Fundamentals of ELECTRIC Mee hep ed leet Ue ar-lg [somal bolas 1 WUE isaat tte te Lae]Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Charles K. Alexander Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Cleveland State University Matthew N. O. Sadiku Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Prairie View A&M University‘FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTIUC CIRCUITS, SEVENTH EDITION ‘ated oy Mee Ha sn? Pet aa New Yk NY EL Capit © Xt by MeGane ‘Eden Ul rgsmer Pandan ie Une Sc Amon Pov es © 207 38 "30m Norte ts pate ay secede my wy ye te (2 edaee sri puom wee the rr wten come f Mow Hae cy Da nant no my aoe or ther cs sage etme oan ds ae ‘Sexe sitar tain doco and pt coment y ct eae cote ne the Ts bn i printed ce per ISB 974126020609 amd de Sono 1b 26008 owed ane ASSN 978-2607 2 freee) AMD 120.4773 Geet aDedicated to our wives, Kikelomo and Hannah, whose understanding and ‘support have truly made this book possible. Matthew and ‘ChuckContents 12 Beary Bu 12 Problem Satong, 19 Surnmary 22 Review Quesone 75 Compechemive Pesan 2 bo prere i 4 i ‘| MBs Method tama 7 31 Irradecton 50 3 Neds Anais 00 33) Nacht Araya with Vege Sources 0 34 MestvAnais 9 35. Mesh Anayss wih arent Sources 96 35 Nodal and Mesh Ansiaes Dy leepoction 8 37 Neel Vero Mesh Anais 103 32 Creat Anais wth P5pice 103 32. Appleaions DC Trnisto Creuts 105 30 Simm 10 seater bb Review Queene 111 Comgerterive Pron 124ZeeueRry ee as sn a a Be: 88 SocondOrder Op impCroute 32 Seances 2 Bo PSpicohnabeiecF QCCweuite Sas io Oualey Bab an Appliclon a5t SLL Automate tytion Spee, MBB 6 Capacitors and instctors 23 iaeomenceee 81 Introduction 4 az Summary 358 62 Capacitors 24 essen Questions 155 3 Seresand Parallel Copactars 220 Prem 356 4 Inductors 234 Conpectemive Pros 368 85. Seresand Parallel Inductors 228 58 Applications 23 661 tage a 662 Dilferenistor PART? 87 Summary 238 Renee Questo 29 (Beery Sescittand rhasors 367 frobiems 280 7 Comprbeasive Problems 249 &. MMB yet Order raute 251 os 72 Introduction 252 98 72 TheScweefreeRCCeeail 255 73 TheSouceFree Ri Grevit 257 o 74 Seeuianity Functions 245 98 75 Stop Becponee ofan OCCueat om 2 Stop Response an AL Ceca 278 77. Fink Order Op Amp Cirats 282 99 72 TemsientAnaiyea with PSpice 267 79° Appkecation, a7 281 Dy Cate 292 ni Une 793 Rey Cat 294 Aumomabile Igstioe Circuit =. 0 Seomey 37 Rewer Gee 101 intodicton 02 roicm 3 302 Nodal tna Comping Prime 300 tes Mach Analnie 15we fan Sonmay se = aoa Getn 81 a rooe se Sooo at Copia 551 a7 Opsnpac Greats are Ss ao gee as Warts aga Coupled Gum ne DD Semey a Poa ly ‘St nrocction 54 rae a Se Mubelndoaes ss Ss teowyina Capid Gest St Umatenormes 35 Ss MedTantamen si . Si edhuarenlome 79 GRE scram os 187 Treo Dhase Traformers 82 TI hiaheton 458 SE Poaceae! Macretealy Ba ntokoneec and Average Power ash Covnled Cecats she ty fuamcheaenme ime at ib appieuse a Ri Hloatwortiate ase ‘Kot True a en rice 3S Roped Powered 192 Tefen orig ce Dene Focer a ona ns: Corie ow Sa By ComerntenstAC Power 0s meee 8 Sh Soetscceeae or a oe Apghaune we Copceenatn BBB Thewe thee Circuits sor The nee erent {No vatiy Gomten Ct —a TBE HtertsFroency Bassons 0 Copcnene ris 8 Introduction soz Passive Fiters 435 Balonced Three Phase Voie 503, 147K Lae Pas Fer Balanced Wye Wye Comecton $07 1422 BigP Fiber Balanced WyeDelta Connection $30 1473 Rant Pass Fer Balanced Dela-Deta 1474 Rand Sip Fie Connection ste 48 Active Fikers 640 ‘Balanced Deta:Wye Connection st SLT Firs Onder Low Pase ter Powerin aBulenced System 51 82 Fin Onter High Pe Fr Unbalanced Three Phase 13 Rnd Bae Fier Systems 525 LURE Mand Reject or Neth) Fer Dpte lrTrreeDhate Canute 527 May Sealing at Applestions 552 NOT Magnets Stingun ues £ @ ge ee £ Frequency Response Using Pipce $50 ‘Computation Using MATLAB 653 Aopications 655 14122 Tou Tone Feephone Semmary 66% Review Quesion. 622 Problems 68 Compechemine Petloms 671 ‘State Varables 728 Boplcations 735 AGB Neweok Soy 1662 Neuk Spates Semmary 743 Revew Qustom 744 Problem 755 Comprtense Potions 156 iBiter 8 Fourier Transioom on BRE ERE Irerocicton or Cetmiton ofthe Fouser Transform oct Properties ofthe Fourier Tamiorm 88.Appendic A Appendix 8 dereeta'e Append ‘Simutanoous Equations and Matris Inversion 2 Complex Numbers 2-9 Mathematical Forman Ab Anwwers to Odd Nembared Selected Bibliography BT Inder bEPreface {In Keeping with our focus on sguce forthe covers for our book, we Juve chen a pcture fom the NASA Hubie Space Telescope forthe seventh eition. The reason for this i that Tike any stele, tan ectical circuits play critical roles in ther functionality. Conceived inthe 140s asthe Large Space Telescope the Hubble Space Telescope became the ment significant developeest ia ss. ‘omy! Why was it need? No matter how big and accurate a teresa telescope cd he made. it would always he severely fied reas of the card's simosphor. Ruling a telescope operate above the lamenpcre would open the things that coald be we tp excl the whole universe. Fully. we cas sce deoper into space than eet before Afer decales of recur an planing. the Hubble Space “Teescope wan filly launch ito apace om Apel 24, 19K ‘Thi incre telencoye ham expo the Fed of astro ard cou Knowle of the universe well beyond Gu yey liad kos age ‘porto ks iaunch tlt detleing the age ofthe universe, = mach ‘ees derstanding of oor own sar »ste, as wel as our Ping ae 1 peer ito the deepest recess ofthe universe. ‘Our cover irs Habble picture of the “Pillars of Creation!” Its 2 picture taken dcp within the galmy and is of the Carina Nebula, Rising trom the wall ofthe nebula, dost and towers of co! hydrogen ‘mit create te beutifl ad rematic fas! For more abost Hutte. go 1 NASA's website: wwwemase sox Features ‘A cous i crcl anys perhaps te ist exposure stems Bae ‘ectcal engineering. This aso 4 pce whee we can eahance some Of the skills that they wil Iter nod as they Fearn how wo design. An ‘important pt of this book is our 121 design a proflen prblems. These ‘problems were developed to enhance skills hat re an impart pat of {he design proces. We kro it swt posible a fully devel a sens design sls in 2 fdumeatal coun Hike ius. To filly develop deen Ailsa stent nents a design experience moemallyresered fo their Senior year This does mot mean that some of