REVISED

FIRST AID
IN
ENGLISH

Increase your vocabulary

Get grammar right
Spell and punctuate correctly
Avoid common language errors
Improve speech and writing
15 self-test sets of questions
An Answer Book is available

I
USIMJ THIS BOOK

REVISED FIRST AID IN ENGLISH deals with more than 50 topics or aspects of
the English language, which can be grouped into a number of main fields of study as

follows:

Words � and their functions in sentences.

Vocabulary � meanings of words, shades of meaning, relationships denoted
by words.

Functions of parts and forms of words.

Sentence structure � sentences, clauses, phrases.

Special usages � of words, phrases, etc.

Conventions of correct speech and writing.

Where a student's answer to a question shows up a possible weakness in a |wilii

nlni
topic, the student should refer or be referred to the relevant page of Revised
iit\t Aul m
English for further study, checking his answers with the Answer Book. In
mltlilinii, il will
often be helpful to select a kindred topic or topics from the same field in the
y,inii|tiu>� M l
out below, and check whether there is a weakness there too, which needs fuillin
study,

DETAILED GROUPING OF TOPICS

I'nflc No, in
Rev. I'A. inl'NOI.ISII
WORDS and their Functions in Sentences

Parts of Speech 6
Substitute words � pronouns 49
Relationship words � conjunctions and prepositions 52,55

VOCABULARY � Basic Tool in Human Communication

Everyone speaking or writing, listening or reading, depends on a knowledge of words

and their meaings.

Some words are in everyday use. Others will be used more frequently by some people
than by others because of their particular jobs or special interests, but many of
these still
have to be understood by anyone reading a book, a newspaper or a notice, using the
telephone, attending a school or college, or listening to a radio or television
programme.

A good vocabulary is an essential basis for all human knowledge, thought and
understanding, and man's principal means of communicating with his fellow men.
Check that you are familiar with vocabulary of the following kinds:

Words for Things, Creatures, Activities, Happenings, Ideas. jn^NG^jsH

Rev F A

Masculine/feminine words 9
Members of families 11
Dwelling places 12
Names 13
Collections 15
Occupations 18
Work places 19
Receptacles and contents 20
Sounds and motions 21
Fastenings and equipment 20,82
Places, countries, cities, buildings, rivers, races 79-81
Using this Book

Relationships denoted by words

In addition to denoting particular things, ideas, qualities and actions as above,

words
also serve to describe special features of things and actions, their similarity and

dissimilarity and their relations to one another in size, position, time, cause and
effect
and in many other ways.

The speaker or writer armed with a good vocabulary has the basic equipment needed
to express these relations and accurately distinguish between different shades of
meaning. The following sections of Revised First Aid in English will show you your
strengths and weaknesses:

Page No. in
Rev. F.A. in ENGLISH

Modifying words � adjectives, adverbs, comparatives and superlatives ... . 44,45

Relativities expressed by conjunctions/prepositions 52,55
Classifications � things and creatures 2 *
Analogies and correspondences 2 �
Opposites ^
Words with similar meanings < 33
Shades of meaning 59
Small quantities "6

DIFFERENT PARTS AND FORMS OF WORDS � What they do

In addition to knowing the meanings and shades of meaning of different words the
good speaker or writer also understands the special contribution which different
parts
of some words make to their meaning (e.g. prefixes like import, export; bicycle,
tricycle; roots like telephone, televise; and suffixes like useful, useless). He
also
makes correct use of different forms of some words for different purposes (e.g
swim,
swam, swum). Exercises designed to develop a mastery of this aspect of language are

provided in the following pages:

RolesofPartsofWords Rev FA.inENGUS H

Roots and derivations 73-74

Prefixes 74-75
Suffixes (singular/plural, masculine/feminine, comparative/superlative) 7,9,45-
46,75

Roles of Various Forms of Words

Present/past tense forms of verbs, participles and infinitives 39

Possessive/objective forms of nouns/pronouns 49,64
Comparative/superlative forms of adjectives 45
Diminutives 66
Word building, compound words 36-38
SENTENCE STRUCTURES � Grouping words to express thoughts

A single word, however clear its meaning, seldom conveys a complete message
(though the command "Go!", for example, does just that). Normally, words are used
in groups, which may have to be quite long and complicated if the thought which
they
express is complicated.
Using this Book

Where the thought conveyed by the group of words is complete in itself, we have a

sentence (a statement, a question, a command).

Where a group of words does not form the complete statement, question or command
intended by the speaker or writer, but has some meaning, it may be a phrase � for
example a group of words or a complete statementor the answer to

the question ora s sweet as honey

If there is a verb in the group of words, it may be a clause � for example, "...
when I
tell you or "If I knew the answer..." or "I came, I saw, and I conquered.".

Notice that a clause in a sentence may be either a principal (main) clause or a

subordinate clause. In the sentence "I came, I saw, and I conquered" there are
three
main or principal clauses. In the sentence "Sit down when I tell you." the clause
"Sit
down" is the main or principal clause and "when I tell you" is a subordinate
clause.

Check that you understand this by working the following exercises:

Page No. in
Rev. FA . in ENGLISH

Sentences 57,62-63
Clauses 52-54
Simple and complex sentences 62-63
Phrases and equivalent clauses 62

SPECIAL USAGES � These are valuable aids to effective communication.

Doubles for emphasis 27

Similes 17
Colloquial expressions 71-72
Popular phrases 73
Proverbs 67-69

CONVENTIONS OF SPEECH AND WRITING � What is accepted and understood.

Grammatical speech and writing are more easily understood than ungrammatical
speech and writing, and it is therefore a courtesy on the part of a speaker or
writer to
avoid bad grammar.

In writing, correct spelling is a great help to the reader, ensuring that words can
be
immediately recognised. Good punctuation is another important aid, helping the
reader to grasp the meaning of a sentence without having to re-read it.

Weakness in these fields is frequently taken as a sign of ignorance or stupidity �

often
with good reason. Study of the following sections of Revised First Aid in English
will
enable mistakes in these fields to be avoided:

Page No. in
Rev. F.A. in ENGLISH

Basic Grammar 7,8,39-44,46-48,55-57

Apostrophe, capitals, punctuation 64,65,66
Abbreviations and contractions 28-30
Spelling 7,83-86
CONTENTS

PAGE

Parts of Speech 6
Number (Singular and Plural) 7
Gender (Masculine and Feminine) 9
Parents: Young � � �
Homes (Person, Creature) 12
Names (Christian, Surnames) 13
Group Terms or Collections 15
Similes 1 7
Occupations 18
Places 1 9
Receptacles 20
Fastenings 20
Creature (Sound, Motion, Adjective) 21
Sounds (made by Objects) 23
Classification 24
Analogies 26
Doubles 27

Abbreviations and Contractions 28

Opposites 30
Similar Words (Meaning) 33
Homonyms 35
Formation of Nouns 36
Formation of Adjectives 37
Formation of Verbs 38
Formation of Adverbs 38
Formation of Compound Words 38

CORRECT USAGE

The Verb and Adverb 39

Comparison of Adjectives 45
Concord (Agreement) 46
The Pronoun (Case) 4 9
Conjunctions 52
Prepositions 55
Correction of Sentences 57
The Right Word in the Right Place 59
Addition of Clauses 61
Sentences (Simple to Complex) 62
Alphabetical Order 63
The Apostrophe 64
Capital Letters 65
Punctuation 66
Diminutives and Small Quantities 66
For Reference 67
Proverbs 67
Colloquialisms 7 "
Derivations (Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes) 7 3
General Knowledge 7 6
Useful Information 7 9
Countries (Peoples, Languages) 80
Countries (Capitals, Currencies) 81
Science 82
Spelling Lists 83
Tests 87
ENGLISH

The English Language, now in widespread use throughout the world, has developed
over many centuries from the language of the Angles and Saxons from Denmark and
Northern Germany who settled in England in the fifth and sixth centuries.

Although the majority of the words in English are of this Anglo-Saxon origin, the
language today includes, as a result of cultural influences and commercial
contacts,
many other words derived from Latin, Greek, French, Celtic, Dutch, German and
other languages.

The Parts of Speech. Each word in any sentence can be classified, according to its
use in that particular sentence, as belonging to one of the eight parts of speech,
which
are:

The Noun.

A noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing, e.g. John, tiger, school,
kettle.

The Verb.

A verb may be said to be a "doing" word, e.g. run, swim, write.

The Pronoun.

A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun, e.g. he, she, it.

The Adjective.

An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun, e.g. good, fine, proud.

The Adverb.

An adverb generally modifies a verb, e.g. quietly, here, suddenly.

The Preposition.

A preposition shows the relation between one thing and another, e.g. against,
for, with.

The Conjunction.

A conjunction is a word used for joining words and clauses, e.g. and, but.

The Exclamation or Interjection.

An exclamation or interjection expresses sudden emotion, e.g. Oh! Hullo!
Stop!

Note. A word may be one part of speech in one sentence and a different one in
another � or even in the same sentence, e.g.
The Earth is round (adjective) and goes round (preposition) the Sun.

When we wish to express a thought, we use words grouped together in a certain

order so that we convey a sensible, definite meaning. This combination of words is
termed a sentence.
NUMBER

Most nouns have a Singular form used to denote ONE person or thing and a different
Plural form denoting MORE than ONE. Pronouns and verbs also have different singular

and plural forms.

Singular Plural Singular

box boxes child
brush brushes foot
fox foxes goose
gas
glass
watch
gases
glasses
watches
man
mouse
ox
army armies tooth
cityfly
lady
calf
cities
flies
ladies
calves
woman
brother
half halves
knife knives cioin
leaf leaves , .
life lives die
loaf
shelf
loaves
shelves
ficK nsn
thief
wolf
thieves
wolves genius
chief
dwarf
chiefs
dwarfs pea
hoof hoofs, hooves
reef reefs penny
roof roofs shot
cargo
echo
cargoes
echoes
hero heroes brother-in-law
Negro Negroes bye-law
potato
banjo
dayhalo
piano
solo
valley
potatoes
banjos
days
halos, haloes
pianos
solos
valleys
by-waycoat-of-mail
cupful
mouse-traphanger-on
passer-bymaid-of-honour
son-in-law
man-of-war
spoonful
cannon cannon cod
deer deer dozen
grouse
sheep
grouse
sheep
salmon
swine
trout trout

Plural

children

feet

geese

men

mice

oxen

teeth

women

{
{
brothers
{
{
brethren
cloths{dies
clothes

{
{
dice
fishes
fish{
{
geniuses
genii{peas

{
{
pease
pennies{
{
pence
shots

shot

brothers-in-law
bye-laws
by-ways
coats-of-mai]
cupfuls
mouse-traps
hangers-on
passers-bymaids-of-honour
sons-in-law
men-of-war
spoonfuls

cod
dozen
salmon
swine
Number

The following words have no singular:

bellows, billiards, gallows, measles, pincers, pliers, scissors, shears,

spectacles,

thanks, tidings, tongs, trousers, tweezers, victuals.

EXERCISES

1. State the plural of:

loaf, man-of-war, piano, sheep, foot, echo, penny, life, deer, ox.
2. Give the singular of:
ladies, thieves, geese, clothes, trout, passers-by, mice, knives, teeth, boxes.
3. Fill in the appropriate singular or plural:
army
roofs

women
cupful
swine
dwarf

4. Change all Singulars into Plurals.

(1) I heard the echo in the cave.
(2)The lady spoke to the child.
(3)The boy went for a loaf.
(4)The man fed the calf.
(5)The mouse ran into a hole.
(6)The knife was lying on the table.
(7)The fisherman caught a trout.
(8)The dwarf gave him a stick.
(9)The ship struck the reef.
(10)My foot troubled me.
(11) It was a man's boot.
5. Change all Singulars into Plurals and
(1)The rabbit runs from the dog.
(2)The girl wears a blue dress.
(3)The sailor swims to his ship
(4)The woman catches the goose.
(5)The man shoots the deer.
(6)The ox eats the potato.
(7)The lady prefers the rose.
(8)The sheep runs in the valley.
(9)Her foot is badly cut.
(10)The thief steals the valuable bag.
son-in-law

cargo
children
flies

halo
potatoes

(12)The burglar tried to rob my shop.

(13)The prisoner says that he is
innocent.
(14)The girl's hat was on the peg.
(15)The boy robbed a bird's nest.
(16)His tooth hurt him badly.
(17)The fanner ploughs his field.
(18)The horse is eating a raw carrot.
(19)The child cried because he was
tired.
(20)This is the house in which I stay.
Verbs into the Past Tense.

(11)The child runs to the table.

(12) He is a man of means.
(13) I keep the bird in a cage.
(14) He writes my name.
(15)She tells me so.
(16)He has a sharp knife.
(17)She takes his pencil.
(18)The old woman sits on that seat.
(19)The man walks slowly to this job.
(20)The mouse scampers from the cat.
GENDER

Nouns and pronouns belong to one or another of four GENDERS in grammar. These are:

1. MASCULINE � words denoting male creatures, e.g. boy, king.

2. FEMININE � words denoting female creatures, e.g. girl, queen.
3. COMMON � words denoting creatures of either sex, e.g. child, owner.
4. NEUTER � words denoting things of neither sex, e.g. house, box.
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

abbot abbess bachelor spinster

actor actress beau belle

author authoress boy girl
baron baroness brave squaw
conductor conductress bridegroom bride

count countess brother sister

deacon deaconess Czar Czarina

duke duchess don donna

emperor empress earl countess
enchanter enchantress executor executrix
giant giantess father mother
god goddess fianc6 fiancee
heir heiress friar nun
host hostess gentleman lady
hunter huntress governor matron
instructor instructress he she
Jew Jewess hero heroine
lion lioness him her
manager manageress husband wife
marquis marchioness king queen
master mistress lad lass
mayor mayoress lord lady
murderer murderess male female
negro negress man woman
ogre ogress masseur masseuse
patron patroness monk nun
peer peeress Mr. Mrs.
poet poetess nephew niece
priest priestess papa mama
prince princess proprietor proprietrix
prophet prophetess sir madam
shepherd shepherdess sloven slut
sorcerer sorceress son daughter

steward stewardess Sultan Sultana

tailor tailoress tutor governess
tiger tigress uncle aunt
traitor traitress widower widow
waiter waitress wizard witch
Gender

Masculine Feminine

boar sow

buck doe

bull cow
bullock heifer

cock hen
colt filly
cob (swan) pen
dog bitch

billy-goat nanny-goat
Boy Scout Girl Guide
buck-rabbit doe-rabbit
bull-calf cow-calf
cock-sparrow hen-sparrow
grandfather grandmother

Masculine

gander
hound
mallard

ram

sire
stag
stallion

steer

he-goat
Jack-ass
landlord
male-child
manservant

Feminine

goose
brach
wild-duck
ewe
dam
hind
mare
heifer

she-goat
Jenny-ass
landlady
female-child
maidservant

COMMON GENDER words denote creatures of either sex and the same word may
used both of male and of female, e.g.
animal, bird, child, friend, owner, pupil, singer, teacher, visitor.

NEUTER GENDER words denote things without life or sex, e.g.

box, butter, chair, disease, happiness, honesty, language, river, school.

EXERCISES IN GENDER

1. Give the feminine of:

heir, monk, stallion, nephew, gander, waiter, sir, ram, hero, bachelor.
2. Give the masculine of:
witch, filly, cow, maidservant, wife, duck, bride, vixen, duchess, aunt.
3. State the gender of:
lion, cousin, jotter, mistress, friend, pencil, steward, sister, book, child.
4. Fill in blank spaces � masculine or feminine � as required:
lion bull
lady grandfather
governess hind
male widow
actor tom-cat
tailor slut

5. Change all Masculines into corresponding Feminines:

(1)The bridegroom is my nephew.
(2)The instructor ordered him to jump.
(3)My landlord is a widower.
(4)The wizard spoke to the prince.
Gender

(5)The bull attacked the milkman.

(6)The Duke chatted to the man.
(7)The heir to the estate is a bachelor.
(8)"No, sir," he replied.
(9)The waiter served his own brother.
(10)"He was indeed a hero," said the emperor.
(11)The lion sprang at the colt.
(12)The master gave instructions to the manservant.
(13)"Well!" said his grandfather, "How are you, my little lad?"
(14)The steward brought a glass of water to my uncle, who was seasick.
(15)The conductor of the car directed the famous actor to the theatre.
(16)The proprietor of the hotel was a wealthy earl.
(17)The host was extremely puzzled by the twin brothers.
(18)The son of a king is termed a prince.
(19)The mayor talked to the father of the little boy.
(20)The old man told his shepherd to search for the ram.
Parents Young
father mother baby or child
king
man
Red Indian
queen
woman
squaw
prince or princess
baby or child
papoose
uncle aunt nephew or niece
bear she-bear cub
billy-goat nanny-goat kid
boar (pig)
buck (deer)
buck (hare)
buck (rabbit)
sow
hind
doe
doe
porkling, piglet
fawn
leveret
rack
bull (cattle)
bull (elephant)
bull (seal)
bull (whale)
cow
cow
cow
cow
calf
calf
calf
calf
cob (swan)
cock (fowl)
cock (pigeon)
dog
dog (fox)
drake
eagle
gander
hawk
pen
hen
hen
bitch
vixen
duck
eagle
goose
bowess
cygnet
chicken
squab
pup
cub
duckling
eaglet
gosling
bowet
hold (ferret)
leopard
Jill
leopardess
hob
cub
lion lioness cub
Gender

Parents Young

owl owl owlet

ram (sheep) ewe lamb

stag (red deer) hind fawn

stallion mare foal

tiercel (peregrine) falcon eyas

tiger tigress cub

tom-cat queen or tabby-cat kitten

wolf she-wolf cub

Adult Young Adult Young

bee grub moth caterpillar

bird nestling salmon pan-
butterfly caterpillar toad tadpole
eel elver trout fry
frog tadpole wasp grub

EXERCISES

1. Name the young of:

fox, eagle, goose, sheep, pig, goat, cow, horse.
2. Name the parent of:
fawn, pup, cygnet, chicken, leveret, kitten, owlet, duckling.
3. Fill in the blank spaces � the name of parent or young � as required:
wolf kid
foal bear
sow lamb
gosling eagle

4. Give the names for:

a young salmon, a young eel, a young cod, a young trout, a young bird.
TRADITIONAL HOMES

Person Home Creature Home

Arab dowar ape tree-nest

Aborigine humpy badger sett, earth
convict prison bear den, lair
Eskimo igloo beaver lodge
gipsy caravan bee hive
king palace bird nest
lumberman log-cabin cow byre
man house dog kennel
Maori whare eagle eyrie
minister manse fowl coop
monk monastery fox earth, lair
noble castle hare form
Traditional Homes

Person Home Creature Home

nun convent horse stable

parson parsonage lion lair, den
pioneer wagon mole fortress
priest (eastern) temple mouse hole, nest
prisoner cell otter holt
Red Indian wigwam, owl barn, tree
Red Indian tepee P�g sty
soldier barracks pigeon dove-cote
soldier camp rabbit (tame) hutch
Swiss (herdsman) chalet rabbit (wild) burrow, warren
tinker tent sheep pen, fold
vicar vicarage snail shell
Zulu kraal spider web

squirrel drey
tiger lair
wasp nest, vespiary

EXERCISES

1. Name the traditional homes of:

gypsy, tinker, king, minister, Eskimo, cow, dog, eagle, bee, pig.
2. What creatures live in the following places?
dove-cot, hutch, pen, form, stable
3. Name the people who live or lived in the following:
convent, cell, wigwam, barracks.
NAMES

Native English speakers have names which consist of

(1) A First name, often called a Christian name, and sometimes a Given name.
(2) A Surname, which is the family name of the person's father, and which is the
last
word in the name.
Many people also have a middle name or names.

