v_011ff\ •m ~,,,~,m . 1~ .. :ai,'.J-:-·~ ~ .,". ,.., •°"" ·-= - ~ ".'.'_ ,.

-,,
r>
~
\
l:L,_.,.,._tA4-t >,\- ~ .... ~-½'-''( - C'-'..u_.t,.,_ G <.:::>enLC~j"--"
I

~ T.T.3& (C> -. t i.zaAM< . , .,._ 0---- A,,w:fian) 711A onl~ 1: J.,, lmprapeT Integral or lype I. tr li m
C . ..
J' ,,,dsi. (M " r0/11
a
number )
~ F : R-R_,...., lhon - aay U,al lbe lmprop,:r tnt.egraJ co.,,,,;;:g.,,., Md .,,, write
f."• I ~ clim
-•- f'• / .
(a) V,r E R. ,...(s ) • - F'(z},

(b) F'(O) • I . - '

(cl F'(Ol • O ln De6nitiooa 7.8.l and 7.8.2, 3t '> 0 eudl that either / ia unbounded on
{ci,o+c) or/ la msbow,ded an (b - t,l>I, but ool bolb (9tt E:r.m:ioe I). We cao
udwf-d-F'(s) -ca,L l!ld.eDd the notion a( lmptoper Integral lO Include ..,_ in wbkh both of th-
.,. true, or / '• nnbnnnded In mme oeighborbood of an interio< point or (o, bl
Pn,al.~• The following deflnitiao , _ lbeN p,aubiliti...

Deftnltlon T.8.3 Suppcma u.ai, for eome o < c < b. one or both or f 1:
and f. I are improper integral& 1.a • - p ~ ddme:L Lr tbe improper
7.8 •1,npoper Riemann lr1teg1als mtegrala (botll) ~ . tbeo .,,, eay tJw f. I converge,, aod write
adlill'-' al• 6mctioD CM!t 1111 u,terw1, -
b _. 1 f · · d tbe p ·
,_a (1 ) ~ a. h::w:tirw be bc-mded - the __...J., 11DC1 (2) that the ID- 1: I = J: I + t /.
- - ' cl ·
prom,. - - - - .._ I
cm-. ----..
b-1

ftllS -
wkJ
... Indoed, tbe cbamw -
•
tum,~ wl tbelr
b' tblir ..udity, Tbare ~
co e:dBMI tbe lllOIXlll cl ~ lo lltaa-
ne
Olbenriae, wt ay lbat J,' I di,,.,..g,,a,
..
tima :m ""'-2 - cs bad, al u.■e b h-1 - 1•·- .,. not iut. For Example T.a., Show tJw each of the following ia an improper integral, and
czw:,pir ...,. lftlli& l = f. - ~ a:pec& dial.. iD - - determine tbdr ~ or divergence.

!.'
t
dt
r.""'9i
vl-r•
- -'I
2
(See Di&itioD 7.7.18.) (a)
/.I:r
0
l
dz
t
(b)
/.I ,Ii
.
0
t
th

.._, ~ . . , . '-silc 1;.,/f'=111e r ".'I znr ~ on
aba11 -below. tiiio io.., i-c ,.., 1111,e,gml al "type L"
IMP1iDPEll INTECBAUI OP TYPE I
ID, 11, >.. we Solutkm. (a) The functloo /(:r:) = , is conunuous and bouaded o u
:r
az,,y cl...! loterval (c, 1), for O < c < I. Thu.s, / is in~able on le, II. but "'
not lntegr&bla OD 10, l) liDce it is IIOt bounded tbe.-e (ll ~ oot · ~ define<! M
1

1
I
;,: s 0) . Tbua,
0
1:t dr i.s an improper integnJ.
[W\nitim, 1 LI flsc:J ,_ • < •wt/ le ~ o n .-ydooed hlblntenu
al tho bm Jc,lj. - - . . <~<•· bod/ led w.,.-bleoo fa,b). 'Thm .,,call Now, forO < c< 1, [ ~ dr = [-:r- 1
]~ =~ - L
f.
J: I .., mp ; r 'ri c -.I Ill t)'Jla J. U ~ mora (u • raJ rrumber)
1•-1
11 (1- - 1) = +oo.
1

I.hen ~ ..,, tMI. 1M iN j p., laLtigr.a1 ==•= ... Tbua, 11m -• dz • 11m Thttefore, ~ dz divt:rge:S,
ud f t W1'1te r-0••• c-0-+c o~

f. I- ,'!!!.f. /. (b) Tbe function /(:r)

