VOCABULARY Merged

COLLOCATION LIST
Contents
A. THE ARTS................................................................................................................................ 3
B. BUSINESS AND MONEY..................................................................................................... 14
C. COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY ..................................................................... 23
D. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT .............................................................................................. 33
E. EDUCATION ......................................................................................................................... 42
F. THE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................... 51
G. FAMILY AND CHILDREN ................................................................................................. 61
H. HEALTH ................................................................................................................................ 71
I. TOURISM ................................................................................................................................ 81
J. READING ................................................................................................................................ 90
K. GOVERNMENT .................................................................................................................... 98
L. FOOD AND DIET ................................................................................................................ 107
M.SOCIETY .............................................................................................................................. 115
N.SPORT AND EXERCISE .................................................................................................... 125
O. SPACE EXPLORATION ................................................................................................... 135
P. TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 145
Q. MEDIA AND ADVERTISING ........................................................................................... 154
R. TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................................................... 163
S. WORK ................................................................................................................................... 172
+ Để tìm hiểu thông tin về khóa học, bộ sách mới nhất của thầy Bách,
các bạn truy cập: www.ngocbach.com
+ Liên hệ với IELTS Ngoc Bach, các bạn vào www.ngocbach.com mục “Liên hệ.” 2
GIỚI THIỆU
Hi các bạn,
Mình là Ngọc Bách. Rất cám ơn các bạn đã tin tưởng đăng ký mua bộ sách“IELTS Topic
Vocabulary” do mình cùng team IELTS Ngoc Bach viết 100% từ đầu đến cuối và tối ưu cho
học sinh Việt Nam.
Sách tổng kết các collocations, ideas tốt nhất, dễ sử dụng nhất phân theo các chủ đề thường gặp
khi thi IELTS. Đây là các ideas, collocations mình phải mất nhiều năm tích lũy trong quá trình
dạy và nghiên cứu về IELTS đúc kết ra.
PHƯƠNG PHÁP HỌC SÁCH IELTS TOPIC VOCABULARY BY NGOCBACH:
✔BƯỚC 1:
Đọc thật kỹ từng từ, nghĩa và ví dụ bằng tiếng Anh. Chỗ nào chưa hiểu thì xem lại phần dịch đại
ý bằng tiếng Việt (phần dịch do các bạn ielts 7.5~8.0 dịch để các bạn trình độ yếu dễ học hơn).
Nhớ rằng câu ví dụ chính là gợi ý idea để các bạn viết bài task 2, phần lớn đều phù hợp cả trong
IELTS Speaking, Writing
✔ BƯỚC 2
Mỗi ngày các bạn học cho mình tầm 3~5 cụm từ (Không cần học quá nhiều từ 1 ngày). Mở file
file thu âm của giáo viên bản xứ nghe một lượt và đối chiếu với script vừa đọc lại cụm từ tầm 3
lần
✔ BƯỚC 3
Copy file audio vào điện thoại và nghe học bất cứ lúc nào rảnh
✔BƯỚC 4
+ Xem trong file “ÁP DỤNG TOPIC VOCABULARY VÀO BÀI VIẾT THỰC TẾ”, đây là file
chứa các bài mẫu IELTS Writing task 2, speaking mình viết minh họa cách sử dụng các
collocations này trong bài viết thực tế như thế nào ? Các bạn có thể thấy các collocations này
trong nhiều ngữ cảnh khác nhau -> sẽ hiểu và nhớ hơn các cụm từ này
+ Cố gắng mỗi cụm từ đặt tầm 3 câu ví dụ
+ Tạo thói quen cố gắng áp dụng các từ này vào bài viết task 2 cũng như speaking bất cứ khi nào
có thể
Chúc các bạn học tốt !

-Ngọc Bách-
A. THE ARTS
1. a work of art/a work of music/a work of literature

Meaning: a painting, sculpture, book, play, piece of music etc
Example: Shakespeare’s plays are considered as one of the greatest works of
literature in the English language.
Dịch đại ý
A work a art/ music/ literature: một tác phẩm hội họa/ âm nhạc/ văn học
Nghĩa: một bức họa, tác phẩm điêu khắc, cuốn sách, vở kịch, đoạn nhạc…
Ví dụ: Những vở kịch của Shakespeare được coi là một trong những tác phẩm
văn học bằng tiếng Anh vĩ đại nhất.
2. the aesthetic qualities of something

Meaning: The qualities related to beauty and understanding the beauty of
something.
Example: One advantage of studying the arts is that students learn to appreciate
the aesthetic qualities of paintings, literature and music.
Dịch đại ý
The aesthetic qualities of something: chất lượng thẩm mỹ của cái gì
Nghĩa: Những đặc trưng liên quan đến vẻ đẹp và sự thấu hiểu vẻ đẹp của cái gì
Ví dụ: Một trong những ưu điểm của việc học nghệ thuật là học sinh có thể hiểu
và trân trọng chất lượng thẩm mỹ của những bức họa, tác phẩm văn học và âm
nhạc.
3. the portrayal of something/somebody

Meaning: the act of showing or describing something/somebody in a book,
painting, play or film
Example: In the past, the portrayal of women in art was often as possessions,
owned by rich men.
Dịch đại ý
The portrayal of something/ somebody: miêu tả chân dung/ khắc họa chân dung
ai đó
Nghĩa: việc thể hiện hoặc miêu tả ai/ cái gì trong một cuốn sách, bức họa, vở kịch
hay phim ảnh.
Ví dụ: Trước đây, việc khắc họa chân dung phụ nữ được coi là đặc quyền của
người giàu.
4. a private viewing
Meaning: an occasion when a few people are invited to look at an exhibition of
paintings before it is open to the public.
Example: Paintings are sometimes considered as a form of investment, and art
dealers arrange private viewings for art collectors to purchase works of value.
Dịch đại ý
A private viewing: đi xem trước triển lãm
Nghĩa: khi một vài người được mời tới xem triển lãm hội họa trước khi nó mở cửa
cho công chúng.
Ví dụ: Hội họa đôi khi được coi như một hình thức đầu tư, và các nhà buôn bán
nghệ thuật sắp xếp những buổi xem trước triển lãm để những nhà sưu tập tranh
có thể xem xét, định giá.
5. to be a connoisseur of
Meaning: an expert on matters involving the judgment of beauty, quality or skill
in art or music
Example: In order to enjoy beautiful paintings, it is not necessary to be a
connoisseur of works of art.
Dịch đại ý
To be a connoisseur of: người am hiểu cái gì đó
Nghĩa: một chuyên gia trong viêc đánh giá vẻ đẹp, chất lượng và kỹ thuật của
một bức tranh/ bản nhạc.
Ví dụ: Không cần phải là một người am hiểu nghệ thuật mới có thể thưởng thức
vẻ đẹp của những bức họa.
6. a priceless portrait
Meaning: a painting of a person that is extremely valuable
Example: Private art collections may sometimes include priceless portraits of
kings or queens painted by famous artists.
Dịch đại ý
A priceless portrait: bức chân dung vô giá
Nghĩa: bức họa một người nào đó mà vô cùng giá trị
Ví dụ: Bộ sưu tập tranh cá nhân đôi khi bao gồm cả những bức chân dung vô giá
của những vị vua và hoàng hậu được vẽ bởi những họa sĩ nổi tiếng.
7. to commission a work of art