SOME COMMON FIRST OR CHRISTIAN NAMES

(with popular diminutives)
Male Female

Albert (Bert, Bertie) Agnes (Aggie, Nessie, Senga)

Alexander (Alick, Sandy) Alice (Elsie)
Alfred (Alf) Ann (Annie, Nan, Nancy)
Allan Barbara (Babs)
Archibald (Archie, Baldy) Catherine (Kate, Cathie)
Arthur Cecilia (Cis, Cissie)
Charles (Charlie) Christina (Chrissie, Tina)
Names

Male Female

Colin Diana (Di)

Daniel (Dan, Danny) Dorothy (Dot, Dolly)
David (Dave) Elizabeth (Bessie, Betty, Lizzie)
Donald (Donnie, Don) Flora (Flo)
Duncan Florence (Flo, Flossie)
Edward (Ed, Ned, Ted) Grace (Gracie)
Francis (Frank) Helen (Nell, Nellie)
Frederick (Fred, Freddy) Jane (Janet, Jean)
George (Geordie, Dod) Jessie (Jess)
Henry (Harry, Hal) Joan (Jo)
Hugh (Hughie) Judith (Judy)
James (Jem, Jim, Jimmy) Lilian (Lily)
John (Johnny, Jack, Jock) Mable (Mabs)
Joseph (Joe, Joey) Margaret (Marjory, Maggie, Peggy)
Oliver (Nol, Nolly) Marion (Mamie)
Patrick (Pat, Paddy) Mary (May, Molly)
Peter (Pete, Peterkin) Rebecca (Beck, Becky)
Richard (Dick, Dicky) Rose (Rosie)
Robert (Bob, Bobby, Robin, Bert) Ruth
Samuel (Sam, Sammy) Sarah (Sally, Sadie)
Thomas (Tom, Tommy) Susan (Sue, Susie)
William (Bill, Will, Willie) Violet (Vi)

SURNAMES

Surnames are derived from many sources such as Christian names, occupations,
places,
animals, birds, colours and qualities of mind or body.
From Christian names: Archibald, Charles, Francis, Patrick.
A great many surnames are composed of a Christian name and a form of the word "son

of" added, e.g. Adamson, Davidson, Donaldson, Neilson, Richardson, Williamson.

In England and Ireland "son of" is sometimes shown by Fitz, e.g. Fitzgerald,
Fitzpatrick, Fitzwilliam.
In Wales "ap" or "ab" (in each case small letters) denotes "son of", e.g. Dafydd ab

Edmund � David son of Edmund.

In the Highlands of Scotland Mac (son of) is very common, e.g. Mac Arthur,
Mac Donald, MacDougall, MacGregor, MacNeil, Mac William.

In Ireland "son of" is generally shown by Mc and "grandson of" by O', e.g. McNeil,
McWilliam, O'Donnell, O'Neil.

In Kenya the word "arap" in a name means son of, e.g. the respected President of
Kenya
is named Daniel Toroitich arap Moi. Similarly in other districts the Kikuyu, Kamba,

Meru and Embu tribes use "wa" meaning son of or daughter of.
Names

In Malaysia many names show an Arabic origin indicating the son or daughter status
by
the use of "bin" (boy) or "binte" (girl), e.g. Achmed bin Faued or Faridah binte
Hussein.

In Singapore Indian names would include S/O (Son of) or D/O (Daughter of), e.g.
Selvarajoo S/O Velu or Saraswethy D/O Rajoo.

In China names are written with the family name first, e.g. the Prime Minister of
Singapore is the Honourable Lee Kuan Yew, Lee being the family name. An interesting

fact about Chinese names is that the second name denotes the generation. As an
example take the name Tan Wu Cheng. Tan is the family name, Wu the generation
name and Cheng the personal name. Should Mr. Tan have a brother or brothers they
will all bear the same family name, Tan, followed by the generation name Wu
followed
by their own personal name, Cheng or Ling or any other given name.

In Iceland the boy or girl would, in addition to his/her own personal name, be
given
his/her father's name with the addition of son or daughter, e.g. Magnus' father was

called John so Magnus Johnson would be the boy's name.

GROUP TERMS OR COLLECTIONS

an army of soldiers a flock of birds

a bale of cotton a flock of sheep
a bale of wood a forest of trees
a band of musicians a gaggle of geese
a batch of bread a gang of labourers
a bench of bishops a gang of thieves
a bench of magistrates a hedge of bushes
a bevy of ladies a herd of buffaloes
a board of directors a herd of cattle
a bouquet of flowers a host of angels
a brood of chickens a library of books
a building of rooks a litter of cubs
a bunch of grapes a litter of pups
a bundle of rags a nest of rabbits
a choir of singers a pack of rascals
a clump of trees a pack of wolves
a cluster of diamonds a party of friends
a cluster of stars a plague of insects
a clutch of eggs a plague of locusts
a company of actors a school of whales
a covey of grouse asetofgolf-clubs
a crew of sailors a set of tools
a drove of cattle a sheafofcorn
a fleet of motor cars a shoal of herring
a fleet of ships a stack of hay
a flight of aeroplanes a staff of servants
a flight of steps a stud of horses
Group Terms or Collections

a suit of clothes a tribe of natives

a suite of furniture a troop of lions
a swarm of bees a troop of monkeys
a swarm of insects a troupe of dancers
a team of horses a troupe of minstrels
a team of players

People

at a concert �audience in a riot �mob

in church �congregation in a rowdy scene �rabble
in the street -crowd in an office �staff

Less Common Examples

a bevy of quails a nide of pheasants

a cast of hawks a peal of bells
acoffleof slaves a posse of sheriffs men
a field of runners a pride of lions
a flight of swallows a rope of pearls
a gang of elk a sheaf of arrows
a hand of bananas a shock of wheat
a herd of antelopes a skein of silk
a kindle of kittens a skein of wool
a muster of peacocks a truss of hay
a nest of machine-guns a wisp of snipe

EXERCISES

A number of sheep together is called a flock. What name is given to a number of:
singers, ships, wolves, trees, bees, whales, thieves, players, pups?

Of what are these collections?

menagerie, mob, regiment, bundle, heap.

3. Supply the missing word:

a of motor cars a of herring a of servants
a of cattle a of angels a of directors
a of grapes a of chickens a of monkeys
a of books

4. Insert the most suitable word in each of the following:

a litter of a cluster of... a band of
a stack of a building of. a gaggle of...
a plague of a crew of a bouquet of.
an army of

Give one word for a number of people:

(1) at a concert; (3) in the street; (5) in a rowdy scene

(2) in church; (4) in a riot; (6) in an office
SIMILES

SIMILES show characteristics of creatures and special qualities of things � and

used in
everyday talk.

Creatures

as agile as a monkey
as bald as a coot
as blind as a bat
as brave as a lion
as bright as a lark
as busy as an ant
as busy as a bee
as calm as a cat
as crafty as a fox
as cunning as a fox
as fast as a hare
as fat as a pig
as fierce as a lion
as flat as a flounder
as fleet as a gazelle
as frisky as a lamb
as frisky as a two-year-old
as gentle as a dove
as gentle as a lamb
as graceful as a swan

as bitter as gall
as black as coal
as black as sin
as bold as brass

as bright as a button

as brittle as glass

as brown as a berry

as clean as a new pin

as clear as crystal

as clear as day

as cold as ice

as cold as charity

as cool as a cucumber

as dead as a doornail

as deaf as a doorpost

as dry as a bone
as dull as ditchwater

as easy as ABC

as easy as winking

as fit as a fiddle

as hairy as a gorilla
as happy as a king
as happy as a lark
as harmless as a dove
as heavy as an elephant
as hungry as a hunter
as like as two herring
as mad as a March hare
as meek as a lamb
as obstinate as a mule
as old as Methuselah
as patient as Job
as playful as a kitten
as pleased as Punch
as plump as a partridge
as poor as a church mouse
as proud as a peacock
as quiet as a mouse
as red as a turkey-cock

Things

as flat as a pancake

as fresh as a daisy
as good as gold
as green as grass

as hard as iron

as hard as nails
as heavy as lead
as hot as a furnace

as keen as mustard

as large as life

as light as a feather

as like as two peas

as old as the hills

as pale as death

as plain as a pikestaff

as quick as lightning

as right as rain
as round as a barrel

as round as an orange

as slippery as an eel

as slow as a snail

as slow as a tortoise

as sober as a judge

as strong as a horse

as strong as an ox

as swift as a deer

as swift as a hare

as swift as a hawk

as tall as a giant

as tender as a chicken

as thick as thieves

as timid as a mouse

as timid as a rabbit

as wise as an owl

as wise as Solomon

as white as a ghost

as white as a sheet

as white as snow

as safe as houses

as sharp as a needle

as sharp as a razor

as silent as the grave

as smooth as velvet

as soft as down
as sound as a bell

as sour as vinegar

as steady as a rock
as stiff as a poker

as straight as an arrow

as straight as a ramrod

as sturdy as an oak

as sweet as honey

as thin as a rake

as tough as leather

as true as gospel

as true as steel

as weak as water

Sometimes we refer to things as being:

blood-red, bottle-green, brick-red, cinnamon-brown, coal-black, milk-white,

nut-brown, pea-green, primrose-yellow, rose-pink, ruby-red, russet-brown,
sea-green, shell-pink, sky-blue, slate-grey, snow-white.
EXERCISES

We say "As black as coal" . Supply the missing words in the following:

As sharp as As slippery as As meek as

As keen as As brave as As swift as
As sweet as As clear as As cold as
As light as

Complete the following:

AsAsAs
as a monkey
as iron
as a chicken
AsAsAs
as a rock
as Punch
as a rabbit
As
As
As
as a flounder
as a new pin
as a bee
As as the hills

Pick out (by underlining) the best simile in the following:

Example: As dry as (a tree, an egg, a bone, an apple).

(1) As flat as (a kettle, a pancake, a loaf, a saucer).

(2) As steady as (a rock, a book, a box, a table).
(3) As fast as (a child, a tortoise, a herring, a deer).
(4) As proud as (a lamb, a daisy, a peacock, a rabbit).
(5) As happy as (a giraffe, a lark, a lobster, a serpent).
Complete the following sentences with suitable words:

(1) The coward was trembling like a

(2) His hands were as cold as
(3) The man could swim like a
(4) The baby was as good as
(5) The boy ran like the
OCCUPATIONS

Describe in a sentence the occupations of the following:

artist commercial glazier miner sculptor

athlete traveller governess minister seamstress
aviator conductor greengrocer navvy shepherd
barber confectioner grocer newsagent slater
blacksmith decorator hairdresser nurse soldier
butcher dentist ironmonger optician stationer
cabinet-maker detective jockey pedlar steeplejack
caddie doctor joiner physician stoker
caretaker draper journalist plumber surgeon
carpenter drover judge poacher tailor
cashier engineer lawyer policeman teacher
chauffeur explorer locksmith porter tinker
chemist farmer magistrate postman tinsmith
clothier farrier mason reporter tourist
clown florist matron saddler witness
coastguard fruiterer mechanic sailor wright
cobbler gamekeeper milliner sawyer
Occupations

With whom do you associate the following?

anvil glasscutter mail rifle spectacles
awl guide-book oath roofs telescope
barrow gun pack safety-lamp thimble
baton handcuffs palette saw ticket-punch
brief-case harness plane scales trumpet
cart hats plough sheep truncheon
cleaver joy-stick prescription shovel ward
forceps knife pulpit solder wig
furnace lancet razor spanner

Name the chief persons connected with the following:

army hospital Police Station school
college navy Post Office ship
committee newspaper prison team of players
court of law orchestra railway station workshop

PLACES

Worship

chapel, church, kirk, mosque, pagoda, synagogue, temple.

Business

What are the places called where the following are made?
beer, bread, films, flour, iron goods, leather, money, paper, ships, whisky.
Name particular places where the following are sold:
bread, clothes, dresses, fish, flowers, fruit, general foodstuffs, hats, meat,
milk,
newspapers, poultry, spectacles, stockings, sweetmeats, tobacco, vegetables,
writing materials.

Sport

Give particular names of the places where the following are played:
badminton, bowls, boxing, cricket, croquet, football, golf, hockey, putting, rugby,

running, skating, sleighing, tennis, wrestling.

General

Give the particular names of the places connected with the following:

Where Where

aeroplanes are kept historical relics are shown

bees are kept law is meted out
birds are kept motor cars are kept
bull-fighting is held operations are performed
chickens are hatched orphans are kept
cooks prepare food people are buried
criminals are kept people lunch for payment
crows build their nests plays are shown
Occupations

Where Where

doctors receive their patients pupils are educated

films are shown soldiers are stationed
fish are kept water is stored
fruit trees grow wild animals are kept
gas is stored young plants and flowers are reared
grain is stored young trees are grown
grapes are grown

Explain the difference between:

yacht � ferry, motor � aeroplane, river � canal, pen � pencil, shoes � boots,
chair � sofa, pin � needle, tramcar � omnibus, shadow � reflection,
clock � watch, ham � bacon, hay � straw.

RECEPTACLES

Name the contents you would expect to find in the following:

attache-case
band-box
barrel
bunker
butt
caddy
cupboard
decanter
drum
handbag
hogshead
jar
pocket-book
portfolio
pot
tea-pot
Thermos flask
till
basin
basket
bath
bin
boiler
bottle
can
canister
carafe
cask
cellar
compact
envelope
ewer
flagon
flask
fob
gasometer
jug
keg
kettle
kitbag
library
packet
punnet
purse
safe
satchel
scabbard
scuttle
trunk
tub
tumbler
tun
urn
vase
bowl
box
brief-case
creel
cruet
cup
goblet
grip
hamper
pan
pitcher
phial
still
tank
tankard
vat
wallet
wardrobe

In what receptacles or containers would you expect to find the following?

Example: tea � caddy.
money, water, sauce, jam, coal, hat, sword, flowers.

FASTENINGS

Name the things fastened by the following:

bar and hasp chain hawsers padlock staple
belt clip hinge paste strap and buckle

bolt cord hook and eye peg string

braces fishplate lace pin strut
brooch glue latch putty tack
button gum lock rivet thread
cable handcuffs mortar rope twine
cement harness nail solder zip
SOUNDS AND MOTIONS

All creatures make sound and move in a fashion peculiar to their species. Their
outstanding characteristics are described by the common adjectives.

Sound Motion Common Adjective

ape
ass
bear
bee
beetle
bull
cat
cow
deer
dog
donkey
elephant
frog
horse
hound
hyena
lamb
lion
monkey
mouse
person

P'g
rabbit
serpent
wolf

bird
cock
crow
curlew
duck
eagle
hen
lark
owl
parrot
pigeon
robin
seagull
sparrow
swallow
turkey
wren

gibbers
brays
growls
hums
drones
bellows
purrs
lows
bells
barks
brays
trumpets
croaks
neighs
bays
screams
bleats
roars
chatters
squeaks
talks
grunts
squeals
hisses
howls

whistles
crows
caws
pipes
quacks
screams
cackles
sings
hoots
screeches
coos
chirps
screams
chirps
twitters
gobbles
warbles

swings
jogs
lumbers
flits
crawls
charges

steals
wanders
bounds

runs

trots

ambles
leaps
gallops

bounds
prowls
frisks
prowls

climbs

scampers

walks
trots
leaps
glides
lopes

flies
struts
flaps
flits
waddles
swoops
struts
soars
flits
flits
flutters
hops
glides
flits
dives
struts
hops

ungainly
stupid
clumsy
busy
horrid
angry
sleek
stolid
fallow
faithful
obstinate
ponderous
clammy
noble
gallant
cunning
gentle
tawny
agile
timid
average
fat
timid
loathsome
lean

swift
proud

black
lonely
waddling
proud

domestic
gentle
tawny

saucy
gentle

little

tireless

little

swift

plump
tiny
Sounds and Motions

aquiline �like an eagle ferine � like a wild beast

asinine �like an ass leonine � like a lion

bovine �like a cow or ox lupine � like a wolf
canine �like a dog ovine � like a sheep
corvine �like a crow piscine � like a fish

elephantine �like an elephant porcine � like a pig

equine �like a horse tigrine � like a tiger
feline �like a cat vulpine � like a fox

EXERCISES
Animals make different sounds, e.g. The dog barks.
What sounds are made by the following animals?
donkey, elephant, horse, pig, wolf, monkey, deer, cow, bear, hyena.

2. Write the names of the creatures:

The bays. The croaks.
The hisses. The purrs.
The crows. The gobbles.
The bleats. The roars.
The caws. The quacks.
Describe the movements of the following, e.g. The horse gallops.
The frog The duck
The monkey The lamb
The wolf The lark
The seagull The bear

4. Apply the most fitting adjective:

sleek, cunning, obstinate, fat, tireless, loathsome, gentle, faithful.
The mule. The fox.
The pig. The lamb.
The dog. The cat.
The serpent. The seagull.

5. Which creatures were the speakers thinking of when they said?

(1 "The man bellowed with rage."
(2: "He has the hump today."
(3; "We were stung by his remarks."
(4: "Don't crow so loudly."
(5; "The officer barked an order."
(6: "The witch spoke in a croaky voice."
"He grunted in reply."
"The girls were chattering in the hall."
(9; "Why are you galloping along the corridor?"
(io: "The boy howled when he was caught."
(ii "The wicked old woman cackled loudly as she stirred the pot.
(12 "The lecturer's voice droned on and on."
(i3: "The little girl screeched with delight."
(14 "The captain snorted in disgust."
(15; "The curious child prowled about the room."
(i6: "Loud hooting interrupted the speech."
Sounds and Motions

6. Explain the words underlined in the following sentences:

(1) He had an aquiline nose.
(2) The burglar walked with a feline tread.
(3) The yokel had a bovine loolf
(4) He was scolded for his asinine conduct.
(5) They had the appearance of sharp canine teeth.
7. What is meant by calling a person
(1) an ape (6) a donkey (11) a hound (16) a sheep
(2) an ass (7) an elephant (12) a lamb (17) a snail
(3) a bear (8) a fox (13) a lion (18) a swine
(4) a bull (9) a goat (14) a pig (19) a tortoise
(5) a dog (10) ahorse (15) a rabbit (20) a viper
SOUNDS
(Made by Objects)

beat of a drum jangling of chains shriek of a whistle

blare of a trumpet jingle of coins shuffling of feet
blast of an explosion lapping of water sighing of the wind
booming of a gun patter of feet skirl of the bagpipes
buzz of a saw pealing of bells slam of a door
call of a bugle ping of a bullet swish of skirts
chug of an engine popping of corks tick of a clock
clang of an anvil purr of an engine tinkle of a bell
clang of a bell rattling of dishes tinkle of glass
clanking of chains report of a rifle throb of an engine
clatter of hoofs ring of metal toot of a horn
clink of a coin ring of a telephone tramp of feet
crack of a whip ringing of bells twang of a bow
crackling of wood rumble of a train wail of a siren
creak of a hinge rustle of silk whack of a cane
crinkle of paper rustling of leaves wheezing of bellows
grinding of brakes scrape of a bow whirring of wings
hissing of steam screeching of brakes

Other Sound Names:

babble, bubble, fizz, gurgle, murmur, splutter, tinkle.

EXERCISES

1. Insert suitable words in the blank spaces:

Example � The beat of a drum.
The of a hinge. The of a whip.
The of brakes. The
The of feet. The
The of a bugle. The....
Sounds (Made by Objects)

2. Supply the missing words:

Example: The clatter of hoofs.
The pealing of The popping of.
The booming of The skirl of the.
The crinkle of The throb of an.
Theslamofa Thetootofa

3. Use the right words in the following:

A boiling kettle Thunder Frying fat in the pan.
The rain on the window. Coins in the bag. I heard the
of a rifle. The heavy bar fell with a Suddenly we heard
the of hoofs.

CLASSIFICATION

All things on earth may be divided into two classes:

(1) Animate (living things).

