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    12 views6 pages

    Maxwell Eq

    Uploaded by

    Arun S K

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    332 Chapter 7 Electrodynamics (@) What isthe curent at any subsequent time 1? (&) What isthe tal energy delivered tothe resistor? (©) Show tha this is equal tothe energy originally stored inthe inductor. ‘Problem 7.32 Two tiny wire loops, with areas a and a, ae situated a displacement 2 spurt ig. 742), las FIGURE 742 (e) Find their matul inductance: [Zins Treat them ao magnetic dipole, and woe Bq, 5.88 Is your formula consistent with Eq, 7.24? (©) Suppose a current fis flowing in loop 1, and we propose to turn ona current {iin loop 2, How much work must be done, against the mutually induced emt, to keep the current /; flowing in loop 17 In light of this result, comment on Fa, 6.35. Problem 7.33 An infinite cylinder of radius R caries a uniform surface charge o. ‘We propose to set it spinaing about its exis, ata inal angular velocity. How much ‘work will his take, per unit length? Do ittwo ways, and compare your answers: (a) Find the magnetic fil and the induced electric field (in the quasistatic approx Iauaion, Haske aid ouside de elds, hi ein oy si (i nance from the axis). Calculate the torque you must exer, and from that obtain the work dove per wit length (W = / Walp). () Use Bg, 735 to determine the energy stored inthe resulting magnetic field. 7.3. MAXWELU’S EQUATIONS 7.3.1 Mi Electrodynamics Before Maxwell So far, we have encountered the following laws, specifying the divergence and ‘eu of elec aud saguetic elds, © vB =2p Gass iw, G) V-B=0 — (ao name, Gi) vxE=—"3 Paraday’s tw), ar (wv) Vx B=yoJ (Ampire’s law). 7.3. Maxwells Equations 333 ‘These equations represent the state of electromagnetic theory in the mid-nineteenth century, when Maxwell began his work. They were not written in so compact a form, in those days, but their physical content was familia. Now, it happens that there is a fatal inconsistency in these formulas. It as to do with the old rule that ‘alvergence of curl iy always zero. If you apply dhe divergence w umber (I), everything works out: aB et, a weamey (2) <2 “The let side is zero because divergence of cur is zero; the right sie is zero by Virtue of equation (i). But when you do the same thing to number (iv), you get into trouble: V-(V xB) = pol¥ “J; (7.36) the left side must be zero, but the right side, in general, isnot. For steady currents, the divergence of J is zero, but when we go beyond magnetostatics Ampére's law ‘cannot be right. "There's another way to see that Ampére’s law is bound to fail for nonsteady ‘currents, Suppose we're in the process of charging up a capacitor (Fig. 7.43). In integral form, Ampare's law reads $B-a1= Holee: 1 want to apply it to the Amperian loop shown in the diagram, How do I deter- ‘mine Jay? Wel, it’ the total current paccing through the loop, or, more precivaly, the current piercing a surface that has the loop for its boundary. In this case, the simplest surface lis in the plane of the loop—the wire punctures this surface, so Tee = I-Fine—but what if I draw instead the balloon-shaped surface in Fig. 7.43? ‘No current passes through this surface, and I conclude that Fzyg = 0! We never had this problem in magnetostatics because the conflict arises only when charge Amperian log 7 home oop 334 Chapter 7 Electrodynamics is piling up somewhere (inthis case, on the capacitor plates). Bt for nonsteady ccurrents (such as this one) “the current enclosed by the loop” is an ill-defined notion; it depends entirely on what surface you use. (If this seems pedantic to ‘you—“obviously one should use the plane surface”—remember that the Ampe- ‘an loop could be some eonuried shape dat Uoesh"t even Ie ina plane) Of course, we had no right to expect Ampere’s law to hold outside of magne- tostatcs; alter all, We derived it trom the Biot-Savart law. However, in Maxwell's time there was no experimental reason to doubt that Ampére’s law was of wider validity. The flaw was a purely theoretical one, and Maxwell fixed it by purely theoretical arguments. 