Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOPIC 1
Introduction to Concept of Immunity and Inflammation
Module Overview
Pretest
Direction: Read each questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer before each number. Use capital letters.
1. Immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat also known as
allergies.
a) hypersensitivity
b) autoimmune diseases
c) immunodeficiency
d) antibodies
2. The following are immune-deficiencies EXCEPT?
a) AIDS
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b) SCID Syndrome
c) Type I Diabetes
d) none of the above
3. Types of hypersensitivities are determined by their time course and whether ______ cell
are the principal element involved.
a) B
b) A
c) T
d) all of the above
4. The following are all autoimmune disease except:
a) myasthenia gravis
b) multiple sclerosis
c) anaphylaxis
d) rheumatoid arthritis
5. An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cell at the site of an infection is:
a) an interferon
b) lymphatic fluid
c) histamine
d) mucus
Module Content
Disease
a detectable alteration in normal tissue function.
Asymptomatic or subclinical
a condition or an infection caused by microorganism that produces no clinical
evidence of disease
Infection
an invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their
multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the
toxins they produce.
Opportunistic Pathogen
An infectious microorganism that is normally a commensal or does not harm its
host but can cause disease when the host's resistance is low.
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Pathogenicity
the ability to produce disease; thus, a pathogen is a microorganism that causes
disease.
Resident flora
The microorganisms that usually occupy a particular body site
Virulence
the severity or harmfulness of a disease
IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection
(microbes). The immune system has different layers of organs that are responsible for
preventing and fighting infection that penetrates the human body. These are the following:
d. The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and is
composed of white and red pulp; the white pulp is composed of B and
Tlymphocytes; the red pulp is composed of erythrocytes
4. Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
a. Monocytes are the largest component of the white blood cells (WBCs) and
have one nucleus and very little cytoplasm; they are considered to be
agranulocytes
b. Macrophages are considered to be mature cells of the MPS;ey they migrate
to different areas of the body, becoming specialized cells to perform their
function of defense
c. The MPS functions to protect the body by participating in the immune
response; it secretes chemical components and factors (enzymes, complement
proteins and interleukins
2. Homeostasis
3. Surveilance
a. Surveilance is the ablity of the body to use memory and recognition in
order to maintain an immune response
b. The body will will remember the activation response even if the person
doesn’t remember the specific insult
Types of Immunity
1. Acquired Immunity
Titer serum levels can be monitored in the client to indicate whether or not
immunity is present
b. Passive acquired immunity requires that the antibody be introduced to the
individual, either by maternal transfer (placenta and/ or colostrum) or immune serum
antibody injection, to promote a specific antigen response cells the one that releases
antibodies , proteins that cling to antigens and destroy them.
2. Natural Immunity
a. This type of immunity that exists in an individual is related to species, race, or
genetic trait
b. An individual is born with natural immunity
3. Humoral immunity
c. Memory cells lead to a more rapid response by remembering the original insult
Types of Immunoglobulins
4. Cell-mediated immunity
b. Protein markers on the surface of the T-cell help to define specific function receptor
sites; these are called CD antigens or clusters of differentiation; CD markers serve as an
important prognostic indicator of immune function and are used in the diagnosis and
management of clients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired
immunodeficiency syndome (AIDS)
a. Natural killer cell (Nut cell, NK cell) activity is present at birth, increases as one reaches
adulthood and decreases gradually in old age; null cells do not require prior sensitization
and are not considered T- or B lymphocytes
c. Complement System
This is a group of glycoproteins that are activated in sequential order and provide a
link to the humoral response
IgG and IgM are responsible for activating the complement cascade; once this is
activated , it is said that the complement has been fixed or complement fixation
has taken place
There is a classic pathway and alternate pathway whereby the complement system
can be activated
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Are group of substances that can elicit, modify and restore the biological response
between an individual and tumor cell
This is an area of key research in which scientists are looking at developing better
outcomes, thereby improving response and overall cure rates for immune
disorders
Examples include:
Key Points
Immunity
Immune response
Defense
Immunoglobulin
antibodies
A client’s immunization is up-to-date. What type of immunity does this provide to the client?
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Activity:
In your own words differentiate the types of immunity
1.
2.
External Resources
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-immunity-definition-types.html
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323653
(https://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/stages-of-illness-behavior/)
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(https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book
%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Epidemiology/10.3%3A_Disease_Pattern)
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prodromal+stage
Reference:
Medical Surgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes, 8e (2 Vol Set)
Reflection:
In 10 sentences, write your thoughts about this topic.