(2) Inanimate (things having no life).
1. The animate or living things consist of creatures and plants. Creatures can eat,
grow
and move about from place to place, e.g. animals including people, birds, fishes,
insects, reptiles. Plants are fixed by means of roots and although they can absorb
food and grow they cannot move about from place to place, e.g. trees, flowers,
vegetables.
2. The inanimate or things having no life are fixed, cannot eat, cannot grow and
cannot
move about from place to place, e.g. stone, cloth, knife.
Every object can be placed in a certain general class either because of its
resemblance
to other things or because of its purpose or use.

The following are general classes:

animals, birds, insects, fishes, reptiles, flowers, fruits, trees, vegetables,

minerals,
liquids, apparel, occupations, places, utensils, ships, games, vehicles, cereals,
coins, instruments.

In the following list of words, one word seems out of place. Underline the word you

consider is not in the same class.

(1)Rose, daffodil, tulip, cauliflower, carnation.

(2)Hen, hare, duck, goose, turkey.
(3)Beech, elm, oak, violet, ash.
(4)Slate, gold, silver, iron, lead.
(5)Potato, turnip, lemon, carrot, beetroot.
(6)Granite, cement, limestone, marble, whinstone.
(7)Oats, wheat, scone, barley, rye.
(8)Salmon, whale, herring, mackerel, cod.
(9)Diamond, emerald, pearl, ruby, sapphire.
(10)Athens, Glasgow, London, Paris, Rome.
Classification

(11) Ireland, Iceland, Malta, Spain, Sri Lanka.

(12) Tea, coffee, biscuit, cocoa, Ovaltine.
(13) Rain, sleet, snow, heat, hail.
(14) Bacon, milk, cheese, butter, bread.
(15) Shield, lance, dagger, gun, spear.
(16) Omnibus, taxi, liner, train, tram.
(17) Cottage, mansion, palace, bungalow, warehouse.
(18) Tomatoes, journeys, excursions, voyages, trips.
(19) Birch, maize, maple, chestnut, pine.
(20) Man, boy, master, princess, uncle.
(21) Rose, palm, orchid, lily, primrose.
(22) John, Joseph, Jane, James, Jacob.
(23) Cupboard, kitchen, scullery, bedroom, parlour.
(24) Orange, potato, cherry, apple, banana.
(25) Oil, milk, calico, wine, water.
(26) Boy, wagon, kitten, girl, puppy.
(27) Plate, cup, saucer, bowl, fork.
(28) Radiator, violin, flute, piano, cornet.
(29) France, Germany, London, Italy, Spain.
(30) Elephant, tiger, giraffe, crocodile, horse.
Put a line under one of the same kind. No. 1 is done for you.

(1) Cap,balmoral,hat face, boot, turban, coat, hatchet,

(2) Jug, tea-pot, cup bowl, loaf, hammer, key, door,
egg, butterfly, owl, nest, mouse,
(3) Stork, hen, eagle
foot, cup, brush, rose, scissors,

(4) Tulip, daisy, violet

hand, leg, knee, arm, ear.

(5) Eye, nose, mouth

basin, iron, marble, corn, carrot,

(6) Tin, copper, zinc

gate, street, orange, ship, trout,

(7) Tuna, whiting, mackerel

sofa, pot, door, car, tub.

(8) Chair, table, stool

wasp, herring, skunk, canary,

(9) Buffalo, monkey, squirrel

peach, violet, onion, hawthorn,

(10) Apple, banana, plum

marble, coal, slate, zinc,

(11) Iron, lead, copper

rabbit, fly, poodle, snake.

(12) Ant, earwig, moth

Kenya, Scotland, Nigeria, Nairobi,

(13) Lagos, London, New York

aeroplane, trawler, motor, train,

(14) Steamer, yacht, submarine

book, pencil, toffee, ruler,

(15) Caramel, cake, ice-cream

grasshopper, maple, stoat, heron,

(16) Falcon, penguin, raven

blouse, curtain, sheet, carpet,

(17) Frock, jacket, coat

bicycle, steamer, canoe, seaplane,

(18) Motor, train, taxi

vulture, snail, eel, setter,

(19) Salmon, flounder, haddock

darts, cricket, boxing, whist,

(20) Tennis, hockey, golf

chestnut, turnip, lily, ruby,

(21) Crocus, tulip, hyacinth

bread, soup, pepper, sugar,

(22) Cocoa, coffee, water

drum, bugle, guitar, trombone,

(23) Violin, piano, harp

lilac, beetroot, pine, pheasant,

(24) Cabbage, carrot, potato

milliner, labourer, miner, pedlar.

(25) Barber, florist, draper

ANALOGIES

Put in the suitable words in the spaces below:

Example: Little is to big as dwarf is to giant.

1. Spider is to fly as cat is to

2. Sheep is to mutton as pig is to
3. Steamer is to pier as train is to
4. Boy is to girl as is to woman.
. June is to July as is to May.
6. High is to low as is to down.
7. North is to as east is to west.
8. Uncle is to as aunt is to niece.
9. Soldier is to as sailor is to navy.
is to donkey as neigh is to horse.
11 is to hand as toe is to foot.
12 are to birds as scales are to fish.

13. Tear is to sorrow as smile is to

14. Wrist is to arm as ankle is to
. One is to dozen as dozen is to
16. Arrow is to bow as is to rifle.
17. Cat is to kitten as is to pup.
18. Foot is to man as is to horse.
19. Father is to as mother is to daughter.
. Artist is to as author is to book.
21. Water is to as liquid is to solid.
22 is to cygnet as pig is to porkling.
23 is to herring as school is to whales.
24 is to hive as cow is to byre.
. Wing is to bird as fin is to

26. Rich is to poor as ancient is to

27. One is to single as two is to
28. Flock is to sheep as is to cattle.
29. Here is to there as is to that.
. Day is to week as is to year.
31. Eat is to as go is to went.
32. OD is to as tea is to caddy.
33. Steam is to as smoke is to Are.
34 is to sty as horse is to stable.
35 is to cold as seldom is to often.
36 is to fish as air is to animal.
DOUBLES � Used in Speech to give greater emphasis

1. By repetition of actual word:

again and again, by and by, neck and neck, out and out, over and over,
round and round, so and so, such and such.

2. By repetition of meaning:
beck and call, ways and means, far and away, puff and blow, null and void,
stuff and nonsense, fast and furious, odds and ends, rant and rave, lean and
lanky, out and away, hue and cry, bawl and shout, old and grey.

3. By alliteration (words beginning with the same letter):

humming and hawing, kith and kin, might and main, part and parcel, safe
and sound, hale and hearty, spick and span, alas and alack, time and tide,
rack and ruin, rough and ready, one and only.

4. By opposites:
this and that, thick and thin, on and off, great and small, in and out, high and
low, come and go, give and take, one and all, ups and downs, here and
there.

5. By words of similar sound:

high and dry, fair and square, out and about, wear and tear.

6. By related words:
heart and soul, hip and thigh, tooth and nail, body and soul, root and
branch, lock and key, hammer and tongs, hole and corner, head and
shoulders, hand and foot.

7. Other examples:
all and sundry, fast and loose, fits and starts, hard and fast, free and easy,
rough and tumble, habit and repute, over and above, touch and go, time and
again.

EXERCISES

Place the following phrases in the most suitable sentences:

again and again, lock and key, spick and span, puff and blow, odds and ends.

1. The police placed the man under

2. He polished his boots until they were
3. She tried to do it
4. The child had gathered many
5. The stout man began to with exertion.
ABBREVIATIONS

An abbreviation is the shortening of a word to a few letters. These letters are

used in place
of a word for brevity. It is customary to mark all abbreviations with a full stop.

Abbreviation Word in FuU

A.A. Automobile Association

A.B. Able-bodied seaman
A.D. Anno Domini
a.m. ante meridiem
Al
B.B. Boys' Brigade
B.B.C. British Broadcasting Corporation
B.C. Before Christ
B.D. Bachelor of Divinity
BR . British Rail
B.Sc. Bachelor of Science
C.A. Chartered Accountant
C.I.D. Criminal Investigation Department
Co. Company or County
C.O.D. Cash on DeliveryCr. Credit
curt. current
do. ditto
Dr. Doctor
D.V. Deo volente
e.g. exempli gratia
E.R. Elizabeth Regina
Esq. Esquire
etc. etcetera

G.P.O. General Post Office

H.M. Her Majesty
H.M.S. Her Majesty's Ship
h.p. horse-power
H.R.H. His (or Her) Royal Highness
i.e. orie id est
inst. instant
I.O.U. I owe you
J.P. Justice of the Peace
Lat. Latitude
lbw leg before wicket
Ltd. Limited
M.A. Master of Arts
Messrs. Messieurs
M.P. Member of Parliament
Mr. Mister
Mrs. Mistress
Meaning

in the year of our Lord

before noon
first class (of ships)

this month
the same
God willing
for example
Queen Elizabeth

and the other things

that is
this month

gentlemen
Abbreviations

Abbreviation Word in Full Meaning

N.B. nota bene note well

N.B. North Britain
No. Numero Number
O.H.M.S. On Her Majesty's Service
O.K. all correct
p.c. post card
per cent per centum in each hundred
P.C. Police constable,
p.m. post meridiem after noon
P.O. Post Office or Postal Order
prox. proximo next month
P.S. post scriptum written after
P.T.O Please turn over
R.A.C. Royal Automobile Club
R.A.F. Royal Air Force
R.C. Roman Catholic
R.I.P. Requiescat in pace May he (or she) rest in peace
R.N. Royal Navy
R.N.R. Royal Naval Reserve
R.S.V.P. Repondez s'il vous plait Reply if you please
S.A. Salvation Army
S.S. Steam-ship or Sailing-ship
T.A. Territorial Army
T.U.C. Trades Union Congress
U.K. United Kingdom
ult. ultimo last month
U.S.A. United States of America
V versus against
viz. videlicet namely
W.P. weather permitting
Y.M.C.A. Young Men's Christian Association
Y.W.C.A. Young Women's Christian Association
ABBREVIATIONS

Ave.
Cres.
- Avenue
- Crescent
Mans.
PI.
�Mansions
�Place
Sq.
St.
�Square
� Street
Dr. -Drive Rd. � Road Terr. � Terrace
Gdns. - Gardens

CONTRACTIONS

auto - automobile mag � magazine pram � perambulator

bus - omnibus phone � telephone prom �promenade
exam - examination photo �photograph specs � spectacles
gym - gymnasium plane �aeroplane
Abbreviations

all's � all is I'll � I will there's � there is

can't
couldn't
� cannot
� could not
I'd
I'm
� I would
� I am
they'll
we'll
�they will
� we will
'cross � across isn't � is not we've � we have
didn't � did not it's � it is whate'er � whatever
doesn't � does not I've � I have where'er � wherever
don't � do not o'clock � of the clock whosoe'er � whosoever
hasn't � has not o'er � over who've � who have
haven't � have not shan't � shall not won't � will not
he'd � he would she'll � she will wouldn't � would not
he'll
he's
� he will
� he is
shouldn't
that's
� should not
� that is
you'll
you're
� you will
� you are

EXERCISES

1. Insert the apostrophe where it should be:

tis, neednt, youll, Halloween, souwester, Ive, twas, neer, oclock, dont.
2. What do the following abbreviations mean?
J.P., B.B.C., C.O.D., M.P., G.P.O., B.C., M.A., H.R.H., lbw, B.R.
3. Often abbreviations are used in letter-writing. Give the meaning of the
following:
a.m., inst., prox., ult., Esq., Rd., Mr., W.P., p.m., St.
OPPOSITES

1. Give the words opposite in meaning to the following:

abroad black confirm drunk false
absence bless contract dry familiar
accept bold correct dull famous
adult bottom coward dwarf fancy
alive bow curse early far
ancestor bright damp east fat
ancient broad dark easy feeble
answer buy day ebb fertile
arrive captive defeat educated few
asleep captivity defend empty first
assemble cheap deep enemy flow
back chubby deny entrance foe
backward clean depart evening foolish
bad clever depth ever foreign
barren coarse die everywhere found
beautiful cold difficult exit free
bent come dirty expand freedom
better conceal disperse failure friend
big condemn divide faint front
bitter confined down fair-play
Opposites

frown late numerous sadness sweet

full
future
gaunt
lean
liberty
light
often
old
opaque
safety
seldom
selfish
take
tall
tame
generous
giant
go
good
live
long
lost
loud
open
out
past
peace
sell
senior
shallow
short
temporary
there
these
those
guilty
hard
hate
heavy
height
hell
here
hero
heroic
love
low
mad
maximum
merry
minimum
minority
miser
miserable
pedestrian
permanent
plain
pleasant
plural
polite
poor
poverty
powerful
show
shut
singular
slovenly
slow
small
smart
smooth
sober
timid
tiny
top
transparent
truth
ugly
unite
vacant
vague
hide modern praise soft valley
high
hollow
home
honest
hot
humble
ignorant
morning
motorist
mountain
moving
multiply
narrow
native
present
private
prosperity
proud
purchase
question
quiet
solid
south
sour
spacious
spendthrift
stale
stationary
victory
wane
war
wax
weak
wealth
west
immense
inferior
near
never
rapid
refuse
steep
stern
wet
white
innocent new retire straight wild
join
junior
juvenile
land
last
night
noise
none
north
nowhere
retreat
reveal
rich
right
rude
strong
stupid
success
summer
superior
wise
worse
wrong
young
youth
2. Give the words opposite in meaning to the following:
(a) By Adding Prefix
advantage direct legible order safe
approve
audible
aware
behave
comfortable
essential
fair
famous
fire
happy
like
lock
loyal
modest
moral
patient
perfect
pleasure
poisonous
polite
sane
screw
selfish
sense
tidy
common
connect
human
just
mortal
necessary
possible
proper
transitive
trust
content
convenient
correct
kind
known
legal
noble
normal
obey
pure
regular
reverent
twist
visible
wise
Opposites

(b) By Changing the Prefix

Ascend, encourage, export, exterior, external, increase, inside.
(c) By Changing the Suffix
Careful, cheerful, joyful, merciful, pitiful, useful.
3. The following may be said to be opposites:
doctor � patient, parent � child, teacher � pupil, king � subject,
shopkeeper � customer, employer � employee, leader � follower,
speaker � listener, host � guest, lawyer � client, gamekeeper � poacher,
captor � prisoner, borrower � lender, buyer � seller, hound � quarry,
attacker � defender, guardian � ward.

EXERCISES

1. Write words opposite in meaning to:

success, visible, praise, transparent, fair-play, arrive, nowhere, barren,
ancient, wise.

2. Give the opposites (by prefix) of the following:

audible, behave, known, legible, modest, noble, obedient, regular, sense,
pleasant.

3. In the spaces provided write the opposites of each of the following:

north possible entrance
often rough enemy
pedestrian bitter guilty
senior

4. Give the opposites of the following phrases:

a bright boy a bright colour a bright light
a stormy day a stormy sea a stormy meeting
a wild boy a wild horse a wild flower

5. State the opposites of:

an armed man a false gift a soft answer
I am sorry a heavy load a mighty army
to keep step to sing in tune she was dark

6. In the spaces provided write the opposites of the words underlined:

Example: The ball was solid � hollow
(1)It was a beautiful dress.
(2)Tuesday was a very sunny day.
(3)The ascent of the hill took two hours.
(4)He has a temporary post.
(5)She purchased the toy.
(6)He is a lazy fellow.
Opposites

(7) There was an abundance of fruit.

(8)He gave an intelligent answer.
(9)The sea was rough.
(10)It was very fertile land.
7. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with a word which is the opposite
of
the word underlined.
(a) Read the question and then write your
(b) The Polar bear which escaped from the zoo was soon
(c) Last year the well was empty, but this year it is
(d) A polite boy is much thought of: there is nothing to be gained by being
(e) I suddenly remembered that I had my spectacles.
abandon leave
abode dwelling
abundant plentiful
accused blamed
acute sharp
adhere stick
affectionate loving
aid help
ally friend
amazement wonder
ancient old
assemble gather
astonish surprise
asunder apart
besieged surrounded
blank empty
bright shining
broad wide
caution care
circular round
coarse rough
commence begin
comprehend understand
conceal hide
constable policeman
conversation talk
courage bravery
cunning sly
curb control
custom habit

deceive cheat
difficult hard
disaster calamity
dusk twilight
elude escape
emperor king
enemy foe
enormous gigantic
extended enlarged
exterior outside
fall drop
famous noted
fatigue weariness
feeble weak

gap

hole
glance look
gravely sternly
greeted saluted
grope feel
gruff harsh
halt stop
heroic brave
hoax trick
imitate copy
insolent rude
intention purpose
interior inside
join unite
lament grieve
lean thin

SIMILAR WORDS

lofty high
loyal true
mad insane
malady disease
margin edge
mariner sailor

marsh swamp

maximum most
meagre scanty
minimum least

moan groan
modern new
moisture dampness
mute dumb
myth fable
nimble active
noisy rowdy
odour smell
omen sign
option choice
peculiar choice
persuade coax
plume feather
profit gain
prohibit forbid
prompt quick
powerful strong
promised avowed
protect guard
puny weak
Similar Words

purchase buy robust strong tested tried

quaint odd scene sight thrust pushed
quantity amount shrine tomb tranquil peaceful
queer peculiar sleek smooth transparent clear
raiment clothes slender slim unite join
ramble roam small little vacant empty
rank position squirming wriggling valour bravery
rapid quick steed horse vanquish defeat
regret sorrow stern strict wealth riches
remedy cure stubborn obstinate wicked sinful
request desire sturdy strong withdraw retire
residence dwelling surrender yield wrath anger
reveal show suspended hung wretched miserable
roam wander terror fear yearly annually

EXERCISES

1. Give words similar in meaning to the following:

comprehend, empty, sufficient, vicinity, attempted, enemies, risky,
purchase, perceive, modern.

2. In the spaces provided write words similar in meaning:

bright peculiar convenient
lofty disappear unite
hoax margin valour
wrath

3. Place the words in their proper positions in the sentence:

(handsome � pretty) The girl admired the prince.
(proud � vain) The king laughed at the little girl.
(fat � stout) A woman should not eat meat.
(feeble � weak) tea will not refresh the old lady.
(hot � sultry) On a day don't drink liquids.
(old � antique) The man was fond of furniture.
(loving � tender) Her hands had prepared a chicken.
(sad � dull) The day was and we felt quite

4. Give short sentences, one for each word, showing the correct use of the
following:
learn, teach, mad, angry, invent, discover, possible, probable, accept,
except.

5. Use similar words in place of the words underlined:

(a) The pail dropped into the well.
(b) "Don't conceal your real feelings."
(c) I was astonished to find the house vacant.
(d) He alters his plans annually.
HOMONYMS

HOMONYMS are words which have the same sound or the same spelling, or both, but
different meanings. If they are spelt the same they may be called HOMOGRAPHS. If
they are spelt differently, but sound the same, as in the following examples, they
may
be called HOMOPHONES.

air
aisle
heir
isle, I'll
hail
hair
hale
hare
raise
read
rays,raze
reed
allowed aloud hear here real reel
ant
ate
aunt
eight
heard
him
herd
hymn
right
right
rite
wright
bad
bail
ball
bare
bade
bale
bawl
bear
hoard
hole
holy
hour
horde
whole
wholly
our
rightring
road
root
write
wring
rode, rowed
route
beach beech key quay rose rows
bell
blew
boar
belle
blue
bore
knew
knight
knot
new
night
not
rye
sail
scene
wry
sale
seen
board
bough
boy
bored
bow
buoy
lair
leak
loan
layer
leek
lone
scent
sea
seam
sent, cent
see
seem
buy
ceiling
cellar
by, bye
sealing
seller
loot
made
mail
lute
maid
male
sew
sight
soar
so, sow
site
sore
cereal serial main mane sole soul
cheap
check
coarse
cheep
cheque
course
meat
medal
missed
meet
meddle
mist
son
stair
stake
sun
stare
steak
core
council
corps
counsel
more
muscle
mower
mussel
stationary
steal
stationery
steel
crews cruise none nun stile style
currant current oar o'er, ore tail tale
dear
desert
die
draft
ewe
faint
fair
deer
dessert
dye
draught
you, yew
feint
fare
pail
pain
pair
pause
peace
peal
peer
pale
pane
pare, pear
paws
piece
peel
pier
tares
tears
their
threw
throne
tide
time
tears
tiers
there
through
thrown
tied
thyme
feat
flew
flour
foul
feet
flue
flower
fowl
place
plain
plum
pores
plaice
plane
plumb
pours
to
told
vain
vale
too, two
tolled
vane, vein
veil
gait
gamble
gilt
grate
groan
gate
gambol
guilt
great
grown
practice
praise
principal
profit
rains
practise
prays, preys
principle
prophet
reigns, reins
waist
wait
weak
won
wood
waste
weight
week
one
would
Homonyms

EXERCISES

1. Make short sentences, one for each word, showing the correct use of the
following:
bear, bare, fool, full, flower, flour, too, two, ate, eight, write, right.