those sills cant he Soloed and evel ns crit cree. The lest aledy ited fopencnted questions that help sudents we crestity. which is a ‘mmpertnt pst of lamin how to design. We alway have some questions (hare open cme hat we dase toad much mon ito ur text is important sea andre developed an approach 19 do jet that. When we rep proba for tic aide 1 wove car goal atin seb he [Om the sae ear ore atow ety ad We ONL ON ‘Process. Way mat have the snes design probes we 06? Tht ‘exactly what we do in each chap. Witia the noma poem st, we the a set of problems where we ah the sent wo design a problem+ Chapter Openers and Sammarics Fach chuptr open witha dncunion about how ty nbance ils which coma We maccefal pre moving» well ecco fil careers or a carog-aientad alk cm 4 sabdicptine of choral ‘engccing. Tiss olowea by an introduction that mks Be cap ter withthe previonschapers and snes the chapter objectives. The chapter ends with a summary of key pints and formals + Learning Objectives acticaper fas kaming objectives that reflect what webeieve ae {he mos important tems 1o lean from that chptr. These should ‘belp you focus more caefily on what you sell be laming. ‘Problem-Sobing Methodology ‘Chater introdacesa siv-sgp meted for solving circuit problems which i med comity throughout the bunk and media Seppe ments roma bet actce problem solving proces. ‘Seucent-rienaty Writing Sie Al penciples ae presented i a Wid, lpia, step-by-step man fer. As much as pssble, we avid wordiness and giving too mech ‘etal that coal hide concepts an mmpede overall understating of ‘he meri + Woxed Forms and Key Terms Inmpertar formals are boxed as a means of lpg students sort (ot wha is essential fom what snot. Als, to ease hat tudes eatyenerstandthe key element of the sjet mater hey tems (=e fined wl nite+ Worked Examples “Thowughly worked examples re Uberally given a the ead oer cy section. The examples are repaid spurt of he wx and are lady explaind withoat asking the reader fo fl in missing ep ‘Thorughly werkal cumple give students a good understanding ofthe solutin process andthe comidence to solve pblems them selves. Same ofthe problems ae sched in two or three different ‘ways to facie a stata comprehension ofthe see mate- ‘alas wll ar acompurnos of ferent spp, + Practice Prubtems “To give students practice epporumiy, each ilwsrasne example is lmmedately folowe by : paxsice protien with the answer. The ‘dent ca follow the eiampesep-by-step toa in the solution of the practice problem wthost pine pages or looking atthe end of the ton foramwers. The practice pebler i sited ests stants understanding ofthe preceding example I wil renee thie erp of the mateal before the student can move on tothe ‘st section. Complete sltinn tothe pratce problems er al- Ne wsaakenno th wetace, + Application Sections “The last section in exch chapters devoted to practical application aspecsof the concsps covered ia the chapke The mail coverad {nthe chapter is applied wo at Vest one or two peactical problems ‘devices. This lps student see how the cencepts ae spied 1 bie simatons + Review Questions ‘Tenreview quntionsin the form of multple- choice objective tems _ae pronded atthe end ofeach chapter wih answers. The review ‘Geetions ae ineede o cover the Tite “wicks” tha the examples al cad. chupter prablene tay net cower: They serve at 2s {Set dove and lp teens teins haw well ary he mee tere the chapter. + Computer Tools In recognition of the reyuicemeats by ABET oo iaterating computer tools, the ase of PSpice. Multisim, MATLAB, and de- ‘elopine desizn skills are encouraged in 4 stadent-frendly ma ‘er. Spice is conered early on inthe text so tht stnents con ‘become familiar and use it thowghow the text. Tetras onal of then ae vailable on Connect MATLAB is ls ietrodvced cathy inthe book. + Design a Problem Problems Desion a problem pobies ae tat Delp the studeat deveko ‘Sills that wil be monded inthe denen proces. + Historical Tidbits Hosuvical skiches rosglou tbe tx prove proflesofimpeetaat ‘loncers and evens relevant wth sty of ekctical engineering + Karly Op Amp Discusion “The operational amplifier (op amp) as a baie element i itr ced carly inthe text.+ Fourier and Laplace Transform Coverage To ease the samiion ferween the Grcait cour an signals anc systems courses, Fourier aad Laplace transforms are covered lucid and thoroughly. The chases. ae develope in a mamer thatthe iieresed insrocior can go foe solutions of fis-oder cies to Chapter 15. The thes allows avery anal pigeon fem Laplace to Four w AC. + Extended Examples ‘Examples wockd in detail acconting tothe six-step problem sclv- Jing method provide 2 road map for stents to solve problems in ‘scone fk. At an ee crumpled. ped i this manner + BC 2000 Chapter Openers [sso n ABET’ shillbased CRITERION 3, thee chapter open: crac devoted to dicessons ss 10 how sales can acquire the ‘SLIT that wil lead to a significantly enhanced creer san nei- fer. Becease those stills are so very important tthe sdent ‘while sa im ellege ao well aller graduation we we te healing. “pong jour Sls aa your Career” * Memcwork Problems ‘There ae S80 new or revised end of chapter prblems and changed practice problers wich will pode stants with plesy of pe {ice as wll ay caferce key concepts We coatiauc lo 10 make the protiems as praccal pombe. + Hemework Problem Icons Tons ae used to highlight problems that rete to engineering ‘deigs os well ss problem hat com be wobed ming Pipe Mattia oe MATLAB, Organization “This book was writen for 8 rwo-smeser or three-quarter cous in lisew cuit aalsis The book may alo be wed fr 3 one-semester mane by = proper selection of capt: and sections by the rac 1 ally ned io hve prt + Pat |, consisting of Chapters | to 8, is devotd 1 de ics I ove the Fundamental sand thee, ict exe ad passive und sete cme. + Pan 2. which contains Chapter 9 uo 1, deat with ae cca I sredoces phasors simone cay site analy a per EP values Ice sysces, an RoguEREY APOE + Pan 3, consisting of Chaptoe: 15 t 19, are deveted to advanced techniques for netwock arms. M yeoides stents with «slid Ingodecion the Laplace uansformt Fourie seies, Feat wans- eo, cto network analysis ‘The material ie the three pars is more than saflicient for = tbrosementer coun, #0 the itraior mnt select which chapters otsections wo covet, Scams marked withthe dagger sin (1) may be sipped, explain refs. or assigned as homework. They can Be ‘nited witost joss of continuity. Each chapters plenty of prob- Jems grouped according tothe sections of the relied material and diverse encagh thatthe insinctor can choose some as examples and sign some as homework. Assisted caer. we are using tres icons ‘dh this exition. (gests pote: ht ihr rine PS in the sation pro- (seen hore the crit compeniy i sac that Spice or Ml ‘ini would mae the solution proces csr and where PSpice (Mais makes good check tw se if ie probes as bes Saved comet. demos probleme where MATLAB is mein inthe sletion [poco hee MATIAB mar san hecane ofthe robe ‘makeup aod ts complexity. und where MATLAB makes « ood check to se ifthe prblens has Deca slved carey. (©8 icensities problems tat hep the sere develop sil tha ane rede for engineering dexign.