KASAKCTAH PECNYBAMKACEIHEIK, MUHMCTEPCTBO OBPASOBAHIA HM HAYKM BINIKEKOHE FbITSIM MAHMCTEAIT PECNYBMMKM KASAXCTAH LX. Mapsynan arsinnaret UHCTHTYT APXEONOrHH APXEONOTMA MHCTHTYT| mm. AX. Maprynana Topairsipos arsinnar NABNOAAPCKHA rOCyAAPCTEEHHbIA YHHBEPCUTET NABNOAAP MEMMEKETTIK YHABEPCHTET| vu, C. Topakirsipona, KA3AKCTAH APXEOSIOPMACbIHbIH KAHA 3EPTTEYNEPI «Maprynan oxynapbi — 15» FbISIbIMU-NpakTUMKasIbIK KOHCbepeHUMAHbIH eEHOeKTepi HOBbIE UCCNIENOBAHUA NO APXEONOMMN KA3AXCTAHA Tpyabi Hay4Ho-npakTuyeckon KoHqpepeHuMn «Maprynavosckve utenna — 15»sopbinra skepacurennep. 4-1yp. Manaoaefire opsimanackitt, KyamsIraccsi3 araul — KuMallIK caranana- Pfe mepnenrensepy,- stem epekmesten seprreH tycy KaxXer [7]. 4) Xopa (Xyapa, we AKyasapa, Kopxsir ara) — Copro6e (Kycau naita) eckepriiuepine cafixec keneai; 5) By Koptimaia Kopkeir ara xepienren Ge xerew Mocemteiti memy Yulin %kaN-KaKTHI MaMatiaap saTslcKaH apxeosoruansix seprrey Kaxker: Consuten Kopksit ara oxipi-commeni Manumsinap Mex 2kep oneyminep, Kata Monenmertepinin TorsickaNt epi. Kopouutarst Seitirrep en MaHafisunarst Typakrap stepeKtepi Acap zeyipinex (6.2.1. 6 Fackip), opta rackipra Mepaivutein, Kasipri yaxsrmnen xantacamni [8]. 3eprteyaep Hov¥Keci TapHXi- Noes Manibi3b) Gap xKonirepnep excnin Kopeetin orp. OJRBHETTEP. 1. Bainaxos K., Hypaaion A. Yor aiGex ont koe Opraractipanix.- Anmarit, 1992.— 92.93 66. 2. Apxeonormeckas xapra Kasaxctania, peectp—Asma-Ara, 1969 C.225-250. 3.KowsparGace O. Kopkerr ata rypaini akukat nen ants. // Kansan» oeypuaasi— 1987— Nod 4. Hopaen B. Cours Gysnimsnt cous) xapaapst, (/ «Billi aone e1tGeK 2xypHanbl— 1985.— Ne2; Kopxuit Ata Anarut: Kaxaxeran, 1993.— 63-64-6,; Towser Kazaxckoii CCP.~ Bum. 14.— Kauisop- suickan oG1acTs.— Anma-Ara, 1983 C. 8, 9, 76. 5. TatmsmuGace M. Matepvianut x neTopuit xupris-Kasaxckoro Hapona~ Taumkertt, 1925.~ C.28- 30; Aatxoros C, Bonpoent ausaaesrotornm meropmit Kasaxckoro smbika— AnMa-Ara, 1958.~ C.L1-18. 6. Kpurep B.A., XKexesakos B., Tosaxexovesumieckne norpedena y oc. PyGexa nw ameSacr- poro Ypansckoit oGaactu. // CA.-M,, 1980,~ I.~ C,300-306. 7. AOr0HCKUi JT. MycyasMaxicknit nexponom Bonancxoro ropoamuta. // CA M., 1980 I~ 90-104, 221; A6noncKuii JLT. Coumassio-sTHHYeckHe HsRHMOOTHOMLeHIR B ZonOTOOpABIECKOM To- Pore (Ilo anim Morunsinxon), // CpeatteseKosax roporckas kysrypa Kazaxcran Cpenielt Amit. Auwa-ata, 1963.- C, 221-228. 