Meaning: to officially ask somebody to paint a picture or compose a piece of
music for you
Example: Artists in the past often relied on wealthy people to
commissionpaintings or music from them.
Dịch đại ý
To commission a work of art: đặt làm/ mua một tác phẩm nghệ thuật
Nghĩa: yêu cầu ai đó vẽ 1 bức tranh/ sáng tác 1 bản nhạc cho bạn
Ví dụ: Nghệ sĩ trước kia thường trông chờ người giàu có đặt mua những bức
tranh hay bản nhạc của họ.
8. an art movement
Meaning: a group of artists who share similar ideas
Example: The creative aspect of art is demonstrated by the number of art
movements over the centuries – including the Impressionists, the Romantics and
the Modernists.
Dịch đại ý
An art movement: trường phái nghệ thuật
Nghĩa: một nhóm các nghệ sĩ có cùng chung ý tưởng
Ví dụ: Khía cạnh sáng tạo của nghệ thuật được thể hiện bởi hàng loạt những
phong trào nghệ thuật qua nhiều thế kỉ - bao gồm trường phái ấn tượng, chủ
nghĩa lãng mạn và chủ nghĩa hiện đại.
9. performance art
Meaning: A form of art in which the artist performs something, rather than
producing a physical work of art
Example: Some tourist destinations offer performance art by actors to recreate
events from local history, such as battles or local legends.
Dịch đại ý
Performance art: nghệ thuật biểu diễn
Nghĩa: Một hình thức nghệ thuật mà ở đó người nghệ sĩ biểu diễn cái gì đó chứ
không sản xuất một tác phẩm nghệ thuật
Ví dụ: Một số điểm đến du lịch có các buổi biểu diễn nghệ thuật để tái tạo những
sự kiện lịch sử, như một trận chiến hay các huyền thoại tại địa phương.
10. funding for the arts

Meaning: the act of providing money for artists, writers, musicians etc
Example: Government funding for the arts encourages people of artistic ability
to express their talent to the public.
Dịch đại ý
Funding for the arts: quỹ nghệ thuật
Nghĩa: hoạt động gây quỹ cho nghệ sĩ, nhà văn, nhạc sĩ,…
Ví dụ: Quỹ nghệ thuật của nhà nước khuyến khích người có năng khiếu nghệ
thuật thể hiện tài năng của họ tới công chúng.
11. a mixed funding model for the arts
Meaning: a model in which some money to support the arts is given by the
government and some money is provided by private individuals or commercial
organizations.
Example: I would argue that a mixed funding model for the arts is the best way
to support artists, musicians and writers by combining public and provide funds
and even donations.
Dịch đại ý
A mixed funding model for the arts: mô hình quỹ nghệ thuật hỗn hợp
Nghĩa: mô hình quỹ ủng hộ nghệ thuật do chính phủ và một số cá nhân hay tổ
chức thương mại cung cấp, hỗ trợ.
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng mô hình quỹ nghệ thuật hỗn hợp là cách tốt nhất để hỗ trợ
các nghệ sĩ, nhạc sĩ và nhạc văn bằng cách kết hợp những quỹ chung và quỹ tư,
thậm chí là quyên góp.
12. the imposition of censorship

Meaning: the act of preventing something from being available to the public,
because it is considered offensive or a political threat
Example: I believe that the imposition of censorship is sometimes necessary to
protect young people from exposure to pornographic writing or images.
Dịch đại ý
The imposition of censorship: kiểm duyệt bắt buộc
Nghĩa: việc ngăn chặn cái gì đó được công bố tới công chúng vì nó có thể nhạy
cảm hay đe dọa về mặt chính trị
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng kiểm duyệt bắt buộc có những lúc là cần thiết để bảo vệ thanh
thiếu niên khỏi những hình ảnh đồi trụy.
13. to stage a play

Meaning: to organize and present a play for people to see
Example: It is important to encourage children to be creative, for example by
staging a school play or displaying their artwork on school open days.
Dịch đại ý
To stage a play: trình diễn 1 vở kịch
Nghĩa: chuẩn bị và biểu diễn 1 vở kịch cho mọi người cùng xem
Ví dụ: Khuyến khích trẻ em sáng tạo là rất quan trọng, ví dụ như trình diễn 1 vở
kịch hay trình bày những tác phẩm của chúng trong ngày hội của trường.
14. a talented playwright

Meaning: a person who writes plays for the theatre
Example: Directors of theatres must encourage talented playwrights by staging
their plays for theatre-goers.
Dịch đại ý
A talented playwright: nhà biên kịch tài năng
Nghĩa: người giỏi viết kịch cho nhà hát
Ví dụ: Những ông chủ nhà hát cần khuyến khích các nhà soạn kịch tài năng bằng
cách trình diễn vở kịch của họ cho khán giả tới xem.
15. to appeal to audiences

Meaning: to attract or interest those who go to watch a play or film.
Example: Plays which deal with contemporary social issues are likely to appeal to
audiences.
Dịch đại ý
To appeal to audiences: hấp dẫn khán giả
Nghĩa: hấp dẫn người tới xem kịch hoặc phim
Ví dụ: Những vở kịch nói về các vấn đề đương thời thường hấp dẫn người xem.
16. a literature festival/a book festival

Meaning: A regular gathering of writers and readers in a particular city, perhaps
every year.
Example: One way in which to attract tourists to a city is to stage an annual
literature festival, and invite well-known writers to attend.
Dịch đại ý
A literature festival: lễ hội văn học/ lễ hội sách
Nghĩa: Một buổi gặp mặt thông thường giữa người viết và người đọc trong một
thành phố, thường tổ chức hàng năm.
Ví dụ: Một cách thu hút khách du lịch tới thành phố là tổ chức lễ hội văn học
hàng năm, và mời những nhà văn tên tuổi tới tham dự.
17. literary and artistic heritage

Meaning: the traditon of writing or painting that a country, city or town has had
for many years, distinguishing it as an important part of its character
Example: Visitors to Britain can enjoy the rich literary and artistic heritage by
going to such places as the birthplace of Shakespeare and the National Art
Gallery in London.
Dịch đại ý
Literary and artistic heritage: di sản văn hóa nghệ thuật
Nghĩa: Du khách đến Anh có thể thưởng thức di sản văn hóa nghệ thuật phong
phú bằng cách đến những điểm du lịch như nơi sinh của Shakespeare và Viện
triển lãm quốc gia tại London.
18. to express oneself
Meaning: to communicate some idea or emotion through speech, writing,
painting, music or some other form of art
Example: Schools should encourage pupils to express themselves through art,
music or creative writing in order to stimulate their imagination.
Dịch đại ý
To express oneself: thể hiện bản thân
Nghĩa: trình bày ý tưởng/ cảm xú qua phát biểu, văn viết, hội họa, âm nhạc hay
những hình thức nghệ thuật khác.
Ví dụ: Trường học nên khuyến khích học sinh thể hiện bản thân qua hội họa, âm
nhạc hay sáng tác văn học để kích thích trí tưởng tượng của chúng.
19. works of literary fiction