1
= -,/:t Is coo.llnuous and bo=ded on "'IIY cl,-:!
If l1ua llaut d<ia ,_ ail&, u.m .., -, Ulet tlie imp<opa lrrt.eg,aJ dlver1•. le.
Interval ll, lot O < c < I. Thus, / 19 lntegnble on (c, I), but ia l>Dt lntegr..ble
on IO, lJ aloce It II not bouoded th= l it ia not e\..,D defined at :t 0) . Thus. =
Deftnltloa 7.&.2 Svpp,:aa• <bend/ II ~ o o r,wyd,-,f111blnt.erval t I
ofthe form fa.cf, wber1: a < c < •• but 111- -.,.bleo.. lo,hj Th...,.. call h n ;;;.
- d:r II an lm!'l'Of><IC lntegre.l.
 I '

~T

p,ool, lupJa• f. J • • 1a,.opw ~d Typa t. We --.s., lbe

oa11ar-~-.. - s
_,. 111 whldl / •~~~-~ .,7~•
•••E • • •
(c,b), • • o < c < I,. n..

- 1/(•)I / (:r) s 1/(•)I, .,

o ~ / (•> + 1/C•)I s 21/C•)I.
~ , ._. 1"- 0 u u n., I),,.,_.• < •• .,,., /r,r 1111 But f.111-••--. b.r 'v5: t
f.'ltll..., _,_.._ U.--,
I, 110 ti,
, , """' - ,.,.,. ·a,.. . -1-,•I• qt.,_._,.,, (46) aad • ~ - • f. U'8) + 1/(•>t> - · • -·
,_.. - - • • : ' - { I , 4, l l'Y - t/ J: I--,... ~ • .._
Now, Va< c < ••
•
~ . _ . . • , ._ ....t ._ < • < , 0 S / (a ) S ,<a), Md /,f uw t. 1- t.1u • 111>- 110 - t.u + Ill> - f. VI.
__.,..,_ - .., ,, S..,... C 1 = - SI-. ,<a) ~ 0 oa (o.'f, tbt
r. ,,_ ~f.l....., .._boui !f:.f.U+ l/1) -s ~f.111..._
.-. .- , ..........
"-1.&a : 1 • _____, 111G g ca ~ ~). 5mm I CWWWW&W,
ni-6,n,f.J-♦--- •

D'SR.CJBB Bl' T.a.A

f: I ~ 4 I ~ f., C- .a-.).

_ . ...... -,. ,
n- ~ ~
.
" .... ,
.., -.
u.n a. J: 1ma.uc11asf.,. n.&1a.t.1 L S...,.-IM~b
pabia•~dia+Jf
olDehitiaa TA.1-aa:: a<• ud/ ■-.
Ml<Jlllieba(c.11,wliaao<c< .. &I&
Afi w\bu&/ia-W i mh<:>a 1-,tj. "-llluln >0~ / ■-
hoe• 1 t a la, o + c). Sia.ca • limillir 1-i& ubod D+:itinn ...4.2..

............ . j' T\,. -

. ,- .. -
,. · - --- - w- ..-. "O s /(:i) s
.....,, .,.. 4' t,y 1z.~-- ..

• ,_ .. , • • • ., .........c., C - - - -J ~ 1:I .. .., ,,,.,,,..,,_, .,..

.. -: ,: I - l>"" "- ,. "'1J f. I 1/11 " ~ ....,, ••r "'°'
w
r.u<, ,...y- , ._.,._,~
(d) f1
_!_lk
abu (() (,~""
1 - l
 439
7.8 • lmpro p,,r lllcn, an., l.nugr ala

w [ I
;s• (\) [ <•~,v• (I) l .: I. .'.'
1::
au - thu Yo < b, I lo Integrable cm
°"'8.n ltlan T.a. u
J ..,,_ _ tme; ,a!af t,..,. 111 1rar _,.c
(o, 6j . Tben .., call
e R. boll> £_ I and
-I
r.- I orarnwp, wa-. that C / am• wgw, Md write
fJ) Lr1~ .. f.'c"b
(kJ . 7s
(I) f.' .... . c, -,~., + 1:... ,.
~ -. . i.lia lC/ dl- .-
(a J
[12
~ ~b
tias J.'
I er
(D) 0 ;i;i Eum pi. 'l'.I . U Deler mioe tho con.. ,,gen
a, or diver gence oi ....:h of <b• rnl-
lowinc im.propw m.,gn lo.