(*) identifi more dificult Pohiens. ‘Compretenive pbk follow the eatof taper pian. They ‘xe mandy application problems that rogue aly eared fi a Parca chap Prerequisites AS wih most intodaciony circuit courses, the main preraeises. for 2S coune anne the tethoak ae phytice and calculen Aldwgh far ‘arty wth comple mamber: Help the Iter fart of the hook. it 1s mon required. A very important asct of this text is that ALL the tmatemusicl cqwmions snd fondamcstls of physics wended by the sundeat af ioclaed la the text ‘We would like to express cur appreciation foc the loving suppor we have mesived ftom car wives (Hinmab and Kikelomo). dsapiers (Christina Tamara eaniler Metunayo, Amand Taper), son (Bait, sour ett (amy member We stmcerle pera the sala i help gives wt by Riche Rasch in heping wreak acipeicely move evant book. "AU McGaw Hil, we would ike 1 thank the following editorial an protic suf: Sy Bainordge ekceative brand manager: Tia Bower, oduct developer: Stans O"Doanall, marketing manager and Jaton Stuer, coment project manager. ‘This tet has benefited grea from the many outsundine indi- idoas who have offered suggestions for improvements in both thetext as well the varios problems In punicular, we dank Nicholas coder, Professor of Elections Eagincrng Technology, Sinclar ‘Community Callege. Dayton, Ohio, and Douglas De Boer, Profesor ‘of Engineering. Dordt College. Sioux Ceater.lowa. for their detailed and careful corections and sungestions for clarification which have ‘contributed 19 makieg this a Retr edi. In addion. the folowing Ihave made importast contributions to this txthook (in alphabeicl Zekeriya Aliyasicigla. California Sate Polytechnic Univers Rajan Chandra, Calfomia Sate Pobsectaic University Pomona Motanmad Haider, University of Alatume—Birminghom Je Heathote, Reniley Collese Pesce Labret, University of Plas Robert Norwondh. Jin Bron University ‘Aaron Ota Univers of Thenii—Manoa ‘Semon Oak, Calfurnis Suse Pottectaie Universty—Pemena Hesham Shaan, US Merchant Marine Acscemy ‘Sarcodra Singh, University of Tala Vinay, we sincerely appreciate the eedhack recited from ineracton | ‘end stds who ase the previews etions. We Want So pleme hexp sending us Cuil or get the wo the publishes. We fom be sched af calcander@ioorg for Churies Alewander and saiuecc.org for Marine Sack. (CK. Alexander and MN. 0. Sadik ‘Supplements Instructor and Student Resources ‘Avalatlc ca Comes we a sur of sited imructor mil dent secures to accompany the tnt The ile complote soltioe for fl practice and endef chapter problems, solutions im PSpice and ‘Maison problems, lxture PowerPot, and tx! image es ‘rubles Solving Made Almost Fas.» conyunion workionk > ‘Pundamentats of Eleeric Creat. % watate for sudems who WS to practice ther problem-slving techniques. The workbook can De oud 31 ibe comalevanier"e and contin a drcisaon Of probe solving stategies and 150 adltionl problems with complete selutoas provided, McGraw-Hill Create® Cait your teaching resources to match the way you teach! WithPrice nr ts appsarince by selecting the Gover nd ang four name ‘Sheol and cous taforumtion. Onder «Crate book and yor'll frocive a complimentary pent review copy i thee to Five bates ‘days ox a complimentary electronic review copy (eComp) via email fn minotes. Go w hap4seae mescaton com today and reper to csperience bow McGraw-Hill Crea empowers you lo teach your sagents your wa:Mc | Sucerss—study more efficently, retain moe ea and achieve beter outcomes. Insructors—focusA Note to the Student This may be your first course in eecical engineering. Alwsh ele eical enpincering i an exciting ad challenging dicplne the course ray inmate So. This bok was writin 19 prcveat that Asoo fetta anda pod prec are am advantage tut pot ae the ome ‘no dos dhe laring. Ifyou hnep the Following Wess in mind, you wil do very wall ia this cour: + This course isthe foundation on which tos ether courses i the decrical engineering curriculum rest. For this reason, pt 2 ‘much effort as you can. Stay the coun regulary + Problem sotving san ese pat ofthe laming proces. Solve ‘many problems as you can Bez by solving the practice prob ‘ea flowing each example and thee proceed tthe endo chapter “The Best way 10 kar st solve alt of problems. Am ‘ster in foat ofa problem imate a chllenging protien. thus secon muy be new and advanced to you. No doubt you will ‘eam more of ti desais i eer courses. We are maityimrested ‘im gaming 2 general famianty with hese Seas. + Ancmpt the review questions atthe end of each chapter They will Telp you discover some “wicks” aot revealed in class in the ‘exbouk. + Cleary 2 at of efit fas gone ino making the tecnica desis in this book easy to understand. ks contain all the matherst- ‘ecand physics maceseary to understand the they and wil he wery (Seful in your other engineering courses. However. we have abo {cmed on creating a reference for yo 19 ane bth i school ‘well when working in indy cx noching a pradete Seger1 this very tempting a sell your book ater you have completed your dassroom experience. however. our alvice o sou is DO NOT SELL YOUR ENGINEERING BOOKS! Books have always heen ‘expersve; however, the cot of this bank is vitally the same 1 paid for my Cron teat hack in the erly 6s i tm of a olla te ft, is actully cheaper. tn addon, engineeting treks of the Fst are