Meaning: types of literature which describe imaginary people and events, not real
ones
Example: It takes enormous creativity to write works of literary fiction, and the
greatest writers are rightly considered literary geniuses.
Dịch đại ý
Works of literary fiction: tác phẩm văn học giả tưởng
Nghĩa: thể loại văn học viết về những người và sự kiện giả tưởng, không có thật
Ví dụ: Phải sáng tạo rất nhiều mới có thể viết được những tác phẩm văn học giả
tưởng, và những tác giả vĩ đại thường được coi là những thiên tài văn học thực
thụ.
20. a literary genius

Meaning: a person with outstanding ability in writing
Example: Although not every child will become a literary genius, it is still
important for students to practice creative writing at school.
Dịch đại ý
A literary genius: thiên tài văn học
Nghĩa: người có tài năng văn học xuất chúng
Ví dụ: Dù không phải đứa trẻ nào cũng sẽ là thiên tài văn học, nhưng việc cho
học sinh sáng tác văn học ở trường vẫn là rất quan trọng.
21. street musicians

Meaning: people who play a musical instrument in the street to get money from
passers-by
Example: Street musicians are an entertaining feature of cultural life in many
cities.
Dịch đại ý
Street musicians: nghệ sĩ đường phố
Nghĩa: những người chơi nhạc cụ trên đường để xin tiền từ người qua đường
Ví dụ: Nghệ sĩ đường phố là một nét đặc trưng văn hóa ở nhiều thành phố.
22. genres of music

Meaning: particular types or styles of music
Example: Different genres of music tend to be favoured by different age groups,
with classical music more popular among the elderly.
Dịch đại ý
Genres of music: thể loại âm nhạc
Nghĩa: những thể loại hay phong cách âm nhạc cụ thể
Ví dụ: Những thể loại âm nhạc khác nhau được yêu thích bởi những lứa tuổi khác
nhau, như là nhạc cố điển thì được người cao tuổi ưa thích hơn.
23. to take up a musical instrument

Meaning: to start to learn to play a musical instrument
Example: Schools should encourage all those children who have an interest to
take up a musical instrument.
Dịch đại ý
To take up a musical instrument: học chơi một nhạc cụ
Nghĩa: bắt đầu học để chơi được một nhạc cụ nào đó
Ví dụ: Trường học nên khuyến khích những học sinh mà có hứng thú chơi nhạc
cụ.
24. live music

Meaning: music that is not recorded – it is performed at the same time as people
listen to it
Example: Without funding from governments, it is doubtful whether live music
would survive.
Dịch đại ý
Live music: nhạc sống
Nghĩa: không phải bản nhạc thu âm mà là nhạc được biểu diễn trực tiếp cho
người nghe.
Ví dụ: Không có hỗ trợ của nhà nước, không rõ nhạc sống có thể tiếp tục tồn tại
được hay không.
25. a concert venue

Meaning: a place where people go to listen to live music at an organized event
Example: Cities offer many cultural attractions for music-lovers, such as the Paris
Opera.
Dịch đại ý
A concert venue: nhà hát
Nghĩa: nơi người ta đến nghe nhạc sống tại một sự kiện nào đó
26. a resident orchestra

Meaning: a large group of people who play musical instruments together in the
same venue.
Example: In most cities, a resident orchestra must receive a subsidy from the
local authority in order to survive financially.
Dịch đại ý
A resident orchestra: một dàn giao hưởng
Nghĩa: một nhóm đông người cùng chơi nhạc cụ tại cùng một nơi
27. an opera house

Meaning: a dedicated building such as a theatre or other venue, in which the
performers sing while the orchestra plays the music
Example: The financial costs of running an opera house are very high, and so
ticket prices to see an opera are expensive.
Dịch đại ý
An opera house: nhà hát
Nghĩa: một tòa nhà được xây như rạp hát, nơi các nghệ sĩ hát và dàn giao hưởng
chơi nhạc.
Ví dụ: Chi phí tài chính để duy trì một nhà hát là rất cao, nên giá nghe nhạc giao
hưởng là rất đắt.
28. folk songs

Meaning: songs in the traditional style of a country or community
Example: Traditional folk songs are part of the cultural heritage of a nation or
region.
Dịch đại ý
Folk songs: nhạc cổ truyền/ dân tộc
Nghĩa: những bài hát theo phong cách truyền thống của một đất nước hay một
cộng đồng.
Ví dụ: những bài hát dân tộc cổ truyền là một phần di sản văn hóa của một quốc
gia hay một vùng miền.
29. popular music

Meaning: music of the type which is listened to by a large number of people, with
a strong rhythm and simple tunes.
Example: It would be a pity if young people only listened to popular/pop music
and had no knowledge of traditional folk songs.
Dịch đại ý
Popular music: nhạc hiện đại
Nghĩa: thể loại được đa số mọi người nghe theo, với nhạc điệu mạnh mẽ và các
âm đơn giản.
Ví dụ: Sẽ rất đáng tiếc nếu người trẻ chỉ nghe nhạc hiện đại mà không biết gì về
nhạc dân gian cổ truyền.
30. to sing in a choir

Meaning: to sing in a group of people, for example in a church or public
performance
Example: One way that schools can encourage children to enjoy music is to give
them an opportunity to sing in a school choir.
Dịch đại ý
To sing in a choir: hát đồng ca
Nghĩa: hát theo 1 nhóm, ví dụ như trong nhà thờ hoặc buổi biểu diễn trước công
chúng.
Ví dụ: Một phương pháp để nhà trường khuyến khích trẻ thưởng thức âm nhạc là
cho chúng cơ hội được hát đồng ca.
B. BUSINESS AND MONEY
1. To take something into consideration/ account

Meaning: to consider or remember something when judging a situation
Example: No business will succeed if it fails to take the needs of customers into
account/into consideration.
Dịch đại ý
To take something into consideration/account: xem xét cái gì
Nghĩa: xem xét hay nhớ tới cái gì khi đánh giá 1 vấn đề, 1 tình huống
Ví dụ: Việc kinh doanh không thể thành công nếu như không xem xét đến nhu
cầu của khách hàng.
2. To break into a market

Meaning: to enter a market with the connotation that entrance to the industry
was difficult.
Example: It is difficult to break into the market for designer sportswear because
there is too much competition from leading brands like Nike.
Dịch đại ý
To break into a market: thâm nhập thị trường
Nghĩa: gia nhập vào thị trường có rào cản gia nhập cao (khó thâm nhập)
Ví dụ: Rất khó khăn để thâm nhập thị trường quần áo thể thao do sự cạnh tranh
mạnh từ các thương hiệu dẫn đầu như Nike.
3. To keep someone’s word

Meaning: to uphold one's promise; to do as one says
Example: I lent him a lot of money, so I hope that he keeps his word and repays
the loan.
Dịch đại ý
To keep someone’s word: Giữ lời
Nghĩa: giữ lời hứa, làm như những gì đã nói
Ví dụ: Tôi cho anh ta vay rất nhiều tiền, nên tôi hy vọng anh ta sẽ giữ lời và hoàn
trả khoản nợ đó cho tôi.
4. To reach a consensus
Meaning: to come to an agreement
Example: The directors of the company have reached a consensus on the new
business plan.
Dịch đại ý
To reach a consensus: đạt được thỏa thuận
Nghĩa: 2 bên cùng đồng ý với một quyết định nào đó, đi tới 1 thỏa thuận
Ví dụ: Các giám đốc của công ty đã đạt được thỏa thuận về kế hoạch kinh doanh
mới.
5. To make the most of something

