ACKNOWLEDGEME! Firstly, I thank God, the Almighty, with whose blessings, this seminar has been successfully completed. I wish to give deep sense of acknowledgement (o our Principal Dr. V R SASIKUMAR, for his constant encouragement and valuable advice throughout the course. 1am extremely grateful to Mrs.RESHMA K R, Head of the department of Civil Engineering, for her valuable guidance through this humble endeavor. Her highly enterprising attitudes, patience for listening to my doubts, timely suggestions and guidance made my seminar a so called reality in stipulated time. I would also like to thank our seminar coordinator Mr. STIFIN BENNY, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and our seminar guide Mrs. JESNA K U, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for their gracious of encouragement and the valuable assistance. I express my sincere gratitude to all the faculty members of the department of Civil Engineering for their co-operation and support to the seminar. I also express my sincere gratitude to all my friends and my parents for their co-operation and constant inspiration,ABSTRACT Speed humps are the cheapest and best solution to reduce vehicles speed and thus reduce the number of potential accidents. Considering this, it is utmost importance to assess the effectiveness of used road safety measures and to search for innovative and versatile solutions that would help solve the arising road safety problems. In addition, to reduce the number of accidents and future rate of potential accidents on the roads. Therearemuch traffic calming measures such as speed humps, speed tables, roundabouts, transverse rumble strips, optical speed bars, textured pavement, and cat eye reflector are spreading across. While speed humps are always considered as the best and cheapest solution to reduce over speeding along roads. Since speed humps are very effective means of calming traffic to acceptable limits in order to enhance roads safety for pedestrians and motorist. Finally with the widespread use of speed humps can cause many harmful effects to the neighborhood, if there is no strict control on the installation process. Unless specifications and some standards are followed, other means of traffic calming measures should be considered. iiCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER | CHAPTER 2 CHAPTE3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General background LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Theoretical investigation 2.2 Speed hump 2.3 Effect of speed hump on speed and other factor METHODOLOGY AND STUDY AREA 3.1T rial process 3.2 Issue of speed in urban area 3.3 Implementation context for traffic calming measures 3.4 Winter conditions IMPLEMENTATION PRECODURE, 4,1 Steps SPEED HUMPS AND SPEED CUSHIONS IMPLEMENTATION CONTEXT FOR TARFFIC CALMING MEASURES 6.1 General 6.2 Advantage 6.3 Disadvantage GEOMETRY 7.1 Signage 7.2 Effectiveness 7.3 Reduced driving speed 7.4 Improved road safely 7.5 Maintenance in winter conditions iff page no wea 2 aL °CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 REFERENCE CASE STUDY 8.1 Purpose of paper 8.2 Background 8.3 Impact of speed hump charactestics on vehicle speed 8.4 Data collection procedure 8.5 Urban road selection criteria 8.6 Speed measurements CONCLUSION iv 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 30 32TABLE.NO. LIST OF TABLES TABLE NAME Traffic calming measures PAGE NO. 15LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO. 31 Speed hump prefered 12 52 Speed bump B a Geometry of speed hump 18 12 Two cushion configuration 19 13 Three cushion 20 configuration 81 Watts and Seminole prole 26 speed hump viCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND. Over safely is a major challenge of road safety in many countries and often contributes to more than a third of all accidents. Considering this it is utmost important to assess the road safety measures and to search for innovative solutions that would help to solve the arising road safety problem. In addition, to reduce the number of accidents the concept of traffic calming came into being. The Institute of Traffic Engineers [ITE] defined traffic calming as the combination of mainly physical measures to reduce negative measures of motor vehicle use, alter driver behavior, and improve the conditions of non -motorized street users. There are many traffic calming measures such as speed humps, speed bumps, transverse rumble strips, and cat eye reflector etc. while speed humps are considered best to reduce speed and cheapest solution. since speed humps are very effect means of calming traffic, therefore the main purpose of its installation is to reduce seed and volume of traffic to acceptable limits in order to enhance road safety for pedestrians and motorists. The main objectives are first, is to regulate traffic process and the second