nowhere eat a umn 8 wha aE When I was 2 dent I id nt sel any of my enpineeting textbooks and was very glad id mot! I found that I needed most of them hroughout my carer. ‘A shor review on Fnling determinant is covered in Apgeniix A. comple: sumbers i Appendit Hy and mathematical formalae in CK Aad MNOS,About the Authors (Charles K. Alexander Frofenoe Firerius of Hectic Eaginecring sed Comper Scieace in the Washhewicr College of Emginering Cleveland Sate Univesity. Cleveland, Obi, He srs 2 Prof of Electical Enpiccsing wed Compt Scionce Ciceland Site for Reseach in Eecnics and Aerospace Technology (CREATE) ftom 2004 util 201. Prom 2002 uti 206 he was Dea ofthe Feo Collegeof Engineering. He has hel the pnition of dean of engineer ing at Chevelan State Usivenity, Califor State Universit. Now Fidge and Temple University (acting dean for ix ear) le has eld the postien of deparmer chat at Temple Universy and Tenmessce Tectia! University. He fas eld the postin of Stocter Visting. Profesor (ar endowed char) at Oo Univenity. He has bel fats satan at ll ofthe before mend named uninertics He hee scored fring foe the extant of tao contes of research, one in per and energy t Tenmenee Teh Sy td enter sewer pan ot Ce HHehan cbtamal recat funng of sponse 100 reitfon (in today’s dollar. He fas served as a Goma to twentytce private and poveramcail orzanizabons. incline the Ai He received the be apd the BSEE (1963) fom Ohio Noriem University He hs authored many publicanons, cluding a workbook amd 2 sideotape lecture verbena is cnuthor of Farsmenils of Bees CCirenits core im the scnemts ten). Bngincering Skille for Career Success, Problem Solving Made ALMOST Fay the ft oiiton of the Standard Hondbwos of Elcronie Engincering, ad Appel Cia Amalia! with MeGraw Hil, He has authored er cowtthored ‘TWis cic textbook won tanked amber one RUMBer to ike reel ‘Dr Alevander isa Life Follow of the IEEE and served as it. international president snd CEO in 1997. In atm, he a bel tral lealentip posows win IEEE during his more an iy yeas Of service as 2 volunier. Tis mcd serving 1991 to 1999 om the IEEE Boa of Dircere He hac received several local. egional, national. and itemstional swale forteching, race aad wei, ict an onerary Der of Eagincering degree Fellow ofthe WEEE. the IEEE USA len Watson ‘Sed Professional Awarenes Ashicvemeat Award the IEEE Uae produate Teaching Award, the Disinguisbed Professor Awan, theMathew 8.0. Salts Distinguitod Enginccring Education Achleveweat Avasd, te Dithr vised Engineering Edcsion Lesdersbip Awad, the IEEE Ceate- fal Medal and LEEE/RAB Innovation Awan “Matthew N. 0, Sait ceived his B Se. deere in 1978 from Ahead Bello University. Zaria, Nigeria and his MLS and Ph.D. depees frm ‘Tenrewee Technological Univerity, Cookeville, TN. in 182 and 1984 respectively. From 1964 1988 he was an asc professor at lois ‘Antic University. Boca Raion. FL. where be did graduae work in computer whee From 1068 to 2000, be wat at Temple Unters. Philadephia PA, whre he became afl profesor. From 2000 9 3K he wae wit Lacen/Avapa, Holmdel, NI.sea eysom eagines and wih Bocig Swell Syste, Los Angeles, CA, os a sai statist He is eccally prtioee of ocaead nl compete Coghoecing ot Pac View A&M Univeniy, Prat View, TX. He sth autor of ove 660 professions papers and ove 80 books lnciudiag “Eiemeats of Ekcromaenetcs” (Oxford Univesity Press. Tih ol. 2018), Fundamemacts of Electric Cireais (McGaw Hil now in 7h ston, with C Alexander, Computational Electromagnetics with MATLAB (CRC. 4th ed. 2019), and Principles of Moder Conwnarcation Srstoms (Camiciize Univesity Press, 2017. with S. 0. Agbol In aidtion tothe engineering books, he iss wien (Christian books including Secrets wf acess Maerages. Hove 1 Discover God's Wil for Your Life 08 commentaries onal he Books, ‘of the Now Testament Bible Som of hs books ive been trate Into French, Korean. Chinese (and Ohiser Leg Form is Tatean), Nalin. Portozvess. ead Spans. He was the ecipieat of the 2000 McGaaw-thllacob Millmas Anand hr cuban contin i he Geol cereal eae He was alo he recipient of Regents Professor award foe 2012-2013 by the Tet A&M Univesity Sytem. He is 2 egitered professional engineer and a fellow of the Isutwe of Eleceical and Electonics [Exgiscer (IEEE) “Tor contnhutions fo computational lectomagacticy and engincenng edcaion.” He was the IEEE Regn 2 Stent Activ= ities Commitee Chairman. He was an astoxiate elite for EEE Teans- sass on Edeaticn. He ako a member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and American Society of Engineering Education (ASE) His curse retard interes ar i the areas of compat ectomagnetcs. computer networks. and empineering elation. His teork cane found i Bc subioaraphs. My Lie nd Work (raford Pubtetong 2017) orb woh: wr mates saia.com He carey ‘reides wih hic wile Kielomo in Hoxkley, TX. Hecate raced wa coal a SaliinicccrsFundamentals of Electric CircuitsDC CircuitsBasic Concepts Some books ar bets, ther tobe smal woe few to be chewed and gested, ABET EC 2000 criteria (32), “anabilty toapply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.” As sidens, you ae roqired to stady matherstics, scien, and eng Yor mst spend me analying where ae When sm Wy YOU RA it- ‘Belt in easy anviag at sucessful solutions. You may be surpased 1 seam that nos of your problem-solving problems a with mathemutics ‘ater than your understating of theary. You muy ao lean that yout Start working the poklem to soon, Taka ime 0 hk about the prob- Jem and ow you dood salve i will slays ave you tine sad fra Sen the end. Whe | hive fund that works bes or me 0 apply our sin step problem solving ectnique. Then Iearetally eat te areas where {awe dificuny soap the problem. Magy umes. sctual deta sein understanding and alt io use cormcty cera mule Drincies. then rerun io my fundamersal math bats nd cares re- Siew the apport txtions, adi some eases. work some earn ebm i that text This brings me to anather impose ins yun “ald abe do: Keep aarby al your hase mathemstice. lence, ae cngincring textbooks. “This proces of continually looking up material yu thought yousat scqured in cater coures may teem Very foo a ints DOMES Your sills develop and your Inowledge increases this process wllu Introduction "leer cxcuittheoryandetcctremagneticheory