AIM: Generation & Detection of Amplitude Modulation

Platform required for Performing Experiment: MATLAB/OCTAVE

Theory: 1. Amplitude modulation: Modulation is a process of

translating information signal from low band frequency to high band

frequency that is suits the transmission medium. Information signal

is usually of low frequency, so it cannot travel far. It needs a carrier

signal of higher frequency for long distance destination. The inputs

are carrier and information (modulating) signals while the output is

called the modulated signal. Amplitude Modulation (AM) refers to the

modulation technique where the carrier’s amplitude is varied in

accordance to the instantaneous value of the modulating or baseband

signal’s amplitude. An AM signal is represented as:

Sinusoidal carrier wave C(t) given as: c(t) = A cos wct

A = Max amplitude of the

carrier wave Wc =carrier

frequency

AM wave can be expressed as:

s(t) = x(t) cos wct + A

cos wct s(t) = [A +

x(t) ] cos wct

2. Modulation Index: The amount by which the amplitude of the

carrier wave increases and decreases depends on the amplitude of

 the information signal and is known as modulation index or depth of

modulation. The extent of amplitude variation in AM about a

unmodulated carrier amplitude is measured in terms of a factor

called modulation index.

M% = (Vmax-Vmin/Vmax+Vmin)*100%

We denote as m(t) the source message signal that is to be transmitted

by the sender to its receivers; its Fourier transform is denoted as M

(f). To move the frequency response of m(t) to a new frequency band

centered at fc Hz, we begin by noting that the Fourier transform has

already revealed a very strong property known as the frequency

shifting property to achieve this goal. In other words, all we need

to do is to multiply m(t) by a sinusoid of frequency fc such

that

s1 (t) = m(t) cos2πfct

This immediately achieves the basic aim of modulation

by moving the signal frequency content to be centered

at ±fc via

S1 (f)-1/2M(f-fc)+1/2M(f+fc)

This simple multiplication is in fact allowing changes in the

amplitude of the sinusoid s1 (t) to be proportional to the

message signal. This method is indeed a very valuable

modulation known as amplitude modulation.

More broadly, consider a sinusoidal signal

 s(t) = A(t) cos [ω(c)t + ¢ (t)]

There are three variables in a sinusoid: amplitude,

(instantaneous) frequency, and phase. Indeed, the message

signal can be used to modulate any one of these three

parameters to allow s(t) to carry the information from the

transmitter to the receiver:

Amplitude A (t) linearly varies with m(t) ↔

amplitude modulation Frequency linearly varies with

↔ frequency modulation

Phase ¢ (t) linearly varies with m(t) ↔ phase modulation

These are known, respectively, as amplitude

modulation, frequency modulation, and phase

modulation. Amplitude modulations are linear, and

their analysis in the time and frequency domains is

simpler.
Diagram:
Expected Waveforms:
Output Waveforms:

Modulation Index
%: For Under modulated Signal
M%=(Amax-Amin/Amax+Amin)*100%
=(15-5/15+5)*100%=0.5

For critically Modulated wave

M%=(Amax-Amin/Amax+Amin)*100%
=(20-0/20+0)*100%=1

For over modulated wave

M%=(Amax-Amin/Amax+Amin)*100%
=[20-(-2)/20+(-2)]*100%=22/18*100%=1.22
Result: Study of Detection and Generation of AM modulation has been done.
Modulation Index has been calculated.

Conclusion: In this experiment,we were presented with the key issues involved in
generation and detection of AM Waves.This experiment intended to guide us
through the steps necessary to achieve a practical understanding of the concepts
studied not only in the theory,but also in other courses of our curriculum.

----**********************----
TITLE: Generation and detection of DSB-SC signal.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To analyse the generation and detection of

DSB- SC Modulated signal.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

1. DSB- SC trainer kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope
3. Patch cord
4. Connecting wires

THEORY:
In AM, there is a carrier and two side bands. The carrier itself does not
carry any information. If the carrier is 100 % modulated by a signal, each
side band is one fourth of the carrier’s power. If receiver uses only one
sideband, it is only one sixth of the total power radiated by the
transmitter. One way to improve the AM transmitter’s efficiency is to use a
technique called as suppressed carrier modulation. Balance modulator is
an AM modulator in which carrier and modulating signal are introduced
in such a way that the output contains the two sidebands without the
carrier, that is double side band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) AM.

