Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

DIANA PAOLA VARGAS ORTIZ

Group xx
1091060298

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-04

Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open
propagation medium?
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to propagate. Thus,
these waves can pass through interplanetary and interstellar space and
reach Earth from the Sun and stars. Regardless of their frequency and
wavelength, all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed c=
299,792,458 m/s.

All radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum have the typical properties

of wave motion, such as diffraction and interference. Wavelengths range
from trillionths of a meter to many kilometers. The wavelength (A) and
frequency (f) of the electromagnetic waves, related by the expression A-
f=care important to determine their energy, their visibility, their
penetration power and other characteristics.

Maxwell demonstrated in 1865 that an electromagnetic disturbance must

propagate in free space with a speed equal to that of light, so it was likely
that the nature of light was an electromagnetic wave.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss
Tangent”?
𝑒´´
The loss tangent defined by the following equation 𝑡𝑔𝑑 = is a useful way
𝑒´
to distinguish between conductors and dielectrics, since it allows
comparing the magnitude of the conduction current, represented by a,
with the current of displacement, introduced by the factor we. Thus, the
smaller the tangent of losses, the lower the attenuation of a wave
propagating in said medium and, therefore, the less the dissipated power.
Therefore, when it is required to design a system in which a wave must be
propagated, it will be very convenient for the loss tangent to be small. A
good dielectric satisfies tg<<1
3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value
of the “Loss Tangent”?
Classification of media according to the loss tangent:

The greater the loss angle, the greater the conduction current component
will be compared to the polarization or displacement current, that is, the
more conductive the medium is. This observation makes it possible to
 establish a basic classification for media based on the loss tangent as
follows:

Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore,

they do not they have losses due to the Joule effect. tan(𝛿 ) = 0 𝛿=0

Perfect conductors: they do not present bias current, therefore, they

𝜋
have capacitive or charge accumulation effects. 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿 ) = ∞ 𝛿 = 2

Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due
to the Joule effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the
capacitive effect, they are called also "dielectrics of low losses So much)
tan(𝛿 ) → 0+ 𝛿 → 0+

Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have

capacitive or charge accumulation effects, but the conduction current and
the losses due to the Joule effect are much more significant.
𝜋
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿 ) = ∞ 𝛿 =
2

Dissipative dielectrics: they present both effects and neither is

𝜋
negligible in the face of the other.0 < 𝛿 < 2
4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a
medium (they are different from the wave parameters).

The propagation parameters are not related to technical systems or

equipment suppliers. The propagation gains or losses are constant, and
relative to the radio environment. Such parameters include, penetration
losses, body losses, feeding losses, and background noise. To obtain an
objective value when we compare the calculation of the link of two
providers, we must configure the same propagation parameters.
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
7. Vacuum 0 1

𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2/N𝑚2

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿 ) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Identification number:___________, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖

Then: 𝑓 = ( 𝟐𝟗𝟖 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 308 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛

Selected propagation medium: Vegetable soil

Conductivity: 𝛔 = 1.00𝑥10−2 𝑆/𝑚

Electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 14

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

𝜎 𝜎 1.00𝑥10−2𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 308𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 14 ∗ 8.8542x10−12𝐶 2/N𝑚2
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿 ) = 416,861754245𝑥10−4
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟓

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

(𝛿 ) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (0,0416861754245) = 2,387059861759° ≈ 2,39°

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
 Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors

𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

𝜸 = 𝑗𝜔 √𝜇𝜀

𝜸 = 𝒋2𝜋𝑓 √𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ∗ εr ε𝑜

𝜸 = 𝑗2𝜋(308𝑥106 𝐻𝑧)√1 ∗ (1.2566x10−6 T m/A) ∗ 14 ∗ (8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )

𝜸 = 𝟎 + 𝟐𝟒, 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟗𝒊

𝜸 ≈ 𝟎 + 𝟐𝟒, 𝟏𝟓𝒊

b.
Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

𝜶 = 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2

𝜇
𝜎√ 𝜀
𝜶=
2
𝜇 𝜇
𝜎 √ ε𝑟ε 𝑜
r 𝑜
𝜶=
2

1 ∗ (1.2566x10−6 T m/A)
1.00𝑥10−2 𝑆/𝑚√
14 ∗ (8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )
𝜶=
2
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟒𝑵𝒑/𝒎
 𝜶 ≈ 𝟎, 𝟓𝟎 𝑵𝒑/𝒎

c. Phase constant  (Beta).

