BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 1994-2:2005 Zncopraing ver Sse Eurocode 4 — Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges | } 10S 9,040.90, 1,060.10; 8.08040, 8.040, | Zee wud) British StandardsBS EN 1994-2:2005 FSC nn100%, a. eee National foreword ‘This Briteh Standard isthe UK implementation of [BN 1994-22005, incorporating corrigendum July 2008, Tecupersedes DD ENV 1004-22001 mich i witairawa. ‘The start and ish of text introduced or altered by corrigendum i {nated in the text by tagn Tent altered by CEN corrigendum July 2008 is indicted in che text by TED ‘The structural Burocodoe ar divided into packages by gouping Burocudes foreach of the main materials, concrete, esl, compesite foneret and tae, ber, masonry and slminium, Thirst enable 8 ‘ommon date of withérawal (DOW) forall the relevant parts that are ‘edd fora parculr doign. The conicting national standards wil bbe withdrew atthe and of to coexistence period, after ll the EN Burocodes of package are avalabe Following publication of the EN, there ie period of llored forthe faticoal calibration during which the National Annes is bros, followed by « coeisence period ofs maximum of tars yar. Dising the ‘rerstenceperied Member Staas willbe encouraged to dap that [As the end of thie soerstonce perio, the conflicting parteof ‘tional standarde wil be witha, In tho UK, tho corrponding national standard is BS 5400-5:1879, Stel, concrete and compoite brides — Code of roctze for design of compote bridget ‘and basod on this transition period this standard wil be withdrawn on ‘date tobe announced, but athe latest by March 2010, ‘The UK participation in ita prepartion was entrusted by Technical Committee 1626, Building and civil engineering stuctums, 0 Sulcommitee B24, Compose structures, ‘A list of organizations zepresented on this subcommittee :an be btsined on roquet toi seeetay. ‘Amendmentslcorrigenda issued since publication Date ‘Coementa 18 February 2010 | Implementation of CHN corrigendum July 2008BS EN 1994-2:2005 Where « normative part of this EN allows fer a choice to be made at ‘he ational lve, the range end pestle dace wil be gen ts he rormative text. end s note wil qualify ar Natonally Determined Parameter (NDP). NDPs can bea spedfic value for factor, «specie level a clans a particular method or a parccular application ra f ‘soveral are proposed inthe EN. ‘To enable BN 1984-2 to be used in the UK, cho NDPe will be published Ina National Annes, which willbe made svalable by BSI in due ‘shuns, aftr pub conlttion has taken pao. ‘This publication does not purport to inch all the necessary provisions of « contract. Uses are responsible for its sorett. from logal obligations.blackEUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1994-2 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM ‘Cctobee 2008 8 01.01020791.08010;81.06040,9.40 ncone ita ev 19042:1997 ur dy 2008 noth Version Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steen and concrete structures - Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges ie igo gor erp spore rarer St Bn Ta agen Soest mensangrgen ‘i Eup Sar ws apr SEN eo 7 iy 008, cot mere ban coy tm CENCENELEC tra apt Wt gla cena rn bi aspen Sea ean ty tin pss tapes sso a ‘Ts Euopain Sur ttf (El, Fanch, Gra) Aver an athe agn mae by at, See eetenuy oe CBk naar ozamargnge oe a Cou Serer seo ccd ee _Slovecie, Spin, Sweden, Siterand and Utes Kingdom. " BB ‘Cowre eunoedew De wotasutsarion a 050EN Ape cotton ma by ary ered Fo Neen 50622005 ©SEN 199420005 ERioseaae08 Contents Foreword. Section 1 General 11 Seope, 11a Scope of Eurocode 4 1.12 Scope of Part 1-1 of Ewocode 4 1.13 Scope of Part 2 of Eurocode 4. 1.2 Normative references 1.2.1 General reference standards 122 Other reference standards 1.23 Additional generl and other reference standards for composite bridges 1.3 Assumptions... 14 Distnton etvean principe end pletion as, 1:5 Definitions. 1.5.1 General 152 Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard 1.5.2.1 Composite member. 1522 Shear connection, 1523 Composite behaviour. 15244 Composite bean... 1.52.5 Composite column, 152.6. Composite slab 152.7 Composite frame, 152.8 Composite joint. 152.9 Propped structure or member 1.52.10 Un-propped structure or member... 152.11 Uneracked flexural stifness, 152.12 Cracked flexural stiffness. 152.13 Prestes. eo 1152.14 Filler beam deck. 1552.15 Composite plate 1.6 Symbols ‘Section 2 Basis of design... 2.1 Requirements 2.2 Principles of limit states desiga, 23 Basi variables, 2.3.1 Actions and environmental iniuences. 23.2 Material and proguct properties. 223.3 Classification of actions. 2.4 Verification by the paral factor method. 2.4.1 Design values. 24.1.1 Design values of actions. 2.4.12 Design values of material or product properties... 2.4.1.3 Design values of geometrical data, 2.4.1.4 Design resstanes 2.4.2 Combination of actions. 2.43 Vetificaton of stati equilitvium (EQU),BSEN 195422005, Evisaa08 0) tom 3 Materials ..sssneeee svn 24 3.1 Concrete oo on 24 3.2 Reinforcing steel for bridges waa 43.3 Structural see! for bridges oo 4 3.4 Connecting devices... a By 34.) Gener. “III. 24 3.4.2 Headed std shear connectors, 24 3.5 Presessng steel and devices nn py 3.6 Tension components in steel. nso ne 5 Section 4 Durability. snes 25 4.3 Genero COLI as 42 Corrosion protetion a the stecl-concrete interface in bridges. 25 Seetion § Structural analis...0..:ees 25 5.1 Structural modelling for analysis, CUNNEEENIEEIEIIL 25 5.11.1 Structural modelling and basi assumptions... Cs 511.2 Joint modelling... COUN. as 5113 Ground-structure interaction... vssvvv 6 5.2 Structural stabil... 26 52.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the stuctre 26 5.2.2 Methods of analysis for bridges 236 53 Impertections 26 53.1 Basis... 26 53.2 Imperfections for bridges. 2 ‘5.4 Caleulation of action effets. <2 54.1 Methods of global analysis. 2 5.4.11 Genera. a 5.4.12 Bifectve width otanes or shear is... 8 54.2 Linea elastic analysis... 2» 5.42.1 General 2» 5.42.2 Creep and shrinkage... 2» 5.423 Bless of eracking of concrete OI 30 5.42.4 Stages and sequence of construction... 31 5.42.5 Temperature effets OL 31 5.42.6 Pre-suessing by contolled imposed deformations... oe 5.42.7 Pre-stressing by tendons. . 32 5.42.8 Tension members in composite bridges... 2 5.42.9 Filler beam decks for bridges. SO 3 5.43 Non-linear global analysis for bridges on 4 54.4 Combinon of bal an lel acon ees. 4 5.5 Classification of eros-sctions.... 34 55.1 Gener. ILL ae ‘55.2 Classification of composite sections without concrete encasement 35 5.5.3 Chasitication of sections of filler beam decks for bridges... .nsusvvnnneee 36 Section 6 Ukimate limit states... svtinennnmscn 36 6.1 Beams a OO 36 6.11 Beams in bridges - General COUN as (6.1.2 Bective wid for verification ofexoss-setions. 36SEN 193424005 ERTooe2a008 ©) 6.2 Resistance ofcros-sections of beams. 62.1 Bending resistance, 62.1.1 General : 62.1.2 Plastic resistance moment Mas of « composite cross-section. 62.13 Additonal rales for beams in bridges 6.2.1 4 Non-linear resistance to bending. 6211.5 Elastic resistance to bending. 62.2 Resistance to vertical shear 6.2.2.1 Seope. 6.22.2 Plastic resistance to vertical shear. 6.2.2.3 Shear buckling resistance 62.24 Bending and verical shear. 622.5 Additonal rules for beams in bridges. 6.3 Filler beam 866480 ae = 63.1 Scope. 63.2 General nnn 63.3 Bending moments 63.4 Vertical shea. 63.5 Resistance and stability of ste! beams during execution. 644 Lateral-torsional bucking of composite beams. 64.1 General 6.4.2 Beams in bridges with uniform eross-ectons in Cass I, 2 and 3. (64.3 General methods for buckling of members and frames. 643.1 General method, 643.2 Simplified method. 6.5 Transverse forces on webs, 65.1 General... : 652 Flange induced tig of webs 6.6 Shear connection. 66.1 Genera. 6.6.1.1 Bass of design 6.6.1.2 Ulimate limit states other than fatigue 6.62 Longitudinal shear force in beams fo bridges... 6.62.1 Beams in which clastic or non- nar heared for resistances of eross-sectons... , 6.62.2 Beams in bridges with some evoss-sections in Class 1 or and inelastic Behaviour. 6.62.3 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force due to {ntrodoction of longitudinal frees. 6.624 Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear force at sudden change of cross-section. {66:3 Headed stad connectors in solid slabs and concrete encasement 6.63.1 Design resistance. 6.63.2 Influence of tension on shear resistance {664 Headed studs that cause sping in the direction ofthe slab thickness. {665 Detailing of the shesr connection and influence of execution, 6.65.1 Resistance to separation 6.63.2 Cover and concreting, 6.653 Local reinforcement in the sla, 6.6.4 Haunches other than formed by profiled steel sheeting.6.65.5 Spacing of connectors. 66.5.6 Dimensions ofthe steel flange... 6.65.7 Headed stud connectors {66 Longitudinal shear in concrete slabs. 665.1 Gener... 6.6.62 Design resistance to longitudinal shea. 6.5.5.3 Minitnum transverse reinforcement. 