Applied Mathematics and Computation 149 (2004) 83–101

www.elsevier.com/locate/amc

Modulation of nonlinear waves near

the marginal state of instability
in fluid-filled elastic tubes
I_ lkay Bakirtasß a, Hilmi Dem_ıray b,*

a
Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Engineering Science, Istanbul Technical University,
Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey
b
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Isik University,
Buyukdere Caddesi, 80670 Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract
Using the nonlinear differential equations governing the motion of a fluid-filled and
prestressed long thin elastic tube, the propagation of nonlinear waves near the marginal
state is examined through the use of reductive perturbation method. It is shown that the
amplitude modulation near the marginal state is governed by a generalized nonlinear
Schr€odinger (GNLS) equation. Some exact solutions, including oscillatory and solitary
waves of the GNLS equation are presented.
Ó 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The nonlinear Schr€odinger (NLS) equation describes the evolution of self-

modulation of one-dimensional monochromatic plane waves in dispersive
media. Generally, the NLS equation is derived by balancing the weak non-
linearity with the band-width of a quasi-monochromatic plane wave. The
modulational stability and instability of the plane wave solution of the NLS
equation depends on the sign of the product of the coefficients. Namely, the

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: demiray@isikun.edu.tr (H. Dem_ıray).

0096-3003/$ - see front matter Ó 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0096-3003(02)00958-X
84 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

plane wave solution to the NLS equation is modulationally stable if the sign of
the product is negative and unstable if the product is positive. Therefore, the
marginal state of the modulational instability occurs when the coefficient of the
nonlinear term vanishes. For such critical cases, the NLS equation degenerates
into the linear Schr€ odinger equation. In other words, the asymptotic expansion
near this critical wave number is not valid anymore; and, therefore, the in-
tensity of the nonlinearity should be enlarged to balance the nonlinearity with
the band-width. In such an expansion the effect of higher order nonlinearity
must be taken into account. The main concern of this work is to elaborate such
a case for the nonlinear equations governing the prestressed fluid-filled elastic
tubes.
The problem of nonlinear self-modulation of small-but-finite amplitude
waves in fluid-filled compliant tubes has been considered by several researchers
in the current literature. Ravindran and Prasad [1] showed that, for a linear
elastic tube-wall model, the modulation of nonlinear pressure waves is gov-
erned by a NLS equation. Erbay et al. [2], using a viscoelastic model for the
tube wall, studied a similar problem and showed that the evolution equation is
a dissipative NLS equation. Demiray [3–5], in a series of papers examined
modulation of nonlinear waves in a prestressed elastic or viscoelastic fluid-
filled thin tubes and obtained the evolution equations as the NLS or dissipative
NLS equation depending on the balance between the nonlinearity, dispersion
and dissipation. In the latter works, a set of elastic and viscoelastic constitutive
equations proposed by Demiray [6,7] for soft biological tissues are utilized. As
pointed out by Erbay [8], for this type of tube material the plane wave solution
of NLS equation becomes modulationaly stable or unstable, depending on the
wave number and the initial deformation. In other words, for this type of
material, there may be a set of initial deformations and wave numbers at which
the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the NLS equation vanishes. For such
cases, in order to balance the nonlinearity with the band-width a new scaling
for the nonlinearity must be introduced. This problem has been studied before
by Erbay [8], by using an inner pressure–inner area relation derived from
the uniform expansion of the tube and obtained a generalized nonlinear
Schr€odinger (GNLS) equation. However, in [8] the dependence of inner pre-
sure on the axial coordinate is artifically introduced.
In present work, employing the exact nonlinear inner pressure and the radial
displacement relation of a prestressed thin elastic tube, which is assumed to be
a model for large arteries, by use of the reductive perturbation method [9], the
self modulation of nonlinear plane monochromatic waves is studied and NLS
equation is obtained. Then, considering the possibility of vanishing coefficient
of the nonlinear term in the NLS equation for a set of initial deformation and
the wave numbers, a new scaling is introduced for the balance of nonlinearity
and dispersion and the GNLS equation is obtained. Using the approach given
in [10], the travelling wave solutions of the GNLS equation are presented. It is
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 85

observed that these solutions of the GNLS equation include both oscillatory
and solitary waves.

2. Basic equations and nonlinear wave modulation

We consider a circularly cylindrical long thin tube made of an isotropic

elastic material, which is assumed to be a model for an artery, and subjected to
an axial stretch ratio kz and to a static inner pressure P0 . In the course of blood
flow, a dynamical radial displacement is superimposed on this initial static
field. In reality, blood is an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid. However, for
the sake of its simplicity in the analysis, we shall treat it as an incompressible
inviscid fluid. Due to smallness of viscosity the variation of field variables with
radial coordinate may be neglected; therefore, the averaged equations of mo-
tion may be used. Following Demiray [5], the nondimensionalized field equa-
tions may be given as follows:


m o2 u 1 oR 1 o 1 oR ou
p0 þ p ¼ þ
;
Kh ot2 Kh oKh Kh oz Kz oKz oz
ð1Þ
ou ow ou ow ow op
2 þ ð1 þ uÞ þ 2w ¼ 0; þw þ ¼ 0;
ot oz oz ot oz oz
where u is the radial displacement, R is the strain energy density function of the
tube, w is the axial fluid velocity, p is the fluid pressure increment from initial
static pressure, m is a parameter related to mass densities of the tube and the
fluid and Kh and Kz are defined by
"
2 #1=2
ou
Kh ¼ 1 þ u; Kz ¼ 1 þ : ð2Þ
oz