2. Score out the wrong words:

She bought some (steak, stake).
The bicycle was for (sail, sale).
We have found a (hoard, horde) of candles.
The (hole, whole) army marched into the town.
The boy broke a (pane, pain) of glass.
We walked to the golf (coarse, course).
(Their, There) books are on the desks.
The girl had to (wait, weight) till four o'clock.
The wounded soldier uttered a loud (grown, groan).
The joiner (bored, board) a small (whole, hole) in the (wood, would).

3. Give sentences showing clearly the meaning of each of the following words:
collar, caller, steal, steel, heard, herd, reign, rain, their, there.
4. Insert the words in their proper places:
(allowed � aloud) It is not to speak in class.
(maid � made) The admitted that she had a mistake.
(piece � peace) He will give no until he receives a
of cake.
(scent � sent) "Did you get the I you?"
(stair � stare) I saw him at the man on the
(waist � waste) " not, want not," said the woman with the
thin

5. Medal, horde, gambol, guilt, prophet, gamble, meddle, profit, gilt, hoard.
From the above list insert the correct words in the following sentences:
A of coins was found under the floor.
The business man made a large on the deal.
He was told not to with the toys.
I saw the lambs in the field.
His name was printed in large letters.

WORD BUILDING

Form Nouns from:

able advertise attend boy conclude decent

absent amuse attract brave content decide
abundant angry bag bright create deep
accurate anxious beautiful cash credit depart
acquaint appear beg child cruel describe
act applaud begin civilise curious destroy
admire apply behave clean dark develop
adopt approve bitter compare deceive discover
Word Building

divide
do
encourage
enjoy
equal
exhaust
grand
great
grow
hate
hero
high
like
live
listen
long
lose
loyal
oppose
persuade
please
profess
prosper
proud
satisfy
school
scientific
secure
see
select
tell
think
thrive
typical
vain
visit
expect
explain
faithful
holy
imagine
imitate
magic
manly
marry
prove
pursue
ready
serene
shade
sick
war
warm
weak
false
famous
favourite
injure
interfere
introduce
merry
mission
mock
real
rebel
receive
simple
speak
steal
weary
weigh
wide
feed invent moral recognise stream wise
fragrant judge mountain reveal strike worthy
free
friend
just
know
move
music
revive
sad
strong
succeed
young
gay learn occupy
Form Adjectives from:
accident coward fortune mine quarrel tide
adventure craft France mischief rag tire
affection credit friend mountain reason trouble
angel
anger
anxiety
athlete
attract
crime
critic
cruelty
custom
danger
giant
girl
gold
grace
grief
mourn
music
mystery
nation
nature
science
sense
shadow
shower
silk
truth
value
vanity
variety
victory
autumn decide hate neglect silver voice
beauty
bible
describe
disaster
heat
height
noise
north
sister
skill
volcano
Wales
boy
brass
distance
duty
hero
hope
notice
obey
sorrow
south
war
water
breath
Britain
energy
expression
iron
Italy
occasion
ornament
spire
spirit
wave
weary
care faith joy parent star west
caution
change
charity
child
choir
circle
colony
comfort
continent
courage
fame
fashion
father
fault
favour
fire
five
fool
force
forget
law
length
life
love
luxury
man
marvel
meddle
melody
mercy
patience
peace
peril
person
picture
pity
please
poet
poison
pride
stop
study
strength
success
sun
storm
sympathy
talk
terror
thirst
winter
wisdom
wit
wood
wool
worth
wretch
year
youth
Word Building

Form Verbs from:

able colony fertile horror pleasure soft

actor composition fine joy proof solution

banishment courage food just provision song

bath creator force knee pure spark

beauty critic friend knowledge relief speech

blood custom frost large resident strong

bright dark full life resolution success

broad deed glass long rich terror

camp description glory magnet roll thought

circle dictation gold moisture sharp tight

circulation education grass nation shelf tomb
civil false grief obedience short trial
clean fat growth peril simple wide

cloth

Form Adverbs from:

ability happy joy sweet thought weary

critic heavy pure terror true wide
faith horror simple

COMPOUND WORDS

A word in its simplest form is called a Primary Word, e.g. table, board, egg. If we

combine two Primary Words to form one word we get a Compound Word, e.g.
tablecloth, blackboard, eggcup.
Form Compound Words from the following:

ache day heart mat school

ball door house milk stone
black dust ink mill strong
board egg jam pick table
boot fire lamp piece time
church fly light pond tomb
cloth foot maid post tooth
coal gentle man pot wife
cup gun master room yard

EXERCISES

1. Make a noun corresponding to each of the following words:

please, prove, know, proud, choose, encourage, strong, real, just, give.
2. Give nouns formed from:
gay, select, grow, bag, act, receive, invite, succeed, repent, divide.
3. Make an adjective corresponding to each of the following words:
Britain, heat, expense, anger, faith, height, fashion, boy, vanity, sense.
Word Building

4. Give adjectives from:

decide, bible, talk, circle, attract, mystery, voice, nation, winter, peril.
5. Give a verb corresponding to each of the following words:
Example: solution � solve,
knee, strong, description, gold, custom, tight, grief, large, glory, food.

6. Give verbs from:

obedient, sweet, education, fat, life, composition, civil, tomb, bath, pure.
7. Complete a table of nouns and verbs corresponding to the adjectives:
long, strong, broad, glad, able, wide, e.g.:
Adjective Noun Verb

long length (to) lengthen

CORRECT USAGE

THE VERB

One of the most common errors in speech and writing is the use of the wrong form of

the verb for the past tense or the past participle, e.g. I seen you; Have you broke
it?
The two parts are often the same but there are many exceptions.

Most verbs form these two parts in the same way, by adding '-ed', '-d' or '-t' to
the
basic form of the verb, (the infinitive) thus:

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

(to) work (I) work-ed (I have) work-ed

(to) live (I) live-d (I have) live-d

(to) deal (I) deal-t (I have) deal-t

Some verbs which form these parts by adding '-t' to the infinitive also have an
alternative form, ending in '-ed', e.g. dream-t or dream-ed; lean-t or lean-ed;
spoil-t
or spoil-ed.

In some cases the spelling of the infinitive (or a vowel sound in it) is changed
before the ending is added, e.g. cap, capp-ed; transfer, transferr-ed; spell, spel-
t;
flee, fled; pay, pai-d; say, sai-d; hear, hear-d; lean, lean-t; fight, fought-t;
teach, taugh-t.

A few verbs which end in '-d' (in the infinitive) change the'd' to't' to form both
the past tense and the past participle, e.g. bend, bent; build, built; so also
lend, rend,
send, spend.

In addition there are several verbs which simply use the same form for the
infinitive, the past tense and the past participle � burst, cast, cost, cut, hit,
hurt, spread.
Correct Usage

There are, however, some very common verbs (about 300) which have other ways of
forming these parts, and which in many cases form the two parts differently, giving

rise to the errors mentioned above.

Infinitive Past Past

Tense Participle

(to) (I) (I have)

In some cases the past tenses or the past come came come
participles, or both, are formed by changing become became become
a vowel sound in the infinitive without adding run ran run
any ending. hold held held

sing sang sung

meet met met
read read read

In some cases the past participle is formed beat beat beaten

with the ending -en, or -n, or -ne added to show showed shown
the infinitive. do did done

go (went) gone

In some cases there is a vowel change in the eat ate eaten

past tense, and the past participle is formed grow grew grown
with the ending -en, or -n, or -ne either with see saw seen
or without the same vowel change. bear bore borne *

*but bom in being born at birth.

The following lists show further examples of all the above variants. These do not
obey
any fixed rules, but simply have to be learned.

Infinitive Past Past Infinitive Past Past

Tense Participle Tense Participle
(to)
flee
(I)
fled
(I have)
fled
(to)
dwell
(I)
dwelt*
(I have)
dwelt*
lay laid laid leap leapt* leapt*
shoe shod shod leave left left
sell sold sold lose lost lost
tell told told creep crept crept
bring brought brought feel felt felt
buy bought bought keep kept kept
catch
seek
caught
sought
caught
sought
kneel
sleep
knelt
slept
knelt
slept
think thought thought sweep swept swept
work wrought* wrought* weep wept wept
* or worked; dwelled; leaped.
bend bent bent send sent sent
lend lent lent spend spent spent
rend rent rent build built built
Correct Usage

Infinitive Past Past Infinitive Past Past

Tense Participle Tense Participle
(to)
cling
(I)
clung
(I have)
clung
(to)
bleed
(I)
bled
(I have)
bled
fling flung flung breed bred bred
sling slung slung speed sped* sped*
sting stung stung lead led led
string strung strung dig dug dug
swing swung swung light lit* lit*
wring wrung wrung shine shone shone
hang hung* hung* shoot shot shot
slink slunk slunk sit sat sat
spin spun spun stand stood stood
stick stuck stuck win won won
strike struck struck
bind bound bound
find found found
grind ground ground
wind wound wound
* or speeded; lighted; hanged (as a punishment).
begin began begun sink sank sunk
drink drank drunk spring sprang sprung
ring rang rung stink stank stunk
shrink shrank shrunk swim swam swum
arise arose arisen fall fell fallen
drive drove driven bid bade bidden
ride rode ridden forbid forbade forbidden
rise rose risen give gave given
smite
stride
smote
strode
smitten
stridden
forgive
take
forgave
took
forgiven
taken
strive strove striven mistake mistook mistaken
write wrote written forsake forsook forsaken
shake shook shaken
blow blew blown know knew known
draw drew drawn throw threw thrown
break broke broken slay slew slain
choose chose chosen swear swore sworn
freeze froze frozen tear tore torn
speak spoke spoken wear wore worn
steal stole stolen bite bit bitten
wake woke * woken * forget forgot forgotten
or waked or waked tread trod trodden
Correct Usage

Other cases where normal usage is worthy of special attention are:

Infinitive Past Past

Tense Participle
(to)
mow
(I)
mowed
(I have)
mown
saw sawed sawn
sew sewed sewn
sow sowed sown
make made made
can could (none)
may might (none)
be was, were been
lay laid laid
lie
lie
lay
lied
lain
lied
go went gone

Finally, some easy ones:

bet bet bet
burst burst burst
cast cast cast
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put

Infinitive Past Past

Tense Participle
(to) (I) (I have)
show showed shown
strew strewed strewn
crow crew crowed
dare durst dared

or dared
shall should (none)
will would (none

(in the sense of set down)

(as in to lie down)
(in the sense of telling lies)
(went is the otherwise obsolete past tense
the verb to wend, adopted as the past tense
the verb to go, but not as the past participle)
rid rid rid
set set set
shed shed shed
shut shut shut
slit slit slit
split split split
spread spread spread
thrust thrust thrust

As can be seen from these examples, these verbs do not follow any fixed rules, b
simply have to be learned. One way to attune your ear to the correct usage is to
give
the past tense a subject (e.g. I sang, Tom sang) and say it aloud; then put / have,
or
Tom has in front of the past participle (e.g. I have sung, Tom has sung) and say
this
aloud.

EXERCISES

1. Give the past tense of:

arise, break, cut, fall, keep, say, shake, drink, bite, choose.
2. Give the past participle of:
bear, drive, fly, give, hurt, ride, sell, speak, come, swim.
3. Give the present tense of:
ate, beaten, froze, hidden, blew, spoken, awoke, sold, lost.
4. Give the present infinitive of: burn, speak, stand, sweep, drive.
Correct Usage

5. Give the past tense and past participle of:

am, do, forget, grow, write, sing, tear, hide, go, begin.
6. Complete the following table:
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle
I rise I rose I have risen
I forget I I have
I cut
I sing
I blow

7. Fill in each space correctly with one of these words:

rise, rose, raise, risen, raised.
(a) When he met the lady he his hat.
(b) Yesterday the boy at five o'clock.
(c) I saw him from his seat.
(d) She tried to the lid.
(e) The sun had in the sky.
8. Use the correct part of the verbs in the blank spaces:
(go) She had for a walk.
(see) He his uncle yesterday.
(fall) The old man asleep in his chair.
(awake) He was by the noise.
(dream) The boy was about pirates.
In each of the sentences below there are groups of two words within brackets. One
of
the two words is correct, the other wrong. Which is the correct word?

1. We (drank, drunk) our tea before we (sung, sang) the carol.

2. After he had (ran, run) about 5 kilometres, he (sank, sunk) to the ground.
3. Cloth is (wove, woven) from wool which has (grown, grew) on sheep.
4. He had (gave, given) me the parcel before he was (took, taken) a prisoner.
5. The timid creature was (drove, driven) into a narrow valley where it was soon
(slew, slain) by the cruel tiger.
6. The vessel (sank, sunk) before they had (swam, swum) a great distance.
7. The tree had (fell, fallen) across the road and many of its branches were
(broke,
broken).
8. By the time the sun had (rose, risen) the aeroplane had (flown, flew) across the

sea.
9. No sooner had he (spoke, spoken) than a deer (sprang, sprung) into our path.
10. He (began, begun) to look for the toy which he had (gave, given) to his
brother.
11. The man had (threw, thrown) away the purse which was (stole, stolen) from the
lady.
12. I have (knew, known) him since he has (came, come) to this village.
Correct Usage

13. The jacket had been well (wore, worn) and the cloth had (shrank, shrunk).
14. After we had (ate, eaten) our supper we went to the pond which was (froze,
frozen) over.
15. The picture was (drawn, drew) by a famous and wealthy artist who had (rose,
risen) from poverty.
16. They had just (went, gone) when we were (saw, seen) by our friends.
17. A nest had (fell, fallen) to the ground, where it had been (blew, blown) by the

wind.
18. The bell (rang, rung) just after I had (wrote, written) the letter.
SOME COMMON VERBS WITH SUITABLE ADVERBS

Verbs Adverbs
acted quickly, suddenly, warily.
answered correctly, immediately, tartly.
ate greedily, hungrily, quickly, slowly.
bled freely, profusely, slightly.
bowed humbly, respectfully, stiffly.
caressed fondly, gently, lovingly.
charged bravely, desperately, furiously.
chuckled artfully, gleefully, happily.
crept quietly, silently, softly, stealthily.
decided carefully, eventually, immediately.
explained briefly, clearly, concisely, vaguely.
fell heavily, quickly, suddenly.
flogged brutally, cruelly, unmercifully.
fought bravely, furiously, gamely.
frowned angrily, sulkily, worriedly.
injured accidentally, fatally, seriously, slightly.
left hurriedly, quietly, suddenly.
listened anxiously, attentively, carefully.
lost badly, heavily, sportingly.
mumbled angrily, inaudibly, indistinctly.
pondered deeply, seriously, thoughtfully.
pulled hastily, strongly, vigorously.
ran hurriedly, quickly, rapidly, slowly.
remembered . . . clearly, distinctly, faintly, slightly.
sang loudly, softly, sweetly, tunefully.
shone brightly, brilliantly, clearly, dimly.
shouted frantically, joyfully, jubilantly, loudly, suddenly.
slept fitfully, lightly, soundly.
smiled broadly, happily, ruefully.
sneered insolently, impudently, tauntingly.
spent foolishly, freely, recklessly, sparingly.
spoke clearly, distinctly, earnestly, loudly, plainly, slowly.
sprang hurriedly, lightly, quickly, suddenly.
Correct Usage

Verbs Adverbs

staggered awkwardly, drunkenly, weakly.

strove bravely, desperately, manfully.

stuttered excitedly, haltingly, painfully.

trembled fearfully, frightfully, visibly.

waited patiently, anxiously.

walked clumsily, haltingly, quickly, slouchingly, slowly, smartly.

wept bitterly, distractedly, sadly, touchingly.

whispered ... . audibly, quietly, softly,

yielded stubbornly, weakly, willingly.

EXERCISES

1. In the spaces provided, place the following adverbs:

heavily, furiously, silently, soundly, immediately, sparingly, broadly,
patiently.
He charged He decided He slept
He crept He spent He fell
He smiled He waited

2. Add any suitable adverb to the following sentences:

The girl sings The clerk wrote
The lion roars The river flows
The artist paints The stars shine
The child sleeps The horse gallops
The cat walks The man frowns
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

The Positive is the simple form of the adjective used when speaking of or
describing an
object, e.g. short, big.

The Comparative is used when comparing two objects and is formed by adding -er to
the Positive or -r if the Positive ends in -e, e.g. shorter, bigger, braver.

The Superlative is used when speaking of more than two objects and is formed by
adding -est or -st to the Positive, e.g. shortest, biggest, bravest.

Generally to compare adjectives of two or more syllables more is used

comparatively,
and most is used superlatively, e.g. careful, more careful, most careful.

Positive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative

big bigger biggest long longer longest

fast faster fastest small smaller smallest
gay gayer gayest tall taller tallest
great greater greatest thin thinner thinnest
late later latest

Note. A single syllable adjective ending in a single consonant other than w, x or y

which is preceded by a single vowel, doubles the consonant in the Comparative and
Superlative, e.g. fatter�but laxer, lower, cooler.
Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative

bad worse worst many more most

far farther farthest much more most

good better best old older oldest

little less least

Positive Comparative Superlative

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

brilliant more brilliant most brilliant

cautious more cautious most cautious

comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

generous more generous most generous

gracious more gracious most gracious

handsome more handsome most handsome

ignorant more ignorant most ignorant

EXERCISES

Give the comparatives and superlatives of:

many, hot, bad, famous, little.

2. Write down the comparatives of:

fast, good, gracious, tall, beautiful.
3.

Write the superlatives of:

thin, much, comfortable, gay, handsome.
Draw up a table showing the Positive, Comparative and Superlative of:
long, far, good, generous, late, cautious.
State whether the following words are Positive, Comparative or Superlative:
nearest, better, far, more certain, surest, larger, most wonderful, bad,
shorter, biggest.

CONCORD

CONCORD means agreement or harmony. In grammar it means agreement between

subject and verb, which must both have the same person and number.

Person and number. A pronoun subject (see page 49) is either First Person (I, we)
or
Second Person (thou, you) or Third Person (he, she, it, they): a noun subject is
Third
Person. Most verbs have a Third Person Singular form in the Simple Present Tense
(ending in -s or -es, e.g. he look-s; she watch-es; the cat jump-s). In the verb to
be, and
in the continuous tenses of other verbs formed with parts of the verb to be, there
are
different forms for First, Second and Third Person singular; the plural forms are
the
same for the three persons, thus:
Singular
I am, was looking; thou art, wert looking; he is, was looking

you are, were looking

Plural
We are, were looking; you are, were looking; they are, were looking.
Concord

Rules of Concord

(a) When the subject is singular, the verb is singular, e.g.

