1) Define the following terminologies

a) Distance/coordinate/function

Distance is a numerical measurement of how far apart objects or points are. In physics or

everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or estimation based on other criteria (e.g.
"two counties over"). The distance from a point A to a point B is sometimes denoted as AB.

In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to

uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such
as Euclidean space.

A function is a binary relation between two sets that associates each element of the first set to
exactly one element of the second set.

b) Metric: a metric or distance function is a function that gives a distance between

each pair of point elements of a set. A set with a metric is called a metric space. A
metric induces a topology on a set, but not all topologies can be generated by a
metric.
c) Half plane: the part of the plane on one side of a straight line of infinite length in the
plane. half-plane is a planar region consisting of all points on one side of an infinite
straight line, and no points on the other side. If the points on the line are included,
then it is called an closed half-plane.
d) Adjacent angle: Two angles that have a common side and a common vertex (corner
point), and dont overlap.

The word "adjacent" means "next" or "neighboring"

Adjacent angles are angles just next to each other. Adjacent angles share a common vertex and a
common side, but do not overlap. If two adjacent angles form a right angle (90o), then they are
complementary
e) Saccheri quadrilateral; A Saccheri quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with two equal
sides perpendicular to the base.  Saccheri quadrilateral is a
quadrilateral ABCD where   and   are
right angles and  . Segment   is called
the base, and segment   is called the summit.
                   A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides
are parallel.
                   A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles.

f) Lambert quadrilateral: In geometry, a Lambert quadrilateral, named after Johann

Heinrich Lambert, is a quadrilateral in which three of its angles are right angles.

A Lambert quadrilateral can be constructed from a Saccheri quadrilateral by joining

the midpoints of the base and summit of the Saccheri quadrilateral. This line segment
is perpendicular to both the base and summit and so either half of the Saccheri
quadrilateral is a Lambert quadrilateral.
g) Convex quadrilateral: A quadrilateral bounded by a simple curve and in which all
the interior angles are salient angles. A quadrilateral is non-convex if one of its
interior angles is a re-entrant angle. A convex quadrilateral is a quadrilateral which
has all interior angles less than 180 degrees and all the diagonals lie within
the quadrilateral.
h) Open triangle: A triangle where all three sides are different in length. Try this Drag
the orange dots on each vertex to reshape the triangle. Try to establish a triangle that
is not scalene. Sometimes called an irregular triangle.
i) Critically parallel rays: Two rays lying on the same line or on parallel lines.
Two rays that lie on the same line or on parallel lines, and point in the same direction.

the classical way to make essentially parallel rays of light is with a parabolic reflector. A

searchlight throws a beam of light that is nearly parallel, by placing the light source at the focal
point of the parabola

J) Isosceles open triangle: In geometry, an isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two sides of
equal length. ... The two equal sides are called the legs and the third side is called the base of
the triangle.

2) Prove that a plane and a line not lying on it cannot have more than one point in common

Two planes can intersect at a line. The union of two planes is an angle. Two intersecting lines

can lie in more than one plane. Two parallel lines determine a plane.

To prove = Lines l1 and l2 have only one point in common.

Proof =suppose lines l1 and l2 intersect at two disticnt points say P and Q.

Then line1 contains points P and Q

Also, line2 contains points P and Q.

So two lines l1 and l2 pass through two distinct points P and Q.

But only one line can pass through two different points. (axiom 3)

So the assumption we started with that two lines can pass through two disticnt point is wrong.

Hence, two lines cannot have more than one point in common.

3. Prove that two intersecting lines determine one and only one plane

Consider two distinct lines

y=m1x+c1 …………………………. (1)

y=m2x+c2 ………………………….. (2) Subtract (1) from (2)

(m2−m1)x+c2−c1=0⇒x=c1−c2m2−m1 Substitute this x into either (1) or (2) to find that

y=m1c2−c1m2m1−m2

This establishes the existence of the intersection point. We now have to consider uniqueness.
Assume two intersection points exists (A,B) and (E,F)

This means that B=m1A+c1 …………………… (3)

B=m2A+c2 ……………………………………….. (4) And also

F=m1E+c1 …………………………………. (5)

F=m2E+c2……………………………………. (6)

From (3) and (4) we have

A(m1−m2)+c1−c2=0 and from (5) and (6) that E(m1−m2)+c1−c2=0

This shows that A=E, and leads to B=F, meaning there is only one intersection point.