(&) 1- ~"'
I z'
(b)
I vX '
r- ~· -
(cl C•'dz
Soha tloa. (a) 'The funai oa /(:r) ~ ; • i., CDOl.i
JJuous oa U.• c1-d u,ten ,,J

i. 0 --- ,- a=--- c.. cliwu ~ !.' •

s{lll:rjJ"
II , hi far .U 6 > l , " " - It la lalegrobla there
llm r. ~
d% - lim [-.,- •1~ = Um
. Ma< _,,
=, I. [1 -.i~
Tb. ._, r"J: ,'~3-.:~ 1- ;.:-
J, 1 J:
I.

(bl n.,; ~ /(,:) •

. Ma<
i
b c,oall nuooa cm lhc cl-. ! ID1.......i (I. llj
.,.,_,
b-

all 6 > I, i.-,. lt lo ln\egral,le there

llm f...;. .u: e 11m l2,/i \~ • 11m (2..lb - ·1J -

._OD +oo.
IMJ> aOP EA JNTl llGJL UII OF TYP
ZD

· ;ilblot..ala,'i-lTllm °'c'·
. Tbermara,
1-l. ,/i a
l .
I>-:'!'
I
1 'Ii/%

di-a...
..__

Of ti T...... s.r,p ,_. e a-s v•> a./• I

- caJl r.-' I • - . - - .._.,al.,,._
D. JI ~f . 1 - . -111(1
(c) T h ~ C ~dz .,. m'Ullt co..i der "'° """°""'• io~.. i... '"Y
u..r ,- 1 - - - r.,.
,.,-, _ .. - [ .. .-aonc1
1 - 0• J. 1'11111, [ .
J:"
--
.-tJ:r .Flm. , .'!!_~_[~dz • •~-(••l~ - • lim,_ ll - c•'I =
••= con...,,,. (to I).
•-+oo [••tu= f,• · lj = +<'<' Thu• .
a-S Y• < •,J • ..... ..... •lo,t,j,,,,.,. llm lim
Hm I,'): : ._
- .aar_, .. ._...__ .._.,,,,.,.,.n.U_~f.J........ MY
~ 7.._J O ~ • - S..0., ,1\y, O ..._ .. ~ • l>l:t

1.•• .-u '"'•~IUI! dl..,, ~... ..,.

r._,
1.-•"dz
dl...g,,i. Slaee on• or th- two ,n,pra pc,r
UW COG . . _ , - eori&c

,._, --~-r. /. mull ffi1 lh"1 div,,rgea. 0

Tin) $11ppo.« ,,..,, Vz ? n, n ~

O,berw,..._"•1tJw f... I d1. ._. Th.,. ,fflm T.11. Ill ( Com J"'No on Te,t,
1• "'"' f'.,. / 5 1•-
• Y
!. d..., f.•"'
• •
/(:r) 5 g(:r). (/ •+• 9 <on<..-'}'<•, 1/1,n • •

~
/ ' Tt7JfC IliL!!DL:J
1iCZJZ~'Z'Z!J'Ai ~
 7A " I ; ; --...i...,..
4'1

lolu&lo&. w.

["}.-""'· I 1
~ l . L H { C'i • - ~ Ul) S.,,... uwa,Vz S &, 0 S
(a) ConeM- / 0. Tu- dz. Fair ?< % < 1, ca > I .. ..r-z.ca > ,/i, ...
• ._ r • II - _,
O
,a - .., " - ' t.._J . ...i f°_I
S t__,. ~ 1
<~l •- En .._ T • •
\/~ · -
___, •'--
1IJIIW ........_ -
J.'
e -,.
l
,.jz dz-. r- lM. IIC .......
--- -- - L ,l "/•r'
' I
"'7 wa

CIDlllpanaml - • /.
0 J'"....- • -......

(b) 0 ffe r ;_ .. li'br z > l; ,/z > I, 00 ,r-,. > r-. eo

~ ! · Na., ~ti•-·• ~1--t. • ~ [!- ~] •
,.___ . ,. l • ( # a, t·, C
, . =-.-.---~;,f t.,. CL II f. 1/1 c
I ) s.,.,..f.J (....,..o•oour
fCI, U.... 00 ....._,
nu., r ;..
<

(c) By (a) ud (b) ~ .