(1) He writes. (2) She swims. (3) The baby cries.
(b) When the subject is plural, the verb is plural, e.g.
(1) We write. (2) They swim. (3) The babies cry.
(c) Expressions such as "each of", "one of", "neither of", "every one of", "not one

of" and words such as "each", "every", "none", "anybody", "everybody" and
"nobody" must be followed by verbs in the singular, e.g.
(1) Each of the boys has a toy. (4) Either of the knives cuts well.
(2) One of the ladies is married. (5) Every one of us knows that.
(3) Neither of the brothers was present. (6) Not one of the girls has come
(d) A singular subject with attached phrases introduced by "with" or "like" or "as
well as" is followed by a singular verb, e.g.
(1) The boy, with several others, was late for school.
(2) Alice, like Rose, is tall for her age.
(3) Tom, as well as Fred, rises early in the morning.
(e) When a verb has two singular subjects connected by "and", the verb is
plural, e.g.
(1) The cat and the dog were great friends.
(2) The farmer and his wife are jolly people.
(f) When a verb has one or more plural subjects connected by "and", the verb is
plural, e.g.
(1) The officer and his men were crossing the field.
(2) The boys and the girls are sure of their work.
(g) Two singular subjects separated by "either or", "neither
nor" take a singular verb, e.g.
(l)Either Tom or Dick has lied (2) Neither he nor she writes well.
(h) Plural subjects separated by "either or", "neither nor",
"both and", also "all but", take a plural verb, e.g.
(1) Either the boys or the girls are to blame.
(2) Both Hugh and Ian were to play.
(3) All but James have failed.
(4) All of them but Grace are correct.
(i) When one of the subjects connected by "either or", "neither
nor", etc. is singular and the other plural, the plural subject is placed next to
the
verb, which is made plural.
Neither the teacher nor the pupils are ready.

(j) When subjects connected by "either or", "neither nor", etc. are
of different Person, the verb can be made to agree with the subject mentioned last:

Either Mary or you are to be in the team.

It is better, however, to repeat the verb:
Either Mary is to be in the team or you are.
Concord

EXERCISES

In each of the sentences below there are groups of two words within brackets. One
of
the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word:

Each of the boys (is, are) going on holiday so each of them (has, have) gone to
bed early.
Everybody (was, were) pleased as each of them (was, were) treated alike.
Neither he nor she (want, wants) to go.
(Wasn't, Weren't) we sorry when we heard you (was, were) going?

All but Tom (has, have) been lazy so all but Tom (loses, lose) marks.
James as well as John (rise, rises) at eight, so James like John (is, are) early
for
work.

Neither of the singers (was, were) present.

The miller and his wife (is, are) a happy couple.
Neither of them (has, have) paid as both of them (is, are) poor.
The girl with several others (was, were) going to school.
Both Agnes and Albert (is, are) here tonight.
John like James (is, are) smaller than Peter.
All of you but Andrew (is, are) good, so all of you but Andrew (get, gets) a

reward.

Each of the ladies (is, are) delighted as each of the ladies (receive, receives) a
prize.
Anybody (is, are) allowed to enter.
Nobody (is, are) grumpy at the camp because nobody (is, are) allowed to feel

lonely.

Arthur as well as Donald (is, are) clever so Arthur as well as Donald (has, have)
succeeded.
The gentlemen and the ladies (was, were) wearing evening dress.
Either one or the other (is, are) wealthy as either one or the other (has, have)

plenty of money.

All of us but David (was, were) on holiday so all of us but David (is, are)
suntanned.
(Wasn't, Weren't) they pleased when they heard we (was, were) coming?
Cecil as well as Annie (like, likes) spelling and Cecil as well as Annie (hate,

hates) arithmetic.

Why (do, does) every one of them do that, when every one of them (know,
knows) the arrangements?
Neither the soldiers nor their officer (was were) afraid.

Either you or your brother (has, have) to take the blame.

THE PRONOUN

Personal Pronouns:

Person Nominative Objective Possessive Reflexive XdjectivcO

First (Sing.)
Second (Sing.)
Third (Sing.)
First (Plur.)
Second (Plur.)
Third (Plur.)
I
thou*
you
hesheit
we
you
they
me
thee*
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
mine
thine*
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
myself
thyself*
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
(my), (mine*)
(thy*), (thine*)
(your)
(his)
(her)
(its)
(our)
(your)
(their)
* These forms are little used in modern English.
Relative Pronouns:
which which whose
who whom whose
that that
what what

It should be noted that the pronouns thou, thee, thy, thine and thyself are not
used in
modern English.

Pronouns used as subjects must be in the nominative case, e.g.

I bought some apples. We saw a large cave.
You will catch a cold. They shouted with joy.
He caught a fish. She sang a song.
Who saw the man?

Even the best of us are apt to make mistakes in the use of the double nominative.
Study the following examples carefully and note that the pronouns acting as
subjects
are in the nominative case:

He and I bought some apples. James and you will catch cold.
She and I sang a song. They and I will go.

Pronouns used as objects must be in the objective case, e.g.

The play bored me. The guards pushed you.
The boys will follow him. The lady watched her.
The man cannot tell whom. The children left us.
The answer decided them.

Many mistakes are made in the use of the double objective. Note that the pronouns

acting as objects are in the objective case:

The play bored both him and me. The guards pushed you and him.
The lady watched Mary and her. The children left Sam and us.
The answer decided the captain and them.
The Pronoun

Pronouns used after prepositions must be in the objective case, e.g.

The animal stared at me. The girl will listen to you.
We know nothing about him. A crowd gathered round us.
The policemen ran after them.

Here again the double objective must be watched carefully:

The animal stared at her and me. We know nothing about either him or her.
The girl will listen to you or me. The policemen ran after both us and them.
A crowd gathered round Fred and us. Between you and me I think he is wrong.

There are a few verbs which are followed by pronouns in the nominative case where
we
should normally find the objective. Study them carefully as they often cause
difficulty.

First let us understand why these verbs are followed by the nominative. It is
because all such verbs make the following nouns and pronouns act in the same way as

subjects. For example all forms of the verb to be, when used by themselves (am, is,

are, was, were, have, been, will be, etc.), control the following pronouns:
It is I (Universal practice allows "It is me" to be accepted.)
It is she (not It is her). It is he (not // is him).
It is we (not It is us). It is they (not It is them).

From this we gather that the following are the correct forms:
That was he. Those were they. Who was she? Who are they?

Included with the verb to be are expressions such as is believed to be, is said to
be, is

supposed to be, is thought to be, etc.

The boy is believed to be he (not him). The lady is said to be she (not her).
It appears to be she (not her). It seems to be they (not them).
The man who won is supposed to be he (not him).
At the concert we were thought to be they (not them).

Common Errors:

(a) after as and than:

He is as tall as me (wrong).
He is as tall as I (am) (correct).
His brother is older than him (wrong).
His brother is older than he (is) (correct).
The reason is that as and than are conjunctions (not prepositions).

(b) after let:

Let you and I go (wrong).
Let you and me go (correct).
The reason is that let is the same as the transitive verb allow.

(c) after between:

Between you and I (wrong).
Between you and me (correct).
The reason is that between is a preposition governing both pronouns.
The Pronoun

EXERCISES

In each of the sentences below there are groups of two words within brackets. One
of
the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word:

(He, Him) and (I, me) went for a walk.

It was (he, him) (who, whom) we saw in the shop.
No one believes it was (she, her); everyone thinks it was (I, me).
Between (he, him) and (I, me) we ate the whole cake.
(She, Her) and (I, me) can go, but you and (he him) cannot.
Jack is not as clever as (he, him) or (I, me).
It seems to be (they, them).
Between you and (I, me), be careful what you say to Annie or (she, her).
(Her, She) and you sang very well together.
Let you and (I, me) go to the shore.
John is much brighter than (he, him).
Those are (they, them).
This discovery must remain a secret between you and (I, me).
Jean and (her, she) ran to the house.
It was (he, him) who knew the right answer.
James is older than (me, I), but his brothers are younger than (us, we).
The dog pursued Frank and (I, me).
(Who, Whom) are (they, them)?
We were busy when (he, him) and his brother appeared.
Let him and (I, me) fetch the small table.
(Us, We) lads were at the cinema.
Between you and (I, me), I know all about Sue and (she, her).
He is almost as big as (me, I).
Her sisters are smaller than (us, we) but she is taller than (I, me).
You and (he, him), if you played together, would become friends.
The wild creature snarled at my sister and (I, me).
They will choose either (he, him) or (she, her).
You and (I, me), if we try, would manage it, but you and (he, him) couldn't.
It appears to be (he, him).
(She, Her) and (I, me) are twelve years of age.
Her cousin is younger than (she, her).
Was it (I, me) you saw there?
(Who, Whom) did it? (Me, I).
I spoke to (he, him) and (she, her).
We saw the book but it was (they, them) who tore it.
The dress becomes her better than (I, me).
We are certain it was not (he, him).
It is not (she, her) that I am angry with.
(He, Him) I can excuse, but not (they, them).
Was it (he, him) or (she, her) who found the purse?
(Who, Whom) do you think we met?
Is that (he, him) at the door?
THE CONJUNCTION

A Conjunction joins words, phrases or sentences together.

There are two main kinds of conjunction:

(a) Conjunctions which join similar parts of speech and clauses of equal value,
e.g.
and, both, but, for, therefore, either.... or, neither.... nor, whereas.
Examples:

(1)The boy and the girl hurried home.

(2)The dog was delighted with the bone and wagged his tail.
(3) Both he and his wife went on holiday.
(4) Both the driver and the man, who was hurt, were questioned.
(5)He was poor but honest.
(6)She could write well, but she could not do her sums.
(7)I am surprised at him for he should know better.
(8)It was foggy therefore miserable.
(9)He was a good man therefore he was respected.
(10) Either my brother or his chum knows the place.
(11) Either my nephew goes with me or he stays at home.
(12) Neither James nor Mary wants to go.
(13) Neither did he come nor did he send any excuse.
(b) Conjunctions which join principal clauses to subordinate clauses.
(Included are many adverbs which act as connecting words and therefore become
conjunctions.) In order to distinguish the various types of conjunction in this
class
they are grouped under the appropriate headings below:

TIME

Conjunctions are: after, before, now, since until, till, when, whenever, while.

Examples:

(1) After the lady opened the door she switched on the light.
(2)The man ate a sandwich before he boarded the bus.
(3) Now the weather has changed the farmers can expect good crops.
(4) Since I have known her we have been firm friends.
(5)We will wait here until the next train arrives.
(6)I cannot say definitely till I hear from him.
(7)The boys were going to school when we saw them.
(8) Whenever it is possible we shall visit her.
(9) While there is life there is hope.
PLACE

Conjunctions are: whence, where, wherein, wherever.

Examples:

(1)The city whence the travellers had come was rich.

(2)That is the house where my father was born.
(3)They saw no place wherein he could hide.
(4)The brooch must be found wherever it is.
The Conjunction

CAUSE or REASON

Conjunctions are: as, because, lest, since.

Examples:

(1) As he was in a hurry I did not speak to him.

(2)We know he was to blame because we saw the accident.
(3)I was afraid lest he should fall.
(4)Do not say anything since she is frightened.
CONCESSION

Conjunctions are: although, as, even if, however, though, whether, while.

Examples:

(1) Although I have written twice, he has not replied.

(2)I would not go even if I were invited.
(3) Though the boy had faults I could not but like him.
(4)It is the truth whether you believe it or not.
(5) While we should condemn vice, we should praise virtue.
(6) He could not get the answer, clever as he was.
CONDITION

Conjunctions are: as, except that, if, unless.

Examples:

(1) Except that she is a trifle slow, she writes well.

(2)Send me word if you wish to go.
(3)That rascal will do nothing unless he is compelled.
MANNER or DEGREE

Conjunctions are: as, as .... as, as if, as though, so as, than.

Examples:

(1)He remained at home as he had been ordered.

(2)The house is vacant as far as we know.
(3)He speaks as if he knows all about it.
(4)The animal lay as though it were dead.
(5)James does not read so well as Robert.
(6) He is taller than I am.
PURPOSE

Conjunctions are: in order that, lest, so that, that.

Examples:

(1)They worked hard in order that they might finish in time.

(2)Take care, lest you are hurt.
(3) I sent him a letter so that he would know.
(4)You come to school that you may learn.
The Conjunction

CONSEQUENCE

Conjunctions are: so that, so .... that.

Examples:

(1) He spoke loudly so that we heard him.

(2) She is so dull that she can learn nothing.
EXERCISES

In the following exercises there are sentences with groups of two words within
brackets.
One of the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word:

TIME

(1) Wait there (how, till) I have finished.

(2) He left (before, that) darkness fell.
(3) We haVe remained here (whether, since) you left.
(4) (After, Unless) they arrived, they sat down.
(5) I can call (however, whenever) it is convenient to you.
(6) The exercise will be corrected (before, when) it is finished.
(7) His brother waited (except, until) James returned.
(8) She read a book (that, while) I wrote a letter.
PLACE

(1) The place (whence, when) the stranger came was not on the map.
(2) The faithful dog followed his master (lest, wherever) he went.
(3) The old man pointed out the place (since, where) he lived.
(4) We will go (whither, unless) our fancy takes us.
CAUSE or REASON

(1) (As, Where) we left early, we did not see him.

(2) I was afraid to speak (lest, however) he should tell.
(3) You ask him (since, than) you are friends.
(4) My uncle was angry (where, because) he was deceived.
CONCESSION

(1) The boy is strong and healthy (though, since) he is not tall.
(2) (While, Unless) I trust him, I dislike his companions.
(3) We will go (how, even if) it rains.
(4) (Whether, Where) you like it or not, he will invite you.
(5) My cold is much worse (although, whence) I have tried to cure it.
CONDITION

(1) He could not win (as, unless) he was given a start.

(2) I'll lend you an umbrella (unless, if) it rains.
(3) She will go (than, if) you ask her.
(4) You cannot obtain admission (unless, since) you pay.
The Conjunction

MANNER or DEGREE

(1) You are quite right (while, as far as) I can see.
(2) The dog lifted his paw (as though, how) he understood me.
(3) She is older (than, since) I am.
(4) They did not play (while, so well as) their opponents.
(5) The man looked (when, as if) he was a foreigner.
(6) I cannot work (as, whence) he can.
PURPOSE

(1) The man put on the light (so that, since) he could read.
(2) (In order that, When) they might be in time, they left early.
(3) The boy ran quickly (why, lest) he should be left behind.
(4) You should go (that, how) you may be cured.
CONSEQUENCE

(1) It was so misty (that, as) the search was called off.
(2) The dog ran so fast (that, while) he caught the hare.
THE PREPOSITION

The preposition is placed before a noun or a pronoun. It is somewhat like a

conjunction
as it shows the relationship between nouns and pronouns in the same sentence.

The following list contains the most common prepositions:

about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, amidst, among, amongst,
around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, betwixt, beyond,
by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, over, round,
since,
through, till, to, towards, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within,

without.

1. Use the correct prepositions in the blank spaces:

(1)The boy must apologise the lady.
(2) That man is an authority flowers.
(3) The mother was proud her son's success.
(4)He placed the bat the wall.
(5)My cousin put the book the drawer.
(6) It is an exception the rule.
(7)His opinion differs mine.
(8)The man ran the path.
(9)She takes great pride her appearance.
(10)The ball went the window.
The Preposition

2. Supply three suitable prepositions in each sentence:

(1)The pencil lay the desk.
(2)The man rowed the river.
(3)The lady sat the chairman.
3. Underline the prepositions in the following sentences:
(1)I stood on the bridge of the ship.
(2)Above me, I saw a cloudy sky.
(3)The dog leaped over the wall after a ball.
(4)We chased him through a field of hay.
(5)With that ticket you can obtain admission to the show.
(6)My brother received a letter from him.
(7)The fanner stored his hay in a large barn.
(8)Beside the boxes lay several boulders.
(9)The careless boy ran behind the car.
(10)During the year many people were injured in street accidents.
Many people find it difficult to choose the correct prepositions. The following
should be
read carefully and revised from time to time:

according to disappointed with (somebody)

afflict with disgusted at (something)
agree to (something) disgusted with (somebody)
agree with (somebody) dislike for
aim at divide among (many)
angry with divide between (two)
ashamed of equal to
attack on filled with
blame for full of
change for (something) good for
change with (somebody) guilty of
comment on indignant at (something)
complain of indignant with (somebody)
confer with inspired by
conscious of interfere with
defiance of invasion of
despair of meddle with
die of opposite to
differ from (opinion) part from (somebody)
differ with (somebody) part with (something)
disagree with prevail on
disappointed in (something) protest against
The Preposition

pursuit of thirst for (or after)

recoil from vexed at (something)
regard for vexed with (somebody)
rely on victim of
similar to wait for (person, thing)
suffer from wait upon (somebody)
tired of (something) write about (something)
tired with (action) write to (somebody)

CORRECTION OF SENTENCES

There are errors in the following sentences. Rewrite them correctly.

1. She was the oldest of the two sisters.

2. Who did you see at the party?
3. Neither John or James were present.
4. She is not as old as me.
5. The best team won the football match.
6. The books what we read were interesting.
7. Being a fine day I went to the seashore.
8. Who can it be for?
9. He was angry at me for leaving.
10. I am your's truly.
11. I cannot run no farther.
12. John has broke his leg.
13. Hurrah shouted the man.
14. The letter was sent to Mr. John Brown, Esq.
15. The parcel was returned back to the sender.
16. I left home at | to 7.
17. The girl said that she done it herself.
18. He returned home as quick as he could.
19. I have forgot to post the letter.
20. "Where is my boots?"
21. She hurted her leg.
22. She got a bad accident.
23. There is four books on the table.
24. He went for to get up.
25. The lady bought a comb for the baby with plastic teeth.
26. Between you and I, he is quite wrong.
27. They sung the same song twice.
28. This jacket is wore out.
29. It's no use me working.
30. I intended to have written.
31. I was that tired I could hardly of spoken.
32. The fishermen saw a flock of herring in the sea.
33. Everyone in the class knows they could do better.
34. Between you and me we seen many people.
Correction of Sentences

. I saw a dog with his master which had a long tail.

. We found the ring belonging to the lady made of gold.

. A piano was sold to a lady with carved legs.

. We seen the rascal who stole were ball.

. There is five books on the table.

. A man was at the corner and his dog.
. She and her husband am going.
. His hair needs cutting badly.

. Neither of them are tall.

. Someone's left their books behind.

. Him and his sister went to the pictures.
. Me and my friend went to buy a coat for ourselves.
. It was him you saw.
. They have did it again.
. She could not come no quicker.
. We have never seen none of them.
. He couldn't remember nothing.
. He done his work correctly.
. Is he the tallest of the two?
. Each of the boys had their books.
. It was me that broke the window.
. Which is the cleverest, John or Mary?
. A more kinder man never lived.
. I was that breathless I could hardly speak.
. The animal did not take no notice.
. Neither of them have been lucky.
. Me and him went together to the pictures.
. He took the biggest half.
. It was a remarkable fine picture.
. He is worse than me.
. I seen him go to the theatre.
. One of the horses were tired.
. Of the two, I like James best.
. Give me them oranges.
. He don't speak very clear.
. We are quite sure he done it.
. She sent it to you and I.
. The man learnt him to swim.
. That answer is different than mine.
. Neither one or the other is right.
. She will not stay, I do not think.
. The lady sings quite nice.
. He did not except the gift.
. To who does this belong?
. Whom do you think that can be?
. The two brothers divided the apple among them.
THE RIGHT WORD IN THE RIGHT PLACE

Place the following words in the sentences best suited to their use:
closed, finished, stopped, completed, concluded, ended.

(1) His watch at six o'clock.