For our future purposes we need the power series expansion of R in terms of
u and its derivatives with respect to the space variable z. Noting the series
expansion of 1=Kh , Kz and 1=Kz , i.e.,
1=Kh ¼ 1
u þ u2
u3 þ u4
u5    ;

2
4
1 ou 1 ou
Kz ¼ 1 þ
;
2 oz 8 oz ð3Þ

2
4
1 ou 3 ou
1=Kz ¼ 1
þ
;
2 oz 8 oz
the pressure p may be expressed as follows:
p ¼ L1 ðuÞ þ L2 ðuÞ þ L3 ðuÞ þ L4 ðuÞ þ L5 ðuÞ; ð4Þ
86 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

where the expressions of the functions L1 ðuÞ; . . . ; L5 ðuÞ are given in the Ap-
pendix A (A.1).
Now, we shall commence to examine the amplitude modulation of weakly
nonlinear waves in a fluid-filled nonlinear thin elastic tube whose dimensionless
governing equations are given in (1). For that purpose we introduce the fol-
lowing coordinate stretching

n ¼
ðz
ktÞ; s ¼
2 t; ð5Þ

where
is a small parameter measuring the weakness of nonlinearity and k is a

constant to be determined later. It will be assumed that the field quantities are
functions of
, the fast variables ðz; tÞ and slow variables ðn; sÞ. We shall further
assume that the field variables may be expanded into asymptotic series of the
following form:
X
1 X
n
ðu; w; pÞ ¼
n ðUnðjÞ ; WnðjÞ ; PnðjÞ Þ expfi½jðxt
kzÞg þ c:c:; ð6Þ
n¼1 j¼0

where UnðjÞ ; WnðjÞ ; PnðjÞ are functions of the slow variables ðn; sÞ, x is the angular
frequency, k is the wave number, i is the complex unit and c.c. stands for the
complex conjugate of the corresponding quantities. Introducing the transfor-
mation (5) and the expansion (6) into the field equations (1) and (4) the fol-
lowing sets of equations are obtained:
O(
) order equations and their solutions:

ð1Þ ð1Þ 2x ð1Þ 2x2

U1 ¼ U ðn; sÞ; W1 ¼ U ðn; sÞ; P1 ¼ U ðn; sÞ; ð7Þ
k k2
provided that the dispersion relation, ð2 þ mk 2 Þx2
ðb1 þ a0 k 2 Þk 2 ¼ 0, holds
true. Here U ðn; sÞ is an unknown function whose governing equation will be
obtained later. It is easily seen that the coefficient functions Unð1Þ are arbitrary,
provided that the dispersion relation is satisfied. Therefore, without loosing the
generality of the problem we can set Unð1Þ ¼ 0 for n 6¼ 1.
O(
2 ) order equations and their solutions:
 
ð0Þ ð0Þ x2
P2 ¼ b1 U2 þ 2
2 2 þ ðb1 þ b2 Þ þ 4a1 k 2 jU j2 ; ð8Þ
k

ð1Þ i x  oU
ð1Þ x x  oU
W2 ¼
2
k ¼ 0; P2 ¼
4i
k ¼ 0;
k k on k2 k on
ð9Þ
ð1Þ x2 ð1Þ oU
P2 ¼ 2 2 U2 þ 2iða0 k
mkxÞ :
k on
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 87

ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ 2x2 2

2xU2
kW2
3xU 2 ¼ 0; xW2
kP2
U ¼ 0;
k

2    ð10Þ
ð2Þ x ð2Þ x2
P2
8 2
3b1 U2

2 2 þ ðb1 þ b2 Þ þ 12a1 k 2 U 2 ¼ 0:
k k
ð1Þ
Equating the expressions of P2 given in Eq. (9) the following relation is ob-
tained:
h x x i oU
2 2 k

ða0 k
kmxÞ ¼ 0: ð11Þ
k k on
In order to have a nonzero solution for U the coefficient of oU =on in Eq. (11)
must vanish, which results in
2x2 þ a0 k 4
k ¼ vg ¼ : ð12Þ
xkð2 þ mk 2 Þ
The solution of Eq. (10) yields
ð2Þ ð2Þ x
U2 ¼ U0 U 2 ; W2 ¼ ð2U0
3ÞU 2 ;
k
ð13Þ
ð2Þ x2
P2 ¼ ð2U0
5ÞU 2 ;
k2
where the expression of U0 is given in the Appendix B (B.2).
O(
3 ) order equations and their solutions:
ð0Þ ð0Þ

