RV]FG] FM EGYMA NACB HCVC^

RG BJG]ADRD

Nacbua hctcr mstm sgstmhua fm rmzgstmeȜĂ , pdrtm stdtgbd d  hctcruaug  ȗg drm rcaua
fm sbjmamt pm bdrm sm susȜge bmamadatm bchpcemetm. Ma eu mstm igxdt rgogf pm bdfrua
hdȗgegg.bg prge tdhpcdem fge bdubgub spmbgda (tmrhcrmzgstmet , cgarmzgstmet sg
rmzgstmet ad vgnrdtgg).

Nacbua hctcr pcdtm ig pgmsĂ hcecnacb sdu bchpcemetĂ fmhcetdngaĂ d  d  hctcruaug

fge  icetĂ bmeuȗgm, icetĂ dagdtĂ sdu dagdk fm dauhgegu. Fge turedrm suet
iggef turedt fge 
aĂsdtm acbdȗurg pmetru fgimrgtm pgmsm bdrm sm dsdhnamdzĂ uatmrgcr. Fm ad gmȗgrmd fge
turedrm nacbua hctcr mstm prmaubrdt getmrgcr ȗg mxtmrgcr bceicrh pgmsmacr bm g sm sm
susȜge   drncrmam bctgt, fupĂ i maua
dtdȗmdzĂ. Dstima suet prdbtgbdtm acbdȗurgam bm susȜge maua
bcestrubȜgmg hctcruaug ȗg 
ȗg drncrmam bu bdhm åe strîesĂ mxdbtgtdtm, idȜĂ fm acbdȗurgam
acbdȗurgam
 prmvĂzutm pmetru dbmadȗg sbcp åe bdrtmr ppmetru
metru d ig bcdxgdam. Åe dbmstm aacbdȗurg
cbdȗurg
suet adoĂrmam bdrm du rcaua fm susȜgemrm igm pmetru drncrmam bctgt sdu bu bdhm, igm
 pmetru susȜgemrmd 
susȜgemrmd  ngmamg.
ngmamg. Fm dsmhmemd nacbua bgagefrgacr drm acbdȗurg pmetru
bgagefrg ȗg pmetru pgmsm fm igxdrm rgogfĂ pm bdfrua dutchcngauaug. Ad uemam
hctcdrm nacbua hctcr mstm t uredt åe bcrp bchue bu pdrtmd supmrgcdrĂ d bdrtmruaug
ȗg sm euhmȗtm nacb-bdrtmr.
Ad pdrtmd supmrgcdrĂ d nacbuaug sm hcetmdzĂ 
hcetmdzĂ  bjguadsd, gdr ad pdrtmd geimrgcdrĂ sm
dsdhnamdzĂ bdrtmrua. Nacbua hctcr, åe deuhgtm
d euhgtm bdzurg, pcdtm bceȜgem fge turedrm
ȗg adoĂrmam. 
Fge turedrm sm rmdagzmdzĂ ȗg bdhmrmam fm rĂbgrm bu dpĂ åe bcrpua supmrgcr da
hctcr. Åe bdzua rĂbgrgg bu dmr d hctcruaug, nacbua hctcr mstm mxmbutdt fge
 nacbuaug hctcr.
turedrm bu drgpgcdr m fm rĂbgrm bdrm hĂrmsb suprdidȜd fm rdfgmrm d bĂafurgg åe hmfgua 
åebcekurĂtcr. 
Nacbua hctcr drm fcuĂ pĂrȜg; 
4.  Nacbua bgagefrgacr, pdrtmd
bgagefrgacr, pdrtmd supmrgcdrĂ)
>.  Bdrtmr, pdrtmd geimrgcdrĂ 
Bdrtmr, pdrtmd
 

Nacbua bgagefrgacr(pdrtmd supmrgcdrd)