𝜷 = 𝜔 √𝜇𝜀

𝜷 = 2𝜋𝑓√𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ∗ εr ε𝑜

𝜷 = 2𝜋(308𝑥106 𝐻𝑧)√1(1.2566x10−6 T m/A) ∗ 14 ∗ (8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )

𝜷 ≈ 𝟐𝟒, 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎
𝜷 ≈ 𝟐𝟒, 𝟏𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎
4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋𝑓
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋 ∗ 308𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑝 =
24,1528171884095 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑉𝑝 = 80124031,060856550932 𝑚/𝑠

𝑽𝒑 = 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟏, 𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
b. Wavelength 𝝀.

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆=
24,1528171884095 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝜆 = 0,260142579898𝑚
𝝀 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝟔𝒎

c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝛼|
 1
𝛿𝑝 =
|0.5034192871554 𝑁𝑝/𝑚|
𝛿𝑝 = 1,9864157482932 𝑚

𝜹𝒑 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝒎

Exercise tester - Unit 1

INTERPRETATION

According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the value obtained
for each of the propagation characteristics 𝑉𝑝, λ and 𝑆𝑝.

𝑉𝑝 It is the rate at which electromagnetic wave propagates into the vacuum,

which is equal to the speed of light, which is 𝐶 = 3 ∗ 10^ 8 𝑚/𝑠 .

Wavelength λ.
It is the space traveled during a cycle or in a period, expressed in meters. In a
sine wave of frequency f and peric wavelength is given by the expression: 𝑦 =
𝑣
=𝑣∗𝑇
𝑓

The penetration depth of the 𝛿𝑝 wave in the medium.

You could say that it is the decrease in amplitude that a wave suffers when it
passes through a medium. This decrease will determine the maximum depth at
which the wave reaches.

Application example

work in a clinic where all kinds of surgical procedures are performed, but
determine by TAC, Tomographic axial computerized scan as a traumatized poly
patient has a fracture in one hand, in one leg, in the face, or determine if he
suffered brain trauma and if he has a hematoma at the subdural or epidural
level so that he can determine which treatment to follow, which is usually a
craniotomy to be able to decompress the brain and thus prevent it from
deteriorating, or in case a sample is needed to determine whether the tumor is
benign or malignant and with this diagnosis proceed to intervene surgically or
not, this procedure is called stereotaxic biopsy and allows the neurosurgeon by
means of a needle to reach exclusively the site of the tumor and extract a
sample that is sent pathology. The TAC allows us to make armpit cuts that by
joining all these cuts shows us 3D images, In real time, these images were
previously printed photographic plates, but nowadays they are digitized they
are uploaded to the clinic's network and the surgeon can see them from any
point of the clinic, from their cell phone or from the comfort of their home.
OEMS whose wavelength is within the range of 10 to 0.01 nm are called X
rays, comprising at frequency that are within the range of 30 to 3000 Phz.
These are invisible to the human eye, but have an energy capable of traversing
opaque bodies and printing photographic films. The current digital systems
allow the obtaining and visualization of the X-ray image on a computer (CT
scanner).

References

 Quesada-Pérez, M. y Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). De las

ecuaciones de Maxwell a las ondas electromagnéticas libres y
guiadas: una introducción para estudiantes de primer
año. Nueva York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (págs. 46-
60). Recuperado
de https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&l
ang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston:

Prensa académica. (págs. 513-519). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://se
arch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1171
52&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_513

 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Propagación de ondas

electromagnéticas. Inalámbrico de banda ancha fija. (págs. 25-
70). Recuperado
de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://se
arch.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=145054
22&lang=es&site=ehost-live