Meaning: to make something appear as good as possible; to exploit something;
to get as much out of something as is possible.
Example: They designed the advertisements to make the most of the product's
features.
Dịch đại ý
To make the most of something: tận dụng cái gì
Nghĩa: tạo ra cái gì một cách tốt nhất cái gì hoặc khai thác cái gì một cách triệt
để.
Ví dụ: Họ thiết kế những quảng cáo có thể khai thác tối đa các đặc trưng của sản
phẩm.
6. To go out of business
Meaning: if a company goes out of business, it stops doing business
permanently, especially because it has failed
Example: If we sold food at those prices we’d soon go out of business.
Dịch đại ý
To go out of business: phá sản
Nghĩa: Nếu một công ty phá sản, nó dừng hoạt động vĩnh viễn do kinh doanh
thất bại.
Ví dụ: Nếu ta bán thực phẩm với mức giá đó, không sớm thì muộn ta cũng sẽ
phá sản.
7. To do market research
Meaning: to collect information about what people buy and why they choose it.
Example: Advertising companies do a lot of market research before they design
promotion campaigns.
Dịch đại ý
To do market research: nghiên cứu thị trường
Nghĩa: thu thập thông tin về những gì người tiêu dùng lựa chọn và lí do họ lựa
chọn sản phẩm đó
Ví dụ: Các công ty quảng cáo thực hiện việc nghiên cứu thị trường rất nhiều trước
khi họ đề xuất các chiến dịch quảng bá xúc tiến.
8. To make cutbacks
Meaning: to decrease, to reduce
Example: The company made cutbacks at their stores in New York and many
employees were dismissed.
Dịch đại ý
To make cutbacks: cắt giảm
Nghĩa: giảm
Ví dụ: Công ty giảm số lượng cửa hàng tại New York khiến nhiều nhân viên bị sa
thải.
9. To manage expectations
Meaning: Seek to prevent disappointment by establishing in advance what can
realistically be achieved or delivered by a project, undertaking, course of action,
etc.
Example: the company needs to manage the expectations of investors by
presenting a realistic figure for next year’s estimated profits.
Dịch đại ý
To manage expectations: quản lý kỳ vọng
Nghĩa: Giảm thiểu sự thất vọng bằng cách thiết lập trước kết quả thực tế của một
dự án hay một hành động nào đó.
Ví dụ: Công ty cần quản lý kỳ vọng của những nhà đầu tư bằng cách trình bày
những số liệu về lợi nhuận đã được dự tính của năm sau.
10. To make a calculation

Meaning: to assess a situation and figure out (or guess) the outcome
Example: We cannot make a precise calculation of the price until we have all the
costs.
Dịch đại ý
To make a calculation: tính toán
Nghĩa: Đánh giá 1 tình huống và dự đoán kết quả
Ví dụ: Chúng ta không thể dự đoán chính xác mức giá cho tới khi biết được toàn
bộ chi phí.
11. To pay in arrears
Meaning: refers to making a payment to a supplier later than the terms of the
arrangement under which goods or services were purchased from the supplier.
Example: The company pays one month in arrears to all its suppliers and
employees.
Dịch đại ý
To pay in arrears: trả tiền sau
Ý nghĩa: cách thức trả tiền cho nhà cung cấp chậm hơn so với điều khoản của
hợp đồng
Ví dụ: Công ty đó trả tiền chậm 1 tháng cho tất cả nhà cung cấp và cả nhân viên.
12. To buy at auction

Meaning: to buy something at a usually public sale of goods or property, where
people make higher and higher bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the
thing is sold to the person who will pay most
Example: Buying a property at an auction can be a nerve-wracking or
exhilarating experience.
Dịch đại ý
To buy at auction: mua hàng đấu giá
Nghĩa: mua cái gì đó ở một phiên đấu giá công khai, khi mọi người đưa ra các
mức giá cao hơn và hơn nữa, và đồ vật sẽ được bán cho người trả giá cao nhất.
Ví dụ: Mua bất động sản đấu giá có thể rất hại não hoặc có thể là một trải
nghiệm đáng giá.
13. To squander a chance/ savings

Meaning: to waste money or supplies, or to waste opportunities by not using
them to your advantage
Example: James squandered all his savings in an unsuccessful business venture
to sell ice cream in Alaska.
Dịch đại ý
To squander a chance/ savings: lãng phí cơ hội/ số tiết kiệm
Nghĩa: lãng phí tiền của hay cơ hội mà không có ích gì cho bản thân.
Ví dụ: James đã lãng phí tất cả tiền tiết kiệm vào vụ kinh doanh mạo hiểm không
thanh công khi bán kem ở Alaska.
14. Overhead cost

Meaning: refers to regular costs required to run a business, such as rent,
electricity, wages etc
Example: An increase in rents in the shopping mall increased the overhead costs
of all the shops which operated there.
Dịch đại ý
Overhead cost: chi phí cố định
Nghĩa: các chi phí thông thường để duy trì việc kinh doanh, như thuê văn phòng,
tiền điện, tiền lương
Ví dụ: Việc tăng tiền thuê mặt bằng ở trung tâm thương mại đã làm tăng chi phí
cố định của tất cả các cửa hàng kinh doanh ở đây.
15. A takeover
Meaning: an act of taking over a company by buying its shares
Example: Sony made a successful takeover of the broadcasting company CBS.
Dịch đại ý
A takeover: mua lại/ tiếp quản
Nghĩa: mua một công ty bằng cách mua lại cồ phần của nó
Ví dụ: Sony đã tiếp quản thành công đài truyền hình CBS.
16. A merger
Meaning: the action of joining two or more businesses into one
Example: The directors of Kentucky Fried Chicken and Burger King are
considering a merger of the two companies.
Dịch đại ý
A merger: sự sáp nhập
Nghĩa: liên kết/ sáp nhập 2 hay nhiều công ty thành 1
Ví dụ: Các nhà quản lí của Gà rán Kentucky và Burger King đang xem xét việc sáp
nhập 2 công ty thành 1.
17. A heavy workload