PROCEDURE:
MODULATION:
1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
2. The power supply is connected to the trainer kit.
3. Set the amplitude and frequency of message sinusoidal signal as 0.5 V
P-P and 5 KHz respectively.
4. Set the amplitude and frequency of carrier sinusoidal signal as 1V P-P
and 100 KHz respectively.
5. Observe DSB-SC waveform on DSO.
6. Take the graph of DSB-SC modulated output waveform on the trace
paper
DemodUlation:
1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
2. The DSB-SC signal from DSB-SC generator is given as input to the
demodulator circuit.
3. The demodulated output is observed on the DSO.
4. Observe DSB-SC demodulated output waveform
5. Take the graph of DSB-SC demodulated output waveform on
the trace paper.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
GRAPH:
Expected waveformS:
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

RESULTS: The DSB-SC amplitude modulation and demodulation were

performed successfully and waveforms were obtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
. Observations should be done carefully.
. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.
----********************----
TITLE: Generation and detection of SSB-SC signal.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To analyse the generation and detection of

SSB-SC Modulated signal.
EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1.SSB- SC trainer kit
2.Digital storage
oscilloscope 3.Patch
cord
4.Connecting wires

THEORY:
An SSB signal is produced by passing the DSB signal through a highly
selective band pass filter. This filter selects either the upper or the lower
sideband. Hence transmission bandwidth can be cut by half if one
sideband is entirely suppressed. This leads to single-sideband modulation
(SSB). In SSB modulation bandwidth saving is accompanied by a
considerable increase in equipment complexity.

PROCEDURE:

MODULATIon:
1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
2. The power supply is connected to the trainer kit.
3. Set the amplitude and frequency of message sinusoidal signal as 0.5 V
P-P and 5 KHz respectively.
4. Set the amplitude and frequency of carrier sinusoidal signal as 1V P-P
and 100 KHz respectively.
5. Observe SSB-SC waveform on DSO.
6. Take the graph of SSB-SC modulated output waveform on the trace
paper.
Demodulation:
The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
1. The SSB-SC signal from SSB-SC generator is given as input to the
demodulator circuit.
2. The demodulated output is observed on the DSO.
3. Observe SSB-SC demodulated output waveform.
4. Take the graph of SSB-SC demodulated output waveform on the trace paper.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Expected Waveform
 Output Waveforms:

RESULT: The SSB-SC amplitude modulation and demodulation were performed

successfully and waveforms were obtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz
power supply. Check the connection before giving the
power supply.
Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.
----***************----
TITLE: Generation and detection of FM Modulated signal.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study the generation and detection of

FM Modulated signal.

EQUIPMENTS/ APPARATUS REQUIRED :

FM transmitter and receiver kit
Digital Storage Oscilloscope
(DSO) Power supply
Patch cords

THEORY: The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in

accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, is
called “Frequency Modulation”. The FM signal is expressed as s(t)=Ac
cos(2𝛱𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛱𝑓𝑚𝑡) where Ac is amplitude of the carrier signal, fcis the carrier
frequency and β is the modulation index of the FM wave.

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per the block diagram.
2. Without input signal, note down the time period Tc of the output signal.
3. Set the input signal fm as 5 KHz and 1volt sinusoidal signal.
4. Observe the FM output waveform.
5. Note down the Tmin and Tmax from the output FM waveform.
6. Calculate fmax=1/Tmin and fmin= 1/Tmax.
7. Calculate frequency deviation ∆f= (fmax‐fmin)/2
8. Calculate modulation index m=∆f/fm
9. Take the print of the graph all waveforms.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
FM MODULATION WAVEFORMS:
FM EXPECTED WAVEFORM MOD & DEMOD:
Output Waveform:

RESULTS: Frequency Modulation and Demodulation are verified in the

kit and its waveforms are analysed.