Hdtmrgdaua fge bdrm mstm iĂbut nacbua bgagefrgacr pcdtm ig icetd

ig icetd bmeuȗgm turedtĂ bîef
bgagefrgg suet
suet fmhcetdngag
fmhcetdngag,, sdu f
fge
ge   icetĂ dagdtĂ ad
 ad  
hcecnacb (idb bcrp bchue bu nacbua) sdu pcdtm ighctcdrmam bu bgagefrg
dagdk fm dauhgegu
fm  dauhgegu turedȜg
tturedt.
uredt. Ad
turedrm suet prmvĂzutm spdȜgg spmbgdam pmetru åhngedrmd bmacradatm bchpcemetm dam
hctcruaug. Acbdȗurgam nacbuaug bgagefrgacr suet acbdȗurgam getmrgcdrm dam bgagefrgacr.
Bîef hctcrua fge bcestrubȜgm mstm bu rĂbgrm bu agbjgf,
agbjgf, åe pdrtmd supmrgcdrĂ  da
 nacbua, prge turedrm sm diaĂ spdȜgu fm rĂbgrm fgrmbt sdu bdedamam fm rĂbgrm gefgrmbtĂ
gefgrmbtĂ
 bgagefrgacr. Bîef rĂbgrmd hctcruaug mstm bu dmr, nacbuaug åg suet
dam bgagefrgacr.
dam s uet dfĂuodtm prge 
turedrm emrvurg mxtmr gcdrm
gcdrm bdrm hĂrmsb suprdidȜd fm rĂbgrm d dbmstugd. Pmetru
rmfubmrmd ormutĂȜgg nacbuaug, dbmstugd åg hdg suet dfĂuodtm tct prge turedrm adhm fm
åetĂrgrm sdu ȗg bjgdr pmetru rmfubmrmd zochctuaug åe acburgam embmsdrm.

Åe pdrtmdbîef
bdrtmrua supmrgcdrĂ
 nacbua dmstm
nacbuaug bgagefrgacr
fmspĂrȜg
fmspĂrȜgt sm Prge
t fm bdrtmr. hcetmdzĂ
hcetmdzĂ   bjguadsd,
bcestrubȜgm
bcestru åe pdrtmd
bȜgm åe nacbua geimrgcdrĂ
bgagefrgacr 
bgagefrgacr 
 
 pcdtm ig kuhĂtdtmd acbdȗuaug fm susȜgemrm da 
da  drncrmaug bctgt, gdr
gdr åe bdrtmr bmdadatĂ
åe bdrtmr
 kuhĂtdtm. 
Ad hctcdrmam uefm drncrmam bu bdhm mstm hcetdt åe nacbua bgagefrgacr, nacbua mstm
 prmvĂzut bu acbdȗurg
acbdȗurg pmetru drncrmam bu bdhm. BcestrubȜgd mstm icacsgtĂ
icacsgtĂ fm cngbmg
ad hctcdrm åe ―Y ‘ hdg hdrg fm bdhgcdem, vdpcrdȗm mtb., icacsgef dbmst spdȜgu, bdrm  
datima dr ig ue spdȜgu pgmrfut.  
MxgstĂ fcuĂ drdekĂrg dam bgagefrga
b gagefrgacr,
cr, utgagzdtm cngȗeugt ad ddutchcngam;
utchcngam; bu bgagefrg åe
agegm ȗg bu bgagefrg åe Y. Hctcrua åe agegm drm ue sgeour rîef fm bgagefrg, fgspuȗg
vmrtgbda fmdsuprd bdrtmruaug ȗg bdrm suet dagegdȜg bu adoĂrmam prgebgpdam dam  
c
drncrmaug bctgt. Hctcdrmam åe Y du fcuĂ rîefurg fm bgagefrg, fgspuȗg ad 90  sdu ad
c
70 . ]emam hctcdrm hgbg fm dvgce, bu 9 bgagefrg du bgagefrg cpuȗg crgzcetda.  

Nacbua-bdrtmr
Ad hctcdrmam pmetru dutcvmjgbuam fm putmrm hgbĂ ȗg hgkacbgm, nacbua bgagefrgacr ȗg
bdrtmrua supmrgcr bcestgtugm c pgmsĂ uegbĂ euhgtĂ nacb-bdrtmr. RcauȜgd bcestrubtgvĂ
 nacb-bdrtmr mstm dvdetdkcdsĂ
dvdetdkcdsĂ fmcdrmbm prge maghgedrmd suprdimȜmg fm åhngedrm
fgetrm nacbua bgagefrgacr
bgagefrgacr ȗg bdrtmr sm hgbȗcrmdzĂ euhĂrua cpmrdȜggacr tmjecacogbm
tmjecacogbm fm
 prmaubrdrm hmbdegbĂ
bu pmrmȜg hdg ȗg smbu
sunȜgrg fmbg hĂrmȗtm
hĂrmȗtm
c hdsĂrgogfgtdtmd bdrbdsmg,
ȗg ue b cesuh bmmd hdg
fm hmtda bm pmrhgtm strubȜgd
rmfusm.bcestrubȜg
bce
Hdsd
 

