
16 16 4

1
$ 6 6 72 + $ 6 6 36
2

$ 6 6 + 6 $ 6 36 $ 6 + 6 $ 36 $ 6

9 25 5 9 3
c. 1# 1# $ 1# $ 1# $ $
16 16 4 4 2
Radicals 2

EXAMPLE 12 a. Evaluate 2 2 2 2 ... b. a a a a ... $ 7. Find a.

c. x # x # x # ... $ 5. Find x.

Solution a. Let x $ 2 2 2 2 ... .

x2 $ ( 2 2 2 2 ... ) 2 (take the square of both sides)

x $ 2 2 2 2 2 ...
2
(remove a square root)
"##$##%
x

x2 $ 2 + x ( 2 2 2 ... $ x)
x +x 2x
$ (simplify)
x x

. x $ 2. Therefore, 2 2 2 2 ... $2.

b. a a a a ... $ 7 c. ( x # x # x # ... ) 2 $ 5 2

( a a a a ... ) 2 $ 7 2 x # x # x # x # ... $ 25
"###$###
%
5

a a a a ... $ 49 x # 5 $ 25
"#
#$##
%
7
x $ 20
a + 7 $ 49
a$7

4. Multiplying Square Roots


To multiply expressions containing square roots, we used the product property of square
roots: ña $ ñb = óa $ b. We can also use the distributive property of multiplication over
addition and subtraction to simplify the products of expressions that contain radicals.
For example,
2ñ8 $ 3ñ2 = 2 $ 3 $ ñ8 $ ñ2 Multiply the rational part by the rational
= 6ò16 part and the radical part by the radical
part.
= 6$4
= 24

ñ2 $ (ñ3 + 2ñ2) = ñ2 $ ñ3 + ñ2 $ 2 $ ñ2
= ñ6 + 2 $ ñ2 $ ñ2
= ñ6 + 2 $ 2
= ñ6 + 4
22 Algebra 8

EXAMPLE 13 Perform the operations.

a. ñ2(ñ5 + ñ3) b. ñ3(3ñ3 + 2 ñ2) c. 2ñ5(ñ3 + ñ2 + 2ñ5 – ñ7)

Solution a. ñ2(ñ5 + ñ3) = ñ2 $ ñ5 + ñ2 $ ñ3 = ó2 $ 5 + ó2 $ 3 = ò10 + ñ6


b. ñ3(3ñ3 + 2 ñ2)= ñ3 $ 3ñ3 + ñ3 $ 2ñ2 = 3 $ ó3 $ 3 + 2 $ ó3 $ 2
= 3 $ 3 + 2 $ ñ6 = 9 + 2ñ6
c. 2ñ5(ñ3 + ñ2 + 2ñ5 – ñ7) = 2ñ5 $ ñ3 + 2ñ5 $ ñ2 + 2ñ5 $ 2ñ5 – 2 ñ5 $ ñ7
= 2ò15 + 2ò10 + 4ò25 – 2ò35
= 2ò15 + 2ò10 + 20 – 2ò35

EXAMPLE 14 Multiply and simplify.

a. (ñ2 + ñ3) $ (ñ2 + ñ3) b. (5 + ñ5) $ (5 + ñ5)

Solution a. (ñ2 + ñ3) $ (ñ2 + ñ3) = ñ2 $ ñ2 + ñ2 $ ñ3 + ñ3 $ ñ2 + ñ3 $ ñ3

= ñ4 + ñ6 + ñ6 + ñ9 = 2 + 2ñ6 + 3 = 5 + 2ñ6

b. (5 + ñ5) $ (5 + ñ5)= 52 + 2 $ 5 $ ñ5 + (ñ5)2


= 25 + 10ñ5 + 5 = 30 + 10ñ5

EXAMPLE 15 Multiply and simplify.

a. (ñ2 + 1) $ (ñ2 – 1) b. (ñ5 + ñ3) $ (ñ5 – ñ3) c. (1 – 2ñ2) $ (1 + 2ñ2)


d. (ña + 1) $ (ña – 1) e. (ña + ñb) $ (ña – ñb)

Solution a. (ñ2 + 1) $ (ñ2 – 1) = ñ2 $ ñ2 – ñ2 $ 1+1 $ ñ2 – 1 $ 1 = (ñ2)2 $ 12 = 2 – 1 = 1


b. (ñ5 + ñ3) $ (ñ5 – ñ3) = (ñ5)2 – (ñ3)2 = 5 – 3 = 2
c. (1 – 2ñ2) $ (1 + 2ñ2) = 12 – (2ñ2)2 = 1 – 4 $ 2 = 1 – 8 = –7
d. (ña + 1) $ (ña – 1) = (ña)2 – 12 = a – 1 (a ( 0)
e. (ña + ñb) $ (ña – ñb) = (ña)2 – (ñb)2 = a – b (a, b ( 0)