8. Jesuia JLM. Kepauxa Hipkiell u epenuteit Cxrp-napsit ® 1 rstexsenerim nameli 3pu— M., 1971—C. 242-255; Masia M.A. Heropita crennsix nitemen KOxnioro Mpwapanea (II Hau. 1 re. x0 HaJ—M., 1977 C. 39. XOPE3M M 30/I0TAA OPA MW. Kasipuusz0a Orpomuaa teppitropia 8 xexbrax Amynapen (Oxca), Cixpaapss (SAkcapra), Apano-KacrtuticKoe Mexkitypesne (Veriopr) & epee Beka BxOMWIa & cocTa® HOAMTHNECKOrO OOKEnMHEHUA Koper. B iepton rocnoactta Beamxux Xopesmuiaxon (1097-1231) Xopeam ctan onNuIM 19 uReTyMINX semen Hewrpansiiofi Asnn, Onuako 8 Xone sapoesaTenbHBIX Bolis Uunricxana (1155-1227) XopeaM wouten w coctas Mourombcxoii mnepuit. Moxon UnurHexana (1218-1225) ero npazonpeemnukos (1235~ 1242) 8 Enpoasino conponoxkiatnes yIHHTOKeHHEM MOCKHX H 9KOHOMMMECKHX pecypcos. Moxros- ckoe iro 8 XopesMe ¢ HeKOTOpEIMi HlepepEIBAMH CoMpoHOAAIOcE OxoI0 150 ser (1220-1388), B HepHoat roctioncTRa Mouroaos XopesM Obi B cocrase Yayea Jbxyuu (Sonora Opza). OnnaKo ro MolironoB He cMorao ocraHOBHTS PassHTUe KyALTYpM HaposIOR XopesMecKoro onauca. CosmxareMbHbIit ‘TPYA aBToxtomMoro HacereHNR XopesMa uprBen K ROspoxkeHIIO oGnacTH. Huibopmauust dparsenraprioro xapaxtepa srioxn ZoutoTo! Opam sv nlonysiaem us apaGo-nepcox- SMMHBIX H SanaoemponelickHX HeTOUNNKON. CpenH HX, B OcHOBHOM, HcnOMayIoTes Tpyme HOH an Acupa (1160-1233), H6u Barryrsr (1304-1377), Ax Omap (1306-1349), H6u Apabmrax (1389— 1450), Mupso YayrGexa (1394-1449) m ap. B XII-XIV bp. MonroabcKie xanbi HoAepxaBaNH AUNIOMATHYECKHe MW 9KOHOMHECKHe oTHONIe- nua ¢ 3anaaHol Enponoti. B cso oxepers, KaTommeckHe upapitren Esportst npoasian wrrepee x [8], Crponrenssit soa0Toopasiicknx ueHtrpon Ha Bore saxAIch MpHrHanHble pemecioHnUKK 19 paa- NbIX CTpall. 3itauWreabitylo Yacre erpouTeReli roporoH SoroTOH Opa cocrannsau SonrapeKHe, KpsIC~ Ko-pianTHiiCKHe, PYCCKHe, SAKABKAICKME W HpaHcKHe penecneMMMKH. ApKHi cule ocTanHN Mactepa Xopesma B cosuanni Kepamiiieckol mkoxs cron 3ox0To! OpxsI H TopooR Ceseporo Kapkaxa (Maxap). B on pervouax npr yxacTan pemecnenitkos Xope3mta nosmIai0TeR HORKIE THT TosIH- BHOM KepawuKu, Tull, ¢YprenycKoro OGpastiay Ha KaimHtHoi ocHone. K HUM oTHOCHTeR KepannKa'c Npospasiioli raasypHio, NOAMXpoMHOlL NOATAasypHOH POCMHEHIO H pembedoNt; HEME c cHmeli Hempo.- pAwHoit TomMBOH noaAXpOMHO!! HaAruasypHolt pocmitesI0; Nocys{a ¢ YarbTpaMapmHoROfi M TIpospayHo- Guprozoaol noaMsoit w nograasypHolt ¥epHtolt pocnuesio [9]. OcHoRHsle opHAMeHTAIBHMe croxKeTHt siaayponanioll, KepaMHKH Xopeswa n Esponelicxoi vacrn Sonor! Opasi GansKH apyr x apyry. K mrox06 roe Be ¢ sana orpass 06 ‘enon Casey 0.0K i Merb nonst 115}, sei nomi pre Mut BhIHO