 
rmfusĂ rmprmzgetĂ c bmrgeȜĂ iuefdhmetdaĂ pmetru nacbua-bdrtmr. Iggef supus
dbȜguegg uecr icrȜm ȗg hchmetm vdrgdngam fm vdacdrm rgfgbdtĂ, nacbua-bdrtmr trmnugm
sĂ rmdagzmzm c rmzgstmeȜĂ åedatĂ ȗg rgogfgtdtm spcrgtĂ ad c hdsĂ rmfusĂ, rgogfgtdtmd
rgogfgtdtmd
dvîef ue rca fmcsmngt åe brmȗtmrmd furdngagtĂȜgg agegmg fm adoĂrm, drncrmaug bctgt,
buzgemȜgacr fm ngmaĂ, bgagefrgacr, 
bgagefrgacr,  pgstcdemacr,
pgstcdemacr, smohmeȜgacr. 

Nacbua-bdrtmr sm mxmbutĂ hdg dams fge icetĂ, prge turedrm. Bîef nacbua -bdrtmr mstm
 prmvĂzut bu bgagefrg fmhcetdngag
fmhcetdngag sm mxmbutĂ fgetr -c icetĂ hdg gmitgeĂ, icetĂ bmeuȗgm
fm tgpua Ib >00 sdu Ib >=0, mvmetuda Ib 200. Bîef bgagefrgg suet emfmhcetdngag
emfm hcetdngag sm
utgagzmdzĂ icetĂ fm bdagtdtm sdu icetĂ uȗcr dagdtĂ. Orcsghmd hgeghĂ d pmrmȜgacr, fm  
=...: hh, mstm aghgtdtĂ fm pcsgngagtĂȜgam fm turedrm. Rm mxmbutĂ ȗg nacburg -bdrtmr
fge dagdkm fm dauhgegu b drm prmzgetĂ bd dvdetdkm prgebgpdam; fmesgtdtm rmfusĂ,
bcefubtgngagtdtm
bcefubtgngagt dtm tmrhgbĂ r ggfgbdtĂ,
fgbdtĂ, rmzgstmeȜĂ ad uzdrm bcrczgvĂ, prmaubrdngagtdtm prge
dȗbjgmrm bu vgtmzm hdrg. RcauȜgd dvdetdkcdsĂ pmetru bceimbȜgcedrmd nacbuaug-bdrtmr
fge dagdk fm dauhgegu mstm turedrmd sun prmsguem.

Nacb bu bgagefrg fmhcetdngag sdu bu bgagefrg emfmhcetdngag

 Nacbua bu bgagefrg fmhcetdngag prmzgetĂ hdg huatm dvdetdkm
dvdetdkm 
mstm pcsgngaĂ bceimbȜgcedrmd bgagefrgacr  fmhcetdngag
 fmhcetdngag fgetr-ue hdtmrgda fm
bdagtdtm supmrgcdrĂ bu rmzgstmeȜĂ åedatĂ ad uzurĂ ȗg utgagzdrmd ueug hdtmrgda
hdg gmitge pmetru nacb<  
sghpagigbdrmd tureĂrgg nacbuaug fm bgagefrg ȗg rmfubmrmd rmnuturgacr< 
hmeȜgemrmd åe smrvgbgu d nacbuaug fm bgagefrg ȗg åe bdzua uzĂrgg sdu
fmimbtĂrgg uemg sgeourm bĂhĂȗg fm bagefru< 
rmfubmrmd tmesguegacr tmrhgbm dam bgagefruaug åetrubît eu mstm aghgtdtĂ
fgadtdrmd aug åe fgrmbȜgd dxgdaĂ< 
åeacbugrmd uȗcdrĂ, åe mxpacdtdrm,
m xpacdtdrm, d bgagefrgacr fmhcetdngag uzdȜg.  
 Nacbua bu bgagefrg emfmhcetdngag drm bcstua idnrgbdȜgmg ȗg hcetdkuaug hdg rmfus,
åe sbjghn, drm c bcestrubȜgm hdg bchpagbdtĂ bdrm åeamsemȗtm dpdrgȜgd uecr tmesgueg
getmrem, fupĂ turedrm, fdtcrgtĂ vgtmzmacr fgimrgtm ȗg furdtmacr gemodam fm rĂbgrm d
 pmrmȜgacr getmrgcrg
getmrgcrg ȗg mxtmrgcrg. Åe paus, åe tghpua iiuebȜgceĂrgg
uebȜgceĂrgg dpdr tme
tmesgueg
sgueg
tmrhgbm hdrg fdtcrgtĂ ordfgmetuaug fm tmhpmrdturĂ dxgda ȗg rdfgda.  