Meaning: having many tasks to perform
Example: Many employees of the company take time off work because of illness
and stress due to the heavy workload.
Dịch đại ý
A heavy workload: khối lượng công việc lớn
Nghĩa: có nhiều nhiệm vụ cần làm
Ví dụ: Rất nhiều nhân viên của công ty đã xin nghỉ do ốm đau và áp lực tới từ
khối lượng công việc quá lớn.
18. Compensation
Meaning: something that somebody gives you [usually money] because they
have hurt you or damaged something that you own
Example: I received a large sum of money as compensation for the injury which I
sustained at work.
Dịch đại ý
Compensation: tiền đền bù
Nghĩa: người khác đưa tiền đền bù cho bạn khi họ làm tổn thương bạn hoặc phá
hoại cái gì đó của bạn
Ví dụ: Tôi đã nhận được một khoảng lớn tiền đền bù cho chấn thương tôi gặp
phải khi đang làm việc.
19. Revenue
Meaning: the money that a government receives from taxes or which a company
receives from its business
Example: The tax revenues of the government have fallen as a result of the
economic crisis.
Dịch đại ý
Revenue: Lợi nhuận
Nghĩa: Tiền mà chính phủ nhận được từ việc đóng thuế hoặc tiền mà công ty có
được từ việc kinh doanh.
Ví dụ: Khoản thu từ thuế của chính phủ giảm xuống do khủng hoảng kinh tế.
20. White-collar
Meaning: working in an office, not a factory
Example: The insurance company is offering some white-collar jobs if you want
to apply.
Dịch đại ý
White-collar: nhân viên văn phòng/ dân công sở
Nghĩa: những người làm việc trong văn phòng chứ không phải nhà máy
Ví dụ: Công ty bảo hiểm đang tuyển dụng một số vị trí văn phòng nếu như bạn
muốn đăng ký.
21. Blue-collar
Meaning: connected with people who do physical work in industry
Example: He’s a blue-collar worker in a car factory.
Dịch đại ý
Blue-collar: công nhân
Nghĩa: những người làm việc tay chân
Ví dụ: Anh ấy là một công nhân trong nhà máy sản xuất ô tô.
22. To run your own business

Meaning: to have a business which you own
Example: I was tired of working for other people, so I decided to run my own
business.
Dịch đại ý
To run your own business: tự làm chủ/ kinh doanh
Nghĩa: tự kinh doanh cái bạn có
Ví dụ: Tôi đã quá chán phải làm việc cho người khác nên tôi quyết định tự kinh
doanh.
23. To earn a living

Meaning: to earn money
Example: I used to earn a living as a teacher, but now I sell used cars.
Dịch đại ý
To earn a living: kiếm sống
Nghĩa: kiếm tiền trang trải cuộc sống
Ví dụ: Tôi từng kiếm sống bằng nghề giáo viên, nhưng giờ thì tôi đi bán ô tô cũ,
đã qua sử dụng.
24. Enhance their public image

Meaning: to make their company appear more attractive to people
Example: In order to enhance their public image, some companies donate large
sums of money to charities.
Dịch đại ý
To enhance their public image: nâng cao hình ảnh
Nghĩa: khiến công ty xuất hiện ấn tượng và thu hút hơn
Ví dụ: Để nâng cao hình ảnh của mình với công chúng, một số công ty đã quyên
góp một số tiền rất lớn cho việc từ thiện.
25. To grow a business

Meaning: to expand a business, usually a new one
Example: The company started one year ago with only one shop, but they have
grown the business and now have ten shops.
Dịch đại ý
To grow a business: mở rộng kinh doanh
Nghĩa: mở rộng việc kinh doanh, thường là mở ra một cái mới.
Ví dụ: Công ty đó đã bắt đầu kinh doanh một năm trước chỉ với một cửa hang,
nhưng họ đã nhanh chóng mở rộng kinh doanh và giờ có 9 cửa hang.
26. To gain a competitive edge

Meaning: to achieve an advantage over another company or organization, often
by providing the same goods or services at a lower price
Example: The high quality of VW cars, combined with their affordable price, has
enabled the company to gain a competitiveedge over all its rivals in world
markets.
Dịch đại ý
To gain a competitive edge: có được lợi thế cạnh tranh
Nghĩa: đạt được lợi thế hơn công ty hay tổ chức khác, thường do cung cáp dịch
vụ hay sản phẩm tương tự với giá thành thấp hơn.
Ví dụ: Chất lượng cao của những chiếc ô tô Volks Swagen, cùng với giá cả hợp lý
đã khiến công ty có lợi thế cạnh tranh hơn tất cả đối thủ trên thị trường thế giới.
27. Maximize profits

Meaning: to increase profits to the highest possible level
Example: The company has hired a marketing consultant to recommend how to
maximize profits next year.
Dịch đại ý
Maximize profits: tối đa hóa lợi nhuận
Nghĩa: tang lợi nhuận đến mức cao nhất có thể
Ví dụ: Công ty đã thuê 1 tư vấn marketing tới để tư vấn làm thế nào để tối đa hóa
lợi nhuận kỳ sau.
28. To conduct a business

Meaning: to operate a business in a particular way
Example: It is important to conduct a business with honesty in order to gain the
confidence of customers.
Dịch đại ý
To conduct a business: xây dựng việc kinh doanh
Nghĩa: điều hành việc kinh doanh theo 1 cách cụ thể
Ví dụ: Việc kinh doanh với sự chân thành là rất quan trọng để có được sự tin cậy
của người tiêu dung.
29. To be made redundant

Meaning: to lose one’s job
Example: The car factory has closed and 1000 employees have been made
redundant.
Dịch đại ý
To be made redundant: bị sa thải
Nghĩa: bị đuổi việc
Ví dụ: Nhà máy sản xuất ô tô bị đóng cửa và 1000 nhân viên bị mất việc.
30. Pension scheme

Meaning: a system in which you and your employer pay money regularly into a
fund, to use when you retire from work
Example: One of the benefits of working for a big corporation is that such large
companies usually provide a good pension scheme.
Dịch đại ý
Pension scheme: Chế độ lương hưu.
Nghĩa: một hệ thống mà người lao động trả tiền thường xuyên vào một quỹ,
được sử dụng khi người lao động nghỉ hưu.
Ví dụ: Một trong những lợi ích của việc làm cho công ty liên doanh lớn là những
công ty lớn thường có chế độ lương hưu rất tốt.
C. COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY
1. to hide one’s light under a bushel

Meaning: to conceal one’s talents and skills
Example: Please don't hide your light under a bushel—the Society needs
your valuable expertise.
Dịch đại ý
To hide one’s light under a bushel: giấu taì
Nghĩa: che giấu tài năng của ai đó
Ví dụ: Xin đừng che giấu tài năng của anh – xã hội cần những kiến thức vô giá
của anh.
2. to throw a tantrum
Meaning: to become very angry and unreasonable
Example: When you are a grown-up, you don't throw a tantrum if something
offends you, you discuss it.
Dịch đại ý
To throw a tantrum: tức giận vô cớ
Nghĩa: cực kỳ tức giận 1 cách vô lý
Ví dụ: Khi đã là một người trưởng thành, bạn sẽ không còn tức giận vô cớ nếu
có gì không vừa lòng, mà sẽ thẳng thắn nói về điều đó.
3. to stamp one’s mark on sth

Meaning: to affect or change something in a way that allows people to
recognize one’s influence
Example: She has stamped her own mark on the British film industry.
Dịch đại ý
To stamp one’s mark on sth: để lại dấu ấn cá nhân
Nghĩa: có ảnh hưởng/ thay đổi điều gì đó khiến người khác phải công nhận
sự ảnh hưởng đó.
Ví dụ: Cô ấy đã để lại dấu ấn cá nhân trong ngành công nghiệp điện ảnh của
nước Anh.
4. a clash of personalities
Meaning: a situation in which two people disagree because they have very
different personalities
Example: There had been a clash of personalities between the two leaders
over the question of defence policy.
Dịch đại ý
A clash of personalities: sự bất đồng về tính cách
Nghĩa: khi 2 người bất đồng với nhau do tính cách quá trái ngược
Ví dụ: Hai vị lãnh đạo có sự trái ngược về tính cách khi nói về chiến lược
phòng thủ.
5. to have a superiority complex

