MODULE2:DATADESCRI

PTI
ON

Thi
smodul
ewi
l
lshowt
hest
ati
sti
cal
met
hodst
hatcanbeusedt
osummar
izedat
a.
2.
1Measur
esofCent
ralTendencyorAv
erage
Aver
ageoccursregularl
yinourdail
yli
feanditi
sanimpor
tantt
ooli
nstati
sti
cs.Awel l
-
chosenaverageconsi
stsofasi ngl
enumberaboutwhi
chagivendataar
ecentered.There
canbesev eralt
ypesofav eragesorsometi
mescall
edmeasur
esofcentr
altendency.They
arethemean, medi
an,andthemode.
MEAN
Themeanist
hemostcommonlyusedmeasur
eofcent
ralt
endency
.Whenwespeakof
av
erage,
weal
waysr
efert
othemean.
I
tisf
oundbyaddi
ngt
hev
aluesoft
hedat
aanddi
vi
dingbyt
het
otal
numberofv
alues.
Popul
ati
onMean: Sampl
eMean:

Σx - Σx
μ= =
N x n

Wher
eN-t
otal
numberofobser
vat
ionsi
nthepopul
ati
on
n-t
otal
numberofobser
vat
ionsi
nthesampl
e

Example1Ar esearchercoll
ect
sdataont
heagesofr
eci
pient
sofdoct
oral
degr
eei
nsci
ence
andengineer
ing,andhisstudyyi
eldst
hef
oll
owi
ng:
37 37 24 28 43 44 36 41 33 27
Det
ermi
net
heav
erageageofr
eci
pient
s.
Sol
uti
onThemeani sdet
ermi
nedbyt
hesum oft
heagesandt
hendi
vi
dingbyt
het
otal
numberofr
eci
pient
s.

37+37+24+28+43+44+36+41+33+27
mean=
10
350
= =35
10
Ther
efor
e,t
heav
erageagei
s35y
ear
sol
d.

Forthegr
oupeddata,
themidpoint
softhecl
assesar
eusedfort
hev
aluesoft
hex.The
fol
l
owingarethest
epsinsol
vingfort
hemeanofgroupeddat
a.
GROUPEDMEAN

1.Fi
ndt
hemi
dpoi
ntf
oreachcl
ass.Pl
acet
hem i
nacol
umn.
2.Mul
ti
plyt
hef
requencybyt
hemi
dpoi
ntf
oreachcl
ass.Pl
acet
hem i
nanot
hercol
umn.
3.Fi
ndt
hesum oft
her
esul
ti
ngcol
umni
nSt
ep2.
4.Di
vi
det
hesum obt
ainedi
nSt
ep3byt
het
otal
numberoff
requenci
es.Thati
s,
Σf
.xm
mean=
n
Exampl
e2Eightyrandomlysel
ectedli
ghtbul
bswer
etestedt
odet
ermi
net
hei
rli
fet
ime(
in
hour
s)
Thef
ollowingf
requencydist
ri
buti
onwasobtai
ned.

Cl
assboundar i
es Fr
equency
52.
5- 63.
5 6
63.
5- 74.
5 12
74.
5- 85.
5 25
85.
5- 96.
5 18
96.5-107.5 14
107. 5-118.
5 5

Det
ermi
net
hemeanl
i
fet
imes(
inhour
s)oft
hesebul
bs.

Sol
uti
on St
ep1Fi
ndt
hemi
dpoi
ntsofeachcl
ass,
andpl
acet
hev
aluesi
nthet
hir
dcol
umn.

52.
5+63.
5
xm = ,
etc.
2

Step2Next
,mul
ti
plyt
hemidpointbyt
hefr
equencyf
oreachcl
ass,
andpl
acet
he
resul
tsi
n t
hefour
thcolumn.
(58)
(6)=348, etc.

St
ep3Fi
ndt
hesum oft
hefourthcol
umn.
Σf
.xm =6807

St
ep4Di
vi
det
hesum byn.
- Σf.xm 6807
= = =85hour
s
x 80 80

Hence,t
hemeanli
fet
imeoft
hebul
bsi
s85hour
s.Thesest
epsar
esummar
izedi
nthe
f
oll
owingtabl
e.
Cl
assboundar i
es Fr
equency Mi
dpoint
s f.
xm
52.5-63.
5 6 58 348
63.5-74.
5 12 69 828
74.5-85.
5 25 80 2000
85.5-96.
5 18 91 1638
96.5-107.5 14 102 1428
107. 5-118.
5 5 113 565
n=80 Σf
.xm =6807

MEDI
AN
Themedianisthemi dpoi
ntofthedataar
ray
.Befor
efindi
ngthi
sval
ue,thedat
amust
bearr
angedinorder,
from l
easttogreat
estorvi
cever
sa.Themedianwil
lei
therbeaspeci
fi
c
val
ueorwil
lfal
lbetweentwov al
ues.

Gr
oupedMedi
an

1.Makeat
abl
eofcumul
ati
vef
requency
.
2.Di
vi
den,
numberoff
requencyby2,
togett
hehal
fwaypoi
nt.
3.Locat
ethemedi
ancl
assi
nthecumul
ati
vef
requencycol
umn.
4.Subst
it
utei
nthef
ormul
a,
 []
n
-
cf
2
medi
an= (w)+Lmd
f

wher
e

n - sum off
requenci
es
cf - cumul
ati
vefr
equencyoft
hecl
asspr
ecedi
ng/
bef
oret
he
medi
anclass
f - f
requencyoft
hemedi
ancl
ass
w - cl
asswi
dth
Lmd - Lowerboundar
yoft
hemedi
ancl
ass

