In stimulated emission the incident photon and emitted photon are Coherent with each other In inverted population always the population of higher energy state is, More than lower energy state Ruby is a crystal of ALO, In Ruby crystal aluminum atoms are replaced by Cr; Ruby crystal contains the Chromium about 0.05% Colour of Chromium is Pink Dimensions of the Ruby rod are 4 cm length, 0.5 cm in diameter The Ruby rod is surrounded by a helical Xenon flash tube Population inversion occurs in non-equilibrium state Transmission loss of optical fiber compared to copper wire is lower Step index fiber sustains only ‘Single mode of propagation —__ ‘Multimode of propagation Compared to copper cable the information carrying capacity of optical fiber system is Superior In optical fiber, ray undergoes total internal reflection only if angle of incidence is greater than critical angle In fiber optics, the signal source is Light waves. The main drawback of ruby laser is that the output beam is nat continuous The main advantages of gas lasers are Manachramatic, pure spectrum ‘The gas laser consist of a fused Quartz tube Mixture of He : Ne is filled in the tube with pressure of 1.0: 0.1 mm of Hg In Gas laser tube is filled with majority of He and minority of Ne In Gas laser, excited He atoms colloid with Ne atoms Excited state has life time 10" sec 10° sec is the life time of metastable state Semiconductor diode laser have sides of the order of Lum CamScanner + Wise asuaall