cocys ora past TTToxobuMM 1s0OpaxeHAM OTHOERTCH, NperKAC AceTO, PAcTHTedbUIe (BETONKH J13 j4BYX-verLpeX noSe- OB i mlecrHAeHecTRORAA UsleTo‘aA poscTKa) H reoMerpuNeckHe (pesbedue «apouKH», packseuest. tbe CHHHMY To¥KaMH) H ApyTHE AeKopaTnpubie upuenes. B anoxy Zox0To!i Opmsi » Xopemte ycrane: TisavoTes. onpereTeHHbLe DOMOpHAnle MOTUBHI (H306pAXEHKA YIOK, NaBIMHOH, GMARAMHSAX 1183KO8»), Orpexkstonite oally #2 Xapaxtepubix epr XopesMutickoit HomMalioil Kepamuen, Ha coccysiax yacTo moopaeta kpyNltad yrna, B OKPYACHHN CTHANJOBANBIX ANCTSEB H MOTOKpRIKO HOBTOpMOUDIXeR GUBTAHDHX Tua3KOR, Cocyabi ¢ HOAOOUBIMH UsobpaKeHHAMA, B CLUEMIABIX OKIeMIDIIpAX HallensK B Cawapxasie [8], Kasaxcrane [9], Cercpniow Kanxase (Poccia) [11] m sonoroopauticeix ropoaax Ilo. Borkba (Capait) [12]. Hurepeco ormeruts, 70 wio6paxxeunbte wa Hux YTKH, “aBsUNIOM CIA3KHy M crumsoNaHHDe TicTPA 8 TOMMOCTH NoBTopsioT usoOpasTenbHbic MoTHBiL XopeawuiicKoit Kepawukn, LloxrOMY Hcone- fosateiin soxoToopabisickoit KepanmKu .K. Kuephensy [13], A.1O. AxyGoncxu [14], HLM, Bynavos US], H.C. Tpaxaauna, 2B, Preenanse [16] maar p sn wavamne Kepamucros Xopeaa. O craton. Jou ePr AMA NepesMilickoll KepaMtiKH 1 e€ CBA3AX € COCCHENMM PerHOHaMM CHHeTeMBCTBYIOT vet Tomine! opwst cocynos. Omni 3 acto netpeuaiomuxcs ‘bop. cocyaon H 8 Xoperme 11 Jon0Toll Opae anaaioves ropmikooOpasuisie OTKpETHIC COCyAM, OfOPMeliHble c HapyxRIO CTOpOtM perBepuis MM AUNiCHKAMM X Ky‘biMecKOH Hannuchi0. OTH wsaenuA » oTmWUKe OT OBsIUHOH GsrToRON KepastnKH BUNOJHEHB! SpeSBEIIAliHIO © OOABUIMM XYAOKecTREHHKIN. BKYCOM. 3a npemeramn Xoperwa noRoSuBie COCyIBI HSBECTHM A NAMATHHKaX JonoTOH Opabl-MaKape, Crapom Opxee (Monona) Capae, Ux Aetallt Yxpautenits, FhopMa HaXoaxr HOaHoe CxOCTRO ¢ XopesMiiCKHM COCY,LaMI, 5 chennamsuposannsix xepanitieckux Mactepcxix Xopenma RuimycKancR OCOBBIM Bu Cepor.ine ZEIX YAU, KYBULNHIOR, HepHOAOMIeHbIS, © OpKAMeTOM B BHC 1110OR OCOKH H BepTHKATBHBLAI, pait- SIBHAIIE MoOcaM, Heer, oTHX itameAHH HaXoaHN COMP tla TeppHTopum SonoTo Opa (Capaii, Ca- paitsuk) [17], Bepoxto, mactepa-kepascthi nocrouHoesponclicKux roposton 3oiotoit Opis sau CTHOAI y XOPeSMMiCKHX He TOKO OTACAONBIC THI OHITOROM! KepAMMKu, HO M OOPAIII WbICOKOXY;IO- mectRetHx asaeaul. Lox 3ororoX Opaui u Xopesma MpHcyuln Talcke NpHMCHEHHE ZeyX HAN Tpex- CHoiiHoi raasypH. H cxoueTwO XHMHMECKHX cocTABOH sto:14H61 [18] B Sororoopasiicxux roporax na Boare bomxamen, Capaii an-J>xean, Actpaxans, [arpenessit Byrop walinent dyparmetTst Kaneuniimx Koro8 us