ae thctwo nisms {al theones open which all ranches of electrical engineering ar bi. Many beanchs of lecical engineering. such as power, clctic mi Snes cone clatomes, communicshom and imaraMeNe. a ‘based on lect ciruitheory. Therefor. the hae electric crit theory courses the mnstimpertant cours for an lectrical engineering stdemt, ‘Satabeage on conti tring point Era aging cat a ‘sal engineerng education Circuit thot) abo valuable to teats pe Salcing in ether ranches ofthe plysica cic hexane cei ea (good model forthe sty of energy spaems in general an boca of {Be apyliod mathematic, prs, and upeoy ied Tnvekctical enginering. we ate often interested in communicating x warsferring energy {fom one poss o athe. To do this rogues | Aalactr rest i an tercrnectionof ecticaloment A simple electric crt show in Fp 1.8 coms of tre tes cement aban. inp a comeing wie Socks i ‘roto ene by tlt hn sre aplots sch = fk lp «serch ean ‘A complone al cent 8 days ie Fig 1.2. epesning te sxscmat Gagan fi ra reser Alinugh ern Somat, ‘sca canbe aad wing the chs We Oe es ook (ur gal in set sta ear anes analy ecnigs compat sofa applicatoe for describing the bear ofa cect Hk hs. ‘ison crue cua manors cevtnal sams bets Sloe ts Ou cbt nhs bok mt of was ex ‘ed appt fais Rather mice the aa of ‘Scrat By heaps of aco, we mean aly of he eeFigure 2 Eis cea of see tame ofthe ciceit How does trespuad toa given inp? How do the itera ‘evil cements wal Seve me covet meat? We commence oar stuly hy defining same basic concep. Thee concepts inclode charge. current, veltsge, circuit elements, power. and corr. Bef definite these concerts. we must fst estbish a sytem, of units that we wall we troaphout the text. 12) Systems of Units As cecmcl engineers we man eal wih mesa quarts Ow me Ssxened bose ns te Coane 4 sadard ogee ht ‘tally al potest co enlentand, sepa oft sou 32 ‘ch de merurencet» aticol Sich ap meruncral Mesure Jangsge he Icio Sym of Unis (Sh, ake bythe Genel CCoserece oe Weis and Meares 1960 his te. er sea theca fm which he ut ofall te pba gem ca be Se Frat Thiel donsthec wa adonedrnedins ite ccet) tt ‘errchasdwhsten STonin ac conmminy main letra eninrne. The Si prefixes. ‘Om erat advises ofthe Stunt hati ues pees sed othe power of 10 to sate larger na lero t the acai ‘Title (2 chow the St peti ned her ymin For tame the gH t i i Eaieing creas of i ne nae sce e = 0,00 mm HOOK o ‘x T 7 oe 6 Es Sf ” io Sibasc Stunts andone derived unk relevant te this tert. 0 ok a = ¢ eet mer = we ie Sos See eo = 8 te = oe — Sercone aoe A owe = Teieectnene = he x oe = 3 tate ment = ao m= | com poss com = :+ Figure 1s sire catent rt ow of tee Sapeinncmice escone something oh tees in (he pesiosusnconuneatans mist seman Vn wllbe wing EE Ferme cage ths bck = 13D Charge and Current ‘The concept of electric charge the undelyng prinile for explaining al ceuaral phesoncas Aa. the most bo quay in an eccie ‘Crete eecric charge We all experience the effect of eecrie ‘charge when we ty 1 remove oar woo} sweater and ave it tick our ‘body ox wall cross a carpeand recive a shock. eS =a on coven "We tow fc omar Py ta l mtersof fermenta ‘etki tacks Know tr and hat ac sen comin ftom, ‘rota, ad neato. We abo Kw tat the charge onan eleco® ‘epave anda inmagitade to 1.602 X10 "C, whe apron aris «a psitne chars ofthe sme magia a the eecron The prseae of ‘ual mathe of pros sl eloctom iene at aber reutally pel ‘The filing pint shoud be ete abn lect charge: 1 The coolomb isa lrg unit fr chares. In I Cf care. thee are T/L x 10°") = 6.24 x 10" elcome. Ths rai oe abr tory walter of charpes ate onthe ter of pC 9€ 0 2 According to experimental okcortions, the only charges that ovrur ia mature ae iaegral mubigles of the cecuonic chase c= Lan x10" C. 3, The lw of comsernaion of charge Sates tat charge can ether be ated nor destroyed, only wanted. Thus. the algebraic sam of the ebewic chames ina sytem does not chanee We now comider the Now of etc charges A nique featur of chet charge or electricity isthe fact that ts mobile that it can ‘be tmnsferred from one place to anathr, where it can be comeried to athe form a energy Wher a conducting wie (comisting of several atom is connected toa hater (assures of cecromeive fre the charges ar comple’ {oamme, prutive charges re ie one diction whe nepal hat move 1 dhe oppose decom. This meio of RARE Tetes eee current [tis comentionl fo tke the curent flow a the movement of ‘postive chanss. Thats, opposts tthe Flow of mezative charg, 2s Fig. 13 illastaes. This comenton was intndaced by Beriami= FFklin (1706-1790) the American scientist ac vente Abtovgt swe er now hat caren in metallic codes de tne Shaped cecum. we wil follow the anally acepecd comenton ‘ax curve is the net low of postive charzes. Th, es -~--~ aa Mathematically the relationship between crea! j.chape gander1S eget Cont Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836), 2 French mateaatician and ‘insist lal We oundaton of electrodynamics. He Getined the cece ‘irre and develope a way to messre nthe 1820s. Boe in Lyoas, France. Ampere a age 12 mascred Lain ina few ‘weeks, as be was intensely interested in mathematics and mary of the test mathematical woks were in Latin. He was abril cts a3 ‘lfc writer He formal the Ins of cincromametice He rmericd the clecooeagnet and the amc. The uni of electric eument. the ampere. wxnamed after him, ‘Apia Images we cert menue amperes (A) amd 1 ampere = H oxlonibsecond “The charge manfered etn time fy nd is ahtsined by imgrating both sides of Ey (11), We otal alee oy “The way we define current asin Ey. (11) sugges that cure aed ot te aconsan-valecl function. As many of the examples aad robles a ‘tis caper and satsequcot capers wigpest. ere cate several PES ‘of earent hat, charge cam vary with time se several Ways. There ar diferent ways of looking a ditect current and ateaating urna The best defintion is that there are tao ways that cuent cat ‘ow: tam always flow inthe same rection, wher i does no everse \Srection, i which ene we have direct cura (de) These caret can be consdant or time varying. Ifthe cureat Nous ic both directions, the we bane alermaing caren (3 de) Sow ony one deacon ana carb cota of tie varie, By comveaton, we will we the symbol /to representa constant