so1nar2019 ‘Shortdelay blasting with single ree surlaca_ Results of experimental tests | Elsevier Enhanced Reader Tuning and Underground Spc Techalogy 74 2016) 119-130, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tust Contents lists availble at ScienceDirect Short-delay blasting with single free surfac Xianyang Qiu”, Xiuzhi Shi", Yonggang Gou", Jian Zhou", Hui Chen’, Xiaofeng Huo" Results of experimental tests “col of Rsowes and Safy yume Cel Souk ety, Cage 410085, Oa "Dgmonent of Col Beer eho of Cal Mechanel Earn, Cun nberty, Kew See, Bene, WA 610, Ausra ARTICLE INFO Keywords iron cont ABSTRACT Delay blasting with relatively long delay interval ¢ widely ase in mining engineering sine the former de tonated blast holes can produce new fre surfaces for the Inter detonated blac holes. With the application of| clectrone detonators, which have a minimum delay and a delay accuracy of ms, a new Blasting pattern sing short delay intervals i proposed inthe present study in order to improve sock breaking and conto blast Induced vibrations in eating blasting with singe fre surface in underground mines, Theoretical analyses are Firstly conducted to investigate the mechanisms of basting cater formation and vibration reduction of shor delay blasting. Then a eres of blasting crater tests with diferent delay intervals re performed to compare the ‘characteris of lasting craters and bist-nduced vibrations produced by short-dlay and simultaneote basting. The results of rater ies show that cs possible to frm a common blasting crater only when the delay intervals are shorter than the formation time fev fee surface. Ii also found that the shor-elay blasting can effectively redace PPV compared ith the simoltaneos blsting, particulary in the nenefeld. Spectral snalysis indicates that there isles energy nthe low-frequency content in short-day blasting than simultaneous basting. The possibility and feasibility of reducing vibration via sorte also dicussed in this study 1. Introduction ‘The use of blasting for hard rock fragmentation is widely adopted in mining and quarrying engineering (Nateghi, 2012; Changping et al. 2017), In rock basting, delay basting technique isan effective measure to improve rock breaking and reduce blastinduce vibration by con- trolling the initiation time and sequence of detonators (Wu ct al, 2004; ‘Aldas and Ecevitogli, 2008; Shi and Chen, 2009). Researchers have conducted small-scale experiments, ficld wials and numerical simula- tions to investigate the influence of delay intervals on rock fragmen- ‘ation and blast-induced vibration ¢Fatsuya etal, 2000; Viet al, 2015; Katsabanis et al, 2006). Delay blasting with longédelay intervals is Widely used in mining engineering since the former detonated Dlast- holes can produce new free surfaces for the later detonated blast holes (Shi et al, 2016). With the application of electronic detonators, which have a minimum delay and a delay accuracy of 1ms, a new blasting pattern using short-delay times was proposed in order to improve rock breaking and control blast-induced vibration (Rossmanith, 2002). Rock blasting researchers have long tried to improve fragmentation, via stress wave interaction between adjacent blas-hoes in short-day blasting. By constructing a 2D model, Rossmanith (2002) and Rossmanith and Kouzniak (2004) showed how a positive effect of shock Em eldasse0163com OS) basting in underground mines are ‘wave interaction could be achieved. Feld observations by Vanlabant ‘and Espinosa (2006) showed that the average fragmentation was im proved by nearly 50% by choosing the delays such that an overlap of the P-wave particle velocity was ereated. Blair (2010) indicated thatthe stress waves in the field were markedly different in shape and that even if tess wave superposition did occur, there was only a localized range Where it could improve fragmentation. Johansson and Ouchterlony (2013) carted out smallscale tests on shortdelay detonations and concluded that there were no obvious differences in fragmentation ‘when the delays were in the time range of stress wave interactions ‘compared with no interactions. The numerical results of Vi et al (2016) als indicated that it was impossible to increase fragmentation via tress ‘wave interaction, Li et al. (2017) studied the