,Is - - - -

C }_ dz ==••-- O
1/e.

p..t •• h«"l'l

• FINAL CA.trnON ON IMPROPER. INTZGJLU.S

- -~ _ • •- - - ~ = C: ....- . , , ~ - el:nnlsseq• ....,.v.: ~ 1. 1-:."I s Can - be lalim - &o cmct11de 'Ila- ia; ...., ·
bnlcalq Ila ardlwy-.- n.y c1o DO&. li'br en pt -lmmrl.lar.if/
vw bebaw alp-
;_ " - - L . - i . "" . . ._ ,... - be:mpie ., .a. u. □ Mid p an bllapahla - (a. Ii, t.ba ., ia u.ir ;codDc1 , .. Sm 11 ia aoc u-
:-
\AM if u.. -'+'"pc. i..p... f. J u4
1
f.,
cwwww.,.w.. cam., doe f. Jg. Rr

a■IDpla,
/0
.
l u
~ -.-.-, bul J.' (7z
l )' c ciaa QOt. F<X ~ _ _
O
- obowiac \ha& impn,pa ......... do - all l.btt ~ ~ propc1les
ol ontiDary Ins C A., - E: .._ 4 Mid S bem.
,'r'rJ, f' fJd. U,Tf:C.IUJ.8 0 1' J,,{[XED 'rYPES

, ,., _ ..-. .,, , _ ~ ,,y,,., •

t
~
s..,,.. ~ CX&liQpl.a: abt,w-1 .
~~ a;:,,.; 1.-MJ (A a.u • ~~ Lm,egral.
l
.,._, a,_;. - ,J f.;d i
, •••• ,~ ........ .,✓••• lt<A ...n. ~n-c -- - 1 ' EXERCISE SET 7.&-B

l . 0 . ~ Ule CCA-.-,.C QI di-auic,t ol 8Kh ol lbe followin& impropu

• • Ull"'CR& F\nd I.be ...i,,_ ol UKa lb&1 COO"'""Je.
 7,g 0
1.,ebeogue'• Cril«loo lor ,u-..,,,. lnc.e,;rability 443

642 n.-....-.i 1.r•..

..
~ 7 • 11
f,..+ll• lsiozl ;._ l sin:zl
J.
•

f .-.
(cl Sbaw tbat Vn E N,
..
- - dz ~ / ,
.,_, - . - dz
I.It.! [ ~ (b)
(n +
•
+
• 1wul > l
l)w - 1 1• - , - - Z(k 4- I),
,. (d) Shaw Ual Vt EN, Vs E J• (k

(ti
)_ r -•a {d) f 7c= (e) Uoe ( c) Md {d) to P"""' tbat .I!!"_ J•
( ,.+ l)• l11n z l
- _.- tu = ~"° \Rl><:AU

f•' J,- .._= ,t:

I •
(0 f oiarb
&.
the barmodo ..,;.., Example 2.!'>. I 6,I

One mlg),l mcpect that 11 Jo J .,.,,,,,.,._ tben 'h: > D• •~ fl:s: l = O.

(Ll
••
f I~ =3
l a (l,) r·; a
b.it thlo ie not -.v\ly true, u lhDW'D by Jo""" dr. r
sin r f .....:'
r,, r --4: I • [·-,Ii
(a) Uoe ln1egr&tion by ~ to obto.in f ?"" :r2 d: = 2% •
Jo r
2r dz..

-
Ol • ~ " ' (b) Uoe the rmult of (a) to pnM! that CDS d: C X I Q - . Sbow tbal.
., _ 1 -::l:
Um aaor' dos not em!..
r.J f ~-c (I}
f 7s'='i
I
.. a 7. Prove that in D,,1m1t1an 7.8.11 lhe choice ol c affecto lleiU,ec the con=•
g,euc,e of C
J nor II• ""1ue. •

,,.1 [ ;:-1: 1
,. • <•>[ ~:r>2 a· 8. (•) Pn:m" Tlumt!m 1.8.13.
l fc,_2,_~..__
.,...,,,,__ _ _ drc
.i...._mllooialo,cl'IIIID~-
. . .._mrbwblmtMuup,il (b) Slate Mid pNM1 a modification ol ~ 7.8.13 in which '1J $
/(:r} S 9(z)" la "'Pla<>ed by "O 2: J(:s:) 2: 9(:c)." lllustn.tc ~b.ic2'lly.

~-
u- ...

f•J[ ~
'•, f:" =-=

vr- •zJ
fb)J;-•
-- -- I,,, . . . . ---

(b) [ I ~
(c) J;":r- cr
11,o

:rds
"'°"'""' ~
0. (a) Prov,, Theorem 7 .8.14.
(b) St• and prove & modification of Tbeo,em 7.8. 14 m wtucb "O S
/{z) :S 11M" la replaced by "O 2: /(r) 2: g(:r) ," LUmU't\1c gn,.prucally.
10. Prov,, Tbeorem 7.8.16.