6.7 Composite calarne and comporits compression mernbete {67.1 Generale 67.2 General method of design 661.3 Simplified method of desiga, 67.3.1 General and scope. 67.3.2 Resistance of eross-sections.. 67.33 Effective flexural stiffness, sicel conubution ratio and relative slendomess.... 6.1.3.4 Methods of analysis and member imperfestions. 67.3.5 Resistance of members in axial eompresson. 673.6 Resistance of members in combined compression and ‘uniaxial bending... 6.73.7 Combined compression and biaxial bonding. 6.74 Shear connection and load invodueton 674.1 Gener. 67.42 Load intoduction.... 6.7.4.3 Longitedinal shear outside the ateas of load introduction, 6.75 Detailing Provision... 67.5.1 Concrete cover of steel profiles and reinforcement. 67.5.2 Longitedinal and transverse reinforcement 6.8 Fatigue. ee 63.1 Genera. 6.8.2 Partial factors fr fatigue assessment. ott 6.3 Fatigue strength, . 6.4 nea resend loadings 685 Str0s805 orn 685.1 Genera. 685.2 Concrete. 6.85.3 Structural sel 6854 Reinforcement. 6855.5 Shear connection 6.8.5.6 Suesoes in reinforcement and presresing steel in members prestressed by bonded tendons. 6.4.6 Stress ranges... 68.6.1 Structural steel and reinforcement 686 Shear connection (68.7 Fatigue assessment based oa nominal sires ranges. 68.7.1 Structural steel, reinforcement and concrete. 6.8.7.2 Shear connection... 69 Tension members in composite bridges, SEN 199422005 ENinenaee sé 55 55SEN 199422005 Exit 33008 (6) Section 7 Serviceability limit states. 71 Genera 7 Stresses 72.1 General 72 Stes mito fr wis 72.3 Web breathing, 173 Deformations in bridges 73:1 Defleetios, 173.2 Vibrations. 174 Cracking of concrete 74.1 General : 17.4.2 Minimum reinforcement. 7.43 Control of cracking due to direct loading 178 Filler beam decks 75.1 General. 15.2 Cracking of concrete. 753 Minimum reinforcement. 754 Control of cracking dve to direct loading Section § Precast concrete slabs in composite bridges... 8.1 General 82 Actions. . 8.3 Desig, anelysis and detailing of the bridge sab, 84 Imerface between steel beam and concrete slab, 8.4.1 Bedding and tolerances. 8.42 Conosion, x 5.43 Shear connection and transverse reinforcement. Section 9 Composite plates in bridges. 9.1 General 9:2 Design for local eee 953 Desig for global effects. 9.4 Design of shear connectors. Annet formate) Headed ses tht ene tng fre inthe direction ofthe slab ticknes.. Dat stance and detlig C2 Fatigue strengthSEN 19942205 ENTooe 30080 Foreword ‘This document (EN 1994-2:2005), Eurocode 4: Design of composite stel and concrete structures, Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges, has been prepared on behalf of Technical Commitee CEN/TC 250 "Structural Eurocodes" the Scertaiat of which is beld by BSL ‘This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, ether by publication ofan identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn atthe latest ay Mazch 2010 ‘This document supersedes ENV 1994-2:1994, CEN/TC 250 is responsible forall Structural Burocodes. According to the CEN/CENELEC Intemal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Cazch Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ieelan, Irland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malt, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portgal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swiverland and the United Kingdom. Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the Furopean Community decided on an action programme inthe field of construction, based on arisle 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the climination of technical obstacles to trade andthe harmonisation of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of consruction works which, in a first slage, would serve as an altemative to the national rules n force inthe Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. Fer fifteen yeas, the Commission, with the help of a Stering Committee with Representatives of ‘Member Stes, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the fst ‘generation of European codes inthe 1980s. ‘In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EPTA decided, on the basis of en agreement’ between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication ofthe Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a farure status of Buropean Standard (EN). This inks de faci the Eurocodes withthe provisions ofall the Council's Directives and/or Commission's Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g, the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on contruction products - CPD ~ and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, ‘92/50/BEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFT Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the interal marke). ‘The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Part EN 1990 Burocode: Basis of Structural Design ENIS91 ——Eurocode 1: Actions on stractures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of conerete structures “*Sonocobes tr Sn fgBSN 19942.2008 Evinwaaane EN 1993 Ewocade3: Design of tel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite stel and concrete structures EN 1995 Ewocode5: Design ofimber structures EN 1996 Ewocode6: Design of masonry structures EN1997 Ewrocode7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 _Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance N19 Euocode9: Design of aluminium structures -Furocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and Ihave safeguarded thsi right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level ‘where these continue to vary from State to State. Status and field of application of Eurocodes ‘The Member States of the BU and EFTA recognise that Furocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes: as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works wit the essential requirements of Council Ditective SS/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requement N°l — ‘Mechaniealresisunce and stability ~and Essential Requirement N°2 ~ Safety incase of fie asa bass for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services ; = 8 framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for constrection products (ENs and ETAs) The Eurocodes, as fr as they concem the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship With the Inerpretatve Documents refered to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of & different nature from harmonised product standard? Therefor, technical aspects arising fom the Burocodes work nesd to be adeqately considered by CEN Technical Commitees andlor EOTA, Working Groups warking on produc standards witha view to achieving full compatibility ofthese ‘echnical specifications withthe Eurocodes. The Burocode standatds provide common structural design rule for everyday use fer the design of Whole stractures anf component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature, Unsual forms of construction or design conditions axe not specifically covered and addtional expert consideration willbe roquized by the designe in such eases. National Standards implementing Eurocodes ‘The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the fill text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a Nationl title page and ‘National foreword, end may be followed by « National annex. 1 tact ei emir rons rc etc > ‘lee nant ofrann ee es i ese wih nl pai, 2 Pacinos Sf peas einen as ok de pereRSEN 19942.0N05 Estest} ‘The National annex may only contain infemation on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, 19 be used for the {design of buildings and evil engineering works o be constructed inthe country concemed, Le: = values and/or classes where alteratives are given in the Eurocode, ~ values tobe used where a symbol only s piven inthe Eurocode, = country specific data (geographical, climatic, et.) e.g. snow map, ~ the procedure tobe used, where altemative procedures are given in the Eurocode Temay also contain = decisions on the use of informative annexes, and ~ references to nom-contraditory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode, Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products ‘There is a need for consistency between the hurmonised technical specifications for constuction products and the technical rules for works Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE ‘Mucking of the construction products which refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which "Nationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account. Additional information specific to EN 1994-2 EN 1994-2 describes the Principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and durability of ‘composite steel and concrete structures, together with specific provisions for bridges. I is based on ‘the limit stte concept used in conjunction witha pertal factor method. EEN 199422 is intended for use by ‘committees drafting other Standards for sticural design and related product, testing and ‘execution standards; clients (eg, forthe