Bdrtmr(pdrtmd geimrgcdrd)
 

 
Bdrtmrua mstm c pgmsĂ dtdȗdtĂ sdu
s du iĂbîef bcrp bchue bu  nacbua
nacbua bgagefrgacr 
bgagefrgacr  bdrm drm 
rcaua fm d susȜgem ȗg prctmkd crodemam bm prmgdu hgȗbdrm fm ad tgkd pgstceuaug
 prmbuh ȗg ndgd fm uamg.
uamg. 
Pcdtm ig turedt fge icetĂ sdu dagdk fm dauhgegu. Bdrtmrua pcdtm ig fgetr -c nubdtĂ
sdu fge hdg huatm pĂrȜg fgimrgef fm ad ue tgp fm hctcr ad datua. Drm prmvĂzutm
acbdȗurg pmetru igxdrm ad nacbua bgagefrgacr ȗg pmetru igxdrmd bbuzgemȜgac
uzgemȜgacrr åe bchue
bu rmstua nacbuaug
rmstua nacbuaug hctcr.

4.  bdpdbua fm bjguadsĂ 

>.  bjguadsd
2.   nacbua hctcr (sm hdg euhmȗtm ȗg nacb
nacb bdrtmr sdu nacbua bgagefrgacr) 
6.   ndgd fm uamg

BGAGEF^GG HCVC^]A]G
Bgagefrua hctcr, mstm spdȜgua fm aubru pmetru fmsiĂȗurdrmd bgbauaug hctcr, uefm
(ueua sdu fcuĂ ) sm fmpadsmszĂ åe getmrgcrua aug åetr -c hgȗbdrm rmbtgagegm  -
 pgstceua (ueua
datmredtgvĂ. Dbmst spdȜgu mstm prdbtgbdt åe 
åe  nacbua
nacbua hctcr åe hchmetua tureĂrgg
 nacbuaug hctcr,
hctcr, iggef gedhcvgnga sdu pcdtm ig bcestrugt smpdrdt iggef
iggef ue
ue bgagefru
 bgagefru
bd pgmsĂ fmhcetdngaĂ.
fmhcetdngaĂ. Bgagefrua hctcr
hctcr sm cnȜgem prge turedrm
turedrm fge icetĂ
fge icetĂ dagdtĂ iggef
 prmaubrdt åe pdrtmd
pdrtmd getmrgcdrĂ icdrtm ige (jceugrm), pîeĂ ad cnȜgemrmd uemg
suprdimȜm getmrgcdrm fcrgtm.
 

 
Bgagefrgg dhcvgngag du åe mxtmrgcr bdedam fmstgedtm mtdeȗĂrgg spdȜguaug fm rĂbgrm bu agbjgf.
Bgagefrg sm hcetmdzĂ åe nacb prge prmsdrm, dvîef suprdimȜm fm ojgfdrm åe dbmst sbcp. Åe bdzua
hctcdrmacr bu rĂbgrm bu dmr, bĂhĂȗggam bgagefrgacr du åe mxtmrgcr emr vurg
vurg fm åetĂrgrm ȗg
drgpgcdrm pmetru hĂrgrmd suprdimȜmg fm rĂbgrm. Mam suet hcetdtm åetrm  bdrtmr ȗg bjguadsĂ bu
 åetrm bdrtmr
sdu ȗurunurg, bdrm
 prmzcdem sdu  bdrm suet igxdtm åe åhprmkurua bgagefrgacr fge bdrtmr ad bjguacdsĂ.  

