1. What is the push-pull model of migration?

 Can this model sufficiently explain the global

movements of people in the contemporary period? Explain.
Push-pull model explains the causes of global migration through the push and pull
factors. In this model, the "push" factor refers to the reasons why people choose to leave from
their home/sending countries while the "pull" factor considers the factors that a country has
that attract people to move into such country. This framework adequately explains the global
migration as it provides sufficient and comprehensive considerations into taking account the
reasons why people move from a country to another, even during the contemporary period.

8) Can there be globalization without media according to Jack Lule? Explain.

No. Communication is an activity that makes globalization possible because media
allows us to communicate with each other over distances. The media as it further develops goes
beyond the reach of one’s geographical location that made us capable of doing almost
everything that majorly contributed to globalization. This means that without communication
through media, it is unlikely for globalization to be developed.

6) What does McLuhan mean by "The medium is the message"?

“The medium is the message.” McLuhan meant by this expression is that the medium or media
that we use as a way of communicating information is itself a message as it significantly affects
the message that it delivers. Basically, this statement implies that media has an impact on how
people communicate, which can be exemplified by Snapchat, wherein the communication
within the platform limits people to use pictures and a few words only.

1. Does global citizenship require the existence of a global state? Explain. 

No. Global citizenship does not require the existence of a global state simply because
the concept of global state does not even exist. Global citizenship is only a metaphorical
membership of an imagined state, and not of a global state.

16) Is global citizenship a legal concept? Explain.

No, global c
itizenship refers to having a membership in a moral community. It is only a metaphor
that are mainly about being moral in addressing the global challenges. Being a global citizen is
not considered a legal citizen because we are not legal obligated to the imagined state that
global citizenship serves for. It is therefore safe to say that global citizenship is not a legal
concept.

Is rationalization of the society a positive or a negative development? Explain. 

Rationalization has its positive contributions to the society. It has allowed us to take
powerful advantages of the rational system through nonhuman technology that offers
efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. However, rationalization also has its
downside. The simplest example would be the rational system being dehumanizing. Since
 rationalization promotes a system dominated by rules and regulations, the society would
operate without considering human values. Thus, it could make us less human. To put it simply,
rationalization imposes both positive and negative implications in the development of the
society.

Is there an escape from rationalization according to Weber? Explain.

Weber did not really specify whether there is an escape or not. According to him, the
modern society is being increasingly rationalized. He even believed that rationalization would
dominate the contemporary society, leading to what he called the iron cage in a global system that
shows no signs of disintegrating anytime soon. Thus, it depends on us whether we fully submit
ourselves to this rationalization.

In what sense is McDonaldization considered a globalizing force?

McDonaldization is considerably a globalizing force as the rationalization by fast-food

restaurants, like McDonald’s, have dominated all other sectors of the global society. It has
become an international chain to the point that the rational principles that the fast-food
industry applies has been increasingly being adapted by other type of businesses globally.

Is the message more important than its medium according to McLuhan? Explain.

No, McLuhan believed otherwise. According to him, the medium that we use in
delivering the message is more important than the message itself. This is because the medium
filters the content of the message, which significantly influences how the message is
interpreted.

In what way do religion and globalization condition one another?

Religion is influenced by globalization as it takes advantage of the technologies arising

from globalization, making it easier for different religions to communicate and transport their
information to any person around the globe, regardless of his geographical location.
Globalization, on the other hand, is influenced by religion as different religions impose activities
that become economically beneficial to the world.

Can we meaningfully speak of citizenship without talking about the state? Explain.

No. The concept of citizenship and the state are not to be separated because they are
interconnected, specifically in terms of existence. Basically speaking, citizenship is state-
centered, making it meaningless to talk about citizenship without regards to the state.

Do you have the responsibility to address the climate change according to the social connection model
of responsibility? Explain. 
 Yes. I am one of those who are responsible for climate change according to the social
connection model of responsibility. In this model, my responsibility as an individual comes from
my sense of belonginess in the system that I benefit from. My actions, together with those of
the others, contribute to the climate change. Thus, we have the same responsibility of
addressing it.

Is global citizenship a legal obligation or a moral obligation? Explain.

Global citizenship is not a legal obligation because a global citizen is not legally a citizen.
On the other hand, global citizenship is a moral obligation because being a global citizen means
we belong in a moral community in which we should actively participate in terms of addressing
the global challenges.

Is McDonaldization synonymous with rationalization according to Ritzer? Explain

Yes. The concept of McDonaldization was from the concept of Weber’s Theory of
Rationalization. McDonaldization applies this theory by using the fast-food industry as a
representative of rationalization. These fast-food chains apply rational principles within the
process of rationalization that influence the global society to adapt to them.

Does rationalization necessarily lead to domination according to Weber? Explain.

Yes. Weber anticipated that the people would eventually apply formal rationality,
leaving out the rest of the four types of rationality. He believed that the modern society will be
dominated by formal rationality, and this is becoming evident by bureaucracy. Also, the rational
system being guided by rules, and laws, eliminates the consideration of human values, making
substantive rationality irrelevant.

Should we attribute the resurgence of religion to globalization according to Mark Juergensmeyer?

Explain.

Yes, religion takes an important role in providing solutions to the problems posed by
globalization. It offers a sense of identity, accountability, and security and even, a sense of
empowerment that has influenced involvement in resolving global conflicts.

Can we meaningfully speak of globalization without talking about migration? Explain.

  No. Migration contributed to the development of globalization. And, we have this what
we call a “compressed world” wherein the information, technology, and communication are
globally accessible. Thus, it gives the people the motive to move out to other countries. Thus, it
would not possible to exclude migration when it is about globalization.

Is national citizenship adequate to address the global interconnected challenges? Explain.

 No, having national citizenship means that an individual owes his allegiance solely to the
state. Therefore, the duty of a national citizen must serve within the scope of the state. It does
not suffice to address the global interconnected challenges because these are global, meaning
these are being experienced worldwide. And, global challenges call for global solutions.
Therefore, serving globally goes beyond the allegiance and duties of being a national citizen.

Can one be a national citizen and global citizen at the same time? Explain.

Yes. Being a national citizen is different from being a global citizen in terms of legality.
Nonetheless, a person is free to decide whether he opts to be both at the same time because a
national citizen is legally bounded within a state and being global citizen does not necessarily
oppose to the national citizen’s commitment to his or her legal obligations to the state but
rather, makes himself a member of a wider concept than the state, and that is an imagined state
in the world.

Is global citizenship imperative in the contemporary world? Explain.

Yes. The contemporary world is faced with global interconnected challenges that only
we human beings can address. In addressing these global challenges, the initial thing to do is to
make ourselves aware that these problems exist. Aside from this, it is also necessary for us to
have a sense of common destiny and responsibility in solving the challenges. Thus, we need
make ourselves members of this moral community achieved through global citizenship in order
for us to solve the global interconnected challenges in the contemporary world.