formulation oftheir specifi requirements on reliability levels and durability); ~ designers and constructors ; = relevant authorities EN 1994-2 contains the general rules fiom EN 1994-1-1 and specific rules for the design of composite stel and concrete bridges or composite members of bridges, [EN 1994.2 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the relevant parts of EN 1991, EN 1993 for the ‘design of see! structures and EN 1992 forthe design of concrete structures. Numerical values for pats factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level o° reliability. They have been selected assuming tht an appropriate level of workmanship and of quality management applies. When EN 1994-2 is used asa base document by other CEN/TCS the same values need to be takenEN 1996-2:2008 (E) National Annex for EN 1994-2 This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for classes with notes in- dicating where national choices may have to be made. Therefore, the National Standard Implementing EN 19942 should have a National annex containing all Naionally Determined Parameters to be wed forthe design of bridges tobe consructed in the relevant country National choice is allowed in the general rdes coming from EN 1994-1-1: 2008 through the following clauses: + 663.10) 0 National choice is allowes forthe specific rules for bridges through the following clauses 1138) 2412694 5440) 62150) 62250) 6310) 661.103) 6810) 6820) 1410) 741 8436)BS EN 9962.2005 ENiose2a005(0) Section 1 General 1.1 Scope 11 Scope of Burocode 4 (1) Burocode 4 applies to the design of composite strctures and members for buildings and civil engineering works, It complies with the prineipls and requirements forthe safety and serviceability of structures, the basis oftheir design and verification that are given in EN 1930: 2002 ~ Basis of structural design (2) Burocode 4 is concerned only with requitements for resistance, serviceability, durbiity and fie resistance of composite structures. Other requirements, e.g, encerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. (@) Euracode is intended to be used in conjunction with: [EN 1990 Bass of structural design EN 1991 Actions on structures ENs, hENs, ETAGs and EIAs for construction products relevant for composite structures TEN 1090 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures EEN 13670 Execution of conerote structures [EN 1992, Design of eonerete structures EN 1993 Design of steel structures EN 1997 Geotechnical design EN 1998 Design of structures for earthquake resistance (4) Burocode is subdivided in various pars: Part 1-1: General rules and rule fr buildings art 1-2: Strctual fre design Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges. 1.12 Scope of Part 1-1 of Burocode 4 (1) Part 1-1 of Burocode 4 gives a general bass forthe design of composite structures together with specifi rules fr buildings. (2) The following subjects are dealt with in Part 1-1 Section 1: General Section 2: Basis of design Section 3: Materials Section 4: Durability ‘Seation 5: Stictural analysis Seetion 6: Ukimatelinit states ‘Section 7: Servceabilty limit states ‘Section 8: Composite joints in frames for buildings Section 9: Composite slabs with profiled stel sheeting for buildings nEN s9342.2005 ENTDERS008) 1.13 Seope of Part2 of Eurocode 4 (1) Par 2 of Furocode 4 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, additonal to the general rules in EN 1994-I-1, Cable stayed bridges ae not flly covered by this pat, (2) The following subjects are dealt with in Patt 2: Section 1: General Section2: Basis of design Section 3: Materials Section 8: Duraility Section 5: Structural analysis Section 6: Ukimate limit tates Section 7: Serviseability limit states Section 8 Decks with presastconorote labo Section 9: Composit plates in bridges (@) Provisions for shear connectors are given only for welded headed studs. NOTE: Reference guidance fe ote ype of shear cnzectr may be given inthe Naina Aes 1.2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through references in this text, constitute provisions ofthis European standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to ot revisions of any of these publications do not apply. However, paris to agreements based on this European standard are encouraged to investigate the possibilty of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references the latest edition of the normative document refered to applies. 1.2.1 General reference standards EN 1050.2" ‘Bxecution of steel structures and aluminium Structres-Part2: Technical ‘requirements forthe execution of steel structures TEN 1990: 2002 Basis of structural design. 1.22 Other reference standards EN 1992-11:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete sructues- Pat 11: Gener rues and rules for baalings FEN 1993-1-1: 2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures ~ Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings LDEN 1993. 2006 CL Burocode 3: Design of steel structures ~Part 13: Cold-formed thin gauge ‘members and sheeting EDEN 1093-1-5:2006 i Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures: Part 1-5: Plated structural elements rovmnote deed CED 2SEN 1994205 EXotaa008 ©) EN 1993-1-8:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8 Design ef joints [EN 1993-1-9: 2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-9: Fatigue strength of see] {BEN 1993-1-11:2006 GE] Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures ~ Part I-I1: Design of structures ‘wit tension components EN 10025-1: 2004 Hotolled products of structural steels - Part 1: General delivery conditions [EN 10025-2: 2004 Hot-rlled products of structural steels - Part 2: Technical Sliver conditions for nonalloy structural steels [EN 10025-3:2004 Hot xlled products of structural steels - Part 3: Technical Slivery conditions {or normalizednormalizd rolled weldable fine grain structural steels EN 10025-4: 2004 Hot-rolled products of structural steels - Part 4: Technical Sliver conditions {for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural tels| EN 10025-5:2004 Hot zlled products of structural steels ~ Part: Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric eorrosion resistance EN 10025-6:2004 Hot-rolled products of structural steels Part 6: Technica delivery conditions for flat products of high yield swength structural steels inthe ‘quenched and tempered condition EN 10326:2004 Continuously hot-p coated strip and shes of stucturl steel - Technical elivery conditions EN 10149-2: 1995 Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold-forming - art 2: Delivery conditions for thermomecharicelly rolled steels EN 10149-3; 1995 Hot-olled flat products made of high yield strength stoesforcold-forming — Part 3: Delivery conditions for normalised or normalised rolled steels ENISO 13918; 1998 Studs and ceramic feruls fr are stud welding EN ISO 14555: 1998 Are stud welding of metallic materials, 1.23 Additional general and other reference standards for composite bridges [ED EN 1990:2002, Annex AD@TBass of structural design: Application for bridges [EN 1991-1-5: 2003 Actions on structures, Part 1-5: General actions ~ Thermal actions EN 1991-1-6:2005 Actions on structures, Part 1-6: General actions ~ Actions during execution EN 1991-2: 2003 Actions on structures: Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges GZ) EN 1992-22005 Design of coneete structures, Part2— Bridges GED EN 1993-22006 Design of steel strctures, Part 2 ~ Bridges 13 Assumptions (1) In adition to the general assumptions of EN 1990: 2002 the following assumptions apply: those given in clauses 1.3 of EN1992-1-1: 2004 and EN1993-1-1: 2005, BBg EN 19942:2008 EN3902:2008 0) 14 Distinction between principles and application rules, (1) The rules in EN 1990; 2002, 1.4 apply. 1S Definitions 151 General (21) The tems and definitions given in EN 1990: 2002, 1.5, EN 1992-1-1: 2004, 1.5 and EN 1993-1- 12005, 1.5 apply. 1.82 Additional terms and definitions ured inthis Standard 1.52.1 Composite member A stuctural member with components of conerete and of structural or cold-formed steel, interconnected by shear connection so a8 to limit the longitudinal sip between concrete and stel and the separation of one component from the other. 1.52.2 Shear connection ‘An interconnection between the concrete and steel components of a composite member that has saicient strength and sifhess to enable the two components to be designed as pars ofa single structural member. 1.523 Composite behaviour [Behaviour which occurs afer the shear connection has become effective due to hardening of concrete. 1.524 Composite beam ‘A composite member subjected mainly to bending. 1.52.5 Composite column, ‘A composite member subjected mainly to compression orto compression and bending. 152.6 Composite slab A slab in which profiled stel sheets are used intially as permanent shuttering and subsequently combine structurally with the hardened concrete and act as tensile reinforcement in the finished floor. 