oU oW 4x o 2

2k 2 þ 2 þ 2
k jU j ¼ 0;
on on k on
ð0Þ ð0Þ
ð14Þ
oW oP 4x2 o 2

k 2 þ 2 þ 2 jU j ¼ 0:
on on k on
ð1Þ ð1Þ
ð1Þ oU2 oW oU ð0Þ ð0Þ ð2Þ

ikW3
2k þ 2 þ2
2iðkW2 þ xU2 ÞU
6ixU  U2 ¼ 0;
on on os
ð1Þ ð1Þ
ð1Þ ð1Þ oW2 oP 2x oU ð0Þ ð2Þ
ixW3
ikP3
k þ 2 þ
2ixðUW2 þ U  W2 Þ ¼ 0;
on on k os
ð1Þ
ð1Þ 2x2 ð1Þ oU oU
P3 ¼ U
2iðkmx
a0 kÞ 2 þ 2imx
k2 3 on os
2
o U C1 2
þ ðmk2
a0 Þ 2 þ 2 jU j U :
on k
ð15Þ
Here, C1 is a constant whose expression is given in the Appendix B (B.1). From
the solution of Eq. (14) we have
88 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101
h xi 2
ð0Þ ð0Þ
U2 ¼ U1 jU j2 ; W2 ¼ 2 kð1 þ U1 Þ
4 jU j ; ð16Þ
k
where the expression of the coefficient U1 is given in the Appendix B (B.2).
ð1Þ ð1Þ
Eliminating W3 and P3 between the Eq. (15), the following NLS equation is
obtained:
oU o2 U 2
i þ l1 2 þ l2 jU j U ¼ 0; ð17Þ
os on
where the coefficients l1 and l2 are given in the Appendix B (B.7).
As can be shown (see [8]) the modulational stability of plane wave solution
to Eq. (17) depends on the sign of the product l1 l2 . If this product is negative
the plane wave is modulationally stable, if it is positive the wave is unstable.
The marginal state occurs when l1 l2 vanishes. The coefficient l1 is related
to the derivative of group velocity with respect to wave number and does not
vanish. The only possility for such a critical state to occur is vanishing l2 as
discussed in [8], this is the case for constitutive relations applicable to biological
tissues. When l2 vanishes, the NLS equation degenerates into the linear one.
This means that near this critical wave number and initial deformation, the
nonlinearity cannot be balanced by the band-width unless one rescales the
nonlinearity.
Therefore, for the analysis of this marginal state, we shall introduce the
following stretched coordinates:

n ¼
2 ðz
ktÞ; s ¼
4 t: ð18Þ

Introducing this stretched coordinates and the asymptotic expansion (6) into
the field equations (1) and (4) the following sets of equations are obtained:
O(
) order equations and their solutions:

ð1Þ ð1Þ x ð1Þ 2x2

U1 ¼ V ðn; sÞ; W1 ¼2 V ðn; sÞ; P1 ¼ V ðn; sÞ; ð19Þ
k k2
provided that the dispersion relation holds true. Here V ðn; sÞ is another un-
known function whose governing equation will be obtained later.
O(
2 ) order equations and their solutions:
 
ð0Þ ð0Þ x2 2 2
P2 ¼ b1 U2 þ 2
2 2 þ ðb1 þ b2 Þ þ 4a1 k jV j ; ð20Þ
k
ð2Þ ð2Þ x
U2 ¼ U0 V 2 ; W2 ¼ ð2U0
3ÞV 2 ;
k
ð21Þ
ð2Þ x2
P2 ¼ ð2U0
5ÞV 2 ;
k2
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 89

where U0 is a constant and its expression is the same as given in Eq. (13). Here,
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
due to assumption we made about U2 we obtain U2 ¼ W2 ¼ P2 ¼ 0.
O(
3 ) order equations and their solutions:
ð0Þ ð0Þ
P3 ¼ b1 U3 ; ð22Þ
x  oV
ð1Þ ð0Þ

ikW3 þ 2
k
2ixðW1 þ 3U0 ÞjV j2 V
2ikW2 V ¼ 0;
k on
ð1Þ ð1Þ xx  oV
ixW3
ikP3 þ 2
k
k k on
ð23Þ
x2 2 ð0Þ
þ i ð6
4U0 ÞjV j V
2ixW2 V ¼ 0;
k
ð1Þ oV K1 2
P3 ¼ 2iða0 k
kmxÞ þ jV j V ;
on k 2
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
2xU3
kW3 ¼ 0; xW3
kP3 ¼ 0;

2 
ð2Þ x ð2Þ
ð24Þ
P3 ¼ 8 2
3b1 U3 ;
k
ð3Þ ð3Þ
2xU3
kW3 þ 2xð2
3U0 ÞV 3 ¼ 0;
ð3Þ ð3Þ 2x2
xW3
kP3 þ ð3
2U0 ÞV 3 ¼ 0; ð25Þ

k 
ð3Þ x2 ð3Þ C2
P3 ¼ 18 2
8b1 U3 þ 2 V 3 :
k k
ð0Þ 2
Here, we have temporarily set U2 ¼ W1 jV j ; where W1 is a constant to be
determined from the solution, K1 ¼ C1 þ ðW1
U1 Þ½
2x2 þ ðb1 þ 2b2 Þk 2 þ
8a1 k 4  and the expression of C2 is given in the Appendix B (B.1). From the
solution of (23) we obtain
ð1Þ 2 x  oV x 2 ð0Þ
W3 ¼ i k

2 ðW1 þ 3U0 ÞjV j V
2W2 V ;
k k on k
ð26Þ
ð1Þ ix  x  oV x2 2 x ð0Þ
P3 ¼ 4 2 k

2 2 ðW1 þ 5U0
3ÞjV j V
4 W2 V :
k k on k k
ð1Þ
Comparing the expressions of P3 given in Eqs. (23) and (26) we have
h x  i oV
i 4x
k þ 2k 2 ða0 k
kmxÞ þ ½2x2 ðW1 þ 5U0
3Þ þ K1 
k on
2 ð0Þ
 jV j V þ 4xkW2 V ¼ 0: ð27Þ
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
The solution of Eq. (24) simply yields U3 ¼ W3 ¼ P3 ¼ 0. Finally, from the
solution of (25) we obtain
90 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