EXAMPLE 16 Multiply and simplify.

a. 3% 5 # 3– 5 b. 2% 2 # 2– 2 c. a% b # a– b

Solution a. 3 # 5 + 3 – 5 $ (3 # 5) + (3 – 5) $ 3 2 – ( 5) 2 $ 9 – 5 $ 4 $ 2

b. 2 # 2 + 2 – 2 $ (2 # 2 ) + (2 – 2 ) $ 2 2 – ( 2 ) 2 $ 4 – 2 $ 2

c. a% b # a– b ! a2 – b

Radicals 23

EXAMPLE 17 Multiply and simplify.

a. (ñ3 + ñ2) $ (ñ5 – 1) b. (ñ5 + ñ3) $ (ñ7 + ñ2)


c. (2ñ3 + 1) $ (ñ5 + 1) d. (3ñ2 – 2) $ (ñ5 – ñ3)

Solution a. (ñ3 + ñ2) $ (ñ5 – 1)= (ñ3 $ ñ5) – (ñ3 $ 1) + (ñ2 $ ñ5) – (ñ2 $ 1)
= ò15 – ñ3 + ò10 – ñ2
b. (ñ5 + ñ3) $ (ñ7 + ñ2) = ( ñ5 $ ñ7) + (ñ5 $ ñ2) + (ñ3 $ ñ7) + (ñ3 $ ñ2)
= ò35 + ò10 + ò21 + ñ6
c. (2ñ3 + 1) $ (ñ5 + 1) = (2ñ3 $ ñ5) + (2ñ3 $ 1) + (1 $ ñ5) + 1
= 2ò15 + 2ñ3 + ñ5 + 1
d. (3ñ2 – 2) $ (ñ5 – ñ3)= (3ñ2 $ ñ5) – (3ñ2 $ ñ3) – (2 ñ5 + 2ñ3)
= 3ò10 – 3 ñ6 – 2 ñ5 + 2ñ3

5. Rationalizing Denominators
3 10 19 1
Look at the numbers , , , and . They are all fractions, and each fraction
5 2 12 13
has an irrational number as the denominator. In math, it is easier to work with fractions that

have a rational number as the denominator.


Definition
Changing the denominator of a fraction from an irrational number to a rational number is
called rationalizing the denominator of the fraction. Rationalizing the denominator does not
change the value of the original fraction.
To rationalize the denominator, we multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction
a
by a suitable factor. For example, if the fraction is in the form , we multiply both the
b
numerator and the denominator by ñb.

a a b a+b ab a ab
So, $ + $ $ . Note that and have the same value: they are
b b b b+b b b b
equivalent fractions.
Look at some more examples:
3 3 2 3+ 2 3 + 2 6 6
$ + $ $ $ $ ,
2 2 2 2+ 2 2 + 2 4 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
$ + $ $ $ 3, and
3 3 3 3+ 3 3
3 5 3 5 2 3+ 5+2 3 + 10 3 10
$ + $ $ $ .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2+2 2+2 4

24 Algebra 8

Definition
An expression with exactly two terms is called a binomial expression. Two binomial expressions
whose first terms are equal and last terms are opposite are called conjugates , i.e. a + b and
a – b are conjugates.

If a ( 0 and b ( 0, then the binomials xña + yñb and xña – yñb are conjugates. We can use
conjugates to rationalize denominators that contain radical expressions.
1
For example, let us rationalize . ñ3 – ñ2 is the conjugate of ñ3 + ñ2.
3# 2
Therefore, we multiply the numerator and the denominator by ñ3 – ñ2 to rationalize the
denominator.
1 3– 2 1 + ( 3 – 2) 3– 2 3– 2 3– 2
+ $ $ $ $ $ 3– 2
3# 2 3– 2 ( 3 # 2) +( 3 – 2) ( 3) 2 – ( 2) 2 3–2 1

Remark
(a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
(ña + ñb)(ña – ñb) = a – b where a ( 0 and b ( 0.

EXAMPLE 18 Rationalize the denominators.