Example3Sev enmother
sweresel
ect
edandgi
venabl
oodpr
essur
echeck.Thei
r
syst
oli
cpressureswer
erecor
dedbel
ow.
135, 121, 119, 116, 130, 121, 131

Fi
ndt
hei
rmedi
an

Sol
uti
on Ar
ranget
hedat
ainor
der
116, 119, 121, 121, 130, 131, 135

Sel
ectt
hemi
ddl
eval
ue
116, 119, 121, 121, 130, 131, 135

Example4Eightnovel
swer
erandoml
ysel
ect
edandt
henumber
sofpageswer
e
recor
dedasf
ollows:
415, 398, 402, 400, 420, 415, 407, 425

Fi
ndt
hemedi
an.
 Sol
uti
on Ar
ranget
hedat
ainor
der
.
398, 400, 402, 407, 415, 415, 420, 425
Sincet
hemiddl
epointf
all
shal
fwaybet
ween407and415,
findt
hemedi
anbyget
ti
ng
the meanoft
hesetwoval
ues.

407+415
medi
an= =411
2
Exampl
e5 Fi
ndt
hemedi
anoft
hedat
ainExampl
e2

Sol
uti
on St
ep1 Makeacol
umnf
ort
hecumul
ati
vef
requency
.
Cl
assboundari
es Fr
equency Mi
dpoi
nts f.
xm Cumul
ati
vef r
equency
52.
5-63.
5 6 58 348 6
63.
5-74.
5 12 69 828 18 cf
74.
5-85.
5 25 80 200 43 Medi
an
Lmd 0 cl
ass
85.
5-96.
5 18 91 163 61
8
96.
5-107.
5 14 102 142 75
8
107.
5-118.
5 5 113 565 80

St
ep2 Di
vi
den=80 by2t
ogett
hehal
fwaypoi
nt,
whi
chi
s40.
Step3 Findtheclassthatcont
ainsthe40th v
aluebyusingthecumul
ati
ve
fr
equencydi
str
ibut
ion.Si
nce40islessthan43,thent hemedi
anclassi
sthethi
rd
cl
ass.
St
ep4 Usi
ngt
hef
ormul
a,

[] [ ]
n 80
-
cf -18
2 2
medi
an= (w)+Lmd= (11)+74.
5=84.
18hour
s
f 25
Themedi
ani
s84.
18hour
s.

MODE
Thethi
rdmeasureofav
erageist
hemode.Itistheval
uethatoccursmostoft
en
i
nthedat
aset.Adatacanhavemorethanoneornoneatall.Themodef orgroupeddat
ais
t
hemodalcl
ass.Themodalcl
assist
heclasswit
hthel
argestfr
equency.

Example6 From thedat

ainExampl
e2,
thecl
asswi
tht
hel
argestf
requencyi
sthet
hir
dcl
ass.
Ther
efore,
thi
sisthemodalcl
ass.
Cl
assboundar i
es Fr
equency
52.
5- 63.
5 6
63.
5- 74.
5 12
Modal 74.
5- 85.
5 25 d1=25-
12=13
cl
ass 85.
5- 96.
5 18
96.5-107.5 14 d2= 25-
18=7
107. 5-118.
5 5

Themodei
stheonl
ymeasur
eofcent
ral
tendencyt
hatcanbeusedi
nfi
ndi
ngt
hemost
t
ypi
cal
casewhent
hedat
aar
enomi
nal
orcat
egor
ical
.
Gr
oupeddat
a

mode(
MO)=L
MO + [ ]
d1
d1+d2
w

wher
e
LMol
owerboundar
yoft
hemodal
class
-
w- cl
asswi
dth
d1- di
ff
erenceoft
hef
requencyoft
hemodal
classandt
hecl
ass
pr
ecedingi
t
d2- dif
fer
enceoft
hef
requencyoft
hemodal
classandt
hecl
ass
succeedi
ngi
t.

Exampl
e7Fi
ndt
hemodeoft
hedat
ainExampl
e6
Sol
uti
onUsi
ngt
hef
ormul
a,

(
MO)=L
[ ]
MO +
d1
d1+d2
w
=74.
5+ [ ]13
13+7
(11)
=81.
65

MI
DRANGE
Thi
sisaroughest
imateoft
hemi
ddl
e.I
tisf
oundbyget
ti
ngt
heav
erageoft
hel
owest
andhi
ghestval
uesoft
hedata.
lowestv
alue+hi
ghestv
alue
Mi
drange=
2
Exampl
e8Thecal
ori
esperser
vingof11f
rui
tjui
cesar
easf
oll
ows:
150 110 100 35 60 130 40 140 120 160 110
Det
ermi
net
hemi
drange

Soluti
onThemidr
angei
sthesum oft
hel
owestv
alue,
35,
andt
hehi
ghestv
alue,
160.Then
thesearedi
vi
dedby2.
LV+HV 35+160
MR= = =97.
5
2 2

WEI
GHTEDMEAN

Thisisusedtof i
ndthemeanofv al
uesofthedat
asetthatarenotequall
y
repr
esented.Theweightedaver
agecanbefoundbymulti
plyi
ngtheval
uebyi t
s
corr
espondingweightanddiv
idi
ngthesum ofthepr
oductsbythesum ofthei
rweight
s.

Exampl
e9Ar ecentsurv
eyofanewcol
arepor
tedthefol
lowi
ngper
cent
agesofpeopl
ewho
l
ikedt
hetast
e.Findthewei
ght
edmeanofthepercent
ages.
Ar
ea %f
avored Numbersur
vey
ed
1 40 1000
 2 30 3000
3 50 800

- Σxw ( 40)
0. (1000)+( 30)
0. (
3000)
+(0.
50)
(800)
Sol
uti
on = =
x Σw 0.40+0.
30+0.
50

400+900+400 1700
= = =1417
1.2 1.
2