Xopesma [21]. Karas slocyaa 13 Xopeswa axon 7a 8 cocras unmopta Masbkapa [22]. Myxantex ux Mancyp (XII 3.) (23], Hona [lanrexu (XH 3.) (24), @asn-aniax an Owapn (XIV »,) (25] 1mcasm o AobsI4e, stisose jparolletbIx u NpowsponcTueH- Horo Kamua 43 Xopeawa, H o6parno, 8 nepon 3onotofi Opam Kepaucrsi sox0ToopauucKux roponon ua Bostre enoco6- eTBOBAIK MORBTeHIHIO B cenepuix paliouax XopesMa (IlleMaxa-kaaa, Ycvopt) HOBBIX THNOB HertomHE Holt kpacttoramHstolt Kepamnxu, Cpesm HUX Hau6onee PacnpocTpasleHi KYBIIAKOOHpAMMe cocysbl PROIINHMIX THHOB M Bapitaitros. Hx dopa Heckom,Ko oTmH4aeTCs. OT SopMol XOpeaMAlicKHX ceporsan- HADIX COcysIOB. PAA COcysIOB HMeeT PeIKO BLIpAKEHHYIO OcTOpeGepHyIO GOpMY H YcKOe TUIOCKoE AHO 4H YnuIoulehto-oBabiylO PYIKY, XapAKTepHBle ALIA HeNOAMBBIX KpacHOraniiAMDIX KYAMLKHOR FloBon- xxof [26] x Ipyro-J[nectponex [27]. B XINI-XLV as. nogoOnbte hopwni Hanes He HssecTuM & xopes- Me B OMOHTOABCKIX naxenTINKaX. Baauens HCTONMUKOM 2218 pLIMBNeHHA OOMOCTH. B MatepHabHOlL KYabTYpe FozoTOH Opam u Xo- emia CAYAGET Hay'eie MeKOTOPHIX BIMIOB HszeaMH Hs MeTasLIa, CpesIH HHX OPOHIORBIe cepBrH ROLpO- cosmaHoll (popMl, KpyTable MeTaIMNYECKHe 3¢pKA-Ia Ht KOCTAHMe KOWIDUA 8 Hararipasa ayKa, Cepo- 3H COCTORT 13 NpowO.LOKH RONPOCOBHAHO! dopant, HinKHAA acts KOTOpHIX yxpallicna jononHUTeN- Holt mposouosiol o6Morkoit, Hnora x KOMRY HaeTsr Kpyribe BycuuKH, nM HaiiteHs B KHMHAKCKHX NorpeGexmax Boctosolt Esponsi, roponax 3onorol Opzsi [28] m Xopesma [29]. Bompumuctao nazenuii ayosnnock 8 3orotyio Opay a0 TONYOK K BocmpoNaHesLeHIO HeKOTO- PAIX BiL10B XopeanriickuMy MactepaMi. K o_OGHBIM H3leAHAM OTHOCHTCR Kpyrable MeTARMUYECKHE Sepkauta, @ oopMteuuu KOTOPEIX HOBTOpsiOTCA XapakTepiinle OPHAMCHTAMbHMle-MOTHBEL JlatorenOC- TOMHBIX MactepoR. Ha oGoporsoli.cropoxte arux iesennt HaxonaTca peasedusie 10GpaxeHna pHi6 1 eTentsopanitix Apakoron [30]. B XIU-XIV a, nox sansiiem sonoToopswiHcKOH Kyamryphi. a Xopes-90 Me nloxbraetca orommTexbHad cHeTeMa Kan (Muataxkax, Yprews, kapanani-capali Benyn). Kanu o7- CYTCTROBAT B MAN-THHKAX 10 MonIroACKorO XopesMa, Orpowyio po. mrpan Xopesw w s0x0TOopsBIHCKoll Toprosne. Torsta Yepes XopesM stk TPH CYXO- ytiinie tpacest enpo-asuaicKoft ropronmn. HepsaK cnenonara 110 MaptupyTy ropoxa Mawoit Asunii-HOrxuoro Kacnna (Lupas-Te6pus)-Kapaxys-Xopess-Manepaitiaxp; sTopaa aopora: Tavia (Kpsivt)-Capait-Yeriopr- Xopeam-Orpap-Amvansik 11 faxee » Kurtali (31). FOxnax Yactt 210i oport oraeraaanacs B Xopesme 1 auviee Hanpauisiiack 8 Manepaiiuaxp (byxapa, Camapkana), Cemmpeuse, Mostromito # Kartal Hransanen Z>xonantin Monte Kopaunio ormexa yqo0crso >roro mapuipyra [32]. 