5 3– 2 6# 2 3 2 –2
a. b. c. d.
3–2 2 2 2 –1 1– 3 5#2 5

5 5 3#2 2 5 + (3 # 2 2 ) 5 +3 # 5 +2 2
Solution a. $ + $ $
3–2 2 3–2 2 3#2 2 (3 – 2 2 )(3 # 2 2 ) 3 2 – (2 2 ) 2
3 5 # 2 10 3 5 # 2 10
$ $ $ 3 5 # 2 10
9–8 1

3– 2 ( 3 – 2 ) (2 2 # 1) 3 + 2 2 # 3 +1 – 2 + 2 2 – 2 +1
b. $ + $
2 2 –1 (2 2 – 1) (2 2 # 1) (2 2) 2 – 12
2 6 # 3 –2 2 +2 – 2 2 6 # 3 –4– 2
$ $
8 –1 7

6# 2 ( 6 # 2 ) (1 # 3) 6 # 6 + 3 # 2 +1 # 2 + 3
c. $ + $
1– 3 (1 – 3) (1 # 3) 12 – ( 3) 2
6 # 18 # 2 # 6 6 # 3 2 # 2 # 6 2 6 #4 2
$ $ $ $– 6 – 2 2
1– 3 –2 –2

3 2 –2 (3 2 – 2) (5 – 2 5) 3 2 + 5 – 3 2 + 2 5 – 2 + 5 – 2 +2 5
d. $ + $
5#2 5 (5 # 2 5) (5 – 2 5) 5 2 – (2 5) 2
15 2 – 6 10 – 10 – 4 5 15 2 – 6 10 – 10 – 4 5
$ $
25 – 20 5
Radicals 25

EXAMPLE 19 Rationalize the denominators to find the sum.

3 2
#
3 #2 2 3–2 2

3 2 1 3 3–2 2 2 1 2 3 #2 2 2
Solution # $3 + 4#3 + 4
3 #2 2 3–2 2 5 3 # 2 2 3 – 2 2 6 5 3 – 2 2 3 #2 2 6
( 3 + ( 3 – 2 2)) #( 2 + ( 3 #2 2 ))
$
( 3 # 2 2) + ( 3 – 2 2 )
( 3 + 3) – ( 3 + 2 2 ) #( 2 + 3) #( 2 + 2 2 )
$
( 3)2 – (2 2 )2
3–2 6 # 6 #4 7– 6 6 –7
$ $ $
3–8 –5 5
Check Yourself 2
1. Rationalize the denominators and simplify.
3 5 1 3 3 5 3 5
a. b. c. 2 d. –5 + e. f.
7 3 2 5 3 2 6

1 a + b 2 x + y a3 + b4
g. h. i. j.
2 10 a 3
x +y3 3
a + b2
2. Rationalize the denominators and simplify.
1 2 2 3 5 #1 3– 2
a. b. c. d. e. f.
2 –1 3– 2 5 %1 6–2 5 –1 2 3– 2

2 5 –2 2 5– 7 a a# b 3
g. h. i. j. k.
2 10 – 6 7– 5 a# b a– b 3 3–2 7
3. Rationalize the denominators and simplify.
1 1 2 2 1 1
a. # b. # c. +
5# 2 5– 2 2– 2 2# 2 3# 3 3– 3
2 2 3 3 2 3
d. – # e. – #
2 #1 2 –1 2 2 3 #1 1 – 3 3 3
Answers
21 15 30 10 b 2
1. a. b. c. ñ2 d. –ò15 e. ò15 f. g. h. i. j. ab 2. a. ñ2 + 1
7 3 4 20 a xy

5 –1 3 6 #6 3# 5 4– 6 35 # 3
b. ñ6 – 2 c. d. e. f. g. 5ñ2 – ò10 + 3 ñ5 – 3 h.
2 2 2 10 2
a – ab a # b # 2 ab 2 5 6 –16 # 3 2
i. j. k. –9ñ3 – 6ñ7 3. a. b. ñ2 c. d. e. 17 3 – 3
a–b a–b 3 6 4 6
26 Algebra 8

EXERCISES 1 .1
1. Evaluate the square roots. 5. Perform the operations.

a. ò36 b. ó100 c. –ó121 a. 3ñ3 + 2ñ3 b. 6ñ5 + ñ5

d. 16 x2 e. 25 # y2 f. 121 # a4 c. –5ñx + 5ñx d. ñ6 – 3 ñ6

e. 3ò18 + 2ò72 f. ò80 – ó125 + ò45

g. ò75 + ó108 – ò48 + ò27

h. 9x3 # 16 x3 – 4 x 25 x
2. Simplify the expressions.
a. ñ3 $ ñ3 b. ñ5 $ ñ5 i. 2.25 – 2.89 # 1.44
c. ñ3 $ ò12 d. ñ3 $ ò27

e. ò2x $ ò8x f. 6 xy + 24xy


j. 0.9 – 2.7 # 1.7 # 0.4

h. 3 2 x + 4 + 18 xy
2
g. 3a + 5a

3. Simplify the expressions.

50 72 108 6. Write each expression in its simplest form.