Bgagefrgg emfmhcetdngag suet fm tgp uhmf, gdr bĂhĂȗgam fm bgagefrg fmhcetdng am pct ig fm tgp
uhmf sdu usbdt. Euhmrctdrmd bgagefrgacr sm idbm fm ad
ad vcadet sdu fge pdrtmd cpusĂ d dbmstmgd. 
 vcadet sdu

Ndgd fm uamg(bdrtmr geimrgcr)

Ndgd fm uamg mstm pdrtmd bdrtmauaug geimrgcr d hctcruaug icacsgtd pmetru fmpczgtdrmd uamguaug.
Daghmetdrmd sm idbm prgetr-c odurd spmbgda bcebmputd pmetru uhpamrm bdrm mstm prmvdzutd dtdt
bu c sgtd pmetru prghd
prg hd igatrdrm d uamguaug bjgdr ad turedrm, bdt sg
s g bu ue bdpdb mtdes. Ge omemrda,
 ndgd fm uamg mstm rmdagzdtd
rmdagzdtd fge icetd sdu dauhgegu, gdrgdr pdrtmd sd fge hgkacb drm c dfdebghm
dfdebghm hdg
hdrm, iggef zced ge bdrm sm diad scrnua pchpmg fm uamg.

Ndgd fm uamg mstm prcgmbtdtd dstima gebdt uamgua sd igm bdt hdg putge dogtdt sg gespuhdt ge tghpua
fmpadsdrgg dstima gebdt dbmdstd mstm mbjgpdtd bu c padsd ge pdrtmd supmrgcdrd, pmricrdtd bu
crgigbgg hgbg ge fgdhmtru. Ge pdrtmd geimrgcdrd d ndgg fm uamg mxgstd nusceua fm ocagrm.
ocagrm.

Bjguadsd mstm
fmdsuprd bchpcemetd
bchpcemetd hctcruaug
bgagefruaug  hctcruaug
bbuu sbcpua fm dbbdrm
drm sm
 smue
brmd  spdȜgu   åebjgs åetrm pdrtmd supmrgcdrĂ d 
hcetmdzĂ
hcetmdzĂ 
 pgstceuaug ȗ
 pgstceuaug  ȗgg  pmrmȜgg getmrgcrg dg bgagefruaug. Rm bceimbȜgcemzĂ prge turedrm fge  icetĂ   dagdtĂ
fge icetĂ
 sdu fge dagdkm fm dauhgegu. C bjguadsĂ pcdtm ig gefgvgfudaĂ, pm igmbdrm bgagefru, bchueĂ
  pmetru tcȜg bgagefrg sdu orupdtĂ pmetru hdg huaȜg bgagefrg. Bjguadsd dpdrm bd ue bdpdb da

bgagefruaug dvîefc bdvgtdtm åe pdrtmd

pdrtmd geimrgcdrĂ, bdvgtdtm bdrm åhprmueĂ bu
åhprmueĂ  bu pgstceua diadt
ad puebtua hcrt getmrgcr ȗg pmrmȜgg bgagefruaug icrhmdzĂ bdhmrd fm drfmrm.
 Icrhd bjguadsmg fgimrĂ fupĂ tgpua hctcruaug.  
tgpu a hctcruaug.
Bjguadsmam bchuem pmetru c agegm fm bgagefrg du prdbtgbdt
prdb tgbdt ue acbdȗpmetru trdfubtcrua
trdfubtcrua
tmrhchmtruaug fm dpĂ ȗg c bdvgtdtm pmetru tmrhcstdt. Bmam pmetru hctcdrm bu dprgefmrm
 prge sbîetmgm du ue acbdȗ pmetru nukgm, gdr bmam pmetru 
pmetru   hctcdrm bu dprgefmrm prge
bchprghdrm ueua pmetru gekmbtcr.
Bjguadsd drm fm dsmhmemd crgigbgg pmetru bgrbugtua dpmg, crgigbgg bdrm bcgebgf bu crgigbggam
fm bgrbuadȜgm dam dpmg fge nacbua hctcr  pmetru dsgourdrmd
dsgourdrmd   rĂbgrgg
rĂbgrgg.. Å e pdrtmd geimrgcdrĂ
bjguadsd mstm padeĂ pmetru mtdeȗdrmd pmrimbtĂ ad nacbua hctcr prge getmrhmfgua uemg
 odregturg. Hcetdrmd bjguadsmg pm nacbua bgagefrgacr sm idbm prge nuacdem sdu prmzcdem
bdrm ad rîefua acr suet hcetdtm ȗg strîesm åe crfgem fm ad bmetru ad mxtmrgcr bd sĂ
dsgourm bcpadedrgtdtmd bu suprdidȜd fm bcetdbt d nacbuaug bgagefrgacr.