ð3Þ ð3Þ 2x
U3 ¼ U2 V 3 ; W3 ¼ ½U2 þ 2
3U0 V 3 ;
k
ð28Þ
ð3Þ 2x2
P3 ¼ 2 ½U2 þ 5ð1
U0 ÞV 3 ;
k
where the coefficient U2 is defined in Appendix B (B.2).
O(
4 ) order equations and their solutions:

oW2 h
ð0Þ
xi o

2 kð1 þ W1 Þ
4 jV j2 ¼ 0;
on k on
ð0Þ ð0Þ
oP2 oW 4x2 o 2 ð29Þ

k 2 þ 2 jV j ¼ 0;
on on k on
 
ð0Þ x2 2 2
P2 ¼ b1 W1
4 2 þ 2ðb1 þ b2 Þ þ 8a1 k jV j ;
k


ð0Þ ð0Þ 4  oV oV 
P4 ¼ b1 U4 þ K3 jV j þ 2iðkmx
a0 k þ 4a1 kÞ V
V ; ð30Þ
on on
ð1Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ

ikW4
2iðxU3 þ kW3 ÞV ¼ 0;
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð0Þ
ixW4
ikP4
2ixW3 V ¼ 0; ð31Þ
 
ð1Þ x2 2 ð0Þ
P4 ¼
2 2 þ ðb1 þ 2b2 Þ þ 8a1 k U3 V ;
k
 x  oV
ð2Þ ð2Þ
4ixU4
2ikW4 þ ð6
4U0 Þ k
V
k on
þ i½xð
52 þ 24U0 þ 12W1
4U0 W1
12U2 Þ
ð0Þ
þ 12kkð1 þ W1 ÞjV j2 V 2
4ikU0 W2 V 2 ¼ 0;
ð2Þ ð2Þ x x oV
2ixW4
2ikP4 þ k
ð14
4U0 ÞV
k k on
 2 
x ð32Þ
þi ð
80 þ 48U0 þ 8W1
8U2 Þ þ 16kxð1 þ W1 Þ jV j2 V 2
k
ð0Þ

2ixð2U0
3ÞW2 V 2 ¼ 0;

2 
ð2Þ x ð2Þ
P4 ¼ 8 2
3b1 U4 þ 2i½ðkmx þ 12a1 k
a0 kÞ
k
oV K4 2 2
þ 4U0 ða0 k
kmxÞV þ jV j V ;
on k 2
ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ
2xU4
kW4 ¼ 0; xW4
kP4 ¼ 0;


ð3Þ x 2
ð3Þ
ð33Þ
P4 ¼ 18 2
8b1 U4 ;
k
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 91

ð4Þ ð4Þ
8xU4
4kW4 þ 4xð
5 þ 12U0
6U2
3U20 ÞV 4 ¼ 0;
ð4Þ ð4Þ x2
4xW4
4kP4
ð50
60U0 þ 16U2 þ 8U20 ÞV 4 ¼ 0; ð34Þ

k
ð4Þ x2 ð4Þ C5
P4 ¼ 32 2
15b1 U4 þ 2 V 4 ;
k k
where
 
x2
K3 ¼ C3 þ
b2 ðW21 U21 Þ 2
þ 8 2 þ ð6b3
4b1 Þ
24a1 k þ 8a3 k ;2
k
  ð35Þ
K4 ¼ C4 þ
8x2 þ 2ð2b1 þ b2 Þk 2 þ 32a1 k 4 U0 ðW1
U1 Þ
þ ½4x2 þ ð3b3
2b1 Þk 2 þ ð
20a1 þ 12a3 Þk 4 ðW1
U1 Þ;
and the expressions of C3 ; C4 and C5 are given in the Appendix B (B.1).
From the solution of Eq. (29) we obtain
h xi 2
ð0Þ
W2 ¼ 2 kð1 þ U1 Þ
4 jV j ; W1 ¼ U1 : ð36Þ
k
Thus, with this solution the coefficients K1 ; K3 and K4 become identical to the
coefficients C1 ; C3 and C4 . Introducing this solution into Eq. (27) we have
h x  i oV
2
i 4x
k þ 2k 2 ða0 k
kmxÞ þ 2xð2 þ mk 2 Þl2 jV j V ¼ 0: ð37Þ
k on
Keeping in mind that the coefficient l2 was assumed to be zero, in order to
have nonzero solution for V , the constant k must be equal to the group velocity
(see Eq. (12). From the solution of the set (31) we have


ð1Þ 2x ð0Þ ð0Þ
W4 ¼
U3 þ 2W3 U;
k

2 
ð1Þ x ð0Þ x ð0Þ ð38Þ
P4 ¼
2 U þ 2 W V;
k2 3 k 3
  ð0Þ ð0Þ

2x2 þ ðb1 þ 2b2 Þk 2 þ 8a1 k 4 U3 þ 4xkW3 ¼ 0:
Similarly, from the solutions of the sets (32)–(34) the following results are
obtained:
ð2Þ oV ð2Þ oV
U4 ¼ U3 jV j2 V 2 þ id0 V ; W4 ¼ a0 jV j2 V 2 þ id1 V ; ð39Þ
on on
ð3Þ ð3Þ ð3Þ
U4 ¼ W4 ¼ P4 ¼ 0; ð40Þ
ð4Þ ð4Þ
U4 ¼ U4 V 4 ; W4 ¼ a1 V 4 ; ð41Þ
where the coefficients U3 ; U4 ; a0 ; a1 ; d0 and d1 are defined in the Appendix B
(B.2, B.3, and B.6).
92 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

