G.R. No.

151445 Lim vs Executive Secretary 151445

Facts:
In the beginning of 2002, the personnel of Armed Forces of the United States started to arrive
in the Philippines which will participate in the Balikatan 02-1 pursuant to the VFA (Visitig Forces
Agreement) signed in 1999. The Balikatan 02-1 is a simulation of joint military maneuvers or
exercises of Filipino and American which was pursuant to MDT (Mutual Defense Treaty) a
bilateral agreement entered into by the Philippine Government and United States Government
in 1951. The entry of the American troops in the Philippines is partly rooted from the campaign
of US President George W. Bush against international terrorism as a result of terrorist attacks in
United States which was the cause of numerous loss of lives.
The petitioners, Arthur D. Lim and Paulino P. Ersando, as citizens, lawyers, and taxpayers, filed
a petition for certiorari and prohibition and attacking the constitutionality of Balikatan 02-1 or
the joint exercise. Subsequently, they were joined by SANLAKAS and Partido ng Manggagawa by
filing a petition-in-intervention, the claimed that some of their members were situated in the
places were the exercise are being conducted.
However the Solicitor General, claimed that there were lack of locus standi, does not invlve tax
spending, and there is no proof of direct personal injury.

Issue:
WON the Balikatan02-1 is covered by the VFA.
WON the VFA is constitutional.

Held:
The VFA permits the US personnel to engage, on an impermanent basis, in activities, the exact
meaning of which was undefined. The permit under VFA grants US personnel a wide scope of
undertaking subject only to approval of the Philippine Government. In general US personnel
must abstain from any activities inconsistent with the agreement, and in particular, from an
political activities. All other activities, in other words, are fair game.
In aid of the case at bar, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Article 31 and 32 which
contains the provisions governing the interpretation of international agreements. The cardinal
rule of interpretation must involve an examination of the text, which is presume to verbalise
the intentions of the parties.
The word activities in the view of the court it was deliberately made that way to give both
parties a leeway for negotiations. In this manner, the US forces may sojourn in the territory of
the Philippines for purposes other than military. Under these auspices, the VFA gives legitimacy
to the current Balikatan exercises. It is only logical to assume that Balikatan 02-1, a mutual anti-
terrorism, advising, assisting and training exercise falls under the context of the agreement.
From the facts obtaining, the court find that the Balikatan 02-1 joint military exercises has not
intruded into that penumbra of error that would otherwise call for correction on the part of the
court. The respondents did not commit grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction. Wherefore, the petition and petition-in-intervention are hereby dismissed without
prejudice to the filing of new petition sufficient in form and substance in the proper regional
trial court.