current. the current varies with espectto tine ether de or 2c) we will we the ‘gmbol LA commor mc of this woud he the oxipu of ecifir() ‘Sich ar Af) = |S sn(377O) amps oe a sinaseid corer (se) sch a6 Y= 16D si 377) spe _ An stenting srt in a cvent that charges ection wh | mmpect tate [An example of skerating catent (sc) i the cutent you sein yout some Wun hear conitione tefigeraie shiny machine. al oer deaeissppleunes. Figee L4 digict eww octet camps of de : Wi tee ory emg vn. Chir ase Cong (coming from 1 butcry) and ac (corning om your home oatlea). We sy ay ‘wlcomsier aber types erin he ook ‘Once we deine caren a the mvement Of charge. we expect current to fave an asociated ection of Now. As mentioned eats. » ‘He direction of caren flow is conventionally taken 25 the direction of ‘postive charge movement Based on this comvention, a caveat of 5 A wees: ‘may be repwescoed positively of netatively & shown in Fig. 15. In EES, cert a) pine ther word. a megane cent of —5 A Chowing i one diecsion ‘Scenfioe, Ob pane concerti shown im Fag Lb) is the sme asa curent of +5 A flowing in the oppmie dintion, ‘How mach charg is repesated by 4.600 elec? Solution: [Bach electron foe —1602 10°" C Hence 4.600 elects will Ive AD 10" Chacon x 4400 eects = =7.569 3 1 (Calculate the amount of charge represented by 10 billion proces. Anawers L021 x 17°C. [Siampler2 “The tal charge emtrng a terminal i given by @ = 57 sin 4 mC. (Calulae the corentat = 05 = ‘Solution: He 4 54 sin et) tals = 5 sin St + Mat cos bt) WA 0+ We=3L2mA, MBER rable 2 intsampie 12.9 = 20- 15r— t0e*) mC. te ureman= 10s, Answers 13506 mA. [Bamps ‘Determine the wal charge emering a tial Between 1 = 1 5 ame 2sif the curent passing the feral is = ("= 1) A. Solation: o=[ra=f oro =(e-§)f=8-2-(1-iw “The current owing through an lew ts Practice Problem iS) jeftA ered wa od (Coestnte the clung eaering the element fom #=0 tn = 2 Amewor 2667 © 14 Voltege ‘As espainod brief inthe previows section, to move the electron in 2 ‘conductor ina particular dseton equives some werk or enerzy tuner ‘This work is perform by an exeralelectomote force (emf. cally represented fy the hay in Fig. 13. This emf is ako known a selec pret diferece. The volage rg between tv pital 2B pam cece cit the energy (or werk) aceed So move a unit surg rom boa; matheratically. neatte tt a where m seer fa rues) aml gis charge tn cosh (C)-The wot 92 10 imply measured in vORS(V). named in Bowor of te aan pays Alessandro Anno Voli (1755-1327), who invented the fst ‘esc haery From B13), iis evieat that 1 poe 1 jute = 1 srrnmiomtechaned Tans, Cr potential formes eer reed te rlecece St (i ante at Figure 16 stows the voltage aeons an clement (representa by 2 rectangular Mock) connected to points « and 4 The plas (+) and (mom (-) signs ae we to define reference deci oe Slt plas Bp Thee oor be tnhepread inte ge (1) Pot in operat of rg vols higher than poiot b, or (2) the potential ot point « with spect to poi is ig I fllows logialy that in general eae as For example, in Fig. 1.7, we have two presentations ofthe sme vot agen Fig. 17a), point ais +9 V above pout bin Fig 171), pot > {5-9 Vabove poi a. We may sa that in Fig 17) theres a9 vote age deop from to bor exuivalently a9-V voltage rise fom ba. It ‘ther words a voltage drop from w to B is equivalent wo a voltage rise fomboe ‘Current and vltage ae the wo basic variables in ec ict “The common term signal is asd for an electric quanti sech 26 2 ‘current or a volte (r even cectromignetic wave} when i aed for * e Figere 37 Tececpiaiet penta of the soe age Pama 9 V ahme ‘pam eh ps9 V abe pasirens? ‘Gem tng gin mind that lat cree oan Sree anciorert sna Siete sates stay sae ne Alessandro Antonie Volta (1745-1827), an ftalian physicist ove fed the clecic batery—hich provided the frst continuous flow of Skanty andthe eapantor ‘Bom iw bic family in Como, aly, Veta was performing ho ‘al expeiments a age 18 His vention ofthe bacery in 1796 revo onized the we Of electricity The publication of his work in 1300) imarked the Repning of electric arent theory. Veta mcencd aay honors daring his lifetime. The unit of voltage or pocataldifieeace the volt, was mamedin his once. ‘conveying information. Engineers prefer vo call soch variables signals {ier than malbematial fnctoes of time Cecaune of Ter mnpurtDce ‘i communication: and otler diiplines Like cleric curent, 3 com stunt voltage is called a de wohage and is represcated by V. wheres 8 Sinosoially ime-rarying vlige & called an ac vllage and is sepee- seated by +A de vollage is commonly produced by a batery: 2 vol ‘ag i reduced by at elecnie generar 15 I Power and Energy Anhoagh curoet and voltage we the to basic variable a electric ‘ical they re at sult by themselves. Fer prt purposes, we esd wo Kimmo uch power a elec device ca ame We al Know from experince tat 3 100-a bu pivos mers fight than 2 ‘tbat bulb. We slso Kao that when we pay oor bil the elect uty companie, we are paying forthe electric ener consumed vet 2 ‘cert pon of time. Tus, power aed mere) calculations ae imper- ‘ae in circuit analy. “To relate power snd enerey 10 vokage and current, we eral fo physics tha We write this eationship asts ee nine ‘where pis power in wat (Ww is nena i joules) and ime in seconds) Fm gs-(1), (13) and (13) it fellows tat patted Haw os demon Hm he cher had the power has sign powers Being ape ‘hod bythe element. ut how do we know when the power has negate a postive sign? (Games drection and voltae pulsity ply a major mein determi ing te sign of power Ie is there importa that we pay afenion to ‘herelatonsip erweon caren and voltage vin Fig 18%) The waltsge ory and coven direction mas coker with hone ser in Fig. 1.3) ‘h onkr forthe power so have pontine gm Ths ume the pr tive ign camcntion. By the posihe sign convention carat cx ‘teough the pontive pobriy athe voltage. inthis cae, p = toe 11> 0 impes tat ie ements atsertang power Howeres fp = ~vt oro) <0 mf Pig 1800 the choment releasing or saping power. td en hectare of ae ctrant and p= 4 Fhe henepaivetemni p= Unless ctheraie sated, we wl allow the passive sign convention Ahevaghout thi tet. For example the element in both circuits of Fig. 19 fa an sbmocbing power of 12 W becase a pontine caret cers the positive tral in bch