(2) I remember how the story
(3) I have my lessons.
(4) They have the alterations.
(5) The meeting with the National Anthem.
(6) Having enough money they the fund.
Use the following words (instead of "nice") to describe:
agreeable, beautiful, convenient, delicious, enjoyable, fine, good,
interesting, pleasant, pretty.
a garden a bonnet a cake
a walk a house an man
a day a train an concert
an book

Place the following words in their sentences:

frowned, mumbled, sang, chuckled, bowed, whispered, listened, smiled.
He tunefully He gleefully
He angrily He broadly
He humbly He attentively
He indistinctly He softly

Place the following words in the sentences best suited to their use:
exclaimed, muttered, answered, said, shouted, explained, whispered,
pleaded.
He that he would come He with joy
He why he was late "Look!" he
He for mercy He under his breath
He quietly to his "That is so," he
neighbour

Place the following words in the sentences best suited to them:

caressed, ate, pulled, charged, slept, bled, crept, strove.
He furiously. He greedily.
He profusely. He soundly.
He vigorously. He manfully.
He fondly. He stealthily.

Always avoid use of the word "got". There is usually another word which can be

used to better effect.

Substitute a better word in each of the following sentences:
He got up at eight o'clock. He got a penny from his mother.

He got his breakfast early. He got a bad cold yesterday.

He got to the station in time. He got married last year.
The Right Word in the Right Place

7. Write in the most suitable word:

A man who digs for coal is a
I switched on the light.
The holiday is in December.
They sang a Christmas
He was so ill he went to bed.
The postman the letters.
He avoided accidents because he drove very

8. Place the right words of who, whom, whose, which in the following sentences:
(1) That is the boy broke the window.
(2) That is the stone broke the window.
(3) That is the man window was broken.
(4) That is the boy I saw breaking the window.
(5) That is the boy told me that he broke the window.
9. Words ending in "-able":
(1) A piece of furniture. (6) A telegram from overseas.
(2) A horse's home. (7) Helpless.
(3) Written by /Esop. (8) Land under cultivation.
(4) Can be carried. (9) A carrot.
(5) Diamonds are. (10) Glass things are.
10. Give a single word for each of the following:
(1)go away, (2) go back, (3) go down, (4) go forward, (5) go into,
(6)go on hands and knees, (7) go out of, (8) go quickly, (9) go slowly,
(10)go up.
11. The following may be said to be the right action at the right time. Tell what
immediate action you would take and suggest a cure (if necessary). What would
you do?
(1) If you burned your foot.
(2) If you lost your way.
(3) If you sprained your ankle.
(4) If your nose started to bleed.
(5) If you noticed an escape of gas in the house.
(6) If your sister's dress caught fire.
(7) If you found a pocket-book in the street.
(8) If your brother's hand was cut.
(9) If you saw smoke coming from a closed shop.
(10) If your cousin was stung in the arm.
ADDITION OF CLAUSES

Add a clause to the following and name the kind of clause you add:

I saw the lady

The little boy said
The girl ran quickly

I noticed
We stood on the very spot

The dog barked loudly

The lady
"Will you let me know
The dog
We saw the train
I hope

The boy hurt himself badly

The man
I saw
She bought an umbrella

The messenger arrived

I watched the man
I do not know
As the girl approached the house
We saw

"Come to my house
I know the child
When I came here

My father scolded me
The crowd rushed forward
The soldiers
The unhappy scholar said

The boy lifted the box

The man waved frantically

when they reached home.

when he rose to speak.

if you cannot swim.

was my sister.
?"
saved the child.

while they listened.

was caught by the police.

as she spoke.

when we returned.
if you are ill.
"

which cost very little.

were trapped in the wood.

if you do not send word.

PHRASES TO CLAUSES

Change the underlined phrases into clauses:

1. He failed through carelessness.

2. On the completion of his task the boy went out to play.
3. He told me of his coming.
4. A man in high position has many responsibilities.
5. She lived in a cottage near the sea.
6. On entering I saw several pictures.
7. The police recovered the stolen property.
8. We do not know his hiding place.
Change the underlined clauses into phrases:

1. I am convinced that he is sincere.

2. The child was in bed before the sun had set.
3. His action showed how brave he was.
4. I am certain that you will help me.
5. As I approached I heard a great noise.
SENTENCES

SIMPLE TO COMPLEX

Make each pair of simple sentences into one complex sentence and retain the meaning

as far as possible.

(Do not use "and" or "but" or "so".)

1. (a) I have a dog. (b) I am very fond of it.

2. (a) That is the man. (b) He stole my purse.
3. (a) I was travelling in a bus. (b) It collided with a taxi.
4. (a) The boy did not pass. (b) His work was badly done.
5. (a) I was gazing out of the window. (b) I saw a crowd.
6. (a) The boy was riding a horse. (b) It looked tired.
7. (a) The man could hardly walk. (b) He carried such a heavy load.
8. (a) The book belongs to Jack. (b) It is a red one.
9. (a) The girl went for the doctor. (b) The doctor stayed next door.
10. (a) The house was destroyed. (b) It was built by Tom's father.
11. (a) He works hard at his lessons. (b) He wishes to succeed.
12. (a) The men were walking quickly. (b) The men saw me.
13. (a) He heard the strains of music. (b) He was passing a church.
14. (a) The lady lost the book. (b) She was going to the library.
15. (a) The man stood at the door. (b) The door was open.
16. (a) The boy caught a rabbit. (b) He took it home.
17. (a) The girl fell heavily. (b) The girl hurt herself.
18. (a) He opened the cupboard. (b) He saw many books.
19. (a) The lady was careless. (b) She lost her purse.
20. (a) Mary entered the room. (b) The room was brightly decorated.
Sentences

21. (a) A loud peal of thunder came. (b) The children were frightened.
22. (a) Tom made mistakes in reading. (b) He could not see well.
23. (a) The teacher praised the boys. (b) They had worked well.
24. (a) The horse fell. (b) It was pulling a heavy load.
25. (a) The man caught a salmon. (b) He took it home.
26. (a) The boy has hurt his foot. (b) The boy cannot walk.
27. (a) The lady sat in a coach. (b) Four horses drew it.
28. (a) The tourist climbed the hill. (b) The hill was steep.
29. (a) My sister has a good voice. (b) She sings in the choir.
30. (a) The girl found a brooch. (b) She took it to her mother.
31. (a) I found a lady's purse. (b) It contained two coins.
32. (a) The girl wore a red dress. (b) She sat next to me.
33. (a) I visited the little cottage. (b) I was born in it.
34. (a) The woman was selling flowers. (b) She stood at the comer of the
street.
35. (a) I went to see my cousin. (b) His home was in the country.
36. (a) The man was poorly clad. (b) I gave him money.
Change Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences:

1. He is a man who is very intelligent.

2. We heard the news that he was saved.
3. I can tell you how old he is.
4. The woman lives in a house which is very big.
5. He spoke to the soldier who was wounded.
6. The boy lost his ticket because he was careless.
7. I shall speak to him when he arrives.
8. The child found a ring which was very valuable.
ALPHABETICAL ORDER

The Alphabet (twenty-six letters)

ABCDEFGH I JKLM

NOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Practically all books containing lists have the words arranged in the order of the
letters
of the alphabet:

1. By the first letters of the words.

2. When the first letters are the same, the words are arranged according to the
second letters.
3. When the first two letters are the same, the words are arranged according to the

third letters,
and so on.
Alphabetical Order

Examples:

1. By the first letter:

amount, bicycle, height, machine, physical, seized, vehicle, Wednesday.

2. When the first letters are the same:

absence, acquaintance, aeroplane, ancient, attention, autumn, awkward.

3. When the first two letters are the same:

thatch, their, thimble, though, through, thumb, thyself.

EXERCISES

1. Place the following in alphabetical order:

vegetable, official, judgment, colonel, extremely, humorous, necessary,
language.
2. Re-arrange the following words in dictionary order:
pain, pale, pane, pail, prey, pore, pray, pour.
THE APOSTROPHE

The Possessive Case of a Noun is shown by a mark (') known as an Apostrophe.

In the Singular it is shown by's, e.g. Mary's bag, the animal's foot.

In the Plural it is shown by an apostrophe after the plural ending, e.g. the men's
hats,

the ladies' coats, the bees' stings.

Singular Possessive Plural Possessive

the girl's dress the girls' dresses

the lady's bag the ladies' bags
the boy's pencil the boys' pencils
a day's work seven days' work
the man's pipe the men's pipes
the woman's glove the women's gloves
the child's clothes the children's clothes

EXERCISES

1. Insert the apostrophe in the following sentences:

(1) The boys pencil lay on the floor.
(2) The ladies coats were in the cloakroom.
(3) My cousins hand was badly hurt.
(4) The mens boots were covered with mud.
(5) The childs doll fell into the pond.
2. Correct by putting in the apostrophe:
(1) The childrens books were left in my uncles house.
(2) The maids dress was torn by a neighbours dog.
(3) My fathers wallet was discovered in the thieves den.
(4) A ducks egg is generally cheaper than a hens.
(5) Mr. Smiths watch is five minutes slower than Mr. Browns.
CAPITAL LETTERS

Capital letters are used:

1. To begin sentences.
2. To begin special names.
3. To begin direct speech.
4. To begin words in titles.
5. To begin lines of poetry.
6. To begin words of exclamation.
7. To begin words He, Him, His, if they refer to God or Christ.
8. To write word "I".
Examples illustrating the use of capital letters.

1. Beginning Sentences.
One day a girl was playing on a busy street. Her ball rolled into the middle of
the road and she ran after it. At that moment a motor-car came dashing
round the corner. A passer-by saw the girl's danger and ran quickly to her
aid. Fortunately he saved her from serious injury.

2. Special Names.
Jean Miller and her brother David are expected to arrive by Concorde from
New York on Tuesday, November 30th, St. Andrew's Day.
3. Direct Speech.
A man said to his friend, "If you manage to solve the puzzle, send me the
answer." His companion replied, "You will have my solution before the end
of the week."
4. Titles.
The famous collection of Indian animal stories called The Jungle Book was
written by Rudyard Kipling.
5. Lines of Poetry.
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils,
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

6. Exclamation.
"Oh!" shouted the boy, "I have hurt my finger." "Indeed!" exclaimed his
father, "You are lucky to get off so lightly."

7. Reference to God and Christ.

After Jesus had preached to the multitude He proceeded on His way to
Jerusalem.
8. The Pronoun "I".
He advised me to travel by 'bus but I told him that I preferred to travel by
rail.
PUNCTUATION

By correct punctuation we mean the proper use of:

capital letters, comma (,), period (.), quotation marks (" "), exclamation mark
(!),
question mark (?), and apostrophe (').

Punctuate the following sentences:

1. What time is it asked the traveller

2. His father said where is your brothers knife
3. My friends exclaimed what a lovely view
4. He has gone to school said his sister in a quiet voice
5. The child suddenly shouted look
6. Oh cried the boy i have hurt my finger
7. Come here said his mother all right replied the boy
8. The man asked have you seen the hammer yes replied his companion it is on the
table
9. A boy said to his chum are you going to the pictures no replied the other im on
my way home
10. When i return said the girl to her father will you tell me the story of the
shipwreck
very well he answered but dont be too long at your aunts
DIMINUTIVES

booklet rivulet epaulette cubicle codling

circlet streamlet kitchenette icicle duckling
coronet cygnet rosette particle gosling
fillet eaglet damsel chicken nestling
latchet leveret morsel kitten porkling
leaflet owlet satchel maiden seedling
locket bannerette globule lambkin bullock
pamphlet cigarette molecule mannikin hillock

SMALL QUANTITIES

an ounce of energy a morsel of food a sip of water

a breath of air a particle of dust, matter a spot of rain
a chip of wood a pat of butter a smut of soot
a crumb of bread a pinch of salt, snuff a speck of dirt
a drop of any liquid a posy of flowers a touch of colour
a glimmer of light a puff of wind a whiff of air
a grain of sand a scrap of paper, food a wisp of straw
a lock of hair
FOR REFERENCE

To Find Look at

1. the address of a person directory

2. the meaning of a word dictionary
3. the day and date of the month calendar
4. the position of a place atlas
5. a list of priced goods or books catalogue
6. a telephone number telephone directory
7. the time of a train or bus time-table
8. record of a ship's progress at sea log
9. record of attendance register
10. record of personal daily events diary
11. collection of photos and autographs album
12. extracts from books and papers scrap-book
13. record of events of previous day newspaper
14. facts regarding days of the year almanac
15. a fictitious tale novel
16. a life story . biography
17. facts about living creatures book on zoology
18. facts about plants book on botany
19. facts about the stars book on astronomy
20. facts about the Earth's crust, minerals book on geology
PROVERBS

Proverbs are popular sayings expressed in a clever, brief manner.

1. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.

2. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
3. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
4. A cat may look at a king.
5. A drowning man will clutch at a straw.
6. A fair exchange is no robbery.
7. A fool and his money are soon parted.
8. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
9. A hungry man is an angry man.
10. All's well that ends well.
11. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
12. Any time means no time.
13. A miss is as good as a mile.
14. A penny saved is a penny gained.
15. A pet lamb is a cross ram.
16. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
17. A stitch in time saves nine.
18. As well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb.
19. A small leak will sink a great ship.
20. As the twig is bent so the tree's inclined.
21. As you make your bed so must you lie in it.
Proverbs

. A wild goose never laid a tame egg.

. Better half a loaf than no bread.

. Better late than never.

. Birds of a feather flock together.
. Charity begins at home.
. Cut your coat according to your cloth.
. Discretion is the better part of valour.
. Don't carry all your eggs in one basket.
. Don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
. Ducks lay eggs, geese lay wagers.
. Early to bed � early to rise, etc.
. Empty vessels make most noise, sound.
. Enough is as good as a feast.
. Every cloud has a silver lining.
. Every dog has its day.
. Every tide has its ebb.
. Evil weeds grow apace.
. Example is better than precept.
. Experience teacheth fools.
. Faint heart never won fair lady.
. Far from court far from care.
. Fine feathers make fine birds.
. Fine words butter no parsnips.
. Fire is a good servant but a bad master.
. First come, first served.
. Forbidden fruit tastes sweetest.
. Fortune knocks once at every man's door.
. Good wine needs no bush.
. Grasp all, lose all.
. Great minds think alike.
. Great oaks from little acorns grow.
. Habit is second nature.
. Half a loaf is better than none.
. Hard work is the best appetiser.
. He laughs best who laughs last.
. He pays the piper who calls the tune.
. He goes a-sorrowing who goes a-borrowing.
. Hunger is the best sauce.
. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.
. In for a penny, in for a pound.
. It's a long lane that has no turning.
. It's an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
. Laugh and grow fat.
. Leave well alone.
. Let not the pot call the kettle black.
. Let sleeping dogs lie.
. Listeners hear no good of themselves.
Proverbs

. Little boys should be seen and not heard.

. Little pitchers have long ears.

. Look after the pence, and the pounds will look after themselves.

. Look before you leap.

. Love laughs at locksmiths.
. Make hay while the sun shines.
. Misery makes strange bedfellows.
. More haste, less speed.
. Necessity is the mother of invention.
. New brooms sweep clean.
. No cross no crown.

. None but the brave deserve the fair.

. None so deaf as those who will not hear.
. No news is good news.
. No smoke without fire.
. Once bitten twice shy.
. One good turn deserves another.
. One man's meat is another man's poison.
. One swallow does not make a summer.
. Out of sight, out of mind.
. Out of the frying pan into the fire.
. Penny wise, pound foolish.
. Pride goeth before a fall.
. Robbing Peter to pay Paul.
. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.
. Set a thief to catch a thief.
. Shoemakers' wives are worst shod.
. Silence gives consent.
. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
. Speech is silvern, silence is golden.
. Still waters run deep.
. The least said the soonest mended.
. The early bird catches the worm.
. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
. Truth will out.
. Two heads are better than one.
. Union is strength.
. We never miss the water till the well runs dry.
. Where there's a will there's a way.
. When the cat's away the mice will play.
COLLOQUIALISMS

Colloquialisms are expressions used in common conversation.

A person may be said to be:

The apple of one's eye . . .
Armed to the teeth
A wet blanket
Dead beat
In the same boat
Carried away
A chip of the old block . . .
Off his chump
Under a cloud
Down in the mouth
Down on one's luck ....
All ears
At a loose end
A queer fish
Good for nothing
A son of a gun
Hard of hearing
Hard up
Hard hit
In evil case
Ill-used
Lion-hearted
At loggerheads with someone
The man in the street . . . .
Up to the mark
An old salt
A peppery individual . . . .
A pocket Hercules
At rest
A rough diamond
Silver-tongued
Golden-voiced
Purse-proud
Out of sorts
On the square
Stuck up
Thick in the head
Beside oneself
Heavy-eyed

somebody specially dear,

completely armed,
a discouraging person,
exhausted.
in same circumstances.
highly excited.
very like father.
off his head.
in trouble or disfavour.
in low spirits.
in ill-luck.
paying close attention,
having nothing to do.
an odd person,
useless,
a rascal,
almost deaf,
short of money,
seriously troubled,
poor.

badly treated.
of great courage.
quarrelling.
an ordinary man.
good enough.
an experienced sailor.
a cranky person.
small but strong.
dead.
a well-liked person of rough
plausible and eloquent.
pleasing to hear.
conceited about money.
not well.
honest.
conceited.
stupid.
angry, distraught,
sleepy.
GENERAL COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS

1 o make no bones about it

To have one's heart in one's boots

To have one's heart in one's mouth

' (b wait till the clouds roll by

To give the cold shoulder

I'o have a crow to pluck with

lb lead up the garden path

1 b keep a thing dark

1 o keep one's distance

lb make both ends meet

1 o hit the nail on the head

. .
. .
. .

. .
. .

. .

. . . .

. . . .
. .

. .
. .

. .
. .
, ,

. .

. .

. .
. .

. .

.
. .

, ,
. .
. .
.

. .
,

. .

,
. .
. .

to lift the anchor.

to maintain an outward show.
to be obsessed with an idea.

to do best possible.
to take all.
to be plain and outspoken.
to overdo work and play.
to be in terror.
to be frightened.
to make peace.
to find that something doesn't exist.
to tell incredible stories.
to confess.
to have something to be proud of.
to try to captivate.
to give up.
to give up.

to reproach.
to escape by running.
to stop suddenly.
to await better circumstances.
to change one's principles.
to give tit for tat.
to show indifference or ignore.
to discourage.
to have something to settle.
to be very showy.
to delude.
to deceive by hiding real intentions.
to hide something.
to stay aloof.
to have a wretched life.
to refuse to exceed some limit.
to be ready or prepared.
to deceive.
to manage financially.
to meet the worst.
to avoid taking sides.
to cause embarrassment by word or action.
to come against.
to get into trouble.
to go without permission.
to act fairly.
to act unfairly.
to keep silent.
to boast.
to be right.
General Colloquial Expressions

To kick up a dust
To bite the dust
To kick over the traces
To knock on the head
To turn over a new leaf
To pull someone's leg
To go through the mill
To put the cart before the horse
To make the mouth water
To sling mud
To nip in the bud
To send one packing
To pad the hoof
To play fast and loose
To keep the pot boiling
To rain cats and dogs
To raise one's dander
To mind your p's and q's
To raise the wind
To smell a rat
To take a rise out of
To rub the wrong way
To get into hot water
To turn the tables
To give back chat
To ride the high horse
To let the cat out of the bag
To send to Coventry
To haul over the coals
To take the bull by the horns
To strike while the iron is hot
To take forty winks
To chew the fat
To act the goat
To live from hand to mouth
To hang one's head
To turn up one's nose
To play with fire
To swing the lead
To blaze the trail
To come a cropper
To go on all fours
Tell that to the Marines

to create a row.
To fall to the ground.
To throw off control.
To stop suddenly.
To conduct oneself better.
to hoax someone.
to undergo suffering.
to start at the wrong end.
to cause to desire.
to slander.
to stop at an early stage.
to dismiss quickly.
to walk.
to act carelessly.
to keep an activity going.
to rain very heavily.
to anger.
to be careful about your behaviour.
to obtain money.
to be suspicious.
to fool.
to irritate by opposing.
to get into trouble.
to reverse a result.
to make impertinent remarks.
to be snobbish, arrogant.
to tell what should be kept secret.
to ignore as a punishment.
to scold or punish.
to act despite risks.
to act without delay.
to sleep.
to argue.
to behave foolishly.
to live in hardship.
to feel ashamed.
to scorn deliberately.
to tempt serious trouble.
to avoid work purposely.
to lead the way.
to fail or to fall to earth.
to travel on hands and knees.
only the gullible would believe that.
POPULAR PHRASES

Explain what is meant by the following phrases:

horse play back to the wall for a lark

from pillar to post a fine kettle of fish a bird's eye view
as the crow flies a busman's holiday a stiff upper lip
no flies on him a white elephant a blind alley
a red letter day not worth the candle a hen on a hot girdle
a dead cert a cat on hot bricks a cock and bull story
a far cry with flying colours a flash in the pan
a fly in the ointment every man Jack the lion's share
on the nail not a patch on pins and needles
bats in the belfry a storm in a teacup by hook or by crook

DERIVATIONS

A Root is a word in its first and simplest form. A word may be built up or have its

meaning changed by an addition at either end. The addition at the beginning is

known as
a Prefix, e.g. DIS-agree. The addition at the end is known as a Suffix, e.g. paint-
ER.