1.52.7 Composite frame {A framed structure in which some oral of the elements are compsite members and mast ofthe remainder are structural tel members. 152.8 Composite joint A joint between a composite member and another composite, steel or reinforced concrete member, in which reinforcement is taken info account in design for the resistance and the stiffness of the joint “SEN 199¢2.2005 ENISoe3 S008) 1.529 Propped structure or member ‘A structure or member where the weight of concrete elements is applied fo the ste elements which fare supported in the span, or is carried independenly until the concrete elements are able to resist 1.5210 Un-propped structure or member ‘A structure or member in which the weight of concrete elements is applied to steel elements which fare ussupporied in the span. 1.52.11 Uncracked flexural stiffness ‘The sifness Ey) of a cross-section of a composite member where isthe sevond moment of area of theeffective equivalent set section calulsted assuming that concrete in tension is un-cracked. 1.52.12 Cracked flexural siffaess ‘The siffness Ev ofa cross-section of a composite member where /:is the second moment of area of the effective equivalent steel section calculated neglecting com-ete in tension but including reinfercement 1.5213 Prestress “The process of applying compressive stresses to the concrete par of composite member, achieved by tendons or by controlled imposed deformations. 1.5214 Filler beam deck A deck consisting of a reinforeed concrete sab and partially coneete-encased rolled or welded ste! ‘beams, having their bottom flange onthe level of the slab bottom. 1.5215 Composite plate ‘Composite member consisting of a flat bottom stel plate connected to a concrete slab, in which ‘both the length and wits ae much larger than the thickness of the composite plate 1.6 Symbols For the purpose of this Standard the following symbols apply. Latin upper case letters 4 Cross-sectional area of the effective composite section nezlectng concrete in tension 4x Cross-sectional area of the structural steel section 4y Cross-sectional area of bottom transverse reinforcement yy Cross sectional area of bottom transverse reinforcement ina haunch 4, Crosssectional are of concrete a Cross-sectional ares ofthe tensile 2one of the conerete 4q —_ Cross-sectional are ofthe compression flange 4p Atea of prestressing tee 4; Cross-sectional are of reinforcement 4g Cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement 4, Cross-seetional are of top transverse reinforcement 15EN 19622008 A a B Eg En z Mea Des (Deas @r, % PRORR Bans) Shear area of strctual steel section ‘Loaded area under the gusset plate ‘Modilus of elasticity of structural tee! Effective modulus of elasticity for concrete Seeant modulus of elasticity of conerete Design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel Effective longitudinal stifiness of cracked concrete festive flexural tfiess for calculation of relative slendemness| Effective flexural stfiess for use in second-order analysis, Cracked flexural stiffness per unit width ofthe concrete or composite Component in the direction of the steel beam of the design force of a bonded or unbonded tendon applied after the shear connection has become effective Design longitudinal force per stud Design transverse fore pe std Design tensile force per stad ‘Shear modulus of struturl steel ‘Shear modulus ofconerete ‘Second moment of are ofthe effective composite section neglecting corerete in tension Second moment of area ofthe structural steel section ‘St. Venant torsion constant ofthe structural steel ection ‘Second moment of ares of the un-eracked concrete section Effective second moment of area of filler beam ‘Second moment of area ofthe see! reinforcement Second moment of area of the effective equivalent steel section asuming that the concrete in tension is un-racked ‘Second moment of area ofthe effective equivalent stel section nepletng conerete in tension but including reinforcement Correction factors o be used in the design of composite colurmns| Calibration factor tobe wed in the design of composite columns Length; span; effective span Equivalent span ‘Span Length of inelastic epion, between points A and B, corresponding to Maxed Meas respectively Length of shear connection ‘Bending moment Contribution ofthe structural steel section tothe design plastic resistance moment ofthe composite section Design bending moment spplied tthe structurel steel section Design value ofthe buckling resistance moment of a composite beam, ‘The part ofthe design beading moment acting on the composite section Elastic critical moment fr laterl-orsionsl bucking of «composite beara Design beading moment ‘otal design bending moment applied to the stel and composite member “Maximum bending momento internal force due to fatigue loading “Minimum bending moment due to fatigue loading Design value of the elastic resistance moment ofthe composite section Design resistance moment to 52.6. of EN 1993-1-5BS EN 199422006 ERTooe 250080) ‘Maximum design value of the resistance moment in the pretence of a compressive normal force Most adverse bending moment forth characteristic combination Design value ofthe plastic resistance moment ofthe structural seal section Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section taking into ‘account the compressive normal force Design value ofthe plastic resistance moment ofthe composite section with full shear Design value of the plastic resistance moment about the yy axis of the composite section with fll shear connection Design value ofthe plastic resistance moment about the 2 axis ofthe composite section ‘with fll shear connection Design value of the resistance moment ofa composite section (Characteristic velue ofthe resistance moment ofa composite section or joint Design bending moment applied othe composite section about they axis Design bending moment applied o the composite section about the == axis ‘Compressive normal fore; numberof sre range cycles; numberof shear connectors Design value ofthe normal force inthe structural stel section ofa compesite beam Design value ofthe compressive normal force in the concrete flange Design compressive force in concrete slab corresponding to Mana Design value of the compressive normal force in the conerete lange with full shear ‘Compressive normal force in the conerete flange corresponding to Mana Elastic critical load of a composite column comesponding to an effective flexural stiffness lati rita normal force Design value of aommal force calculate for load introdvetion Design valve ofthe compressive normal force "Normal force of concrete tension member for SLS [Normal force of concrete tension member for ULS Design valve ofthe part of the compressive normal force tha is permanent Design value ofthe plastic resistance ofthe structural steel section to normal force Design value ofthe plastic resistance of the composite section to compressive normal force Characteristic value ofthe plastic resistance of the composite section to compressive normal force Design value of the resistance ofthe concrete to compressive normal force "Number of stress-range cycles Design value ofthe plastic resistance ofthe tee! reinforcement to normal force Design value ofthe plastic resistance ofthe reinforcing steel to tensile normal force Tensile foree in cracked concrete slab corresponding to Mya taking into account the effets of tension stifening Longitudinal force on & connector #t distance x ftom the nearest web Design value of the shear resistance ofa single stud connector corresponding to Fy Design value of the shear resistance ofa single connector Characteristic value of the shear resistance ofa single connector Design value ofthe shear resistance ofa single stud connector corresponding to F, Design value ofthe shear force acting onthe structural steel section ”ENIose3 008 (0) Yona Vesa Design value of the shear buckling resistance of a stel web Design value ofthe shes force acting onthe reinforced concrete cross-section of filler beam Design value ofthe shear fore acting on the composite section Longitudinal shear free, acting along the steel-conerete flange interface Longitudinal shear force acting on length Lg of the inelastic region Design value of the plastic resistance ofthe composite section to vertical shear Design value ofthe plastic resistance of the structural steal section to vertical shear Design value of the resistance of a composite slab to punching shear Design value of the resistance ofthe composite section to vertical shear Latin lover case leters b ber bas baa ba be ® Sia fa ‘Spacing between parallel beams; diameter or width; distance Steel flange projection outside the web ofthe beam ‘Widt ofthe flange of a sted section; with of slab, hal the distance berween adjacent webs, or the distance betwees the web and the free edge ofthe flange Toa effective width [Eective width at mid-span fr a span supported at both ends fective width at an internal support Effective width of the concrete flange on each side of the web, effective width of composite bottom