cases. In Fg. 1.10, bower, the ements supplying power of +12 W becanse a positive cument eles, the negative terminal. Of coun. an absorbing power of —12 Wis csuivalcat io supplying powcr of +12 W. In general, -+Power sete = Power sopicd Gt the Law of comervation of ener ret be obey in any less creat For this eacon. the lgstraic cum of power im 3 crit sy stan of ine, mast be ae Zp=0 as “This sgain confirms the fact tha the total power supped to the circuit ‘most lance the total power absorbed. From Fig (16. the exergy abwrbed or supplied by an element 1 jh fesnc aps cumesace oy beaty Powe snp me When the wage anc caret ewe ‘Soeconfermtaig te heath a ° oo ie poer 3 Witaip toed = 1H Oreasnw® Cate) Bade Cores aia “The ccc overtly companies measoreeneery a wat-haers Wh o w= 84005 [Example 14 _Ancoray sure fren constant creak of2 A fo 100 flow teoep ‘1g bulb 23 A en ffi he form of eh and bea cacy. ‘Sue te voltage drop act the uh “Seletion: ‘The tal chars Age Ar=2x 102200 ‘Te wage dps va dea 23310 a isy (EBRD FOS To owe carpe tem point point «ers 100} Find the wolage op *= the wage to psive wth spect 6) iE (2) SC. a 0c. Asswen (a) 20.00) 10. (iempleis ‘Findthe power delivered oan clement t= 3 msif tecurent nica ins postive terials cos tie aa vege (a) v=) v= ite. ‘Selution: (a) The vedageis v= 8 = 15 cos Hr gence the powers pa w= 7Sen 601 W p= Se es 3 Wa Sea Oe S48 W (0) We fin te vets an the power at = 9f=1y-ees sin tor=—s00e ae: ¥ pa Hi= $500 si eon es W Autom, ASA sin Recon OW 157.167 sin 32.4" cos 32-4" = 6.396 KW1884 Exhibition Inthe Unie! Stes nething promoted the feture of ect ike the IS Intermainal Elecical Exhibition. St mugine 2 world without electricity, word Marital ty candles ond esis, a veal whee the mont conence taneperuon was by waking ad d= ‘08 honchack o by one draw crag: I this word an ea ‘on was crated Wat highlighed Thomas Ellon aad reece i ly developed ability to roma is inventions and pdt. His edubit feared spectacular lptine plas mccoy a8 presen 1O-AW “lambo penertce Fabel West's damon and lamps were feted in the United Sues Becei Lighing Company's Splay. West's well hnows cx lection of clic larumens wa alse shown. ‘Other pment eto ince Frank Spragie ha Temps, ant the Brin Bserc Company of Cleveland The American ita of Elsa Ensicers(AIEE nid fit echnical msc Oct 7-8 athe Folia Ince darag the exhib AEE merpal with he Incite ‘Sf Radio Baginces (IRE) in 1968 10 Som the Insta of Fecal and laconic Engin (IEEE) fd hc prec tive to the iat in Example 1S at = 5 ms ifthe coun remains the uN. trate wage wr=(6+10f 1a)v. Anawer (8) AZ, (t) 18264 wats“ Cate nace coe (Example .é ow much energy dc 4 100-W ele alb comme in two hour? ‘Solution: pe 100.) 2)» 60 (int) > 60 sin) <7 =70 This she same as w= pe= 100 Wx 2h= 2000 TEBRRGHESP OBIE 1.6 tome leicester deans 12 A when connected toa 115 V cae How much energy is consume by the heater over periadof © hour? ‘Anew, 32.12 watt bow, (Our sim in this section is gain familaity with some important “The mont important ative clement are vltage Or caren sures ‘tut generally deliver power 1 the cea coumeced Wo he These are ‘pro kinds of arco tnispendent and dependent suse‘through clement C: Stadess might he serried thatthe vale of the do ‘pendent vlage source is 10° V (and net 108 A) Because i ca veeage Source: The ey idea o ep ie mind shat a olage source comes wth ‘olan (4 — Vie symbol while x corrnt source comes wih ata ow ereopctive of wha i depends ‘AK should be noted tha an ideal voltage source (dependent oF indepemtent will produce ay current requed to ensare thatthe tr ‘minal woltage i a sated whereas an heal Garret source will pro- dase the meessary volige to ensre the sated ceren flow. Thos. an Heal source could in theory sapply an infinite: amownt of emery. It Should abo be noted that mit erly do sources supply peer 40 a ir [Sut thay can absorb power from cima to. For 2 oltage sours, ‘we know the voltage tar not the ctrrontsupplcd or drawe by i By the Same token, we Know the cures supplied bya current source but tthe wotage across (Catclae the per supplied or aborted ty cach element in Fig ~— Exempleaz ‘Selution: ‘We apply the sign convention fr power shown in Figs. 1.8 and 1.9. For ‘the SA current is oat of the postive terminal or ito the negative ‘eominal: hence = 20-5) =-100W —Supiied power Forp; ands te curent flows int the positive erin ofthe clement meaneae. P= 1NS)=60W — Aberbol power PaNG=4W Absorbed power Figure 135, FerFuangie 17,Capt) Bae Concts For ps we should nts that the voltage is 8 ¥ (positive at the top), the ‘ane isthe voltage frp since hot the ive element ani the depen dent source are connected the sare terminals. (Remember tha whe is always measured across an element ia a cuit) Since the curent floes. out of the posive terminal. PMO) =O2X3)=—-8W Supplied power We shoukl observe that the 20-V independent veltige source a (0121 dependent current source ae sepptying poset the et the et ‘woth hile the tuo passive ements are absoring omer. Alo, P tpt pt p= +00+ S—9=0 Ie agrecment with Fg (18), the Stal power suppliad equals the ftal ponerse 174 TV Picture Tube (Ore important application ofthe mation of electrons is fount in bth the ‘rawr and reception of TV signals Atthe traneissin cod. aT ‘camera reduces a scene fom ap opal fags 10 an electrical signal Scanning is accomplished with athin beam ofelecoons in a iconoscope ‘camera tbe. “At he wesiving en, the image eeonsruct by esing 2 cathe ray tube (CRT) feted in the TV receiver” The CRT is depicted Fig. 117, Unite the cunoncope tie. which prices an eect Beart of constant intesity the CRT beam varies it intensity acorns to he Incoming sigma. The ecto gun maintain at a high pat. fics ‘the elcton beam. The beam passes trough ran sets of plies for vert cal and horizontal defections so tthe spot on the scree where the ‘beam strikes can move riht and lftand up and dwn. Whee he ele ‘beam shes te flugeceat scrca it pnes off ight at ha spo. Ths, ‘the foam can fe made © “paint” a picture on the TV seen. coum ats Toei ene | "oom TV ese irr cosKarl Ferdinand Braun and Vladimir K. Zworykin Kael Ferdinand Braum (1850-1918), ofthe University of Stasboury, invented the Braun cathde-ry abe in 1879. Thisthen became the has forthe picture be ase for 30 