ROOTS
Word Meaning Examples
aqua
audiocapio
.
.
.
.
waterI hearI take
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
aquatic, aqueduct
audible, audience, audit
capable, captive, capture
centumclamo
.
.
.
.
a hundredI shout .
.
.
.
.
centenarian, century
clamour, proclaim, exclaim
creo . . . create . . . creation, creature
curro
decern . .
I runten .
.
.
.
.
.
.
courier, current, excursion
December, decimal
dicoducofaciofinis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I say .
HeadI makean end
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
edict, dictation, verdict, dictator
introduce, produce, reduce
fact, factory, perfect
final, infinite
fortishomo
.
.
.
.
stronga man
.
.
.
.
.
.
fort, fortify
homicide, human
Impero . . I command empire, emperor, imperial
liber .
inalusmanusinitto
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
free . . .
bad .. .
hand . .
I send . .
.
.
.
.
liberal, liberty
malady, malice, maltreat
manual, manufacture, manuscript
missile, mission, remittance
navis . . a ship . . . navigate, navy
octo .
pcllo .
IH'ndeopedisplanus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
eight . . .
I drive
I hang . . .
the foot . . .
level ... .
octagon, octave, October
expel, propel, repel
depend, pendant, suspend
pedal, pedestrian, quadruped
plain, plan, plane
Derivations

plus . . . more . . plural, surplus

portopotoprimusproproregorota
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I carry .
I drink .
first .
before .
instead of
I rule .
a wheel .
.
.
.
.
.
.
export, import, porter, transport
poison, potion
primer, primitive, Prime Minister
prophet, prologue
pronoun
regal, regent, regiment
rotate, rote, rotund
ruptum . . . break . . eruption, interruption, rupture
scribospecioteneo
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I writeI see
I hold
.
.
.
.
scripture, describe, manuscript
aspect, prospect, spectacles
contain, retain, tentacles
unusvanusveniovideo
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
oneemptyI comeI see
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
unit, unity, union
vanish, vanity, vain
adventure, prevent, venture
provident, visible, vision
vincovoco
.
.
.
.
.
.
I overcome
I call . .
convince, victory
revoke, vocal, voice
volvo . . . I roll . . evolve, revolve, volume
PREFIXES
Prefix
a .. .
Meaning
on . .
Examples
afloat, ashore, aloft
a-, ab-, abs-
ad-, ac-, ar- (etc.)
ante.
. .
away, from
to . .
before . .
avert, absolve, abstract
adhere, accept, arrive, assume, attract
antecedent, anteroom
bi-, biscircum.
.
.
.
.
.
two, twiceround .
.
.
bicycle, biped, bisect, biscuit
circumference, circuit
com.
. . together comparison, competition
contra.
. .
de..
.
dif-, dis.
.
against .
down .
apart, not
.
.
contrary, contraband, contradiction
depress, descend, describe
different, disagree, disappear
ex-
fore..
.
. . .
out ofbefore
.
.
.
.
exhale, export, extract
forecast, forenoon, foretell, foresee
im-, in-
in-
inter-
mis.
. .
.. .
. . .
. . .
in,into .
not . .
between
wrong .
.
.
.
import, include
incapable, inhuman
international, interrupt, interval
misdeed, misjudge, mistake
ob-
postprepro-
re-
sub..
.
. . .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
againstafterbeforeforthbackunder
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
object, obstruction
postpone, postscript, post-war
predict, prepare, pre-war
proceed, produce
retake, return, retrace
submarine, subway
trans.
. . across . . transfer, transport, transpose

un-. . . not, without unfit, unknown, unpaid, unsafe

vice-. . . instead . . vice-captain, viceroy
Derivations

SUFFIXES

Suffix
-able, -ible-ain, -an
.
.
.
.
Meaning
capable of being
one connected
Examples
movable, eatable, incredible
chaplain, publican
-ance, -ence
-ant . .
�el, -et, -ette
-er, -eer, -ier
-ess . .
-fy
�icle, -sel .
-less . .
ling . .
.
.
.
.
.
state ofone wholittleone whothe femaleto makelittlewithoutlittle
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
repentance, existence
assistant, servant
satchel, locket, cigarette
baker, engineer, furrier
goddess, princess, waitress
glorify, purify, simplify
particle, morsel
careless, guiltless, merciless
codling, gosling, darling
-ment-ock
.
.
.
.
.
.
state of beinglittle .
.
.
.
.
merriment, enjoyment
hillock, bittock
oon,-on-ory .
.
.
.
.
largea place for
.
.
.
.
.
.
saloon, balloon, flagon
dormitory, factory
"OUS . . . full of . . . famous, glorious, momentous
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

In the following list many questions can be answered by

do so.

1. A boy who frightens weaker boys.

2. The men who work on a ship.
3. A man who protects sheep.
4. A ship which travels below the surface of the sea.
. A place for storing a motor car.
6. A small leaf.
7. A field in which fruit trees grow.
8. An instrument for measuring time.
9. From what do we make butter?
. A man who makes furniture.
11. A fertile place in the desert.
12. A stream which flows into a river.
13. A hundred years.
14. Name instrument for telling direction.
. What are the steps of a ladder called?
16. Name two spotted animals.
17. A doctor who performs operations.
18. What is the front part of a ship called?
19. What is daybreak sometimes termed?
. A man who draws and paints.
21. A shallow crossing in a river.
22. Two creatures which see well in the dark.
23. What do we call the breaking of a bone?
24. What is the flesh of a sheep called?
. Name of metal container for oil.
26. A place where people are buried.
27. Name three "string" instruments.
28. Name imaginary line round middle of earth.
29. An instrument which measures heat and cold.
. From what do we make cheese?
31. Name the five human senses.
32. Name two striped animals.
33. A place where birds are kept.
34. The air surrounding the earth.
. A person who saves and hoards money.
36. How does a fish breathe in water?
37. Name the colours of the rainbow.
38. What is the small top room of a house?
39. What is the national dress of Scotland?
. A three-sided figure.
41. Meaning of "The Seven Seas".
42. A room on board a ship.
43. A soldier with three stripes on each arm.
44. How many legs has a fly?
. A place where iron goods are made.
46. Name three animals living mostly in water.
47. Water which has turned into gas.
48. What is the flesh of a pig called?
49. A place where leather is made.
50. Another name for a donkey.
� 1. Machine which makes electricity.
�2. Who is a Jack Tar?
53. What is a tripod?
54. What is the flesh of the deer called?
55. Name for smuggled goods.
56. What is an astronaut?
�7. What are the primary colours?
58. What is the Milky Way?
59. What is the Crow's Nest to a sailor?
60. Explain lbw.
61. What is a boneshaker?
62. Which is the lightest common metal?
63. Where is the longest wall in the world?
64. A place where fish are kept.
65. What is a mimic?
66. Give common name for the spine.
67. What is a planet?
68. What is a grotto?
69. Name three "wind" instruments.
70. A place where you can lunch for payment.
f I. What is a rookery?
72. What is the basin of a river?
73. What is capital punishment? ^
74. What side is starboard?
75. What is meant by "crossing the line"?
76. What is a fleece of wool?
77. Name two "percussion" instruments.
78. What is a song for two called?
79. What is a centenarian?
HO. Instrument used for drawing circles.
HI. Which insect makes honey?
82. Name any animal covered with spines.
H3. When is signal"S.O.S" used?
84. When is Christmas Day?
HS. How many teeth has an adult person?
H6. What do we call water when solid?
H7. Name any "pouched" animals.
H8, What is a fishplate?
H9. An instrument for seeing tiny objects.
W. Which month contains the shortest day?
W
W
VI. What is a storey?
J0 Which animal is called the "King of Beasts"?
'1.1. Another name for an airman.
<M� What is a burnous?
W. What is a bed on board a ship called?
*>r�� What kind of person is a dude?
What is a gamp?
General Knowledge

. Which animal covers great distances without water?

. What is a rickshaw?
. Name gas which supports life and flame.
. What is a weather satellite?
. Name insect which carries malaria fever.
. What is the yellow part of an egg called?
. Who was Mars?
. When is a person said to be myopic?
. Name given to a sailor's map.
. What is the skin of the orange called?
. Name given to a barrel cork.
. Another word meaning remedy.
. Soldiers on horseback.
. What is meant by a bird's-eye view?
. Who is a sheik?
. What is used for making tea?
. How is bronze made?
. Another name for a learner.
. What is the Aurora Borealis?
. American dog used to pull sledges.
. Stone bowl used to make flour.
. Way out sign above door.
. The top of a hill or mountain.
. What is coral?
. What is a banshee?
. Name given to soldiers on foot.
. A place from which stone or slate is obtained.
. What is the white of an egg called?
. Give another word meaning salary.
. What is meant by walking abreast?
. From what do we obtain coffee?
. What is a cog wheel?
. Name an animal which chews the cud.
. What is a cataract?
. Which letters are vowels?
. Name any beast of prey.
. What is a Lunar Probe?
. What is a life-buoy?
. From what tree would you expect acorns to fall?
. Which animal has a tail called a brush?
. What is a gondola?
. From what do we make cider?
. What is a carnivorous creature?
. What is meant by "The Sign of the Three Brass Balls
. What is the hand-rail for a stair called?
. What is meant by "The Dark Continent"?
. Where is the "New World"?
. Name an animal with a very long neck.
. What is veal?
. What is a nightmare?
USEFUL INFORMATION

The Races of Mankind differ in a number of inherited features, e.g. skin colour;
shape
of nose, eyes, lips; type and colour of hair. They are:

Mongolian. "Yellow". Most numerous. Yellow, copper skin; fairly broad nose, low
bridge; slanting eyes; black coarse hair. Chinese, Japanese, Siberian and South-
East Asians, Eskimos, American Indians, Laplanders.

Caucasian. "Whites". Pink, olive, light brown skin; high narrow nose; eyes light,
more recessed; hair fair, wavy or straight, more beard. Europeans and their
American descendants, South-West Asians, Indians, other South Asians and
some Pacific islanders.

Negro. "Blacks". Black or dark brown skin; broad nose, thick lips; black, brown
woolly hair, less beard. African peoples and American descendants, Papuans and
some other Pacific islanders.

The Principal Languages of the World are as follows (arranged according to the
number speaking each): Chinese, English, Russian, Western Hindi, Spanish,
German, French, Japanese, Portuguese and Italian.

The Continents are: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia.

The Oceans are: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic.

The Largest Islands (other than the continents) are: Greenland, New Guinea,
Borneo, Madagascar and Baffin Land.

The Greatest Lakes are: Caspian Sea (U.S.S.R.), Lake Superior (North America),
Victoria Nyanza (Central Africa), Aral Sea (U.S.S.R.), Lake Huron (North
America) and Lake Michigan (North America).

The Highest Mountains of the World are all in the Himalayan Mountain Range in
Northern India. They are: Mt. Everest, Mt. Godwin-Austin, Mt. Kangchenjunga,
Mt. Nanga Parbat and Mt. Kamet.

The Longest Rivers are: Missouri-Mississippi (United States), Amazon (Brazil), Nile

(Egypt), Yangtse (China), Lena (U.S.S.R), Zaire (Central Africa), Niger (West
Africa) and Yenesei (U.S.S.R.).

The Largest Cities of the World are: London (England), New York (U S.A.), Tokyo
(Japan), Berlin (Germany), Chicago (U.S.A.), Shanghai (China), Paris (France) and
Moscow (U.S.S.R.).

The following were the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World:

1. The Pyramids.
2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
3. The Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus.
4. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus.
5. The Colossus at Rhodes.
6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia.
7. The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria.
Useful Information

VARIOUS COUNTRIES � THE PEOPLES � THEIR LANGUAGE

Country People Language

Australia Australians English

Belgium Belgians Flemish, French
Bulgaria Bulgarians Bulgarian
Canada Canadians English, French
Chinese People's Republic Chinese Chinese
Czechoslovakia Czechs, Slovaks Czech
Denmark Danes Danish
Egypt Egyptians Arabic
England English English
Finland Finns Finnish
France French French
Germany Germans German
Greece Greeks Greek
Holland Dutch Dutch
Hungary Hungarians Magyar
India Indians Hindustani
Iran Iranians Persian
Ireland (Eire) Irish English, Gaelic
Israel Jews, Arabs Hebrew, Arabic
Italy Italians Italian
Japan Japanese Japanese
Kenya Kenyan Swahili, English
Mexico Mexicans Spanish

f New Zealanders English

New Zealand <

L Maoris Maori
Nigeria Nigerians Yoruba, Hausa, Ibo
Poland Poles Polish
Portugal Portuguese Portuguese
Saudi Arabia Arabs Arabic
Scotland Scots English, Gaelic
South Africa South Africans English, Afrikaans
Spain Spaniards Spanish
Switzerland Swiss French, German, Italian
Turkey Turks Turkish
United States Americans English
*U.S.S.R. Russians Russian
Wales Welsh English, Cymric

* The people of the Soviet Union are commonly called the "Russians", but this vast
country comprises many peoples other than true Russians, speaking many
languages other than Russian.
Useful Information

VARIOUS COUNTRIES AND THEIR CAPITALS

< 'ountry Capital Country Capital

Albania Tirana Italy Rome
Argentine Buenos Aires Japan Tokyo
Australia Canberra Kenya Nairobi
Belgium Brussels New Zealand Wellington
Itrazil Brasilia Nigeria Lagos
Bulgaria Sofia Norway Oslo
Canada Ottawa Pakistan Islamabad
('hinese People's Poland Warsaw
Republic Beijing (Peking) Portugal Lisbon
(V.cchoslovakia Prague Rumania Bucharest
Denmark Copenhagen Scotland Edinburgh
Hfjypt Cairo Spain Madrid
Hire Dublin Sri Lanka Colombo
1 England London Sweden Stockholm
1''ranee Paris Switzerland Berne
t icrmany (West) Bonn Turkey Ankara
(icrmany (East) East Berlin Republic of
(ireece Athens South Africa Cape Town
Holland Amsterdam United States Washington
1 lungary Budapest U.S.S.R. Moscow
India New Delhi Yugoslavia Belgrade
CURRENCIES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES
Argentine peso, centavo Japan yen
Australia dollar, cent Kenya shilling, cent
Belgium franc, centime Mexico peso, centavo
< anada dollar, cent New Zealand dollar, cent
t 'hinese People's Nigeria naira, kobo
Republic yuan Poland zloty, grosz
Denmark krone, ore Portugal escudo, centavo
pound, piastre Republic of
Fiance franc, centime South Africa rand
t iarmany Deutsche Mark Spain peseta, centimo
t ireece drachma, lepton Switzerland franc
Holland guilder, cent Turkey lira, juru
India rupee, paisa United States dollar, cent
Ilsily lira, centesimo U.S.S.R. rouble, kopeck
Useful Information

SCIENCE

1. doctor's "listening" instrument

2. magnifies tiny objects
3. makes distant objects look bigger, nearer
4. measures heat and cold
5. measures heat of the body
6. indicates the weather
7. measures gas or electricity used
8. helps the voice to carry
9. picks up sound for sending out again
10. carries messages by wire
11. carries sound without use of wires
12. carries messages by wire across the sea
13. takes photographs
14. takes photographs through the body
15. glasses used for bettering the eyesight
16. pocket instrument used for telling time
17. tells if a thing is horizontal
18. tells if a thing is vertical
19. gives direction
20. a sailor's map
21. a ship which can travel below the water
22. attracts iron
23. makes electricity
24. ship's engine which works by steam
25. a machine for measuring time
26. measures angles in surveying
27. instrument for drawing circles
28. releases over-pressure of steam
29. machine used in business for letter-writing
30. causes the spark in motor engine
Sound travels 1-6 km in 5 seconds.

Light travels approximately 300,000 km in 1 second.

Light takes 8 minutes to reach the Earth from the Sun.

36 km per hour is equal to 10 m per second.

1 litre of water weighs 1 kg.