is to reduce the rate of potential accidents. However, speed humps may have a negative impact on the level- of-service, as they increase travel time. They can also cause serious damage to vehicles, inconvenience to passengers, increasing pollution and fuel consumption. Traffic calming has been defined as “the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor-vehicle use, alter driver behavior, and improve conditions for non-motorized street users", Traffic calming measures are intended to be self-enforcing. Second, as defined by the ITE subcommittee, traffic calming measures rely on the laws of physics rather than human psychology to slow down traffic. The main aim of traffic calming devices is to decrease speeds used by drivers to the degree that they do not exceed acceptable specd levels. The slowing down effect of the calming devices is based on their detrimental effect on the driving comfort when the speed of the vehicle exceeds the desired level. Single calming devices or devices placed too far apart are only effective at one point. The best traffic calming solution is the one that reduces speeds over the entire stretch of the road. Excessive 1speed is a major problem withis ee tic eaten ee roadwork sites. When drivers do not adequately adapt their collisions are major site a their tisk of accident invalvement. In india traffic . 3, injuries, and National Crime Records Bure: Property damage every year. The these, road collisions palit ae Feport states that there were 496,762 roads, of deaths in India. The thre (ed for 464,674 collisions which caused 148,707 traffic related ics u traffic relat ree highest total number of fatalities were reported in Uttar Pradesh. in Uttar Pradesh, Maharastra and Tamilnadu and to; gether the; fatalities in 2015. 'Y counted about 33 % of total Indian trafficCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS. It is certainly that with the increase of traffic speed, the Possibility of fatal injury for road users also increases. High traffic speed on local roadways led to an increase of unsafe roadway conditions for pedestriants and bicyclists, Therefore, many countries in world seek to increase the level of safety for road users, especially in populated areas. To achieve this goal, some means Were used to calm traffic. as shown in Figure |. High traffic speed on local roadways led to an increase of unsafe roadway conditions for pedestrians and bicyclists g Ss ® 3 = Ss = Probability of fatal Injury to 2 pedestrian (%) 0 0 20 30 40 60 1 Speed kinv/h Fig 2.1 probablty of fatal injury to a pedestrain with increases in speed [zakariya mohamed 2018]CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION spe as ipstant lings oF his pape canbe culn a gy, s . ‘The responses showed that alge percentage of road users belo isi ma 8 believe it is important to install speed humps at educational/school Places, hospitals and bef , ’ is before intersections. on the other hand, 42.6% of the respondents reject the instalation of bh lation of hurnps:at the commercial places as well as 50.4% of the Fespondents reject the installat f allation of humps before horizontal curves. Based on the responses received from the drivers, vehicle owners and vehicles’ repairmen to evaluate the cost of potential vehicle breakdowns due to humps, it was found that the average cost of the repairing is approximately $ 200 per year. By comparing the responses on vehicle speed before and after installation of humps, it was found that speed decreased significantly after the installation of humps, By comparing the responses on traffic flow rate before and after installation of humps, it was found that the traffic flow rate decreased significantly after the installation of humps. With regard to the effectiveness of speed humps in reducing the accident rate, the responses showed that their effectiveness is high in reducing the accident rate Consequently, speed humps are a very effective mean to enhance traffic safety. With regard to the effectiveness of municipalities in law enforcement and preventing the installation of speed humps without permission from relevant authorities, the responses showed that their effectiveness is very low in preventing the installation of ilegal humps. So much more effective law should be applied in order to prevent the installation of illegal humps. The majority of responses confirmed that the use of waming signs along the road is tn effective way in controlling the flow of trafic. In spite of that, more than 80% of the panicipants reported that there were no warning signs before the locations of humps. ‘This means that a number of drivers ean collide with the speed humps suddenly especially during the night, since there is no enough lighting for most roads. 29REFERENCE Zhao, Junjiang Fan, Wei Sun(2014) Loa setem . 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