O(
5 ) order equations and their solutions:

For our future purposes, at this order, we need only the zeroth and first
order equations in terms of the phasor u, which read
ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ
oW3 oU oP3 oW ð0Þ ð0Þ

2k 3 ¼ 0;
k 3 ¼ 0; P3 ¼ b1 U3 ; ð42Þ
on on on on
oV 2  
x o2 V oV
ð1Þ
kW5 þ 2i
k
2
þ ic1 jV j2
os k k on on
ojV j2 4 ð0Þ ð0Þ
þ ic2 V þ c3 jV j V þ 2xU4 V þ 2kW4 V ¼ 0;
on
ð1Þ ð1Þ x oV 2  x  x  o2 V

xW5 þ kP5 þ 2i þ k
k
2
k os k k k on2
2
ð43Þ
oV
2 ojV j ð0Þ
þ ic4 jV j þ ic5 V þ c6 jV j4 V þ 2xW4 V ¼ 0;
on on
ð1Þ oV o2 V c7 2 oV
P5 ¼ 2imx þ ðmk2
a0 Þ 2 þ i 2 jV j
os on k on
c8 ojV j2 C6 4 ð0Þ
þi V þ 2 jV j V þ 2b2 U4 V ;
k2 on k
where the expressions of the coefficients C6 , c1 –c8 are given in the Appendix B
ð0Þ ð0Þ
((B.1) and (B.5)). The solution of the set (42) simply yields U3 ¼ W3 ¼
ð0Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
P3 ¼ 0. Finally, eliminating W5 and P5 between the Eq. (43) we have
oV h  x  x i o2 V
2ixð2 þ mk 2 Þ þ ðmk2
a0 Þk 2 þ 2 k
k
3
os k k on2
2
2 oV ojV j
þ iðxc1 þ kc4 þ c7 ÞjV j þ iðxc2 þ kc5 þ c8 ÞV
on on
4 ð0Þ ð0Þ
þ ðxc3 þ kc6 þ C6 ÞjV j V þ 2ðb2 k 2 þ x2 ÞU4 V þ 4xkW4 V ¼ 0: ð44Þ
For our future purposes we need the following identity:
"
#
2 
ojV j o oV oV 1
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
il1 V
V þ ½xðc1 þ 2c2 Þ
os on on on 2
o 4
þ kðc4 þ 2c5 Þ þ ðc7 þ 2c8 Þ jV j ¼ 0; ð45Þ
on
which can be derived from Eq. (44).
O(
6 ) order equations and their solutions:
ð0Þ
In order to complete the solution one has to determine the unknowns U4
ð0Þ
and W4 . In our subsequent analysis we need only the zeroth order equations
in terms of phasor, which read
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 93

ð0Þ ð0Þ

oW4 oU o oV oV  o 4

2k 4 þ ib0 V
V þ b1 jV j ¼ 0;
on on on on on on
ð0Þ ð0Þ

oP4 oW4 o  oV oV  o ð46Þ

k þ ib2 V
V þ b3 jV j4 ¼ 0;
on on on on on on


ð0Þ ð0Þ 4  oV oV 
P4 ¼ b1 U4 þ C3 jV j þ ib4 V
V ;
on on

where the expressions of the coefficients b0 –b4 are given in the Appendix B.
Thus, from the solution of (46) one obtains




ð0Þ kb0 þ b2 þ b4  oV oV  kb1 þ b3 þ C3
U4 ¼ i V
V þ jV j4 ;
2k2
b1 on on 2k2
b1


ð0Þ ð0Þ oV oV 
W4 ¼ 2kU4
ib0 V 
V
b1 jV j4 :
on on
ð47Þ

Finally, by introducing the solution given in (47) into Eq. (42) the following
GNLS equation is obtained

oV o2 V 2 oV ojV j2 4
i þ l1 2 þ il3 jV j þ il4 V þ l5 jV j V ¼ 0; ð48Þ
os on on on

where the expressions of the coefficients l3 ; l4 and l5 are given in the Appendix
B (B.7).
ð1Þ
By using the relations given in Eq. (19), the same equation is valid for W1
ð1Þ
and P1 with slightly different coefficients. The GNLS equation arises in a wide
class of fields as an equation describing the self-modulation of the one-
dimensional monochromatic plane waves near the marginal state in the dis-
persive media. This higher order evolution equation has already been obtained
by Kakutani and Michihiro [11] for gravity water waves.
Certain evolution equations may be obtained from GNLS equation as some
special cases. For instance, when l3 ¼ l4 and l5 ¼ 0, from (48), we have
oV o2 V o 2
i þ l1 2 þ il3 ðjV j V Þ ¼ 0; ð49Þ
os on on

which is known in the literature as the derivative nonlinear Schr€

odinger
equation (DNLS); the DNLS equation governs the propagation of Alfven
waves in plasma [12].
When l4 ¼ l5 ¼ 0, one obtains
oV o2 V 2 oV
i þ l1 2 þ il3 jV j ¼ 0: ð50Þ
os on on
94 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

This equation describes the self-modulation of the complex amplitude of so-

lutions to Benjamin–Ono equation and is derived in [13].
The complete integrability of the GNLS equation, given in (48), has been
studied by Clarkson and Cosgrove [14] via a Painleve analysis. It was shown
that the GNLS equation posseses the Painleve property.