mechanism of crack propagation in smooth basting excavation under shortlelay interval, (On the other hand, there is much less literature concemed about the vibration effect of short-delay blasting. Blair (2010) provided an ex: tensive discussion and noted that there was no possibility of channel: ling energy into higher frequencies by using short delay intervals. etal, (2017) made some primary attempts to investigate the vibration reduction effect of short-delay blasting. However, until nov, there are ‘unfortunately no final conclusions on rock breaking and blast induced, vibration of short-delay basting ‘value ie 19 Jamar 2018 088677582018 Eire Al eight sored hitpssreader elsevier.comireaderisdpiS0886778817306624 loken=488657CE29A SASF 76ABSSSFE3E85408791200553AM8DAG34864D53. anso1nar2019 x Ome tis noted that most ofthe previous studies focused on short-day blasting were based on the blasting mode! in open-pit mines. Unlike open-pit engineering, and limited by the terrain, blasting in under- ground mines often asiociates with the situation of only a single free face. Therefore, in order to inerease blasting efficiency, cutting blasting, must be carried out to artificially create new free surfaces for subsequent blasts. A typical cutting blasting scheme in underground ‘mines involves simultaneously initiating explosive columns ia several blast-holes which are arranged in abunch with short spacing, and forming. latge common blasting crater, A major challenge for this cutting blasting with a single free surface is to reduce the hazardous vibration since the charge weight per delay is very large. Shi etal (2016a) noted that the shortdelay blasting with the use of electronic detonators could be an effective way to solve this problem ‘his study focuses on short-day blasting with a single free surface Jn underground mines. Theoretical analyses are firstly conducted 10 investigate the mechanisms of erater formation and vibration eduction in short-delay blasting. Subsequently, a seris of blasting crater tess with single and multiple blastholes are performed to compare the characteristics of basting craters and blas-indueed vibrations produced, by shortelay and simultaneous blastings 2, Theoretical analysis of short-delay blasting, 2.1. Mechanism of crater formation of short delay blasting According to Henrych and Abrahamson (1979) and Xahykaeb (1980), the erater formation process of single hole blasting witha single free surface ean be described as follows. A shack wave firstly arses ater the detonation of an explosive column in a borehole, and it eauses a blasting cavity (crush area) asthe detonation pressure exerted on the borehole wall at the moment of initiation can exceed 10 GPa (Zh 2009). I soon decays to a high-amplitude stress wave that propagates at the velocity of a longitudinal wave and causes radial eracks in the rock mass (Mchugh, 1983). The stress wave is immediately followed by a longer-duration gas pressure londing, which causes not only the further extension of the existing radial cracks but also new circular cracks When the stress wave reaches the free surface, it transforms into a tensile stress wave. As the tensile strength is far Tess than the com- pressive strength of rock, the reflected tensile stress wave not only ‘ouses rok spalling on the free surface but also promotes the extension ofthe radial and cieulareracks induced by the inital stress wave and the gas pressure. It then causes the coalescence ofthe rock spalling and the cracks, The on-going inflated gas pressure pushes the fractured rocks in the direction of the free surface and finally forms a lasting crater (Fig. 1a). ‘There isa depth limit for the blasting crater of single-hole blasting, which means that when the charge depth is longer than the optimum depth, the blasting crater will not inerease with the increase of the charge depth. Because of this limit, several blast-holes arranged in ‘bunch with short spacing are simultaneously initiated to form a big, ‘Short-delay blasting with single ree surlaca_ Results of experimental tests | Elsevier Enhanced Reader “Tuometing an Undergo Spee Teck 742018) 129-190, ‘common blasting erate. However, considering the large scatter of the pyrotechnic detonators used in most underground metal mines in China, the