Asad Ali

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Midterm exam Criminology.

Part no 1:
1. Super male
2. Fransis Joseph Gall
3. Sigmund Freud
4. Correlation coefficient
5. Proposition
6. Criminal justice system
7. Das Kapital
8. William H.Sheldon
9. USA
10. 46

Part 2:
Question no 2:
Cessare Beccaria:
Is Known as the founding father of the modern criminology for his work on enlightenment of
criminal justice system that would serve people instead of serving any monarch. On this, he also
wrote a book named “On Crimes and Punishments”. In one of his publications, he also argued
for reformations in the criminal justice system by referring it as a harm caused to society rather
than victim himself.
Beccaria’s Principles:
Beccaria gave the following principles supporting the idea of modern criminal justice system;
1. Laws should be used as maintenance of social contracts,
2. Only legislators can enact the laws,
3. Judges are not supposed to interpret those laws and give punishments according to
those laws,
4. Judges are to impose punishments,
5. Punishments should be based on pleasure/pain bases,
6. Punishments should be based on the act (actus reus), not on the actor himself,
7. Crime should determine the punishment,
8. Punishment should be prompt and effective,
9. Equal treatment to all,
10. Abolishment of capital punishment,
11. Prohibition as to torture for confessions,
12. Prevention of crime is far better than punishment.

Beccaria’s impact:
His book had a huge impact in the field of criminology. His plan became the foundations
for many enactments in US, Russia and Europe. US constitution first 10 amendments known as
Bill of Rights, also got influence of Beccaria’s thoughts.

Question no 3:
Lombroso in 1876 argued that the criminal is a separate species, a species that is between
modern and primitive humans. He argued that the physical shape of the head and face
determined the "born criminal".
Central idea of Lombroso's work came to him as he autopsied the body of a notorious Italian
criminal named Giuseppe Villela. As he contemplated Villela's skull, he noted that certain
characteristics of it (specifically, a depression on the occiput that he named the median occipital
fossa) reminded him of the skulls of "inferior races" and "the lower types of apes, rodents, and
birds".
The term Lombroso used to describe the appearance of organisms resembling ancestral
(prehuman) forms of life is atavism. Lombroso studied and measured the bodies of executed
and deceased offenders and examined living inmates to locate physical differences or
abnormalities
Criminals features:
Claimed to have found a variety of bodily features predictive of criminal behavior. Large teeth,
ears lacking lobes, lots of body hair protruding jaw, drooping eyes, large ears, twisted and
flattish nose, long arms relative to the lower limbs, sloping shoulders.

Types of offenders:
Also identified characteristics of particular types of offenders. In addition to the "atavistic born
criminal", Lombroso identified two other types: the "insane criminal", and the "criminaloid".
Though insane criminals bore some stigmata, they were not "born criminals"; rather they
become criminal as a result "of an alteration of the brain, which completely upsets their moral
nature." Among the ranks of "insane criminals" were alcoholics, kleptomaniacs,
nymphomaniacs, and child molesters. Criminaloids" had none of the physical peculiarities of the
"born" or "insane criminal", became involved in crime later in life, and tended to commit less
serious crimes.
"Criminaloids" were further categorized as Habitual criminals", who become so by contact with
other criminals, the abuse of alcohol, or other "distressing circumstances." This category
included "juridical criminals", who fall afoul of the law by accident; and The "criminal by
passion", hot-headed and impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked.
Lomboroso's support:
Goring (1913) made a study of the physical features of thousands of English prisoners. He didn’t
find any distinctive peculiarities put forward by Lombroso. He did find that all convicts had the
same low order intelligence, as this is genetic, there must be a genetic base to criminality and
were often based on the mentally disturbed. Garland (1994) argued that Lombroso was
responsible for giving criminology a scientific credibility, in which the objective measurement
and categorisation of the criminal classes could be conducted.