3. Exact solutions of the GNLS equation

Following Pathria and Morris [10], we shall propose a solitary wave type of
solution to equaiton (48). If the time variable s is redefined as T ¼ l1 s, the Eq.
(48) is transformed into the following equation:

oV o2 V 2 oV ojV j2 4
i þ 2 þ iq1 jV j þ iq2 V þ q3 jV j V ¼ 0; ð51Þ
oT on on on

where qn ðn ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ ¼ lnþ2 =l1 . Now, we consider the following solution to Eq.

(51)

V ðn; T Þ ¼ f ðfÞ expfi½gðn; T Þ þ hðn; T Þg; ð52Þ

where f ¼ n
cT and gðn; T Þ and hðn; T Þ are some real functions which are
defined as follows:
Z
gðn; T Þ ¼ cðn
bT Þ=2 þ d; hðn; T Þ ¼ 2d f 2 ðfÞ df: ð53Þ

Here b; c and d are some arbitrary constants and d is defined as d ¼
ðq1 þ

2q2 Þ=8. The function f satisfies the following ordinary differential equation
4
w02 ¼
q
3 w4 þ c

q1 w3
ð2bc
c2 Þw2 : ð54Þ
3
Here, a prime denotes the differentiation with respect to the argument and the
function w and the coefficients
q1 and
q3 are defined as

w ¼ f 2; q1 ¼ q1 ;

q3 ¼ q3 þ 4d2 þ 2dq2
dq1 :

ð55Þ
The roots of the polynomial, obtained by setting the right hand side of Eq. (54)
equal to zero, are real if the following condition is satisfied:


16
q3 2b
1þ 2 1
> 0: ð56Þ
3

q1 c

1 and

The coefficients q q3 are dependent on R strain energy density function
and the wave number k. For the biological material proposed by Demiray [6], it
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 95

is observed that
q3 has both positive and negative values but
q1 is always found
to be negative. Since b and c are arbitrary constants, (56) is always fulfilled.
If

q3 < 0, solving Eq. (54), the following solitary wave solution is obtained
for GNLS equation (48):
" #1=2
w1 w2
f ðn; T Þ ¼ ;
w1 þ ðw1
w2 Þ sinh2 v

1=2 "
 #
1=2

3 w2
hðn; T Þ ¼ 2d arctanh tanh v ; ð57Þ


q3 w1
!1=2

w1 w2

q3
v¼ ðn
cT Þ þ e:
3

Here w1 and w2 are the positive roots of the fourth degree polynomial obtained
by setting the right side of Eq. (54) equal to zero and e is an arbitrary constant.
If

q3 > 0 and w1 and w2 are the positive roots of the polynomial given in the
Eq. (54), the following solitary wave solution to Eq. (48) is obtained:
 1=2
w1 w2
f ðn; T Þ ¼ ;
w1 þ ðw2
w1 Þ cos2 v

1=2 "
 #
1=2
3 w1
hðn; T Þ ¼ 2d arctan tan v ; ð58Þ


q3 w2
!
w1 w2

q3
v¼ ðn
cT Þ þ e:
3

q3 > 0 and w1 is a positive root and w2 is a negative root of the polynomial

If

given in Eq. (54), the solitary wave solution is given as follows:
" #1=2
w1 w2
f ðn; T Þ ¼ ;
w2 þ ðw2
w1 Þ sinh2 v

1=2 "
1=2 #
3
w1
hðn; T Þ ¼ 2d arctan tanh v ; ð59Þ


q3 w2
!1=2

w1 w2

q3
v¼ ðn
cT Þ þ e:
3

It should be noted that the GNLS equation has solitary wave solutions for
both positive and negative values of

q3 . For other type of solutions to the
GNLS equation, the reader is referred to [15,16].
96 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

Acknowledgements

In conducting this research, H. Dem_ıray was supported by the Turkish

Academy of Sciences; I. Bakirtasß was supported by the Scientific and Technical
Research Council of Turkey. I. Bakirtasß is also thankful to Professor T.B.
Moodie for his hospitality while she was visiting the University of Alberta to
carry out a part of this research.

Appendix A

For the sake of saving space in the main text several lengthy expressions or
coefficients will be listed in this section.
The functions Li ðuÞði ¼ 1; . . . ; 5Þ are defined by
o2 u o2 u
L1 ðuÞ ¼ b1 u þ m
a 0 ;
ot2 oz2

2
2 o2 u o2 u ou
L2 ðuÞ ¼ b2 u
mu 2 þ ða0
8a1 Þu 2
4a1 ;
ot oz oz
o2 u o2 u
L3 ðuÞ ¼ b3 u3 þ mu2 2 þ ð8a1
4a3
a0 Þu2 2
ot oz

2

2 2
ou 3 ou o u
þ 4ða1
a3 Þu þ a0
12c1 ;
oz 2 oz oz2

4
2
o2 u ou ou
L4 ðuÞ ¼ b4 u4
mu3 2 þ 3ða1
a2 Þ þ ð4a3
4a1
12a5 Þu2
ot oz oz
2
o u
þ ð4a3
8a5
8a1 þ a0 Þu3 2
oz


2 2
3 ou o u
þ 12c1 þ 12a1
12a2
a0 u ;
2 oz oz2
o2 u o2 u
L5 ðuÞ ¼ b5 u5 þ mu4 2 þ ð
a0 þ 8a1
4a3 þ 8a5
a6 Þu4 2
ot oz