simultaneous cutting blasting is actualy “short-delay blasting” with completely random delay intervals. Thus, iis possible to form a common blasting crater using short 01 different from those of PF and MF with = < 0. In addition, an {Intuitive insight to gain from Fig. 18 is that the data fitting of MF i= ‘much better than the other two. The optimum linear fitting equations of DE, PF and ME are expressed as P DF = 351.246SD"™° = 026 ® PF = 425.8965D-°0 2 = 0.52 o MMF = 626.5145D-%542 = 0.79, ao) ‘We can see that there is no good regularity for the DF. This is due to the DF only reflects the frequency with the maximum peak ofthe am- plitude, and the frequency banding is not obvious as there are not large ‘numberof blas-holes. Therefore, iis not strange that there s nearly no attenuation for DF. In addition, the MF has the best fit coefficient. ‘Therefore, in this study the MF is used to investigate the frequency characteristics ofthe tested vibration signals, The MF values against the ‘SD and the best linear ft curves for two holes blasts with different delay intervals are plotted in Fig. 19. As shown, the MF asa function of SD for the Oms case is distinctly smaller than other eases, especially in the ‘nea fic with small SDs. This ca be further verified by the cumulated power spectrum agains the SD of two holes blasts with diferent delays {intervals at scaled distances of approximately 5.6 and 1.6 (Pig. 20). The ‘cumulated power spectrum, as defined by Wang et al (2015), is nor- ‘malized to focus on the distribution of frequency rather than the am> plitude. We can see that atthe sealed distance of 1.6 the four cases have similar frequencies, but a the sealed distance ofS 6 there is muuch more ana0092019 x Ome 3 2° z & a rn Cr eT) Frequeney Ha) (a) 0ms » © i & 5 » 000 asco Soe eo Frequency 2) (0) ms vig Fourier spectra Frequency (Hz) Fig. 17 Definitions of dominant frqaeney (DE) an ental quency (9). energy in the frequency range below 500 Hz for the Oms case than observed for delayed blasts, whieh i contrary to the popula conception, thatthe frequencies increase as the delay intervals decrease. The pos- sible reasons are as follows: (1) since the delay intervals are short and the blasthole number is not very big the frequency banding of delay blasting is not obvious; (2) as noted by Blair (2010), there i low-fre- ‘quency intrusion in shor-delay blasting which begins to occur for delay intervals of 10 ms or lower; (3) the test model inthis study isthe cutting blasting with small spacing, thus the simultaneous basting is similar to the single-hole blasting with bigger charge amount hitpssreader elsevier.comireaderisdpiS0886778817306624 loken=488657CE29A SASF 76ABSSSFE3E85408791200553AM8DAG34864D53. ‘Short-delay blasting with single ree surlaca_ Results of experimental tests | Elsevier Enhanced Reader “Tuometing an Undergo Spee Teck 742018) 129-190, 100) st Frequeney (Fa) (@)8ms 00 » Fourier spectra 5 10 1500 Frequency (H2) (@) 17 ms 2000 3500 Ample feeney spot ofthe bation signa foro oles bass Igcrequeney) IysD_ Fig 18. Comparison of DE, FF and MF forage hte Maing, 5, Diseussion and conclusions For delay blasting with delay intervals Ionger than the formation, time of a new free surface, the number of fre surfaces for the later detonated blasthole increases, and the direetion of the minimum Darden changes compared withthe simultancous Blasting, thus there ‘no interaction between the adjacent blast-holes. Therefor, itis possible {form a common blasting crater only when the delay intervals are less than the formation time of anew free surface. Its generally accepted that stress wave superposition occurs for ‘extremely short-delay blasting and promotes fragmentation. However, ona0092019 x Ome 29| sD ig. 19 Compson MF for wo she Bats with diferent ey ven simultaneous blasting using electronic delays cannot ensure the perposicion effect. Assuming thatthe stress wave superposition oc- cursin the simultancous blasting (Oms), the erater sizes obtained in our tests indicate that stese wave superposition does not contribute to the formation of the blasting crater. However, delayed blastings with longer delay intervals are considered to fundamentally promote the Interaction of the stress wave induced by the later detonated blasthole