Hdg kcs dvmh prmzmetdtd c sbjmhd d uemg

bjguadsm pmetru ue hctcr bu supdpm adtmrdam
 

4.  oĂurg fm trmbmrm d ȗurunurgacr fm igxdrm

fm  igxdrm 
 >.  bdedam fm buromrm d agbjgfuaug fm rĂbgrm 
2.  crgigbgu pmetru nukgm  
6.  suprdidȜĂ d bdhmrmg fm drfmrm 
=.  supdpĂ fm dfhgsgm 
9.  supdpĂ fm mvdbudrm 
?.  suprdidȜĂ fm bcetdbt bu odregturd
odregturd fm bjguadsĂ 
 
:. crgigbgu fm
7.  crgigbgu fm buromrm
buromrm dd odzmacr
odzmacr fm mvdbudrm   
fm dfhgsgm
40.ȗurun fm igxdrm d odamrgmg fm mvdbudrm

d hctcruaug bu drfmrm getmreĂ , bdrm, åhprmueĂ bu 

Bjguadsd mstm c pgmsĂ stdtgbĂ d hctcruaug bu nacbua hctcr
 ȗg rhmdzĂ bdh
 ȗg pgstceua, i ccrhmdzĂ bdhmr
mrdd fm
fm dr fmr m. Omchmtrgd bjguadsmg mstm mxtrmh fm bchpamxĂ
dr fmr

fdtcrgtĂ r cauaug
fgstrgnuȜgm huatg
(  supdpm,uatg - iuebȜgceda 
 iuebȜgceda 
drburg  da dbmstmgd.
 da
fm supdpĂ,
su pdpĂ, Bjguadsd
drncrg bu bceȜgem cȗgpdrtm
bdhm, buanutcrg d sgstmhuaug
tdbjmȜg), nukggam fmfm
bmam gebdefmsbmetm
dprgefmrm ȗg bmam  gebdefmsbmetm ȗ bu gekmbȜgm fgrmbtĂ ).
 ȗgg gekmbtcdrmam (pmetru hctcdrmam bu 

 Prge getmrhmfgua crgigbggacr (4) bjguadsd sm igxmdzĂ fm nacbua hctcr. Bupaua fm strîeomrm da
 ȗurunurgacr prmbuh ȗg crfgemd fm strîeomrm dbmstcrd  mstm fmcsmngt fm ghpcrtdetĂ pmetru d eu
s trîeomrm d dbmstcrd 
 prcfubm tmesgueg hmbdegbm bdrm pct bcefubm ad igsurg dam bjguadsmg.

Bdedamam fm buromrm dam agbjgfuaug fm rĂbgrm (>) trmnugm sĂ dsgourm c rĂbgrm migbgmetĂ d
bjguadsmg, hdg dams åe zced supdpmacr fm mvdbudrm, uefm tmhpmrdturd dtgeom vdacrg hdxghm.
 Dȗmzdrmd supdpmacr åe bjguadsĂ fmpgefm fmf m euhĂrua fm bgagefrg ȗg fm crfgemd fm dprgefmrm d
dbmstcrd.fmspĂrȜgtcr
 pmrmtmam Ad prcgmbtdrmd
d fcghctcruaug mstm fm prmimrdt
bgagefrg dfgdbmeȜg, pmetru dbdaghgtd
supdpmam fm mvdbudrm
scagbgtĂrgam sĂ eu
tmrhgbm. igm aîeoĂ
Vmhpmrdturgam
uzudam åe zced supdpmg fm mvdbudrm dtgeo vdacrg fm ?00 ° B .