2
ou
þ ð4a1
4a3 þ 12a5
2a6 Þu3
oz


2 2
3 ou o u
þ a0
12a1 þ 12a2 þ 6a3
6a4
12c1 u2
2 oz oz2

4
ou
þ 3ð
a1 þ a2 þ a3
a4 Þu
oz


4 2
15 ou o u
þ
a0
5c2 þ 15c1 :
8 oz oz2
ðA:1Þ
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 97

Here the coefficients ai , bi and ci are defined by

oR 1 o2 R 1 o3 R
a0 ¼ ; a1 ¼ ; a2 ¼ ;
oKz u¼0 8 oKh oKz u¼0 8 oKh oK2z
u¼0

1 o3 R 1 o4 R 1 o4 R
a3 ¼ ; a4 ¼ ; a5 ¼ ;
8 oK2h oKz 8 oK2h oK2z 48 oK3h oKz
u¼0 u¼0
!
o2 R oR 1 o3 R 1 o4 R
b1 ¼
; b2 ¼
b1 ; b3 ¼
b2 ;
oK2h oKh 2 oK3h 6 oK4h
u¼0
u¼0 u¼0

1 o5 R 1 o2 R
b4 ¼
b3 ; c1 ¼ :
24 oK5h 8 oK2z
u¼0 u¼0
ðA:2Þ

Appendix B

The explicit expressions of the coefficients appearing in the main text.

 
C1 ¼
2x2 þ ðb1 þ 2b2 Þk 2 þ 8a1 k 4 U1
 
þ
10x2 þ ð5b1 þ 2b2 Þk 2 þ 24a1 k 4 U0

 
3
þ 6x þ 3ðb3
b1 Þk þ ð
20a1 þ 8a3 Þk þ
a0 þ 12c1 k 6 ;
2 2 4
2
 2 2 4

C2 ¼
10x þ ð5b1 þ 2b2 Þk þ 56a1 k U0


2 2 4 3
þ 2x þ ðb3
b1 Þk þ ð
12a1 þ 8a3 Þk þ a0
12c1 k 6 ;
2
 
x2
C3 ¼ b2 U21 þ
16 2 þ 2ðb2 þ 4b1 Þ þ 32a1 k 2 U20
k
 
x2 2 2
þ 2 12 2 þ ð3b3
6b1 Þ
36a1 k þ 12a3 k U0
k
 2 
x
þ 8 2 þ ð6b3
4b1 Þ
24a1 k 2 þ 8a3 k 2 U1
k

x2
þ
12 2 þ 6ðb1 þ b4 Þ þ 40a1 k 2
16a3 k 2
k

þ 24a5 k 2 þ 3ða0
2a1 þ 2a2
8c1 Þk 4 ;
 
C4 ¼
20x2 þ 2ð5b1 þ b2 Þk 2 þ 56a1 k 4 U2
 
þ
8x2 þ 2ð2b1 þ b2 Þk 2 þ 32a1 k 4 U0 U1
 
þ 4x2 þ ð3b3
2b1 Þk 2 þ ð
20a1 þ 12a3 Þk 4 U1
98 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101

þ 24x2 þ 6ðb3
2b1 Þk 2 þ ð
88a1 þ 40a3 Þk 4

þ ð
12a0 þ 96c1 Þk 6 U0

þ
8x2 þ 4ðb1 þ b4 Þk 2 þ ð32a1
16a3 þ 32a5 Þk 4

þ ð
12a1 þ 12a2 Þk 6 ;
 
C5 ¼
8x2 þ ð4b1 þ b2 Þk 2 þ 48a1 k 4 U20
 
þ
20x2 þ 2ð5b1 þ b2 Þk 2 þ 104a1 k 4 U2
 
þ 12x2 þ 3ðb3
2b1 Þk 2 þ ð
68a1 þ 44a3 Þk 4 þ ð12a0
96c1 Þk 6 U0

þ
2x2 þ ðb1 þ b4 Þk 2 þ ð12a1
8a3 þ 20a5 Þk 4

 
3
þ
a0 þ 15a1
15a2 þ 12c1 k 6 ;
2
  
C6 ¼
10x2 þ ð2b2 þ 5b1 Þk 2 þ 24a1 k 4 U3 þ
26x2 þ ð2b2 þ 13b1 Þk 2
  
þ 56a1 k 4 U0 U2 þ 2x2 þ ð3b3
b1 Þk 2
8a1 k 4 þ 4a3 k 4 U21
 
þ 36x2 þ 6ðb3
3b1 Þk 2
112a1 k 4 þ 40a3 k 4
12a0 k 6 þ 96c1 k 6 U20
 
þ 20x2 þ ð6b3
10b1 Þk 2
64a1 k 4 þ 16a3 k 4 U0 U1

 
9
þ 22x2 þ ð3b3
11b1 Þk 2
68a1 k 4 þ 24a3 k 4 þ a0
36c1 k 6 U2
2

þ
56x2 þ ð16b4 þ 28b1 Þk 2 þ ð192a1
80a3 þ 128a5 Þk 4

þ ð12a0
48a1 þ 96a2
48a4
96c1 Þk 6 U0

þ
18x2 þ ð12b4 þ 9b1 Þ ¼ k 2 þ 64a1 k 4
28a3 k 4 þ 48a5 k 4

 
3
þ a0
12a1 þ 12a2
12c1 k 6 U1
2

þ 20x2 þ 10ðb5
b1 Þk 2 þ ð
72a1 þ 32a3
56a5 þ 6a6 Þk 4

þ ð
3a0 þ 18a1
18a2
6a3 þ 6a4 þ 24c1 Þk 6

 
15
þ a0 þ 10c2
30c1 k 8 ;
4
ðB:1Þ
   
U0 ¼ 3x2 þ ðb1 þ b2 Þk 2 þ 12a1 k 4 = 3ðb1 k 2
2x2 Þ ;
 