Meaning: to have a feeling that one is superior to others
Example: She has a superiority complex, imagining that she is somehow
better at everything than her classmates.
Dịch đại ý
To have a superiority complex: phức cảm tự tôn (ngược với phức cảm tự ti –
inferiority complex)
Nghĩa: có suy nghĩ, cảm xúc rằng mình vượt trội hơn người khác
Ví dụ: Cô ấy có phức cảm tự tôn, ảo tưởng rằng cô ấy tốt hơn về mọi mặt so
với các bạn cùng lớp.
6. to hear something through the grapevine

Meaning: to hear news from someone who heard that news from someone
else, to learn of something informally and unofficially by means of gossip or
rumor.
Example: Never believe the gossip that you hear through the grapevine –
always try to find the truth from an official source.
Dịch đại ý
To hear something through grapevine: nghe đồn
Nghĩa: nghe tin tức từ một người nào đó mà người đó cũng nghe tin đó từ
người khác, biết điều gì đó một cách không chính thức thông qua lời đồn
Ví dụ: đừng bao giờ tin vào những lời đồn đại bạn nghe được mà hãy luôn
tìm kiếm sự kiếm từ nguồn tin đáng tin cậy.
7. to act one’s age

Meaning: to behave in a way suitable for someone as old as you are
Example: During the most recent years of her career, Madonna has faced
criticism for her revealing outfits, her outrageous performances and her
decision to collaborate with her younger contemporary contemporaries, with
many calling for her to “act her age”.
Dịch đại ý
To act one’s age: cư xử đúng mực, đúng lứa tuổi
Nghĩa: cư xử một cách phù hợp với đúng lứa tuổi của mình
Ví dụ: Trong những năm gần đây của sự nghiệp ca hát, Madonna phải đối
diện với rất nhiều sự chỉ trích phê bình về trang phục biểu diễn hở hang,
những bài trình diễn phản cảm và quyết định yêu người kém hơn nhiều tuổi,
và nhiều người kêu gọi cô ấy hãy cư xử đúng tuổi.
8. codes of conduct
Meaning: voluntary rules which people accept in a situation
Example: The Code of Conduct is voluntary but it is seen as a sign of best
practice.
Dịch đại ý
Codes of conduct: quy tắc xứng xử
Nghĩa: những quy định được mọi người chấp nhận một cách tự nguyện trong
giao tiếp
Ví dụ: Bộ quy tắc ứng xử là tự nguyện nhưng nó được coi là tiêu chuẩn thực
hiện.
9. to assimilate knowledge
Meaning: to absorb and understand knowledge
Example: Some people claim that children assimilate knowledge more easily
than adults, citing studies into the way that young children learn.
Dịch đại ý
To assimilate knowledge: tiếp nhận kiến thức
Nghĩa: tiếp thu và hiểu được kiến thức
Ví dụ: Một số người khẳng định rằng trẻ em tiếp thu kiến thức dễ dàng hơn
người lớn, căn cứ vào những nghiên cứu về cách trẻ nhỏ học tập.
10. to marshal facts

Meaning: to organise facts in support of an idea
Example: His tutor asked him to marshal facts on the history of China in
preparation for the exam.
Dịch đại ý
To marshal facts: đưa ra lập luận
Nghĩa: sắp xếp các lí lẽ để ủng hộ một quan điểm nào đó
Ví dụ: Gia sư của anh ta yêu cầu anh ta đưa ra quan điểm, lập luận về lịch sử
của Trung Quốc để chuẩn bị cho kì thi
11. to be a team player

Meaning: a person who willingly cooperates with others
Example: Employees who are good team players are more likely to be
selected for promotion.
Dịch đại ý
To be a team player: người giỏi làm việc nhóm
Nghĩa: 1 người luôn sẵn sàng hợp tác với người khác
Ví dụ: Những nhân viên có khả năng làm việc tốt sẽ có nhiều cơ hội được
chọn để thăng tiến hơn.
12. the downfall of communication

Meaning: the decline of communication
Example: Texting and social media are causing the downfall of society's
interpersonal communication.
Dịch đại ý
The downfall of communication: suy giảm giao tiếp
Nghĩa: việc giao tiếp bị cắt giảm, ít đi nhiều so với trước đây
Ví dụ: Tin nhắn và các phương tiện truyền thông khác đang gây ra sự suy
giảm trong giao tiếp trực tiếp giữa người với người trong xã hội.
13. a breakdown in communication

Meaning: a misunderstanding which results from people failing to discuss
and resolve something
Example: The dispute between the workers and the employer was the result
of a breakdown in communication over wages.
Dịch đại ý
A breakdown in communication: ngưng trệ giao tiếp (thất bại/ gián đoạn)
Nghĩa: một sự hiểu lầm khiến mọi người thất bại trong việc thảo luận và giải
quyết vấn đề nào đó
Ví dụ: Mâu thuẫn giữa công nhân và ông chủ là do sự thất bại trong giao tiếp
về mức lương.
14. to live in harmony with one another
Meaning: to live with others in a way which avoids conflict or disagreement
Example: The students who share the house are all good friends and they are
able to live in harmony with one another.
Dịch đại ý
To live in harmony with one another: sống hòa hợp với người khác
Nghĩa: sống với những người khác một cách hòa hợp, tránh gây mâu thuẫn
với nhau
Ví dụ: Sinh viên sống cùng một nhà là những người bạn thân và họ có thể
sống hòa hợp với nhau.
15. to keep abreast of something

Meaning: to have the most recent information about something
Example: This new service helps doctors keep abreast of the newest drugs
available.
Dịch đại ý
To keep abreast of something: cập nhật tin tức
Nghĩa: cập nhật những tin tức gần nhất về vấn đề gì đó
Ví dụ: Dịch vụ mới cho phép bác sĩ cập nhật tin tức về những loại thuốc mới
nhất.
16. to accelerate the flow of information

Meaning: to spread information with a higher speed to create faster response
times and more accurate interactions
Example: The new software, Wildtech, is intended to help accelerate the
flowof information among scientists, and forest and wildlife managers.
Dịch đại ý
To accelerate the flow of information: tăng tốc độ thông tin
Nghĩa: lan truyền thông tin với tốc độ cao hơn để tạo ra thời gian phản hồi
ngắn hơn với những tương tác chính xác hơn.
Ví dụ: Phần mềm mới mang tên Wildtech là để giúp tăng tốc độ lan truyền
thông tin giữa những nhà khoa học với người quản lí rừng và khu bảo tồn
hoang dã.
17. behind the times

Meaning: refers to a person who is old-fashioned and has not adopted certain
modern customs, beliefs, or behaviors
Example: He was angry when they said that his accounting methods were
behind the times because he did not use computer software.
Dịch đại ý
Behind the times: lỗi thời
Nghĩa: người cổ hủ, lỗi thời và không bắt kịp những thói quen, cách cư xử
mới.
Ví dụ: Anh ta rất tức giận khi họ nói những phương thức kế toán của anh ta
đã lỗi thời vì anh ta không sử dụng phần mềm máy tính.
18. set in his or her ways