flange of abox section Width ofthe ange ofa steel section Geometic width ofthe concrete flange on each side of the web Distance between the centres ofthe outsiand shear connectors; mean width ofa conerete ib (minimum width fr e-etrant sheeting profiles); width of baunch ‘Width ofthe outstand ofa sel flange; effective perimeter of reinforcing bar ‘Concrete cover above the stel beams of filler beam decks “Thickness of vonerce wver Clear depth of the web ofthe structural steel section; diameter ofthe shank of a stud connector, overall diameter of circular hollow steel section; minimum transverse dimension of a column Diameter of the weld colle ta stad connector Distance between the steel reinforcement in tension to the extreme fibre of the ‘composite slab in compression; distance between the longitudinal reinforcement in tension and the centroid of the beam’sstel section age distance Either of 22) oF ey Gap between the reinforcement and the end plate in a composite column Lateral distance from the point of application of force Fsto the relevant steel web, if F is applied tothe concrete slab Vertical distance from the point of application of force Fy to the plane of sheat connection concerned if Fis applied tothe steel element Design value of the eylindercompeessve stength af concrete according to 24.1.2 Characteristic value ofthe cylinder compressive stength of concrete at 28 days GRAHAM GARNER & PARTNERS LIMITED ‘Consulting Civil Stuctural & Geotechnical Engineers Arrowsmith Court Station Approach BROADSTONE Dorset BH18 BAXas EN 199622008 ENioezans ‘Mean value ofthe measured cylinder compressive strength of concrete ‘Mean value of the effective tensile strength a the concrete ‘Mean value ofthe axial tensile strength of concrete Reference strength for concrete in tension ‘Mean value ofthe axial tensile strength of lightweight concrete Limiting sess of peestressing tendons according to 33.3 of ENI992-11 characteristic value of yield strength of prestressing tendons Design value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel Characteristic value ofthe yield strength of reinforcing steel Specified ultimate tensile strength [Nominal valve ofthe yield strength of structural steel Design value ofthe yield strength of structural steel Overal depth; thickness Depth of the struturl steel section ‘thickness ofthe concrete flange; Position of neutral axis Depth between the centoids ofthe Flanges ofthe structural steel section (Overall nominal height ofa stud connector Amplification factor for second-order effects; coefficient; empirical fictor for design shear resistance Coefficient ‘eduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector Parameter Flexural stiffness ofthe erocked concrete slab Flexural stiffness ofthe web Loed introduction length Slope of fatigue strength curve; empirical factor for design shear resistance Modular ratio; number of shear connectors ‘Modular ratio depending onthe typeof loading ‘Modular ratio for short-term loading ‘Modular ratio (shear moduli) for shor term loading Seo ‘Madular ratio (shear moduli) for long term loading See9.4 Ratio of end moments Longitudinal spacing centre-to-centre ofthe stud shear connectors Clear distance between the upper flanges ofthe steel beams of llr beam decks Transverse spacing cenre-o-cetre ofthe stud shear connectors Spacing of webs of steel beams of filler beam decks ‘Age; thickness ‘Thickness ofthe web ofthe structural stel section Thickness ofthe steel ange ofthe steel beams of filler beam decks Age at loading Desige longitudinal shear stress Design longitudinal shear force per unit length st the interface between steel and concrete 9BS EN 199422008 EN iooe2308 ietany Maximum design ongitadinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel snd concrete we Design value of erack width x Distance of «sheer connector fom the nearest web Xn Distance between the plastic neutral axis and the extreme fibre of the conerete slab in compression y Cross-section axis parallel othe flanges 2 Cross-section axis perpendicular tothe anges; lever sem Vertical distance Grockuper eas eters do Stess range 4c Reference value of the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles oz Equivalent constant amplitude stress range Aozyie Equivalent constant amplitude tess range due to global effects ‘cries Equivalent constant ampliude sess range due to local effects 4ce3, Equivalent constant amplitude stress range related to 2 millon eycles 4o; —_Inerease of sess in ste! reinforcement due to tension stiffening of concrete ‘Acie Damage equivalent stress range Ar Range of shear stress for fatigue loading 4%, Reference value ofthe fatigue strength at 2 milion cycles 4% Equivalent constant amplitude sess range ‘rz Equivalent constant amplitude range of shear stress related to 2milion cycles nq Fatigue shear strength Y Coefficient Greek lower case leters BE 3" ™E pees 2 20 Factor; parameter, see 6.4.2 (6) Factor by which the design loads would have to be increased to cause elastic instability Coefficient related to bending ofa composite column Coefficient related to bending of @ composite column about the »-y axis and the z-2 axis respectively Ratio Factor transformation parameter, Half ofthe angle of spread of longitudinal shear force Ve into the concrete slab Partial factor for concrete Partial factor for actions, also accounting for model uncertainties and dimensional Partial factor for equivalent constant amplitude stress range Partial factor for material property, also accounting for model uncertainties and dimensional variations Paria factor for structural tel aplied to resistance of cross-sections, see EN 1993-1 2005, 6.10) Partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of members to instability assessed bby member checks, se EN 1993-1-1: 2005, 6.1.)SEN 19942cami5 Eset Partial factor for fatigue strength Partial factor for fatigue strength of studs in shear Partial factor for prestressng action Partial factor for reinforcing steel Parial factor for design shear resistance of «headed stud Factor; stel contribution rato; central deflection Characteristic value of sip capacity LESTE, . where fein Ninn? Factors related tothe confinement of conerete Factors related othe confinement of concrete Angle Damage equivalent factors Factor to be used forthe determination ofthe damage equivalent fetor 2y for headed studs in shear Damage equivalent factors for global effets and local effects, respectively Relative siendemess Relative slenderess for latera-torsional buckling Coefficient of fiction; nominal factor Factor related to design for compression and uniaxial bending Factor related to plane of bending Poisson's ratio for structural steel Parameter related to reduced design bending resistance accounting fr vertical shear Parameter; reinforcement ratio Local design strength of concrete [Extreme fibre tensile sizes in the concrete ‘Maximum stress due to fatigue loading Minimum stress due to fatigue loading Stes in the reinforcement de othe bending moment Manat Stress inthe reinforcement de tothe Bending moment Medniny Stress in the tension reinforcement Sess inthe reinforcement dv to the bending moment Max: Suess in the reinforcement due to the bending moment Mau, negleting concrete in tension Stress in tho tension reinforcement neglecting tension stiffening of conrete Design shear trengta Diameter (size) ofa stel reinforcing bar; damage equivalent impact factor Diameter (size) ofa steel reinforcing bar Creep coefficient Creep coefficient, defining creep between times ¢ and related to elastic deformation st 28 days Reduction factor for flexural buckling ‘Reduction factor for lateral-trsional buckling Creep multiplier aSEN 195422005, ENToeaS08 Section 2 Basis of design 2.1 Requirements (OP The design of composite structures shall be in accordance with the general rules given in EN 1990: 2002 OP The supplementary provisions for composite structures given in this Section shall alo be applied, ©) The basic requirements of EN 1990: 2002, Section 2 are deemed to be satisfied for composite structures when the following ae applied together: limit state desig in conjunction withthe partial fuctor method in accordance with EN 1990: 2002, —sctons in accordance with EN 1991, combination of ations in accordance with EN 1990: 2002 and ~ resistances, durability and serviceability in accordance with this Standard. 2.2 Principles of limit states design (DP For composite structares, relevant stages inthe sequence of construction shall be considered 2.3 Basie variables 23.1 Actions and environmental influences (1) Actions tobe used indesign may be obtained from the relevant parts of EN 1991 (Q)P In verification for steel sheeting as shuttering, sccount shall be taken of the ponding effect (Gncreased depth of conerete due tothe deflection of the sheeting). 