3Hayenne Xo- peaMa B MexilyHaposuoii Topronse JonoTo Opapt ormexaer x ,B.Meronorrn (1342 r.). Horapyams- bie axrot, coctasieniste 8 1289-1290 rr. n Crapom Kpsimy ronopat 0 TOM, ro reiy2ackHe Topronbie apictoxparn Anapeit Crmmoio, oksaccanmmo m Tepevisams Jlowe:tiima ompananin 13 Kade 8 Te~ Hyio lenx «Carusmisnay «organinum» [34]. B snoxy Sonoroii Opa wepes Xopesa 8 Pycs ssoaisicn wetcoxocoprtisili cenasiolt. HecmezonateaH Mockosckoro Kpewiis, Hexo.s 14 aviamca apxeosiormeckux Matepuatos XII-XIV nn. cxrraor, sro dcenagon noctynaia 8 Pycs Hepes XopesM, tonannmil » XIII 8. Kak W Kitraii ftom puambrsectnom un- ritento» [35] ‘Tax oOpatom, XopesM 3o10Tax Opna HaxoxMAHch B OHOM SKOHOMMHKO-KYIETYPHOM MepHIt auie, Cimstas rocynapeteusa aacts w 3oaoTofi Opxe npuuyaiuia XopeaMuilites nocny:sitre iTepe- caw Xana Hoanoa, CuukpeTiueckas Kyabtypa 3onoTo! Opis Bo MioroM BOsNHKna ton sHaNMTeb~ DIM XopesMulicKHM RIMSHEM, TOrsA KE YCWINIACH IKOHOMMKO-KYABTY PHAM peTpAHeARTOpcKay, pom! Xopeaa mexkaty BocToxom it 3anano. Omwaxo, ero stiaueliie Bo MHOTOM JabliceHo OT nomMTHYECKOI OBcraNOBKH B «MOHTOASCKOM Muper. OcsiaGenKeM SoxloToH Opabl 8 Korte XTV a. aHavenne Xopesma B UCTOpHX MoHTouBeKOTO TocyaapeTRa Bce Gonbule KnOHNTCA K YniaKy. KystbMAHAIHOHABIM MOMEHTON B lcTopinKo-nommTiNeckolt usd XopesMa seaetea OKONMATenbABIT 3aXnaT TuimypoM Xopeanta #1388 r. Hpricoeauwene Xopeama x Manepanwaxpy mpimeo x oc:iaGuterimie Soxoroii Opast, Mapassrapioe TocynapeTno MHMMHLTOCE *KoHOMHMECKOH Gasn B sme Xopesna. JIMTEPATYPA 1. Tlocsie Mapxo Toxo, Myremecrans sariasimbix wyxectpannies 8 erpaxtst Tpex Huai. Tepenost ¢ aarmcxoro, cTapuTaiaicKoro sabikoB. Becnenme 1 npiivesiansie SM, Cpera—M., 1968.— C. 119. 2. Twsenray2en BLT. C6opinic Marepiaios otwocamecn no HctopmH ZonoToHl Opast— Tom. 1— CM6, 1884.— C. 310. 3. Tam ae, C. 348-349. 4. Tae we, C. 307 5, The Tarikni-Jahangusha of Ala-u-Din Ata Malik-i Juwagni.deyden, 1916.- T-II~ C.268-277. 6. Tiearaysen BLT. Yeas. co4.— Tow I.-C. 310, 314. 7, Tpexos B.D, siky6oncknit AO, 3onorax Opa x ee naenne~ M., 1950.~ C.79-80. 8. SikyGoucuit A.JO. K aonpocy 0 npouexoixaennm pemecneniolt mpompinuiennocra Capaa bep- xe. // Vsnecran Toc. axagemunt ueropuit Matepuiasibnom kyatyps.—~ Tom. 8— Bun. 2-3 M., 1931 — €.33-37 9. Myravenixosa T.A., Peninens JLM. Buitaiomnecs namanmiki Hs06pasirredtbtor ucKycersa Vs- Gekuerana.— Tautkestr, 1966. Puc. 295. 