U1 ¼ kð4x=k
kÞ þ b1 þ b2 þ 4a1 k 2 =ðk2
b1 =2Þ;
C2 þ 10x2 ðU0
1Þ
U2 ¼ ;
8ðb1 k 2
2x2 Þ
 
1 
U3 ¼ 3ðb1 k 2
2x2 Þ C4 þ x2 ð90
68U0
10U1 þ 10U2 þ 2U0 U1 Þ
þ 4kxkð1 þ U1 Þð2U0
5Þ;


 2

2
1 2 35 2
U4 ¼ 15ðb1 k
2x Þ C5 þ x
27U0 þ 10U2 þ 5U0 ;
2
ðB:2Þ
 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101 99

x x
a0 ¼ 2 U3 þ ð
10 þ 12U0 þ 6U1
2U0 U1
6U2 Þ þ 2kð1 þ U1 Þ;
k k
x
a1 ¼ ð
5 þ 12U0
6U2
3U20 þ 2U4 Þ;
k
ðB:3Þ

4 x
b0 ¼ k
þ 2l1 ð1 þ U1 Þ;
k k
x
b1 ¼ ð42
24U0
16U1 þ 8U20 Þ þ kð
12
8U1
2U20 þ 3U21 Þ;
k
ð1 þ U1 Þ

½xðc1 þ 2c2 Þ þ kðc4 þ 2c5 Þ þ ðc7 þ 2c8 Þ
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
   
4x x 4x
b2 ¼ 2 k
þ 2 kð1 þ U1 Þ
l1 ;
k k k
(  2 ðB:4Þ
4x x2
b3 ¼ 2 kð1 þ U1 Þ
þ 2 ð73
36U0
8U1 þ 4U20 Þ
k k
)
x

16 kð1 þ U1 Þ
k
 
kð1 þ U1 Þ
4x
k
½xðc1 þ 2c2 Þ þ kðc4 þ 2c5 Þ þ ðc7 þ 2c8 Þ

;
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
b4 ¼ 2ðkmx
a0 k þ 4a1 kÞ;

h  x i
c1 ¼ 2 ð3U0 þ U1 Þ k
þ 3xd0 ;
k x
c2 ¼
2ð1 þ 3U0 þ U1 Þ k
;
 k
c3 ¼ 2 xð22U0 þ 8U1
6U2
6U20
6U0 U1
U21 þ 3U0 U2 þ 3U3 Þ

4kkð1 þ U1 ÞðU1 þ 3U0 Þ;
 2 
x x
c4 ¼ 2 2 ð19
5U0
U1 Þ þ xd1 þ k ð
23 þ 5U0
3U1 Þ þ 4k2 ð1 þ U1 Þ ;
k k
 2 
x x 2
c5 ¼ 2 2 ð5
U0
U1 Þ þ k ð
3 þ U0 þ 3U1 Þ þ 2k ð1 þ U1 Þ ;
k k
 
x x
c6 ¼ 2 U0
11 þ 2kð1 þ U1 Þ ½xð16
6U0
2U1 Þ
4kk
k k
x2
þ 2 ð2
3/0 þ U2 Þð2U0
3Þ þ 2xa0 ;
 k 
c7 ¼
10x2 þ ð5b1 þ 2b2 Þk 2 þ 24a1 k 4 d1
þ 2ðkmx
a0 kÞð3U0 þ U1 Þk 2
þ 16a1 ðU0 þ U1 Þk 3 þ 8ða1
a3 Þk 3
6ða0
8c1 Þk 5 ;
c8 ¼ 8a1 U1 k 3 þ 2ðkmx
a0 k þ 16a1 kÞU0 k 2
8ða1
a3 Þk 3 ;
ðB:5Þ
100 I_. Bakirtasß, H. Dem_ıray / Appl. Math. Comput. 149 (2004) 83–101
 
1 h
d0 ¼ 3ðb1 k 2
2x2 Þ ðkmx þ 12a1 k
a0 kÞk 2
 x i
þ 4U0 ða0 k
kmxÞk 2 þ xð5
2U0 Þ k
; ðB:6Þ
k
x 1  x
d1 ¼ 2 d0
ð3
2U0 Þ k
;
k k k



ðmk2
a0 Þk 2 þ 2 k
xk k
3 xk
l1 ¼ ;
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
½2x2 ð
19 þ 5U0 þ U1 Þ þ 8kxkð1 þ U1 Þ þ C1 
l2 ¼ ;
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
(
1
l3 ¼ xc1 þ kc4 þ c7
8xkb0
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
)
ðkb0 þ b2 þ b4 Þ 2 2
þ ½4ðb2 k þ x Þ þ 16kxk ;
ð2k2
b1 Þ
(
ðB:7Þ
1
l4 ¼ xc2 þ kc5 þ c8 þ 4xkb0
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
)
ðkb0 þ b2 þ b4 Þ  2 2


2ðb2 k þ x Þ þ 8kxk ;
ð2k2
b1 Þ
(
1
l5 ¼ xc3 þ kc6 þ c9
4xkb1
2xð2 þ mk 2 Þ
)
ðkb1 þ b3 þ C3 Þ 2 2
þ ½2ðb2 k þ x Þ þ 8kxk :
ð2k2
b1 Þ

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