4. Prove that the perpendicular line segment from the vertex to the base of an isosceles
triangle a) bisect the vertex angle b) bisect the base

Answer: Let ABC be an isosceles triangle such that AB=AC.

Let AD be the bisector of ∠A.

To prove: - BD=DC

Proof:-

In △ABD&△ACD

AB=AC (∵△ABC is an isosceles triangle)

∠BAD=∠CAD (∵AD is the bisector of ∠A)

AD=AD (Common)

By S.A.S.-

△ABD≅△ACD

By corresponding parts of congruent triangles-

⇒BD=DC

Hence proved that the perpendicular drawn from the vertex angle to the base bisect the vertex
angle and base.

From module 54-55 5)Prove that if two sides of triangle are congruent to two sides of
another triangle but the measure of the included angles are unequal then the length of
third sides are unequal in the same order
 Answer: SS Inequality Theorem: If two sides of a triangle are congruent to two sides of
another triangle, but the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second
triangle, then the included angle of the first triangle's two congruent sides is greater in measure
than the included angle of the second triangle's two congruent sides.

If AB ≅DE , BC≅EF and AC >DF , then m∠B>m∠E.

D is the midpoint of BC of Angle ABC. Prove that AD less than half of (AB +AC)
ASSIGNMENT TWO

1. Write the similarity and difference of Absolute, Euclidean and Hyperbolic

Geometries.

Absolute geometry is a geometry based on an axiom system for Euclidean geometry without

the parallel postulate or any of its alternatives. 

The similarity between the Euclidean and hyperbolic planes is angle congruence. This has

the same meaning in both planes. For the Poincaré model, since lines can be circular arcs, we
need to define how to find the measure of an angle.

The difference betwee Euclidean and Hyperbolic Geometries.n Unlike Euclidean triangles,

where the angles always add up to π radians (180°, a straight angle), in hyperbolic geometry the
sum of the angles of a hyperbolic triangle is always strictly less than π radians (180°, a straight
angle). The difference is referred to as the defect.

Euclidean Parallel Postulate. Through a point not on a line there is exactly one line parallel to the
given line. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180. Similar triangles that are
not congruent exist.

Hyperbolic Parallel Postulate. Through a point not on a line there is more than one line parallel
to the given line. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is less than 180. Similar
triangles are congruent.

Elliptic Parallel Postulate. Any two lines intersect in at least one point.

2) Prove that two lines are parallel

I ) Both are vertical

Given: Two distinct parallel lines m and n.

Prove: The slope of m = the slope of n

We will be drawing auxiliary lines and

constructions to complete this proof.

Statements Reasons
1. m || n 1. Given
2. Draw a transversal line, t, intersecting 2. Two points determine one line.
      at P and S.
3. Construct two perpendiculars to t that 3. From a point not on a line, only one perpendicular may be
      intersect m at Q and n at T. constructed.
4. ∠QPR ∠TSU 4. If 2 lines are ||, the corresponding angles are congruent.
5.∠PRQ, ∠SUT are right angles 5. Perpendicular lines form rt. angles.
6. ∠PRQ ∠SUT 6. All right angles are congruent.
7. ΔPRQ ΔSUT 7. AA for similar triangles
8. Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.
8.
9. Property of proportions (alternation).
9.
10. slope of m = slope of n 10. Definition of slope (rise/run).

ii) neither is vertical and they have same slope

We are given that p || q.

We can write a linear equation to represent each

line.
For line p, y = m1x + b1, and for line q, y = m2x +
b2.

If lines are parallel, they share no common

points. We saw this when we worked with
systems of equations. Parallel systems had no
solutions. So if we set these two equations equal,
and try to solve for x, there must be no solution.
Let's see what happens:

m1x + b1 = m2x + b2

m1x - m2x = b2 - b1

x(m1-m2)=b2-b1
The only way there can be no solution for x is for m1 - m2 to equal zero.
m1-m2=0
This gives us m1 = m2 and the slopes are equal.

3) Prove that every vertical or non vertical line has a coordinate system in Euclidean
geometry