and the explosive gasses produced by the former detonated blasthole. (Our tests show that better craters are obtained for blasts with longer delay intervals compared with simultancous blasting, which indicates thatthe interaction of stress wave and explosive gasses better promotes rocicbreaking than does stress wave superposition. cis also found that the short-elay blasting ean effectively reduce PPV compared with simultaneous blasting, particularly in the nea field, This is due to the reduction inthe charge weight per delay from, simultaneous blasting to short-delay blasting, which makes the release of explosive energy more dispersed rather than intensive, As noted by Blair (2010), theres nearly no difference in the peak vibration level for electronic and pyrotechnic delay blasts in the far-field. Nevertheless, the reduction of PPV for short delay basting in the near-field is stil of great value in underground mines. Fig. 21 shows a typical blasting design in a pillar stope in underground mines. As shown, the cutting blast-holes are arranged in the mide location of the stope end. The distances between the cutting blast-holes and the backfill in the nearby room stopes range from 4m to approximately 60m. If the peak ‘Short-delay blasting with single ree surlaca_ Results of experimental tests | Elsevier Enhanced Reader “Tuometing an Undergo Spee Teck 742018) 129-190, Fig 21. Leann of ating Mato underground mie vibration level can be significantly reduced in this distance range by using shortdelay blasting, it will benefit the stability of the nearby Dackfils as the mining of pillar stopes occupies an increasingly im portant proportion of underground mining work. The test in this study also show that there is less energy in the low frequency content for shortdelay blasting than there i in simultancous blasting. lair (1993) noted that spectral banding was dominated by the delay interval between blasc-holes for the delays longer than 10m However, i is unfortunately unrealistic to control the dominant fre quency by shortlelay Blasting in underground mines. For a medium: scale blast with 50 blast-holes shown in Fig. 22, there are only 4 eutting Dlastholes, while the others are production blast-holes with delay in- tervals of 25-50-ms. Obviously, the dominant frequency for this bast i ‘mostly determined by the delay intervals ofthe production blast holes rather than the cutting blast holes. Ths itis only valuable to reduce the cenergy in the low-frequency content by using precise short-delay Diastng. ‘The process of rock blasting with multiple blastholes is compli: cated, since it involves the complex interactions between stress waves, Derween stress waves and explosive gasses, and between explosive gasses. Our study and understanding on the mechanisms of rock breaking and vibration reduction for shortelay blasting are stil rw sdimentary, and further studies egarding this problem need to be con ducted. 7 » a z. Le i. : : i, i. i i a % 500 1000 1500 70002500 . 500 1000 1500, 20002500 Tp ree) ‘oapse opie ig, 20, Compson ofthe cumulated hitpssreader elsevier.comireaderisdpiS0886778817306624 loken=488657CE29A SASF 76ABSSSFE3E85408791200553AM8DAG34864D53. power scum salar sae distances. sora0092019 ‘Short-delay blasting with single ree surlaca_ Results of experimental tests | Elsevier Enhanced Reader x Owerat “Tuometing an Undergo Spee Teck 742018) 129-190, ~ Fig. 22. Amediunscal at wth 5 bist St $6410! ele aera ie we e@ Cutting holes Ea Acknowledgments 18 tains, PD, Tom, A, ead. Kenny, C, 2008. cs ‘The authors would ike to acknowledge the financial support fom gays i Sa I 20) Bcf as a! sed Vis o> the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0602902), the ‘dietrs. Soll Dyn Eartha, Bag. 27 (2), 116-125. Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Centra Nhe. aun, ky 988 Exe sha al secon Spe Ven, South University (20162213094). The support provided by China ac 200, The inpornc ste specication mel for st Scholarship Council (CSC) during the visit ofthe frst author to Curtin “““Snkat ands aya Easy fy 2 (aA University is acknowledged. The authors also wish to thank Hong Hao, ‘i, nes i Ra Mary, 2010 Quasi gro wats ee peta “Tce ts mci sing nephew ode tortion ft Rock Mee. 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