a. b. c.
2 8 27

72 x3 32 x3 y2 3xy3 a. 3#2 2 b. 5–2 6


d. e. f.
2 2x 24x 12 x3 y
c. 8 + 2 12 d. 11 # 96

e. 8–2 7 f. 5 # 24

g. 7– 4 3 h. 3# 8 # 3– 8
4. Write each number as a mixed radical.
i. 4 # 15 – 4 – 15 f. a # 2 # 8a – a
a. ñ8 b. ò72 c. ó243

d. 1000 e. ó125 f. x3 y2 k. 2 # 2 4 # 12

Radicals 27

7. Simplify the expressions. 10. Rationalize the denominators.


a. 32 # 21 – 23 # 4 3 3# 2 1
a. b. c. –
3 6 11
7 2
b. # – # 6# 9 1 –2
3 9 d. 1 # 2 e. f.
4 3 1– 2 3 #2
1 3 #1 4 10
c. 8 + 16 + + 9 + 16 g. h. i.
96 3 3 #2
3 –1 2 7 –5

3 2 2 10 # 2 21
d. 13 # 6 # 6 # 9 j. k. l.
2# 3 3– 5 7# 3

8. Find x in each equation.

a. 2 2 2 2 ... $ x b. 3 3 3 3 ... $ x
11. Perform the operations.
c. 3x # 3x # 3x # ... $ 9 1 1
a. #
3 2

3 2
b. #
9. Find the products. 3 #1 3 –1

a. ñ5 $ (ñ2 + ñ3) 5 2
c. –
b. ñ7 $ (1 + ñ7) 2 3 – 11 2 3 # 11

c. –ñ2 $ (ñ3 – ñ8 + 1) d. 4 2 2 3

3 #2 2 3–2 2
d. ñ2 $ (ñ8 + ò32)

e. ñ6 $ (2ñ3 + 3ñ2)

f. (3 + ñ5) $ (3 – ñ5)

g. (2ñ2 – 3) $ (2ñ2 + 3) 12. Perform the operations.


h. (2ñ3+2) $ (2ñ3 – 2)
5 #2 – 5 –2
a.
i. (ò12 + ñ8) $ (ñ3 – ñ2) 5 –1
j. (–ò12 + 2ñ2) $ (ñ2 + ñ3)
1# 2
b.
k. 2 %1 # 2 –1
2 # 11 # 72
l. 2 3%3 # 2 3–3
1 1 1 1
c. # # # ... #
m. 5%2 3 # 2% 3 # 16 – 9 3 2 #1 3# 2 4# 3 100 # 99

28 Algebra 8

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Objectives
After studying this section you will be able to:
1 Understand the concepts of nth root and rational exponent.
2 Write numbers in radical or rational exponent form.
3 Understand the properties of expressions with rational exponents.
4 Use the properties of rational exponents to solve problems.

A. RATIONAL EXPONENTS
1. nth Roots
In section 8.2 we studied exponential equations.
For example, 2n ! 2n = 2 is an exponential equation. Let us solve it.
2n ! 2n = 22n = 2 (an ! am = an+m)
22n = 21
1 1
1 1
2n = 1, n = . If we substitute for n in the original equation we will get 2 2 # 22 ! 2,
2 2
1

but we know that ñ2 ! ñ2 = 2. Therefore, 2 2 ! 2 ! 2 2.


Remark
Let x " R – {–1, 0, 1}.
If xm = xn then m = n.
Definition
For any natural number n and a, b " R.
1
n n
If an = b then a = b n ! b. a is called the n
th
root of b. It is denoted by .
n
In the expression ña, a is called the radicand and n is called the index.

Remember that we do not usually write the index for square roots:
2
ña = ña.
Look at some examples of different roots:
52 = 25 and 5 = ò25 ‘the square root of 25 is 5’,
3
23 = 8 and 2 = ñ8 ‘the cube root of 8 is 2’,
3
33 = 27 and 3 = ò27 ‘the cube root of 27 is 3’, and
4
24 = 16 and 2 = ò16 ‘the fourth root of 16 is 2’.
Radicals 29

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