23.2 Material and product properties (1) Unless otherwise given by Furoeode 4, actions caused by time-dependent behaviour of concrete should be obtained from EN 1992-1-1: 2004 233 Classifiation of actions (OP Te effects of shrinkage and ereep of concrete and non-uniform changes of temperature result fin internal forces in eoss sections, and curvatures and longitudinal stains in members; the effets that occur in statically determinate structures, and in statically indeterminate structures when ‘compatiblity ofthe deformations ie not considered, shall be clasitied as primary effects, Q)P In statically indeterminate structures the primary effects of shrinkage, creep and temperature are associated with additional action effects, such thatthe total effects are compatible; these shall be classified as secondary effects and shall be considered as indirect actions.BS EN 199422005 EN'ibee2 005 6) 24 Verification by the partial factor method 24.1 Design vilues 2Ad1 Design ues of actions (1) For pr-stress by controlled imposed deformations, eg. by jacking at supports, the partial safety factor 7 should be specified for ultimate limit states, taking info account favourable and unfavourable effet. 24.1.2 Design values of material or product properties (OP Unless an upper estimate of stength is required, patil factors shall be applied to lower characteristic or nominal strengths. QP For concrete, a partial factor 7c shall be applied. The design compressive strength shall be siven by fea = fale en where the charactristic value fg shall be obtained by reference to EN 1992-I-1: 2004, 3.1 for ‘normal concrete and to EN 1992-1-1: 2004, 11.3 for lightweight concrete. (@)P For stool reintrcoment, a pata factor 7 shall be applied. NOTE: The wae fri ated EN 972-11: 2008 (oP For structure! stel, steel sheeting and steel connecting devices, partial factors 7y shall be spplied Unless otherwise stated, the paral factor for structural steel shall be taken as 75. NOTH: Vos uae hs ger in EN 1932 (G)P For shear comection, a partial factor 7y shall be applied (OP For fatigue verification of herded studs in bridges, partial factors urand aus shall be applied. NOTE: Tos ve fr at wed EN 1932. Theva fo as ay be Beh nth Nama An. The ‘Beonmended ee 2.4.1.3 Design values of geometrical data (1) Geometical data for cross-sections and systems may be taken ftom product standards hEN oF Arawings forthe execution and treated 2s nominal values. 24.14 Design resstances (DP For compose structures, design resistances shall be determined in accordance with EN 1990: 2002, expression (6.6) or expression (6 6c)EN 934.205 Eviseaane 2.42 Combination of actions (1) The general formats for combinations of actions are given in EN 1990: 2002 Section 6, (@) For bridges the combinations of actions are given in Annex A2 of EN 1990: 2002. 2.43 Verifiation of static equilibrium (EQU) (1) The reliability format forthe veiication of static equilibrium for bridges, as described in EN 1990: 2002, Table A2.4(A) also applies to design situations equivalent w (EQU), eg. for the design of holding down anchors or the verification of uplift of bearings of continuous bees. Section 3 Materials 3.1 Conerete (1) Unless otherwise given ty Eurocode 4, properties should be obtiined by reference to EN 1992-1-1: 2004, 3.1 for normal concrete and to EN 1992-1-1: 2004, 11.3 for lightweight concrete (@) This Part of EN 1994 does not cover the design of composite structures with conerete strength classes lower than C20/2S and 1.C20/22 and higher than CS0/75 and LC60/6 @) Shrinkage of concrete should be determined taking sccount of the ambient humidity, the dimensions ofthe element and the composition of the concrete, 3.2 Reinforcing steel for bridges (1 Properties shouldbe obtained by reference to EN 1992-I-1: 2004, 3.2, except 3.24 where EN 1992-2 applies. @) For composite structures the design value ofthe modulus of elasticity may be taken as equal to the value for structural steel given in EN 1993-1-1; 2005, 3.25, (6) Ductilty characteristics should comply with EN 1992-2, 3.24 3.3 Structural steel for bridges (1) Properties shouldbe obtained by reference to EN 1993-2. (2) The rules in this Part of EN 1994 apply to structural stel of nominal yield strength not more than 460 Nima 3.4 Connecting devices 34 General (1) Reference should be made to EN 1993-1-8: 2005 for requirements for fasteners and welding ‘consumables 342 Headed stud shear connectors (1) Reference should be made to EN 13918, ™BS EN 99422005 Exit3308 0, 3.5 Prestressing steel and devices (2) Reference should be made to clauses 3.3 and 3.4 of EN1992-1-1: 2004, 3.6 Tension components in steel (1) Reference should be made to EN 1993. Section 4 Durability 4.1 General (1 The relevant provisions given in EN 1990, EN 1992 and EN 1993 should be followed (2) Detailing of the shear connection should be in accordance with 6.6. 4.2 Corrosion protection at the steel-concrete interface in bridges (1) The corrosion protection of the steel flange should extend into the steel-conerete interface at least 50 mm, For aditional rues for bridges with pre-cast deck slabs, se Section 8, Section S Structural analysis 5.1 Structural modelling for analysis 5.1 Structural sodeling and basic assumptions (DP The structural model and basic assumptions shall be chosen in sccordance with EN 1990: 2002, 5.11 and shall reflect the anticipated. behaviour ofthe cross-sections, members, joints and bearings. (2) Section 5 is applicable to composite bridges in which most ofthe structural members and joints are cither composite or of structural stel, Where the structural behaviour is essentially that of a reinforced or pre-sressed concrete structure, with only a few composite members, global analysis should be generally in accordance with EN 1992-2. @) Analysis of composite plates should be in accordance with Sesion 9, 5.12 Joint modelling (1) The effects of the behaviour ofthe joints on the distribution of intemal forces and moments ‘within a sructure, and on the overall deformation ofthe stractre, may generally be neglected, but where such effecs ae significant (Such asin the case of semi-continuous joints) they should be taken into account, see Section 8 and EN 1993-1-8: 2005, (2) To identify whether the effects of joint behaviour on the analysis need be taken into account, 2 dlistinetion may be made between three joint models as follows, see 82 and EN 1993-1-8: 2005, 5a simple in which the joint mey be assumed not o transmit bending moments; ~ continuous, in which the stiffness andor resistance of the joint allow fll continuity of the ‘members tobe assumed inthe analysis; ~ semi-continuous, in which the behaviour ofthe, analysis, needs o be taken into eccount inthe 2sSEN 19942:a005 Evia 0) @) In bridge strctures semi-continuous composite joints should not be used, 5.13 Ground-structure interaction (COP Account shall be taken of the deformation characteristic ofthe suppors where significant 2) Where settlements have to be taken info account and where no design values have been specified, appropriate estimated values of predicted setlement shouldbe use (©) Eifects due to settlements may normally be neglected in ulimate limit states ther than fatigue {or composite members where all cross sections are in class 1 or 2 and bending resistance is not reduced by aterl torsional buckling. 5.2 Struetural stability ‘51 Eifects of deformed geometry ofthe structure (1) The action effects may generally be determined using either + firstorder analysis, sing the initial geometry ofthe structure; + second-order analysis, taking into account te influence ofthe deformation ofthe strctue, Q)P The effects of the deformed geometry (second-order effects) shall be considered if they Increase the action effets significantly or modify significently the structural behaviour. ) Firstorder analysis may be used if the increase of the relevant intemal forees oF moments caused by the deformations given by first-order analysis is less than 10% ‘This condition may be assumed tobe flied ifthe folowing criterion is steed 210 ja) where: 2 is the factor by which the design loading would have to be increased 10 cause elastic instability, (GP In determining the stiffness ofthe structure, appropriate allowances shall be made for eracking and creep of concrete and forthe behaviour ofthe joins 5.22 Methods of analysis for bridges (41 For bridge structures EN 1993-2, 5.2.2 applies. 5.3 Imperfections 531 Basis (DP Appropriate allowances shall be incorporated in the structural analysis to cover the effects of Imperfections, including residual stresses and geometrical imperfections suchas lack of verticaity, lack of straightnes, lack of flames, lack of fit andthe unavoidable mincr eccentricities present in joins ofthe unloaded structure. 