17.3.2 Ml How Maxwell Fixed Ampire’s Law ‘The problem is on the right side of Eq. 7.36, which should be zero, but isn’t. Applying the continuity equation (5.29) and Gauss's law, the offending term can be rewritten: aE Ht , If we were to combine (9K /34) with J, in Ampdre’s law, it would be just right to kill off the extra divergence: 8 dev. Vila ap ae aE Vx B= mod + noeos 3p (Maxwell himself had other reasons for wanting o add this quantity to Ampbre's Jaw ‘Tohim, the reseneof the continnity equation was happy dividend eather than primary motive. But today we recognize this argument as afar more compelling ‘one than Maxwells, which was based on a now-diseredited model ofthe ether )*® Such a modification changes nothing, as far as magnetostatics is concerned: ‘when E is constant, we still have V x B = oJ. In fact, Maxwell’ term is hard to detect in ordinary electromagnetic experiments, where it must compete for at- tention with J—that’s why Faraday and the others never discovered it in the lab- oratory. However, it plays a crucial role in the propagation of electromagnetic ‘waves, as we'll se in Chapter 9. ‘Apart from curing the defect in Ampére’s law. Maxwell's term has a cer- tain aesthetic appeal: ust as a changing magnetic field induces an electric field (Paraday’s nw), so?! A changing electri field induces a magnetic field. 29For te istry ofthis subject, see A.M Bork, Am. J: Phys. 3,854 (1963). see footnote 8 (page 313) fo commentary onthe Word induce” The same ssw arises here: Should changing electric fold be regarded as an independent source of magnetic fed (along with cua)? Ina proximate sense it does function as a source, bt since the elect field itself was produced by changes and crrens they lone ae the “ultimate” sources of Ean B. See 8, E,Hil, Phys. Tach 48, M3 (2011) forscoatry view, se C. Savage, Phys. Teach. 80,226 (2012) 7.3. Maxwells Equations 335 Of course, theoretical convenience and aesthetic consistency are only suggestive — there might, ater all, be other ways to doctor up Ampére's law. The real confir- mation of Maxwell's theory came in 1888 with Hertz's experiments on electro magnetic waves. ‘Maxwell called is extra veri the Ulyplacement current: oF (7.38) (dts a misleading name; €9(9E/0#) has nothing to do with current, except that it adds to J in Ampére’s lav.) Let's see now how displacement current resolves the paradox ofthe charging capacitor (Fig. 7.43) Ifthe capacitor plates are very close ‘together (I didn’t draw them that way, but the calculation is simpler if you assume this), then the electri field between them is @ @A where Q is the charge on the plate and A is its area. Thus, between the plates ae_ 140 “GA dt eA ‘Now, Eq. 7.37 reads, in integral form, $0.0. mint nef ( If we choose the flat surface, then E =O and lege = I. If on the other hand, we use the balloon-shaped surface, then Tex = 0, but f(GE/3t) -da = I/ea. So we get the same answer for either surface, though in the frst case it comes from the conduction curent, and inthe second from the displacement current (7.39) ‘Example 7.14. Imagine two concentric metal spherical shells Fig. 7.44). ‘The inner one (radius a) carries a charge Q(t), and the outer one (radius b) an ‘opposite charge —Q(). The space between them is filled with Ohmic material of ccondnetivity , 50 2 radial current flow: wo $% 1--0- fra 2 J-ck This configuration is spherically symmetrical, so the magnetic field has tobe 2er0 (the only direction it could possibly poiat is radial, and V-B —0-> §B- da = B(4zrr?) = 0, 0 B = 0), What? Ithought curents produce magnetic field! Isn't that what BiotSavart and Ampire taught us? How can there be a J with no accompanying B? 336 Chapter 7 Electrodynamics FIGURE 7.44 Solution ‘This is not a static configuration: Q, F, and J are all functions of time; Amptre and Biot-Savart do not apply. The displacement current, Problem 7.34 A fat wire, radius a, carries a constant curent 1, uniformly dis- tributed over its cross section. A narrow gap in the wire, of width w

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