7.9 •Lebesgue's Criterion for Riemann

Integrability
Tb.la 11,cdon c.t.D be llklppe:I or Maignrd ._. 1ndependci1t ,ea,1.
Ing. The conc:eptl are abet.fact Mid I.he proofs ar• rbalJ•or;ing

In lbla -UC.a f t im-,>I what b petb.apo tbe moot cel•bta.Lecl criterion for the
llltegnblllty <M • bounded function on • compact intccval It i! a rsmughtfor-
wud crltor\on, lllwlvlng on\y tbt eot of pointl of dl.scontiouity of tb.• fwlctioo.
Tbla ttul), ..,,.a,liablo crltedon II NAY to 1tate but ro.r from e&Ay to proY1!. Wt
begin by otallng the crltman u • t.hcon,m. Then .., develop ita proof i.n stagea.
)'1, - , .4-!I, II w\11 ti. ~ I In thla ""'1 tho lollowl•A .....,..,
--
\~· Na

l!:XEROIB! SET 7.1-A

1, 9up.- / lll&lpsble OU ffWJ (c,'f Mda tu& a< C < •. 811~ ' - - ~
dldloe &W , > o, / i- bo!•echd wa la.•+,). n..., ....,. I • ...,. bo-, 'ml
00 (a+ c,"I, 1, la bo!eechd • (a,1,j. 87 Tlim. 7,4.7, / • ~ O i l 1... ;_j
eo-,adlctloD. .... "I·
, . (a) 1.wprop,r, di-.,. lo +oo. (b) lal.propr ..-,,wpa 1o 2.
(c) N°' Imp-ops. (d) ~ i di-.- lo +oo.
(•>Lmpropr. - - - - lo - 1. (f) lmprgper; ........ w 2v'i.
(&) 1mpropr. c11._.... I ~ J: '°
+oo, f-_ 1 / dlv. 1o - oo.
(b) lmpropr, di-.- lo +oo. (I) Improper; dhwpa lo +oo.
0) Not IIDpropa. (k) lmprope. , wavwaw to 2(• - 1). (I) Noe imp.opw.
(m) Noe lmpni,ps. (D} Iwp.opw, diNIW ..:oo. '° .
[-1]
6.
l l/J d;&
-=---= • llm -
s(las)2
I/a
_.. las •
dz
• 1/ ID 2, wa.w.-. /.I ....,......__.. •

s:
0 I/J :r(l:Ds)2

Jim[~)~ ,. •+aD, di-.-. TLi&&!:. (1

,._1- ,. • Jo s ji di...._
EXERCIB B SET T.1-B

L (a) Coa.waw to l· (b) Cua¥. to 1. (c) IX~aw to +oo.

(d) Co.av. &o 2. (e) DiY. to +oo,. (f) Dhwpl. (g) Caav. lo f.
(b) Co.av. to 1/c. (1) Cc.uwwwgw lo•· 0) Coav. to 2 - 1/c.
· (k) Coa;. lo 1. (l),(m),(D) IXY. ID +oo.
2. { a) Oouwwgw ~ r > 1. (b) 0o..N&W * r < l . (c) Oi¥wpl i:r all r .
rill J;° s_./J,h. (b) Div. by aap. with J;" s - 1ta,1;z.
S. (•}. Coav. by aiaip.
(c) DI.....-. . - J;" I diN_. bf CXliilpariloD wiLb 1 ii
:r- lldz.
(d) Co.av. by map. rill ii
s41'1a. (e) Coav. by CXliilp. witll r-'; r-!\p.

I
tI
(!)

(b)
Coa-.-, al.- J:!,1 -. by 011111p. with 1-! ~, J: I a:iaa
WMlll / la OOD&in•IO'» oa

6. (a) Foe :r 2: .-, 0 S ~ S -:, , and

l- 3, - 11, and J:': I c:oov. by (e).
ii -:,a cm-...
J: ~,a • (- ¼001sJ: - J: a,icu, 10 J."" ~ch ,.. - 1 - J;' ~a.
3
1

(c) (,r, ?r, Jw , . .. , .- + nw} ii a pa,c.iLioD o( I•, (n + l)• } . Apply Cor. 7.4.3.
(d) For 1M1.11 n, :r E lntr,(n+ l}lr) .. am:r 2: ! •-:-'
2: rr,.¼n;;
fbt odd ,,, :r E In•, (n + l)•J ,. liD :r $ :.,/ • -:-' $ 1(. : 111. :