2%Bs ny 199622006 ENiDEaane (2)? The assumed shape of imperfections shal take account of the elastic buckling mode of the Sircture or member in the plane of buckling considered, in the most unfavourable direction and i i a 7" ‘5.32 Imperfections for bridges (1) Equivalent geometric imperfections should be used with values that reflect the posible effects ‘of gstem imperfections and also member imperfections unless these effets ae included inthe resistance formulae. @) The imperfections and design transverse forces for stabilising transverse frames should be aleulated in accordance with EN 1993-2, 5.3 and 6.3.4.2, respectively. @) For composite columns and composite compression members, member imperfecticns should alvays be considered when verifying stability within a member's length in accordance with 67.3.6 (0 6.73.7. Design values of equivalent intial tow imperfection should be taken from Table 65 (4) imperfections within tel compression members should be considered in accordarce with EN99522, 53. 5.4 Caleulation of action effects 5.4, Methods of global analysis, Std General (1) Action effects may be caleulated by elastic global analysis, even where the resistance ofa crost- secon is based on its plastic or non-linear resistance (@) Elastic global analysis shouldbe used for servic oraon-linear effects such as cracking of concrete ty limit states, with appropriate carections (@)Blastc global analysis should be used for verifications of the limit state of ftige, (2 The effects of shear lag and of loca buckling shal be taken into account if thes significantly influence the global analysis. (5) The effects of local buckling of steel elements onthe choice of method of analysismay be taken into account by classifying cross-sections, see 5.5 (6) The effects of local buckling of steel elements on stiffness may be ignored in ommal composite sections. For cross-sections of Class 4 see EN 1993-1-5,2.2. (7) The effects on the global analysis of slip in bolt holes and similar deformations of connecting Aevices should be considered. (8) Unless non-linear analysis is used, the effects of slip and separation on calculation of internal forves and moments may be negleced at interfaces between steel and concrete where shear comection is provided in cordance with 6.6. (9) For transient design situations during erection stages uncracked global analysis and the Aistibution of effective with according to 5.4.1.2(4) may be used. nGEN 19942005 ENieza00 5.4.1.2 Elective wideh of flanges for shear lag OP Allowance shall be made forthe Mxibilty of steel or concrete flanges affected by shear in their plane (sear lag) either by means of rigorous analysis, or by using an effective width of ange. (2) The effects of shear lag in steel plate cements should be considered in accordance with TEN 1993-1-1: 2005, 52.16). (@) The effective width of concrete flanges shouldbe determined in secordance with the following provisions. (4) When clastic global arsysis is sed, a constant effective width may be assumed over the whole of each span. This value may be taken as the value bur at mid-span fora span supported at bath ends, or the value burs at he support fr a cantilever. (5) At mid-span or an iternal support, the total effective width bur , see Figure 5.1, may be determined a: bar = by Dba 63) where ‘by isthe distance between the centes ofthe outstand shear connectors: ‘bg isthe value of the effective width ofthe concrete flange on each side ofthe web and taken 1s LJ8 (but not geater than the geometric width by. The value by shouldbe taken a5 the distance from the outstand shear connector to a point mid-way between adjacent webs, ‘measured at mid-depth ofthe conerete flange, excep that at a fee edge bis the distance to the free edge. The length Le shouldbe teken a the approximate distance between points of zero bending moment. For typical continuous composite beams, where a moment envelope ‘rom various load arrangements governs the design, and for cantilevers, Ze may be assumed tobe as shown in Figue 5.1. (6) The effective width at an end support may be determined as ber by+ EB be Ga) Bi ~ (55+0,025 Le! bs) < 1,0 6s) ‘ba isthe effective width, ste (5), ofthe end span at mid-span and Le isthe equivalent span of | ‘theend span according 1 Figure 5.1. (7) The distribution of the effective width between supports and midspan regions may be assumed to be as shown in Figure 5 (®) The wansverse distribution of stresses duc to shear lag may be taken in accordance with FEN 1993+1-5, 32.2 for bor concrete and ste! flanges (©) For cross sections witk bending moments resulting from the main-girder system and from a Tocal system (or example in composite trusses with direct actions onthe chord between nodes) the relevant effective widths fr the main girder system and te local system shouldbe used forthe relevant bending moments. 8SEN 199420005 ENibeea 0s) 85 1 for bees »25(La +L) for baa 3 Le" 0,20 La for bans 4 Lely for bee 5.42 Linear elastic analysis 5.421 General (2) Allowance should be made for the effects of eracking of concrete, creep and shrinkage of concrete, sequence of construction and pre-stressing, 5.42.2 Creep and shrinkage (OP Appropriate allowance shall be made for the effets of ereep and shrinkage of concrete (2) Except for members with both Nanges composite, the effects of ereep may be taken into account by using modular ratios m, forthe concrete. The modula ratios depending on the type of loading (Gubscript L) are given by m= mil yio) 69 rnp isthe modular ratio Ey! Fag for short-term loading; Fey is the secant modulus of elasticity of the concrete for short-term loading according to EEN 1992-1-1: 2004, Table 3.1 or Table 113.5 1s he creep coctlcient gf) asording to EN 1992-1-1: 2008, 3.14 or 11.33, dopending ‘onthe age () of coneree atthe moment considered and the age (at lading: 1 is the creep moltipliee depending on the type of loading, which FE) should i be taken as 1.1 for permanent loads, 0.55 for primary and secondary effects of shrinkage and 1.5 for pre-stessing by imposed deformations. (©) For permanent foads on composite structures east in several sts one mean value fg may be ‘sed for the determination of the creep coefficient. This assumption may also be used for pre- stressing by imposed deformation, ifthe age of all of the concrete in the relevant spans atthe time of pre-sressng is more than 14 day, »SRN 195422005 Exineas008 ©) (4) For shrinkage the age at loading should generally be assumed to be one day (5) Where prefubricated slabs are used or when pre-stessing of the concrete slab i earied out before the shear connection has become effective, the creep coeficient andthe shrinkage values from the time when the composite ation becomes effective shouldbe usd. (6) Whece in bridges the bending moment distribution att is sigificanly changed by creep, for example in continous beams of mixed strictures with both composite and non- composite spans, Ube limedlependent wecondary effects due to creep should be coidered, except in global analysis for the ultimate limit state for members where all eoss-sectonsaze in Clas {or 2 and in which 0 allowance for lateral torsional buckling is necessary. For the time-dependent secondary effects the ‘modular ratio may be determined with a creep multiplier y, of 0.55 (7) Appropriate account shouldbe taken of the primary and secondary effects caused by shrinkage and creep ofthe coneete ange. The elects of creep und shrinkage of concrete may be neglected in snalyss for verifications of ultimate limit states ether than fatigue, for composite members with all, trost-sections in Class 1 or2and in which no allowance for lterel-torsional bulding is necessary; for serviceability mit states, ee Section 7, (€) In regions where the concrete slab is assumed to be cracked, the primary effects due to Shrinkage may be neglected in the calculation of secondary effects (9) In composite columns and compression members, account should be taken ofthe effects of ‘creep in accordance with 67.34(), (10) For double composite action with both flanges un-cracked (e.g. incase of pre-strssing) the effets of creep and shrinkage should be determined by more accurate methods (11) The St. Venant torsional stiffbess of box girders should be caleulated fora transformed cross seston in whieh the concrete slab thickness is reduced by the modular ratio mg = GylGe where Gy and Ge are the elastic shear moduli of structural steel and concrete respectively. The effects of creep should be taken into eccount in accordance with (2) with the modular ratio maroc (MYLO: 5.423 Effects of cracking of concrete COP Appropriate allowance shall be made forthe effects of racking of concrete @) The following method may be used forthe determination ofthe effects of eacking in composite ‘beams with concrete flanges. First the envelope of the intemal forces and moments for the characteristic combinations, see EN 1990; 2002, 6.53, including long-temm effects should be calculated using the flexural stfiness B, I) of the un-cfacked sections. This is defined as “un- cracked analysis" Tn regions where the extreme fee tensile stress inthe concrete due tothe envelope of global effects exceeds twice the strength fon OF fw + see ENI992-1-1: 2004, Table 3.1 of Table 11.31, the Stiffness should be reduced Yo By f see 1.52.12. This distbution of stiffness may be wsed for ‘ultimate limit states and for serviceability limit states. A new distribution of intemal forces and ‘moments, and deformation if approprite, is then determined by reanalysis, This is