many yeas fr televisions. tis til the ‘most economical device today, although the price of flat-screen sper: is rapidly becoming competitive. Before the Braue tube could be wsed in chev, tock the imettnenes of WladmieK.Zneeyhin (1889-1932) to devel the conoscope 50 thatthe modera television would become realty. The lconoscape developed into the orsicon amd the image orthicon. which allowed images o be captured and comerted into Signal that could be sent wth teviion civ. Thos the television Same ee bor ‘The ekcuor beam ina TV picture tbe carries 10" elecwons per secon. ‘Example i87) ‘Asa design engincct, determine the voltage V, need to accelerate the cfectron beam io scteve 4 W,1am elec beam i 2 TV pict tube cares 10) eecromdscomd and posing hugh pate maintsned at potential ditlernce of 25 kV. calulate the power ithe beam Anwen 40 mW. 17a Electricity Bills “The second application deal with how an elec ‘sty company henge thelr Geena The Cont of octity depen pow Me [oan of energy consumed la iowa us (AWB) (Otber too that affect the cost inclode demand and power factors: we will gnore these for now.) However, eve ifa conser uses wo energy at al. there is minimum service charg the customer mest pay because it cots ‘moncy to say comectd tthe power fine Ax anergy comtmption reeses, the cost por LW drops. I is imteresting ote the averag= smomly comumpoce of tench! appance Sor a family of Te. shown in Tale 3. ‘Typical average menthly consumption of hoveshald sppliences. Appliance kWh consumed Appliance LWh emmumed Wax tee S00 Wasthng mating reser Swe Lapse 1 Dyer Daeter ay Sear ee 13 Penola v Rake “ater 2 OntSh Pron ching » A homeowner comaumes 7#0AWh i January. Determine the elerety _ Example igi [al forthe meth ein he following residential ate schede- ‘Base monthly charge of $1200. Fit 100 AW per saath at 16 cemtVKWh, ‘Next 200 4W per moath 3 10 cent (Ovex 300 AW pam at 6 ces, Soletion: ‘We calculate the electricity ills follows, Base monthly charze = $1200 Fint 100 kWh © $0.16 Wn = $1600 ‘Next 200 Wh @ $0.10 Wh = $3000 Remaining 400 KWh SO06/ Wh ~ $24.00 oul charge = 572.0) Average cost= Sit ag = 102 cents [Refering to he resides rate schedule in Example 19, clkubie he Practice PROBIGAILGN sera cnt por AW if only 240 AWh are corse in July whem the family io vacation mast of the time Ameer 16923 cote. 18 ‘Problem Solving Although he problems inte hed oe carer wil ta coe euty and magndae the tc principe Wo Be fll rena he ‘Se. The proces uti hes the one deped bythe autho ove? ‘mary sears of problem solving with sexs fr the volsoa of en ‘Teeng problem mney fie poem sles rsearh We oil fs the eps Cpl od he cabrones 1. Carefully define he problem. 2 Present everything you know shout the problem. |X Esablsh a ct of alternative solatnes Sd determine the on tht promises the ereaes ilibod of sucess. 4. Attempt a prblem seation 55 Eraluae he wiution and chock fr sure. (6. Has the pele been solved eatery 1, prevent the si tion: sot them ren sup 3 and sonia Uhragh the cee “pin 1. Carefully define the problem. This may te the most import tart of the proces. because it becomes the foundation forall the rest, of the step. Te genera. the presentation of engineering peblemsChater) ase Conc semerthat iocompletc You must do all you can 10 make sure you fanless the peblem ss Uroaghly 2 the preter ofthe problem, landersands i. Time spent at this pot cicaly hlentfying the robiem wil save yox conmierale time and frasation ler As 3 stadent, you. ‘can anya problem sttemeat in 2 tettook by asking your profess. ‘A problem prested so yu imkasy may rie Ht you consult several individuals, At this sep. it simportant wo develop questions that ‘needa be aressed before cotinsing the solution proces. you have “ach gusom. yor need to const wih the agpropate mtndals oF resources busi the ances to those questions. With those answers. [yeu cant refine the proMem an! use tha einen the problem temo forthe rst ofthe lation ‘2 Present everying yo kum abut the probe. Yo sre now rod twit down everything you know about the problem and is pote ‘elotonn. Th important tp wl save you ime nl frustration bce ‘3 Enabish @ set of akernatie soluions and deermine the one that proms the greatest litetinond af tucess. Atm every pcb Will trae numberof possible pats tht ca eat 2 solution. ei highly ‘sirable to dentiy 2x many of tose palin pose At this poe. ‘you allo raed 19 determine what ols are avalahe wo you, sack a Spice sod MATLAR and ether software packages that can greatly T= dace effort anf inerese accuracy. Again, we want to ste that time spent carefully defining the problem and imvestizaing akernatve a ‘preaches tof seltion wil pay big dividends ate. raluting the ater- ‘Revere and determining which promis the greatest itt of sr ‘Sos muy be Sal at ile well worth the fort. Damen his [procon ell ce you will want io come hack if theft approach Seosact work. “+ Attcenpt problen sotuton, Now ste time wo actually begin sol Ing the probem The proces yo follow rst he well documented i order to presenta deed solaon if successful ado eval the pro ‘cess if You ae not sescenfil. This dotted evaluation may lead woot ‘rections that can then lead. a socessful soliton. It can alo lead 10 ‘new alternative ot Many times itis wise wfally set up a solution ‘befor: piting mambers into oyations. This will belp in checking your ‘S. luate the sltion od check for accuracs You ow thershly Cetalete what yout ne acemplie: Desde yous have a acetal “ctor, oar hut yoo wart proce! to your team oes ce rote ‘6 Has the problem hen solved satisfactorily? Ife, present the soe an fn the tare step 3 na continue rongh the proces ‘New you mcd ts pret yor sobaon orty another state Al tin ‘ion prectng your scton muy bring closers 10 tbe proves. Oca. Dowevey, pesezation of a solston fads 0 farther refinement of RE ‘problem definition, andthe process continues. Flowing this proces. ‘ell eventually leat toa satisacery conchsion. [Now let us lok at this proves for @ stent tubing a electcal tad cormpeerenghicsing tomnitinm coun, (The bale poms he ‘pplics to linens every enginccring cow.) Kezp in mind that aout {he eps fave bee simplifed 1 apply to academic types of problems. ‘the process assed always needs fo be flowed. We consider 8 sim pe example