 Fgdhmtru crgigbguaug supdpmg fm dfhgsgm (=) mstm hdg hdrm

hdr m fmbît bma da supdpmg fm mvdbudrm
(9). DbmdstĂ fgimrmeȜĂ sm fdtcrmdzĂ embmsgtĂȜgg uemg suprdimȜm fm buromrm hdg hdrm d dmruaug
dfhgs åe hctcr, hdg dams ad hctcdrmam dspgrdtm. Ad dbmstm tgpurg fm hctcdrm dmrua
(dhmstmbua dmr-bchnustgnga) mstm ―trds‘  åe hctcr fdtcrgtĂ
―trds‘ åe  fmprmsguegg brmdtm fm hgȗbdrmd
fdtcrgtĂ fmprmsguegg
 pgstceuaug åe bgagefru. Bcetrdr, odzmam
odzma m drsm suet mvdbudtm idbga, iggef åhpgesm fm pgstce.
 Dstima, pmetru d dsgourd c uhpamrm suigbgmetĂ d bgagefrgacr bu dmr prcdspĂt, fgdhmtrua
crgigbguaug fm buromrm da supdpmg fm dfhgsgm mstm hdg hdrm fmbît bma da supdpmg fm mvdbudrm.
 Ad bjguadsmam fge dagdk fm dauhgegu (hdkcrgtdrm
(hdkcrgtdr m åe bdzua dutchcngamacr) supdpmam eu sm
dȗmdzĂ fgrmbt pm bcrpua bjguadsmg. Rupdpmam sm dȗmdzĂ pm ue sb due , bdrm suet fm idpt gemam
 sbd
 prmsdtm åe bjguadsĂ. Pmetru d dsgourd rmzgstmeȜd hmbdegbd ȗg tmrhgbd embmsdrĂ, sbduemam
 supdpmacr sm bceimbȜgcemdzĂ fge icetĂ sdu cȜma dagdt. 
dagdt.  
 O mchmtrg
trg d bjg uadsmgg fmpgefm fm tgpua hctcruaug (nmezgeĂ sdu fgmsma), icrhd bdhmrmg  fm
bjguadsm
drfmrm (bdrm fmpgefm
fmpgefm åe prgebgpda fm tgpua gekmbȜgmg),
g ekmbȜgmg), tgpua sgstmhuaug fm fgstrgnuȜgm  (CJY,
fgstrgnuȜgm (CJY,
CJB sdu FCJB), fm trdsmua fm buromrm
burom rm da odzmacr (dfhgsgm ȗg mvdbudrm) ȗg fm sgstmhua fm
rĂbgrm.  
rĂbgrm.

 Hdkcrgtdtmd hctcdrmacr fm dutchcngam du bjguadsd fge dauhgegu. Bjguadsd fge icetĂ fm

icetĂ fm
utgagzmdzĂ bu prmbĂfmrm ad dutcvmjgbuam bchmrbgdam, fm trdespcrt hdrid sdu pmrscdem.
Bjguadsd fge dauhgegu drm
d rm dvdetdkua ueug bcmigbgmet hdg hdrm fm trdesimr tmrhgb (fgsgpĂ
hdg uȗcr bĂafurd), hdsĂ hdg hgbĂ ȗg sm prmaubrmdzĂ hdg uȗcr. Bjguadsd fge dauhgegu sm
 prge turedrm ad prmsguem sbĂzutĂ , åe icrhm bmrdhgbm sdu hmtdagbm.
 idnrgbĂ prge
 idnrgbĂ

]e hctcr bu drfmrm getmreĂ, rĂbgt bu agbjgf, bceȜgem trmg bgrbugtm bdrm aubrmdzĂ bu iaugfm;
bgrbugtua fm df
dfhhg sgm
sg m/mvd
vdbudr
budrmm , bgrbugtua fm rĂbgrm  ȗg
ȗg bma fm ueomrm bu uamg. Vcdtm dbmstm trmg
bgrbugtm sm getrĂ åe bchpcemeȜd bjguadsmg. Fge dbmst hctgv mstm fmcsmngt fm ghpcrtdetĂ
mtdeȗmgtdtmd bjguadsmg pmetru d eu pmrhgtm getmrdbȜguemd bmacr trmg bgrbugtm. Fm mxmhpau,  
 pĂtruefmrmd uamguaug åe bgagefrg vd bcefubm ad drfmrmd dbmstugd ȗg ad mhgsgg ghpcrtdetm fm
 iuh dandstru. Fm dsmhmemd, bcetdhgedrmd bgagefrgacr bu agbjgf fm rĂbgrm vd bcefubm bcef ubm ad u zurd
 prmhdturĂ d pgmsmacr åe hgȗbdrm (pgstce, smohmeȜg) ȗg ad mhgsgg fm iuh dan.  dan.  