defined as “cracked analysis 30‘BeEN 199422018 Evioeaane a, (G) For continuous composite beams with the conerete langes ebove the steel section and not pre- stressed, including beams in frames that resist horizontal forces by bracing, the following simplified method may be used. Where all the ratios of the length of adjacent continuous spans (shorter / longer) between supports are atleast 0.6, the effect of cracking may be taken into secount by using the flexural stiffness Bf over 15% ofthe span on each sie ofeach internal suppor, and asthe un- cracked values fy elsewhere. (A) The effect of crocking of concrete on the flexual stiffness of composite columns and compression members should be detennied in accordance with 6.73.4 (6) Unless « more precise method is used, in multiple beam decks where transverse composite members are not subjected to tensile forces it may be assumed that the transverse members are ‘uneracked throughout (© The torsional stitfness of box girders should be calculated for transformed cross section. In areas where the concrete slab is assumed to be eracked due to bending, te caleation should be performed considering a slab thickness reduced to one half, unless the effect of eracking is ‘considered in amore precise way. (9) For ultimate limit states the effects of cracking on the longitudinal shear forces at the interface ‘between the stel and concrete section should be taken into account according 0 6.62. (2) For serviceability limit states the longitudinal shear forces at the interface between the steel nd concrete section should be ealeulated by uncracked analysis. If alternatively the ects of eracking are taken into account, tension stiffening and over-stength of conerete in teasion should be considered 542.4 Stages and sequence of construction OP Appropriate analysis shall be made to cover the effects of staged construction including where necessary separate effects of actions applied to structural stel and to wholly or parilly composite members. @) The effets of sequence of construction may be neglected in analysis for ultimate limit sates ‘ther than fatigue, for composite members where al cross-sections ae in Class 1 or 2 and in which no allowance for Interl-orsonal bucking is necessary. 542.8 Temperature effects (1) Account shouldbe taken of effects due to temperature in accordance with EN 1991-1-5 (@) Temperature effects may normally be neglected in analysis forthe ultimate mit states other ‘than fatigue, for composite members where all cross-section are in Class I or Class 2 and in which no allowance fr Iateral-orsional boeing is necessary {@) For simplification in global analysis and for the determination of stresses for composite structures, the value of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for structural steel may be taken, as 10 x 10° per °C For calculation of change in length ofthe bridge, the coefficient of thermal ‘expansion should be taken as 12x104 per °C forall structural material. eySEN 1996.2:2006 Eximeaans@) 5.42.6 Prestresing by controlled imposed deformations (DF Where pre-stessing by controlled imposed deformations (eg. jacking of support) is provided, the effects of possible deviations from the assumed values of imposed deformations and stiffness on ‘he internal moments and forces shall be considered for analysis of ultimate and serviceability limit states. (@) Unless a more accurate method is used to determine internal moments and forces, the characteristic values of indirect actions due to imposed deformations may be calculated with the characteristic or nominal values of properties of materials and of imposed deformation, if the imposed deformations are controlled 5.42.7 Prestressing by tendons (2) Internal forces and moments due to pe-stessing by bonded tendons should be determined in accordance with EN 1992-I-1: 2004, 5.102 taking into account the effects of creep and shrinkage ofeonerete and cracking of concrete where relevant. (2) In plobal analysis, forces in unbonded tendons should be tated as extemal forces. For the determination of forees in permanently unbonded tendons, deformations of the whole structure shoeld be taken into acount 5.42.8 Tension members in composite bridges (0 inthis clause, conrete tension member means eter: (@) an isolated reinforced concrete tension member acting together wih tension member of Structural steel, with seer connection only atthe ends ofthe member, which causes flobal tensile force in th concrete lesion member, or (®) the reinforoed concrete part of « compesite member wit shear conection over the ‘member length (a compote tension member) subjected o longitudinal tension, ‘Typical examples occur in bowstring arches and trusses where the concrete or composite members ‘act tension members inthe main composite system, QF For the determination of the interasl forces and moments in tension member, the non-linear behaviour due to cracking of concrete and the effects of tension stiffening of concrete shall be ‘considered forthe global analyses for ultimate and serviceability limit states and for te limit state ‘of fatigue. Account shall be taken of effects resulting from over-stength of concrete in tension. (@) For the calculation ofthe intemal forces and moments ofa eracked conerete tension member the effets of shrinkage of concrete berween cracks should be taken into account. The effets of ulogenous shrinkage may be neglected. For simplification and where 6) or (7) i used, the fee Shriakage train ofthe uncracked member should be used forthe determination of secondary effects dive to shrinkage (4) Unless @ more sceurate method secording 10 @) and (3) Is used, the simplified method sccording to (5) may be used. Alternatively, the methods of (6) and (7) are applicable (5) The effects of tension stiffening of concrete may be neglected, if in the global analysis the internal forces and moments of the conerete tension member are determined by ncracked analysis sndithe intemal freee of structural see! members are determined by cracked analysis 2SEN 93420005 ENiseaaa (© The internal ores and mens in bownting arches wih isolated ceinforced coneretefnsion ‘members with shear connection ons the ends of the member maybe determined as follows: = determination ofthe itera forces ofthe steel structure with an efetive longitudinal stfness (EADua of the cracked conrete tension member acording o equation (5.61). £A, EM g= ae 56-0 EMa=Ta3siimp) FD where my is the modular rato for shor term loading according to 5.422(2), dy is the Tongitudinal reinforcement of ke concrete tension member within th effective width and pi the reinforcement ratio p=AY/A.detemined wit the effetve concrete cross-section area Ae ~ the normal forces of the concrete tension member Nad forthe serviceability limit state and ‘Nexanfor the ulimate Tint state are given by Neder. “115 Ae Jett (+03) 662) Mean 45 Ae Sa +7005) 663) ‘where fais te effective tensile strength of concrete Unless verified by more accurate methods, the effective tensile strength may be assumed as fast = 0.7 fam where the concrew tension member is simultaneously acting as a deck and is ‘subjected to combined global and leal effects. (1 For composite tension members subjected to normal forces end bending, moments, th cro section properties ofthe cracked section and the normal force of the reinforce concrete part ofthe ‘composite member should be cetermined with the effective longitudinal stiffness of the reinforcement according to equation (56-1). Ifthe normal forces ofthe reinforced concrete part of the member do not exceed the values given bythe equations (56-2) and (5.63), these values should ‘be used for design, Stresses in reinforcement should be determined with these forces but taking into account the ateal cross-section are 4, of reinforeement, $429 (41) Where the detailing isin secordance with 63 in longitudinal bending the effects of slip between the concrete and the ste! beams and effects of shear lag may be neglected, The contribution of formwork supported from the ses! beams, which becomes part of the permanent construction, should be neglected. beam decks for bridges (2) Where the distribution of loals applied after hardening of conerete is not uniform in the Girection transverse to the span of the filler beams, the analysis should take account of the transverse distribution of forges dae tothe diference between the deformation of adjacent filer ‘beams and ofthe flexural sifiness transverse tothe filler beam, unless its verified that sufficient accuracy is obtained by a simplified analysis assuming rigid behaviour in the transverse direction @) Account may be taken ofthe effets described in 2) by using one of the following methods of analysis: = modelling by an orthotopic slab by smearing ofthe see beams; = considering the concrete as discontinuous so as to have a plane grid with members having flexural and torsional silfiaess where the torsional stiffness of the stel section may be nelcted, For the deterination of intemal forces inthe transverse direction, the Dexural