P Q PVQ PɅQ P→ 𝑄 P↔ 𝑄

p V(~p→ 𝑝) 2n T
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
F T T F T F
F F F F T T

p ~p (~p→ 𝑝 p V(~p→ 𝑝)
T F T T
F T F F
Valid and Invalid
Deductions
MRS. AGNES N. MADAMBA
INSTRUCTOR
Euler Diagram
• An Euler diagram (pronounced OY-ler diagram) is a graphic
depiction commonly used to illustrate the relationships between
sets or groups; the diagrams are usually drawn with circles or
ovals, although they can also use other shapes.
• Euler diagrams, Eulerian circles and Euler’s constant are
named for Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783).
Euler Diagrams for “if-then” statements
• If a, then b.

b
a
Examples
• All pelicans eat fish.

eat
fish
pelicans
Determining whether a statement is true or
false using the Euler diagram
Which of the following statements is true?
b
1. If b, then a. false
a
x
x
Determining whether a statement is true or
false using the Euler diagram
Which of the following statements is true?
b
2. If not a, then not b. false
a
x
x
Determining whether a statement is true or
false using the Euler diagram
Which of the following statements is true?
b
2. If a, then b. True
a
x
Determining whether a statement is true or
false using the Euler diagram
Which of the following statements is true?
b
2. If not b, then not a. True
a
x
Examples Determine the truthfulness of the
following.
• All pelicans eat fish.
1. If a creature is pelican, then it eats fish.

2. If a creature is not a pelican, then it eats fish.

eat
3. If a creature is not a pelican, then it does not
fish eat fish.
pelicans 4. If a creature eats fish, then it is a pelican.
5. If a creature does not eat fish, then it is not a
pelican.
Examples Determine the truthfulness of the
following.
• All pelicans eat fish.
1. If a creature is pelican, then it eats fish. True

eat 2. If a creature is not a pelican, then it eats fish.

fish 3. If a creature is not a pelican, then it does not
pelicans eat fish.

c
4. If a creature eats fish, then it is a pelican.

5. If a creature does not eat fish, then it is not a

pelican.
Examples Determine the truthfulness of the
following.
• All pelicans eat fish.
1. If a creature is pelican, then it eats fish. True

2. If a creature is not a pelican, then it eats fish.

eat False

fish 3. If a creature is not a pelican, then it does not

pelicans eat fish.

c 4. If a creature eats fish, then it is a pelican.

c
5. If a creature does not eat fish, then it is not a
pelican.
Examples Determine the truthfulness of the
following.
• All pelicans eat fish.
1. If a creature is pelican, then it eats fish. True

2. If a creature is not a pelican, then it eats fish.

eat False

fish 3. If a creature is not a pelican, then it does not

pelicans eat fish. False

c 4. If a creature eats fish, then it is a pelican.

c
5. If a creature does not eat fish, then it is not a
pelican.
Examples Determine the truthfulness of the
following.
• All pelicans eat fish.
1. If a creature is pelican, then it eats fish. True

2. If a creature is not a pelican, then it eats fish.

eat False

fish 3. If a creature is not a pelican, then it does not

pelicans eat fish. False
c 4. If a creature eats fish, then it is a pelican.
c False

5. If a creature does not eat fish, then it is not a

pelican.
Examples Determine the truthfulness of the
following.
• All pelicans eat fish.
1. If a creature is pelican, then it eats fish. True
c 2. If a creature is not a pelican, then it eats fish.
eat False

fish 3. If a creature is not a pelican, then it does not

pelicans eat fish. False
4. If a creature eats fish, then it is a pelican.
False

5. If a creature does not eat fish, then it is not a

pelican. True
 3 Types of Deductive Reasoning
1. Law of Direct Reasoning/Modus Ponens
If you drive at 80 kph, then you are breaking the law.
John is driving at 80kph.
Breaking
Therefore, John is breaking the law. the law

drives at
80kph
J
 3 Types of Deductive Reasoning
2. Law of Indirect Reasoning/Modus Tollens
If you drive at 80 kph, then you are breaking the law.
John is not breaking the law.
Breaking
Therefore, John is not driving at 80kph. the law

drives at
80kph
J
3 Types of Deductive Reasoning
3. Law of syllogism/Transitive Reasoning
If you drive at 80 kph, then you are over speeding.
If you overspeed, then you are breaking the law.
Therefore, if you drive at 80kph, then you are breaking the law.
Breaking
the law

over
speeding

drives at
80kph
Exercises
A. Tell whether or not the third statement necessarily follows if the first two
statements are accepted as true. If, it does, write valid and if does not, name
the error (converse error or inverse error) that would be made if the
argument were accepted as correct. Draw appropriate Euler diagrams.

1. If you see spots in front of your eyes, you’re looking at a leopard.

You are looking at a leopard. Looking at a
Therefore, you see spots in front of your eyes. leopard

See spots in
Not Valid front of Y
your eyes
Y
Converse error
Exercises
2. If you see strands in front of your eyes, your hair is too long.
You don’t see strands in front of your eyes.
Therefore, your hair is not too long.

Hair is too
long

See strands
in front of Y Y
your eyes
Not Valid

Inverse error
Exercises
3. If you forget your pencil, you may borrow one of mine.
You did not borrow one of my pencils.
Therefore, you did not forget your pencil.

Borrow one
of mine

Forget your
pencil
Y
Valid
Exercises
4. If a coin is a polygon, it is very old.
If a coin is a polygon, it is worth more than one peso.
Therefore, if a coin is very old, it is worth more than one peso. Not Valid

Worth more
than one peso It is very old

It is very old or Worth more

than one peso

Coin is a Coin is a
polygon polygon
Exercises5. All donkeys have long ears.
All long-eared creatures are habitual eavesdroppers.
Therefore, all donkeys are habitual eavesdroppers.
Valid
Habitual
eavesdroppers

Long ears

donkeys
B. Two statements are given that are to be accepted as true. If possible,
write a third statement that can be deduced from these statements.
Otherwise write “ no conclusion possible”. Draw appropriate Euler
diagrams.
1. All polaroid cameras take self-developing films.
That camera is not polaroid.

Take self-
developing films
No possible
conclusion
Polaroid
cameras
x x
2. If a person loves his parents, then people admire you.
Jude is admired by people.

People admire you

No possible
conclusion
Person
loves his
parents
J J
2. If daddy prepares milk, then his son is hungry.
The son is not hungry.

Son is hungry

Therefore, daddy does

not prepare milk.
Daddy
prepares
milk
x
3. All white flowers are fragrant.
All carnations are white flowers.

Fragrant Therefore, All

carnations are
White flower fragrant

carnation
 No possible
3. All shoplifters are dishonest.
conclusion
Shoplifters are hated by shop owners.

Hated by shop dishonest

owners

dishonest Hated by
or
many

shoplifters shoplifters
Prepare for a quiz next meeting