Meaning: A person who is set in his or her ways is stubborn and committed to
their current way of doing things. They aren’t open to changing, even if the
change would be an improvement
Example: As people get older, they often become set in their ways and are
reluctant to try anything new.
Dịch đại ý
Set in his or her ways: bảo thủ
Nghĩa: người bảo thủ là người cứng đầu và nhất định chỉ làm theo cách của
mình. Họ không muốn thay đổi, dù sự thay đổi ấy theo chiều hướng tốt.
Ví dụ: Khi lớn tuổi, người ta thường trở nên bảo thủ và rất ngại thay đổi.
19. a social butterfly

Meaning: refers to an extroverted person who loves to socialize
Example: A social butterfly is a person who is socially dynamic, networking,
charismatic, and personally gregarious.
Dịch đại ý
A social butterfly: người giao thiệp rộng
Nghĩa: chỉ người hướng ngoại, thích giao thiệp với người khác
Ví dụ: Một người giao thiệp rộng là một người năng động, lôi cuốn và thích
giao du.
20. a stickler for sth

Meaning: Someone who is a “stickler for something” is a person who strongly
insists on that quality or behavior, and wants or expects other people to
maintain the same standard
Example: The author described himself as a stickler for details, who loves
things done right the first time.
Dịch đại ý
A stickler for sth: người câu nệ, khắt khe về cái gì
Nghĩa: người lúc nào cũng đòi hỏi về chất lượng hay cách cư xử, mong muốn
người khác cũng phải theo những tiêu chuẩn đó.
Ví dụ: Tác gia đó tự mô tả bản thân là một người câu nệ chi tiết, người muốn
mọi thứ phải hoàn hảo ngay từ lần đầu tiên.
21. to be user-friendly
Meaning: to be easy to use, without a need for advanced skills
Example: One feature of modern communications technology is that, in
general, it is user-friendly.
Dịch dại ý
To be user-friendly: thân thiện với người dùng
Nghĩa: dễ sử dụng, không cần kỹ năng cao
Ví dụ: Một trong những đặc điểm chung của công nghệ giao tiếp hiện đại là
chúng khá thân thiện với người dùng.
22. social networking sites

Meaning: a website on which you communicate with people who share your
interests
Example: Young people today waste too much time on social networking
sites such as Facebook or Twitter
Dịch đại ý
Social networking sites: mạng xã hội
Nghĩa: trang web nơi bạn giao lưu với mọi người và có thể chia sẻ những vấn
đề bạn quan tâm
Ví dụ: Người trẻ hiện nay thường lãng phí quá nhiều thời gian vào các trang
mạng xã hội như Facebook hay Twitter.
23. to break off a relationship/to break off negotiations

Meaning: to end something suddenly
Example: The US and China broke off negotiations earlier today on the new
trade agreement.
Dịch đại ý
To break off a relationship/ negatiations: cắt đứt đàm phán
Nghĩa: chấm dứt cái gì đó một cách đột ngột
Ví dụ: Mỹ và Trung Quốc đột ngột cắt đứt đàm phán ngày hôm nay về hiệp
định thương mại mới.
24. to reach a stalemate/to reach deadlock

Meaning: a disagreement in which neither side is able to find a solution
Example: The talks between the superpowers broke up when both sides
reached deadlock over important issues.
Dịch đại ý
To reach a stalemate/ deadlock: đình trệ, bế tắc
Nghĩa: sự bất đồng mà không bên nào tìm được cách giải quyết
Ví dụ: Cuộ nói chuyện giữa các bên đã thất bại khi cả 2 bên đều bế tắc ở
những vấn đề quan trọng.
25. to have social skills

Meaning: to have the personal skills required for successful communication
and interaction
Example: In all jobs which involve dealing with the public, it is important
tohave good social skills.
Dịch đại ý
To have social skills: kỹ năng xã hội tốt
Nghĩa: có những kỹ năng cá nhân cần thiết cho giao tiếp và tương tác thành
công.
Ví dụ: Mọi công việc liên quan đến quan hệ quần chúng đều yêu cầu kỹ năng
xã hội tốt.
26. to have a laid-back attitude

Meaning: relaxed, not worrying about anything
Example: Our teacher had a laid-back attitude in the classroom, but she was
always well-prepared and committed to her students.
Dịch đại ý
To have a laid-back attitude: thư giãn, thả lỏng, thong thả
Nghĩa: thư giãn, không lo lắng gì cả
Ví dụ: Cô giáo chúng tỗi có vẻ rất thong thả trong lớp, nhưng cô ấy luôn
chuẩn bị kĩ và hết mình với học sinh.
27. to be a workaholic/a shopaholic
Meaning: a person who spends too much time working/too much time
shopping
Example: Although I take my studies seriously, I would not describe myself as
a workaholic, because I have other interests too.
Dịch đại ý
To be a workaholic/ shopaholic: nghiện công việc/ mua sắm
Nghĩa: một người dành quá nhiều thời gian cho công việc/ mua sắm.
Ví dụ: Dù tôi học rất chăm chỉ, tôi không nghĩ mình là người nghiện công việc
vì tôi còn những thú vui khác nữa.
28. to see the big picture

Meaning: to understand all the important aspects of a situation
Example: Students sometimes get confused with so many details to
remember, but our history teacher is able to make us see the big picture.
Dịch đại ý
To see the big picture: nhìn nhận một cách toàn diện
Nghĩa: hiểu tất cả các phương diện của một vấn đề
Ví dụ: Sinh viên đôi khi gặp khó khăn khi có quá nhiều chi tiết phải nhớ,
nhưng cô giáo lịch sử luôn giúp chúng tôi khái quát được vấn đề.
29. to be generous/helpful to a fault

Meaning: to be very generous/helpful to others, even when it can cause
problems for oneself
Example: My parents are generous to a fault, and they have helped me a lot
with my education.
Dịch đại ý
To be generous/ helpful to a fault: nhiệt tình giúp đỡ
Nghĩa: Rất phóng khoáng, thoải mái giúp đỡ người khác dù nó có thể gây rắc
rối cho mình
Ví dụ: Cha mẹ tôi rất nhiệt tình và họ đã giúp tôi rất nhiều trong việc học.
30. to make small talk/to exchange pleasantries

Meaning: to talk in a polite way about unimportant matters such as the
weather
Example: I enjoy a serious discussion and I don’t like to make small talk or
exchange pleasantries with others simply in order to be polite.
Dịch đại ý
To make small talk/ to exchange pleasantries: nói chuyện xã giao
Nghĩa: nói chuyện một cách lịch sự về những vấn đề không quan trọng lắm, ví
dụ như thời tiết
Ví dụ: Tôi thích những cuộc nói chuyện nghiêm túc chứ không thích nói
chuyện xã giao với người khác chỉ vì phép lịch sự.
D. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
1. crime of passion
Meaning: refers to a crime, especially murder, caused by sexual jealousy
Example: People who carry out crimes of passion often regret their actions
later, when they reflect on what they have done.
Dịch đại ý
Crime of passion: đánh ghen, tội do ghen tuông
Nghĩa: hành động phạm tội, đặc biệt là giết người, xảy ra do ghen tuông
Ví dụ: Những người phạm tội do ghen tuông sau đó thường rất hối hận khi
nghĩ lại những gì đã làm.
2. to serve a prison sentence