PRECAUTIONS:
. Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
. Check the connection before giving the power supply.
. Observations should be done carefully.
. Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.
-------*******************--------
AIM: Generation & Detection of Phase Modulation

Platform reqUired for performing experiment: MATLAB/OCTAVE

Theory:
In Phase Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
So, in phase modulation, the amplitude and the frequency of the carrier
signal remains constant.
If the modulating signal,
m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt), then the equation of PM wave will be
s(t)=Accos[2πfct+βcos(2πfmt)]
where,
β = modulation index = Δϕ = kpAm
Δϕ is phase deviation kp is
phase sensitivity
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PM EXPECTED WAVEFORMS MOD & DEMOD:
Output Waveform:

Carrier Signal Frequency, fc = 10

Message Signal Frequency, fm = 2
Phase Deviation Constant, kp =
π/2

-----******************-----
AIM: To study the Pulse Amplitude modulation and de-modulation and
their waveforms.

Theory:
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is the simplest and most basic form of
analog pulse modulation, In PAM, the amplitudes of regularly spaced
pulses are varied in proportional to the corresponding sample values of a
continuous message signal; the pulses can be of a rectangular form or
some other appropriate shape.

PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the signal is sampled at

regular intervals,and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude
of the signal at the instant of sampling.The pulses are then sent by either
wire or cable, or else are used to modulate a carrier. The two types of PAM
are shown in fig. above. The two types are Double-polarity PAM, and single
polarity PAM. The largest pulse represents the greatest positive signal
amplitude sampled, while the smallest pulse represents the largest
negative sample. The time duration of each pulse may be quite short, and
the time interval between pulses may be relatively long. In single-polarity
PAM, in which a fixed dc level is added to the signal, to ensure that the
pulses are always positive. The ability to use constant-amplitude pulses is
a major advantage of pulse modulation and since PAM does not utilize
constant amplitude pulses, it is infrequently used. When it is used, the
pulses frequency modulate the carrier.
If a radio frequency is pulse-amplitude modulated instead of simply being
amplitude modulated, much less power is required for the transmission of
information because the transmitter is actually switched off between
pulses. This is one advantage of pulse modulation. It is very easy to
generate and demodulate PAM. In a generator the signal to be converted to
PAM s fed to one input of an AND gate. Pulses at the sampling frequency
are applied to the other input of the AND gate to open it during the wanted
time intervals. The output of the gate then consists of pulses at the
sampling rate, equal in amplitude to the signal voltage at each instant.
The pulses are then passed through a pulse-shaping network, which gives
them flat tops. Frequency modulation is then employed, so that the
system becomes PAM-FM. In the receiver, the pulses are first recovered
with a standard FM de-modulator. They are then fed to an ordinary diode
detector, which is followed by a low-pass filter. If the cutoff frequency of
this filter is high enough to pass the highest signal frequency, but low
enough to remove the Sampling frequency ripple, an undistorted replica of
the original signal is reproduced.

Hardware-Apparatus
1. Physitech’s Pulse Amplitude Modulation trainer (PHY-60)
2. Signal generator
3. CRO
4. BNC Probes, Connecting wire
- Circuit diagram

PAM MODULATOR

PAM DEMODULATOR
PAM BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PAM EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Procedure

1. Switch on the Physitech’s pulse amplitude modulation and

demodulation trainer
2. In clock generator section, connect pin-6 of 555 IC to the 33 pf
capacitor terminal
3. Check the clock generator RF output signal.
4. Connect RF output of clock generator to the RF input of modulator
section
5. Connect a 1 KHz, 2 V p-p of sine wave from a function generator to
the AF input of
modulator section.
. Short the 10 F terminal and 10K terminal of modulator
7. Connect 10k Terminal to pin-1 of IC 4016
8. Connect the CRO to modulated output of modulator section.
9. Adjust the 1k potentiometer to vary the amplitude of the modulated
signal
10. Adjust the AF signal frequency from 1KHz – 10KHz to get stable output
waveform while increasing the AF signal frequency decreases the output
signal pulses.
11. During demodulation, connect the modulated output to the PAM input
of demodulator
section.
12. Connect channel 1 of CRO to modulating signal and channel -2
to demodulated output
Observe the two waveforms that they are 180 degrees out of phase., since
the transistor detector operates in CE configuration.
OUTPUT Waveform:

RESULTS:
The PAM MOD & DEMOD have been observed.The demodulated
waveform was found same as baseband signal.
------********************-----