10, Baiinaxos KM. Epsaxisiy HB. JIpennue roponta Kasaxctavia— Amma-Ara, 1971.— pune. 36 11. Ppaxaankia H.C., Praename 9.B, Bansune Xopesma tia Kepastitueckoe mponsuoncrsa ropo- sia’ Mamkapa. // Conetokaa Apxcosorus.—M., 1973. Nel.~ Puc. 1,2. 12. Ormer Apxeonorneckoit Komricci.— C1IG., 1889.~ Puc. 85, a6. 13. @egopon-Jlasiuton TA. Hexyectao KowensiAKon H 30u10ro! Opis M., 1976.~ C.92-104. 14, Knepema 9.B, Kepamuxa bawcxnero Boctoka~M., 1947. C.90. 15. SixyGoncKntt AIO. Yeas. cou~ C28. 16. Bynatos HM. Kitaccnpuartia kamnnioW nonmsxoit xepammxit Soi1oroopaniekrix repoa08. // Conerexax ApxeosorHa= 1968.~ Ne2.—~ C101 Le HY 19.1 20.6 2 2 nan~ Ml B. 2 25, posos I akan 2, HaKeso 30, xa 0 enitlor 17. Tpamsaninnia H.C., Praciiaase 9.B. Yxa3, cou~ C.128. 18. Kaipuiia0s M--Ll. © poau Xopesma 8 Enpoasiiickolt roprosne XIII-XIV 8s, // OSmtectnen- ote Haykn 8 Ya6exucrane.— Tamenr, 2000.~ Nol — C.35-41. 19. Tpaaaanxuna H.C., Prneamse 9.B, Yxa3. cou. C.134 20. Pexopos-assutos T.A, Kypranss, nstoz61, moneTst.— M., 1968.- C.122 21, Ppawranxiia H.C., Preesanse 9.8, Yias.cou.~ C.130-131, 22. Kisnra o aparouenimx kasnax Myxannena 46H Mauicypa (ep. Coxonosa) // Topuniii xyp- aa Tevep6ypr, 1928. C.10. 23. Tlossua Haponon CCCP (IV-XVIII pp) — Tom.IV.— M,, 1972. C.167. 24. Tusenmaysen BP. Yas, cou.~ C.242, 25. Muxaupyenko C.A. Cueremaniaauiia MaccoBon Henomuaiolt KepaMikH 3010TOOPABICKHX ro- Pontos Honomxwe. // Conerckax Apxconorna— M., 1973, Nod. C.125, 26. Honenoit ILM. Topoackoe ronsaperso Tipyto-/Iuectporbe. XII-XIV ss. Kummtes, 1969. C42. 27. denopos-assizon TA. Koueninkn BoctoaHoit Enporibi 10x BansHHem s010TOOpABICKHX XaHoB.— M., 1966— C.40-41 28. Kauipuitnos M.-IIl. Marepuaspiiaa kyaibtypa ropostos Xopesma a XILI-XIV ws Hykye: Ka- pakaanaxetan, 1989.— C.98, 29. Kapipaiison M.-lll. 3epkaiia ¢ Ha06paxcuiem mpakouon m3 Muaaxkana. // Becrane Kapaxan- naxexoro ipiuiiaia AH PY3— Hysyc, 2000. 3. C71 30. ezopos-jlansimoa I-A, Hymuaatixa Xopeswa soxvroopzuinickoro epitome. // HymusMarn- xa nt ommarpacuxa,—M., 1965— Tom V.~ C.190. 31, Xemmur P, Hewezompte senoin.— Tov.lil~ M,, 1962.— C.140. 32, Pegolotti F-B. La practica della mercature. // Ed by Allan Evaus. Combridge-Mass, 1936, C.22. 33. Bratianu G, Actes des notaries fe pera et de Caffa fe la gin du XIII siecle, Bucarest, 1927 €.209, 213. 34. Asayenma H.J1., [lanona H.C., Baasnmpexaa IJ]. Hexoropaie urort apxeouoru4eckoro iy= ‘eux Mockosckoro Kpesuia (1974-1982). // Conerexan Apxeonoriis.— 1982.— Ne3.— C.87-95.