1. What types of speech are not protected by the first amendment?

Use specific cases

in your description.

The speeches that are not protected by the first amendment include;

I. Defamation

These are false statements made with the intention of defaming any individual, organization, or

institution causing injury. The case of 1964 New York Times co. v. Sullivan 376 U.S 254.

II. True Threats

These are speeches of intimidation that show intent to inflict unlawful violence. An example is

Virginia v. Black 538 U.S 343,359 (2003).

III. Child Pornography

This is the distribution of advertisements and the sale of sexual materials containing underage

children. New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 764 (1982)

IV. Incitement

These are speeches that are meant to evoke violence. Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. 443,458(2011)

V. Fraud

These are speeches made with fraudulent intent, thereby causing harm or injury. Unites States v.

Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 718-19 (2012)

VI. Fighting Words

These are speeches that would incite ordinary people to engage in retaliation. Chaplinsky v. New

Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 574.

VII. Speech Integral to Criminal Conduct

These are speeches that reveal intent to commit a crime such as impersonation of a government

officer, conspiracy, request to acquire illegal material. United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285,

297-98 (2008)

2. What constitutional safeguards for criminal defendants are set forth in the Bill of

Rights.

The constitution offers safeguards to protect criminal defendants from various injustices. The

accused has rights to a fair trial, a right to participate in civil societies, rights to seek legal

redress, the right to petition, a right to assemble, the right for self-defense, and the right to vote.

Amendment VI states that the accused enjoys the right of a speedy trial by an impartial jury.

3. In what Ways did the Southern States attempt to circumvent the 15th amendment?

The 15th amendment was ratified into the constitution in 1870, granting African American men

the freedom to vote. The southern states nullified the 15th amendment and considered it void,

ensuring African American men could not vote. They also employed discriminatory tactics such

as establishing literacy tests, poll taxes, and Jim crow laws. They also used violence and

intimidation to prevent African Americans from casting their votes.