 Mtdeȗmgtdtmd bjguadsmg mstm dsgourdtĂ fm od

 odrr egturd fm bjguadsĂ. Dbmdstd sm pczgȜgcemdzĂ
egturd
p drtm fge
åetrm bjguadsĂ ȗg nacbua hctcr ȗg drm rcaua fm d mtdeȗd fgimrgtmam bgrbugtm bdrm idb pdrtm
bjguadsĂ. Pm aîeoĂ dsgourdrmd bchprmsgmg åe bgagefrg ȗg d mtdeȗmgtĂȜgg agbjgfuaug fm rĂbgrm ȗg
d uamguaug, odregturd fm bjguadsĂ
bjguadsĂ trmnugm sĂ dgnĂ 
dgnĂ rmzgstmeȜĂ tmrhgbĂ ȗg hmbdegbĂ rgfgbdtĂ.

Bdpdbua bjguadsmg sg mtdesdrmd ghngedrgg

 Odregturd fm bjguadsĂ ad hdkcrgtdtmd hctcdrmacr hcfmrem mstm bceimbȜgcedtĂ fge hdg huatm
 strr dturg h
 st mtdagbm. Dbmstmd suet dbcpmrgtm bu bdubgub sgetmtgb, pm pdrtmd fm bcetdbt bu bjguadsd  
hm
 ȗg bu nacbua hctcr, pmetru d dsgourd dfmzguemd
dfmz guemd pm suprdidȜĂ. Åe bdzua åe bdrm nacbua hctcr
mstm fge icetĂ gdr bjguadsd fge dauhgegu, fdtcrgtĂ bcmigbgmetuaug fm fgadtdrm fgimrgt, ad brmȗtmrmd
tmhpmrdturgg sm prcfub tmesgueg hmbdegbm åe bjguadsĂ. Pmetru d pmrhgtm
pmrhgtm fgadtdrmd bjguadsmg,
gefmpmefmet fm nacbua hctcr, sm prdbtgbĂ
sm prdbtgbĂ c dbcpmrgrm fm tmiace  pm
pm suprdimȜmam fm bcetdbt dam
 odregturgg, rmfubîefu- sm dam bjguadsmg.
 sm dstima scagbgtĂrgam hmbdegbm dam bjguadsmg.

 ^Ăbgrmd 
d 
Bdedamam fm buromrm dam agbjgfuaug fm rĂbgrm trmnugm sĂ dsgourm c rĂbgrm migbgmetĂ d 
 

bjguadsmg, hdg dams åe zced supdpmacr fm mvdbudrm, uefm

tmhpmrdturd dtgeom vdacrg hdxghm. Dȗmzdrmd supdpmacr åe bjguadsĂ fmpgefm fm
euhĂrua
hctcruaugfmmstm
bgagefrg ȗg mmrdt
fm prmi  fm
rdtcrfgemd fm dprgefmrm
bd supdpmam d dbmstcrd.
fm mvdbudrm AdaîeoĂ
sĂ eu igm prcgmbtdrmd
pmrmtmam
f mspĂrȜgtcr fcg bgagefrg dfgdbmeȜg, pmetru d aghgtdscagbgtĂrgam tmrhgbm.
mspĂrȜgtcr d fcg 
Vmhpmrdturgam uzudam åe zced supdpmg fm mvdbudrm dtgeo vdacrg fm ?00 °B .
]e hctcr bu drfmrm getmreĂ, rĂbgt bu agbjgf, bceȜgem trmg bgrbugtm bdrm
aubrmdzĂ bu iaugfm; bgrbugtua fm dfhgsgm/mvdbudrm,
df hgsgm/mvdbudrm, bgrbugtua fm rĂbgrm ȗg bma
fm ueomrm bu uamg. Vcdtm dbmstm trmg bgrbugtm sm getrĂ åe bchpcemeȜd
bjguadsmg. Fge dbmst hctgv mstm fmcsmngt fm
ghpcrtdetĂ mtdeȗmgtdtmd bjguadsmg pmetru d eu pmrhgtm getmrdbȜguemd bmacr
trmg bgrbugtm.
Bjguadsm bu rdbgrm prge dmr