1 nautical mile is 1-85 km.

stethoscope
microscope
telescope
thermometer
clinical thermometer
barometer
meter
megaphone
microphone
telephone
radio
cable
camera
X-rays
spectacles
watch
spirit-level
plumb-line
compass
chart
submarine
magnet
dynamo
turbine
clock
theodolite
compasses
safety-valve
typewriter
magneto/distributor
SPELLING LISTS

Home People Body Food

uttic adult ankles bacon
bolster ancestors arteries biscuits
cullar aunt exercise bread
chimney babies forehead butter
curtains children heart cheese
cushion comrade knees chocolate
detergent cousin knuckles cocoa
hearth friend limbs coffee
kitchen guest lungs margarine
lobby hostess muscles marmalade
mattress maiden nostrils mutton
meter nephew shoulder porridge
mirror niece skeleton pudding
parlour orphan skull sago
pillow parents stomach salmon
poker relation thigh sandwich
'luucer uncle throat sausages
Ncullery visitor tongue steak
towel widower veins sugar
(umbler youth wrist venison
Clothing Trades Travel (1) Travel (2)
braid butcher aeroplane passengers
cloak carpenter airship pedals
costume chemist balloon pier
cotton clothier bicycle platform
flnnnel doctor brakes purser
gabardine draper carriage saloon
flurments druggist coach seaplane
liicket engineer cruise signal
linen grocer electricity skis
lingerie journalist engine sledge
muslin lawyer express sleigh
petticoat
j.ilin
mason
mechanic
fares
gangway
steerage
steward
.locking plumber guard tourist
nousers purveyor label tramway
tweed riveter locomotive traveller
velour sawyer luggage tunnel
velvet sculptor machine vehicle
wiiistcoat tailor omnibus wagons
woollen wright parcel whistles
Spelling Lists

Land
cape
cliff
continent
country
headland
hillock
island
marsh
mound
mountain
pampas
peninsula
plain
prairie
precipice
summit
tundra
valley
veldt
volcano

Time
ancient
annual
August
autumn
century
Christmas
dawn
Easter
era
February
gloaming
January
minutes
modern
punctual
Saturday
September
Thursday
Tuesday
Wednesday

Sea
billows
breakers
breakwater
channel
crest
fiord
harbour
inlet
lagoon
lake
loch
ocean
river
rivulet

sea
streamlet
torrent
tributary

trough
waves

Sport
badminton
bowls
boxing
cricket
fencing
football
golf
hockey
polo
putting
release
rounders
rugby
shinty
skating
sleighing
sprinting
tennis
wrestling
yachting

Sky Coast
altitude bathing
astronomy beach
atmosphere billows
cloudy breeze
comet cliffs
creation cockles
crescent costume
dawn diving
eclipse herring
hazy lobster
heavens mussels
horizon pier
midnight rowing
planet seaweed
solar shingle
sunset swimmer
telescope view
twilight whelks
universe winkles
zenith wreck

School Hospital
calendar accident
ceiling casualty
chalk chloroform
composition disease
copies doctor
cupboard fever
dictation infection
easel massage
grammar medicine
history ointment
hymns operation
interval paralysis
partition physician
pastels plaster
pencil poison
picture sterilize
poetry surgeon
pupil thermometer
scholar tonic
teacher ward
Spelling Lists

Animals (1) Animals (2) Animals (3) Dogs

ape goat otter Airedale
armadillo gorilla ox Alsatian
badger hare panther bloodhound
hat
bear
hedgehog
hippopotamus
P'g
porcupine
bulldog
borzoi
beaver horse puma collie
buffalo
bull
hyena
jackass
rabbit
rat
dachshund
Dalmatian
camel jaguar reindeer greyhound
cat kangaroo seal Newfoundland
cow leopard sheep Pekinese
deer lion skunk pointer
dog
donkey
llama
lynx
squirrel
stoat
Pomeranian
poodle
dromedary mole tiger retriever
elephant mongoose walrus Saint Bernard
ferret monkey weasel setter
fox moose whale sheepdog
gazelle mouse yak spaniel
giraffe mule zebra terrier
Birds (1)
albatross
Birds (2)
hawk
Birds (3)
redshank
Fish
cod
blackbird heron robin dogfish
budgerigar jackdaw rook eel
canary kingfisher sandpiper flounder
chaffinch lapwing seagull flying-fish
cormorant magpie skylark goldfish
corncrake moorhen snipe haddock
crane nightingale sparrow halibut
crow owl starling herring
cuckoo oyster-catcher stork mackerel
curlew parrot swallow pike
dipper partridge swan plaice
duck peewit swift roach
eagle
la Icon
pelican
penguin
tern
thrush
salmon
shark
linch pheasant turkey skate
flamingo pigeon vulture sole
punnet plover wagtail swordfish
p,oose puffin woodpecker trout
guillemot raven wren whiting
Spelling Lists

Trees

apple

ash

beech

birch

cedar

chestnut

elm

fir

hawthorn

larch

lime

maple

oak

olive

palm

pine

poplar

rowan

sycamore

yew

Fruit

apple
apricot
banana

blackcurrant

bramble
cherry

currant
damson
gooseberry
grape
lemon
melon
orange
peach
pear
pineapple
plum
raspberry
strawberry
tomato

Flowers (1)

aster
bluebell
buttercup
carnation
chrysanthemum
crocus
daffodil
dahlia
daisy
dandelion
forget-me-not
foxglove
geranium
gladiolus
honeysuckle
hyacinth
iris
lilac
lily
lily-of-the-valley

Vegetables

bean
beetroot
cabbage
carrot
cauliflower
celery
cucumber
garlic
leek
lettuce
onion
parsley
parsnip
pea
potato
radish
rhubarb
sprout
tomato
turnip

Flowers (2) Insects

lotus ant
lupin bee
marigold beetle
narcissus bug
orchid butterfly
pansy centipede
peony cricket
poppy daddy-long-legs
primrose dragonfly
queen-of-the-meadow earwig
rhododendron flea
rose fly
snowdrop gnat
sunflower grasshopper
sweet pea locust
thistle louse
tulip midge
violet mosquito
wall-flower moth
water-lily wasp

Minerals Liquids

aluminium acid
brass alcohol
bronze beer
coal brine
copper cider
gold cocoa
granite coffee
iron lemonade
lead milk
marble oil
mercury paraffin
nickel petrol
platinum port
radium sherry
silver tea
slate turpentine
steel vinegar
sulphur water
tin whisky
zinc wine
GENERAL TESTS

TEST 1

Give the general analysis of:

When the girl returned from London she told her father that she had seen a
grizzly bear which performed tricks in the circus.

Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1.

(a) State the feminine of:

instructor, bachelor, horse, manservant, husband.
(b) Give the plural of:
knife, child, penny, sheep, piano.
Insert the names of the creatures:

The brays. The hoots.

The grunts. The chatters.

The croaks. The bleats.

The barks. The neighs.

The howls. The trumpets.

Correct the following sentences:

(1) He said that you done it.

(2) She is the biggest of the twins.
(3) It was me that took the pencil.
(4) The man went for to get the book.
(5) A piano was sold to the lady with carved legs.
TEST 2

I. Select from each of the following sentences the subordinate clause and tell its
kind and relation:
(a) The cottage where Burns was born stands near Ayr.
(b) He told me secretly where he was going.
(c) The soldiers slept where they found a resting place.
I. Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1.
�I. Supply the missing words:
Example: As sharp as a needle.
As black as As fast as
As meek as As happy as
As brave as As keen as
As sweet as As steady as
As cold as As fit as
General Tests

4. (a) Give the objective case of:

I, he, you, we, they.
(b) Give the past tense of:
does, hides, writes, sings, bites.
5. Change the bold type clauses into phrases:
(1) The child was in bed before the sun had set.
(2) Flowers will grow where conditions are suitable.
(3) Remember to write when you arrive.
(4) I saw her when the clock struck four.
(5) I am convinced that he is sincere.
TEST 3

1. Give the general analysis of:

When the gentleman arrived at his home he discovered that he had left his
umbrella in the train.
2. Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1.
3. Write down the Comparatives and Superlatives of:
many, hot, evil, famous, little.
4. (a) Name the traditional homes of the following:
tinker, hare, gipsy, eagle, bee.
(b) By adding a prefix form words opposite in meaning to:
possible, secure, welcome, use, legal.
5. Change all Singulars into Plurals and Verbs into Past Tense:
(1) The rabbit runs from the dog.
(2) The girl wears a blue dress.
(3) The sailor swims to his ship.
(4) He has a sharp knife.
(5) I keep my bird in a cage.
TEST 4

1, Read the following sentence and then answer the questions below:

When I heard that the man was seriously injured I resolved to help him in every
way possible.
Write out the adverbial clause.

What parts of speech are: I, seriously, resolved, possible?

What part of the verb is "to help"?
What number is him?
What is the subject of was injured?
Write down the preposition in the sentence.

Form nouns from:

introduce, loyal, revive, ready, broad.
Form adjectives from:
parent, reason, fortune, poet, winter.
General Tests

3. Use any five of the following words (one for each sentence) to form short
sentences:
instinct, obstinate, traditional, respectively, occurrence, standard,
respectable, resolved.
4. Put the correct prepositions in the blank spaces:
(1) The boy was told not to meddle the pencils.
(2) She felt ashamed herself.
(3) The man took great pride his garden.
(4) The child has been lost Thursday.
(5) He hurried home school.
5. What is meant by saying a person is:
(a) hard up, (b) hard of hearing, (c) stuck up, (d) dead beat, (e) all ears,
(f) at rest, (g) lion-hearted, (h) ill-used, (i) an old salt, (j) out of sorts?
TESTS

1. Give the general analysis of the following sentence:

We were thoroughly alarmed when information reached us that the train in
which our friends were travelling had been involved in a serious accident.
2. Parse the words printed in bold type in Question 1.
3. (a) Some Christian names have popular short names, e.g. Robert � Bob,
Catherine � Kate.
Give the short names for: Albert, Christina, Frederick, Patrick, Elizabeth.
(b) In which countries do the following peoples live?
Dutch, Hindus, Eskimos, Greeks, Welsh.
4. Punctuate and insert capital letters where necessary:
do you think said my friend in a whisper that theres a chance of escape certainly
i replied.
5. Insert the following phrases in their sentences:
rack and ruin, thick and thin, head and shoulders, safe and sound, out and out.
(a) The ship reached harbour
(b) The man was an rascal.
(c) She is taller than her brother.
(d) Later through foolishness he went to
(e) The soldiers would follow their general through
TEST 6

1. Read the following sentence and then answer the questions below:
When the man reached the garden gate he noticed that the old house in which
he was born was in ruins.
(a) What parts of speech are:
garden, that, which, was, ruins?
(b) Write out the principal clause.
(c) Write out the subordinate adjective clause.
(d) Name kind of sentence.
General Tests

2. In the following list of words, one word seems Out of place. Underline the word
you
consider is wrong:
Coat, hat, gloves, curtains, stockings.
Blue, yellow, ruler, green, pink.
Saw, envelope, plane, hammer, chisel.
Anchor, rope, string, twine, cord.
Needle, pin, scissors, thimble, spoon.

3. Where would you look to find:

The address of a person?
The position of a place?
The meaning of a word?
The day and date of the month?
Something which happened the previous day?
4. Give the past tense and past participle of the following verbs:
break, fly, hide, ring, swim.
5. What is meant in each of the following proverbs?
(a) Let sleeping dogs lie.
(b) Too many cooks spoil the broth.
(c) Once bitten twice shy.
TEST 7

1. Add a clause and name the kind of clause you add:

(a) We ran for shelter
(b) When the rain stopped
(c) Mary told him
(d) The cunning fox could not be caught.
2. Correct the following sentences:
(a) Walk as quick as possible.
(b) He has forgot the address.
(c) Neither Tom or I can swim.
(d) This end of the rope is the thickest.
(e) The time was j past 9.
3. Make a noun from strong.
Make a verb from courage.
Make an adjective from obey.
Give the opposite of poverty.
Give a similar word to mute.
4. Medal, board, loose, waist, hoping, lose, meddle, hopping, bored, waste.
Fill in the blank spaces of the following sentences, using the most suitable words
from the above list:
The teacher told the little boy not to with the as it had a
hinge. The child went over to the paper box to
find his pencil.
General Tests

The following is written in the singular number and present tense. Change it into
plural number and past tense.

I have a cousin who stays on that little farm. He knows that I like to come here
on my holiday.

TEST 8

Read the following sentence carefully and then answer the questions below.
When the soldiers reached the city walls they saw that the town which the
enemy had completely ruined had been deserted for some time.

(a) Give the case and relation of: town, which, walls.
(b) What parts of speech are: city, that, reached, enemy, for, some?
(c) Write out the subordinate adverbial clause.
(1) Give the opposites of:
seldom, visible, praise, export, advance.
(2) Give similar words to:
enemy, purchase, feeble, perceive, conceal.
Your answer in each case should be one word:

(a) A person who collects fares.

(b) Water which has turned into gas.
(c) Name of metal container for oil.
(d) A place where birds are kept.
(e) Conveys sick or injured to hospital.
Join the following ten words in pairs so that they form five sensible compound
words:
head, black, gentle, dust, egg, bin, ache, board, cup, man.

(a) Complete these proverbs:

(1) A stitch in time
(2) A bird in the hand
(3) Birds of a feather
(4) A rolling stone
(5) First come
(b) Give the meaning of:
a.m., Co., B.B.C., G.P.O., p.m., M.P., U.K., A.D., U.S.A., J.P.
TEST 9

Add a clause and name the kind of clause you add:

(a) The boys ran away

(b) The lady was my sister.
(c) The man saw when he returned.
(d) before the child arrived.
General Tests

State the masculine of:

witch, duck, aunt, vixen, wife.
Give the singular of:

loaves, armies, roofs, sheep, feet.

Use each of these verbs�frowned, mumbled, sang, chuckled, bowed, whispered,
listened, smiled � once only to complete the following sentences:

(1) He tunefully. (5) He gleefully.

(2) He angrily. (6) He broadly.
(3) He humbly. (7) He attentively.
(4) He indistinctly. (8) He softly.

A number of sheep together is called a flock.

What name is given to a number of:
ships, insects, herring, angels, thieves, wolves, chickens, geese, pups, players?
Make each pair of sentences into one sentence without using and or but or so.

(a) The house was destroyed. It was built by Tom's father.

(b) He works hard at his lesson. He wishes to succeed.
(c) The men were walking quickly. The men saw me.
(d) He heard the strains of music. He was passing the church.
(e) The lady lost the book. She was going to the library.
TEST 10

Read the sentences below and then answer the questions:

Our little hut was situated among the high mountains near the River Dee.
Along the banks lay green pastures to which deer came frequently in winter.

(a) What case is hut?

(b) What kind of noun is Dee?
(c) What part of speech is our?
(d) Parse among.
(e) What is the subject of lay?
(f) Parse frequently.
(g) What tense is came?
(h) What part of speech is which?
(i) What gender is deer?
(j) What part of speech is high?
(1) Form adj ectives from:
affection, nature, attraction, pride, value.
(2) State opposites of:
success, arrive, often, sense, entrance.
Make sentences, one for each word, showing the correct use of:

coarse, course, root, route, rode, rowed, currant, current, pare, pair.

Rewrite the following correctly:

a boy said to his chum where are you going james oh replied the other i'm on
my way home.
General Tests

.V < iivr one word in place of each:

oiJ A fertile place in the desert.
(h) A person who by desire lives alone.
!�) An instrument for measuring heat and cold.
(il) A person who looks on the bright side of things.
U'j A stream which flows into a river.
TEST 11
I (a)
(b)
(c)
Make a sentence containing that he would come as a noun clause.
Make a sentence containing which he bought as an adjective clause.
Make a sentence containing when he reached the station as an adverbial clause.
L Give the plural of ox.
Give the feminine of tiger.
Word for a young swan.
The home of an Eskimo.
Adverb from danger.
,t� Put in the suitable words in the spaces below:
Example: Little is to Big as Dwarf is to Giant.
Sheep is to Mutton as Pig is to
High is to Low as is to Down.
Soldier is to as Sailor is to Navy.
is to Herring as School is to Whales.
Bee is to Hive as Cow is to
J, Change the following Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences:
(1) There is a boy who is very proud.
(2) He spoke to me while he was passing.
(3) The girl who is intelligent gave the right answer.
(4) The man bought a boat which is very big.
(5) We received word that he was rescued.
S. What is the meaning of the following expressions?
A wet blanket. To have a bee in one's bonnet.
A rough diamond. To bury the hatchet.
A queer fish. To draw the long bow.
A chip of the old block. To keep one's powder dry.
General Tests

TEST 12

1. Read the sentence and then answer the questions below:

When the boys who were playing in the park heard the school bell ringing
loudly they were afraid that they would be late.
What parts of speech are: who, park, loudly, school, that?
What part of the verb is playing?
What is the case of bell?
What is the number of boys?
What is the subject of heard?
What is the gender of they?

2. (a) Give the gender of:

lion, cousin, jotter, waitress, friend.
(b) Give words similar in meaning to:
lair, disappear, inside, empty, quickly.
3. Give the names of the shops where you would buy the following:
fruit spectacles flowers
hats milk newspapers
fish meat sweets
tobacco
4. Change all nouns and verbs into plural:
(1) The lady is very beautiful. (4) The valley is broad.
(2) Is the salmon fresh? (5) The goose makes a loud noise.
(3) The son-in-law is ill.
5. Who use the following articles?
hoe anvil spanner
solder palette safety-lamp
awl "goose" hod
cleaver
TEST 13

In the following sentences there are groups of two words within brackets. One of
the two words is correct, the other wrong. Underline the correct word:

(1) William can (ran, run) faster than (I, me).

(2) It was (me, I) who (did, done) it.
(3) George and (he, him) (has, have) gone on holiday.
(4) Between you and (me, I) I think they (was, were) wrong.
(5) (He, Him) and (me, I) are twelve years of age.
A number of sheep is called a flock. Insert the most suitable word in each of the

following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a
a
a
a
of wolves
of bees
of herring
of cattle
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
a
a
a
a
of ships
of singers
of thieves
of rascals
General Tests

In the following sentences underline the correct word of the two words within
Itiitckets:
{I) You ought to visit her now (but, that) you know where she stays.
{/) Write down the answers (as, when) you were taught.

(I) The boy tried hard (but, that) he failed.

(4) (Than, When) he conies let us know.
(5) The man was careful (except, lest) he should fall.
�I, (a) Give the plural of:
deer, mouse, pansy, tooth, woman.
(b) Give the masculine of:
cow, duchess, duck, waitress, niece.
H� By accident the sentences of this story were jumbled. Re-arrange them in their

proper order:
Fortunately he saved her from serious injury.
Suddenly her ball rolled into the middle of the road, and she ran after it.
A passer-by saw the girl's danger and ran to her aid.
A little girl was playing on a busy street.
At that moment a motor came dashing round the corner.

TEST 14

1. In the following sentences underline the correct word of the two words within
brackets:
(1) How he managed it remains a (duty, mystery).
(2) James was honest and (deceptive, diligent).
(3) The stranger asked if I could (direct, inform) him to the station.
(4) The (remedy, illness) or cure is very simple.
(5) His opinion differed (against, from) mine.
2. (a) Punctuate the following correctly:
tell me said the old gentleman what is your name.
(b) Form adjectives from:
reason, success, south, fool, France.
3. Use the correct prepositions in the blank spaces:
(1) The bottle was filled water.
(2) He was told not to meddle the toys.
(3) The two brothers divided the apple them.
(4) That hat is similar mine.
(5) I hope I can rely you.
4. With whom do you associate the following?
Example: anvil � blacksmith.
(1) rifle (5) letters
(2) prescription (6) pulpit
(3) telescope (7) sheep
(4) spectacles (8) joy-stick
General Tests

5. Opposite each phrase are groups of words in brackets. Underline the group of
words in brackets which gives the correct meaning of the phrase:
down in the mouth (speaking quickly) (in low spirits)
a peppery individual (a cranky person) (a happy person)
out of sorts (not well) (of great courage)
hard up (good enough) (short of money)
beside oneself (overcome with anger or grief) (very self-satisfied)

TEST 15

1. Underline the correct word of the group of words in brackets:

(1) A person who eats too much is a (miser, glutton, hypocrite).
(2) A lady who sells hats is a (milliner, florist, hosier).
(3) John, who is my aunt's son, is my (nephew, brother, cousin).
(4) A soldier who rides on horseback is in the (marines, cavalry, infantry).
(5) A wooden shelter made for a dog is a (byre, stable, kennel).
2. Give words opposite in meaning to:
present bitter
entrance polite
east danger
guilty lost

3. Underline the correct word in each of the brackets:

(Who, Whom) do you think I (saw, seen)?
All but one (was, were) saved�when the ship (sank, sunk).
Each of the men (has, have) a right to (their, his) opinion.
Between you and (I, me), the boys (wasn't, weren't) pleased.
Let you and (me, I) stay after the others have (gone, went).

4. We say "As black as coal". Supply the missing words in the following:
as blind as as cold as
as quiet as as good as
as gentle as as sharp as
as happy as as fresh as

5. Following are five sentences, which, if arranged properly, would make a short
story. Re-arrange them in proper order:
The bird, highly flattered, opened her mouth to sing.
One day a crow spied a piece of cheese on a window sill.
The cheese fell and was soon eaten by the crafty animal.
She picked it up and flew to a neighbouring tree.
A cunning fox approached and praised her voice.

Printed by Bell and Bain Ltd., Glasgow

REVISED
FIRST
AID
IN

ENGLISH

BY

ANGUS MACIVER

ISBN 07169 4073 6

�Angus Maciver, 1988

ROBERT GIBSON Publisher

17 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow, G3 7SF
FIRST AID IN ENGLISH SERIES

By Angus Maclver

Used whenever the English language is spoken or taught, these famous

text-books have now sold over three million copies. As a guide to
perfect acquaintance with our language, in every aspect of idiom,
everyday usage, and formal syntax, these books cannot be bettered.

THE NEW FIRST AID IN ENGLISH (Revised Edition), 192 pages

ANSWERS to THE NEW FIRST AID IN ENGLISH, 64 pages
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Concise First Aid in English has been edited and arranged by

D.A. MacLennan, M.A., with the emphasis on current usage and

practice.
READERS
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BOOKC. Buried Treasure. 192 pages ISBN 0 7169 5502 4
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BOOKE. Crossing The Line. 264 pages [SBN0716955040
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CORRECT ENGLISH by D. A. MacLennan

A diagnostic and remedial pupil's book of 32 pages, pinpointing and
remedying most of the common errors in writing and speech. A feature
is ease of reference from one section to another.

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Over 2,500 test items covering Vocabulary, Simple Grammar,
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