Meaning: to carry out confinement in prison as a punishment
Example: They are serving long prison sentences for their part in the
assassination.
Dịch đại ý
To serve a prison sentence: thi hành án
Nghĩa: thực hiện hình phạt trong tù do tội lỗi mình gây ra
Ví dụ: Họ phải chịu mức tù phạt dài vì tham gia vào vụ ám sát.
3. to turn to crime/ drugs

Meaning: To start committing crimes or using drugs.
Example: During periods of high youth unemployment, some youngsters turn
to crime to obtain money.
Dịch đại ý
To turn to crime/ drugs: bắt đầu phạm tội/ dùng thuốc
Nghĩa: bắt đầu phạm tội
Ví dụ: Trong thời gian còn trẻ mà thất nghiệp, nhiều người trẻ bắt đầu dấn
thân vào con đường tội phạm để kiếm tiền.
4. to be tough on crime
Meaning: To punish crime severely
Example: The crime rate is likely to fall if governments take strong measures
to be tough on crime.
Dịch đại ý
To be tough on crime: phạt nặng
Nghĩa: đưa ra hình phạt nghiêm khắc với tội phạm
Ví dụ: Tỉ lệ tội phạm chắc chắn sẽ giảm nếu chính phủ có những biện pháp
mạnh tay và đưa ra hình phạt nghiêm khắc với những kẻ phạm tội.
5. to contestthe verdict
Meaning: not agree with the decision of the jury after the trial of a case
Example: In many countries, the accused person has the right to contest
theverdict which was reached in the court.
Dịch đại ý
To contest the verdict: phản đối quyết định của tòa án/ chống án
Nghĩa: không đồng ý với quyết định của tòa về vụ án nào đó
Ví dụ: Ở nhiều nước, bị cáo có quyền phản đối quyết định của tòa khi đưa ra
xét xử.
6. to take into consideration

Meaning: to think about a particular fact or detail and allow it to have some
influence when you are making a decision
Example: The previous criminal records of those who are found guilty must be
taken into consideration when a sentence is passed.
Dịch đại ý
To take into consideration: xem xét
Nghĩa: suy nghĩ kĩ về một sự thật hay 1 chi tiết nào đó ảnh hưởng tới quyết
định cuối cùng
Ví dụ: Cần xem xét tiền án tiền sự của những kẻ phạm tội.
7. to reintegrate back into society/ community

Meaning: to restore someone through education or therapy
Example: There is an increasing focus among policy-makers and practitioners
on identifying programs and strategies that will help prisoners successfully
reintegrate back into their communities without re-offending.
Dịch đại ý
To reintegrate back into society/ community: tái hòa nhập cộng động
Nghĩa: giúp ai đó tái hòa nhập cộng đồng thông qua giáo dục hoặc điều trị
Ví dụ: Các nhà hoạch định chính sách và những người thực hiện đang tập
trung vào việc xác định các chương trình và chiến lược giúp người phạm tội
tái hòa nhập cộng đồng thành công.
8. to be soft on crime
Meaning: not to impose strict punishments on offenders
Example: In order to deter criminals effectively, governments must not follow
policies which are soft on crime.
Dịch đại ý
To be soft on crime: phạt nhẹ
Nghĩa: không áp dụng hình phạt nghiêm khắc với những kẻ phạm tội
Ví dụ: Để giảm thiểu tội phạm một cách hiệu quả, chính phủ không nên nhẹ
tay với những kẻ phạm tội.
9. a policy of zero tolerance

Meaning: a policy of applying laws very strictly, so that every illegal action is
punished, even if it is not very serious
Example: I would argue that the most effective way to reduce crime is to
implement a policy of zero tolerance.
Dịch đại ý
A policy of zero tolerance: chính sách không khoan nhượng
Nghĩa: một chính sách áp dụng luật hà khắc, để tất cả các hành vi phạm tội
đều phải bị trừng phạt, dù đó không phải tội nghiêm trọng
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng cách hiệu quả nhất để giảm thiểu tội phạm là thực thi
chính sách không khoan nhượng.
10. a chance of rehabilitation

Meaning: a chance of helping someone to have a normal life after serving a
prison sentence
Example: We should give ex-offerders a chance of rehabilitation and teach
them how to become useful members of society.
Dịch đại ý
A chance of rehabilitation: cơ hội tái hòa nhập
Nghĩa: cơ hội giúp ai đó có 1 cuộc sống bình thường sau thời gian ở tù
Ví dụ: Chúng ta nên cho những người từng phạm tội một cơ hội tái hòa nhập
cộng đồng và dạy họ cách trở thành những công dân có ích cho xã hội.
11. to embark on something

Meaning: To start something new
Example: Young people sometimes embark on a life of crime as a result of
the bad influence of criminals whom they know.
Dịch đại ý
To embark on something: dấn thân vào cái gì
Nghĩa: bắt đầu vào một việc gì đó (mang tính mạo hiểm, nguy hiểm)
Ví dụ: Đôi khi người trẻ dấn thân vào con đường tội phạm là do ảnh hưởng
xấu từ những kẻ phạm tội mà họ quen biết.
12. to make a fresh start

Meaning: to try something new after making mistakes in one’s life
Example: I believe that people should have the opportunity to make a fresh
start after they are released from prison.
Dịch đại ý
To make a fresh start: một khởi đầu mới
Nghĩa: bắt đầu cái gì đó mới mẻ sau những lầm lỡ của cuộc đời
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng ai cũng có cơ hội làm lại cuộc đời sau khi ra tù.
13. to act as a deterrent

Meaning: a measure which makes somebody less likely to do something
Example: Longer prison sentences would act as a deterrent and would be
one useful measure to tackle rising crime.
Dịch đại ý
To act as a deterrent: rào cản
Nghĩa: phương pháp làm giảm khả năng ai đó làm việc gì
Ví dụ: Thời gian thi hành án dài hơn sẽ là rào cản và là một biện pháp hữu
hiệu để giải quyết vấn đề tệ nạn gia tăng.
14. to release back into society.

Meaning: to give freedom to prisoners who have finished their sentences.
Example: He was released back into society after serving two years of a five-
year sentence.
Dịch đại ý
To release back into society: được thả tự do
Nghĩa: trả tự do cho người đã hết hạn tù
Ví dụ: Anh ta được trả tự do sau khi được giảm án, chỉ thực hiện 2/5 năm tù.
15. corporal punishment

Meaning: to punish by physically harming the offender
Example: Many schools have abandoned the policy of corporal punishment
for children who misbehave and prefer to give extra work or detention after
school instead.
Dịch đại ý
Corporal punishment: hành hạ thể xác
Nghĩa: trừng phạt bằng các hình phạt tác động lên cơ thể kẻ phạm tội
Ví dụ: Nhiều trường học đã cấm việc trừng phạt bằng thể xác với những học
sinh mắc lỗi và hướng tới thay thế bằng cách giao việc làm thêm sau giờ học.
16. drug traffic-king

Meaning: importing and selling illegal drugs
Example: Some people argue that legalising drugs would put an end to the
evil of drug traffic-king and the violence associated with it.
Dịch đại ý
Drug traffic-king: mua bán ma túy
Nghĩa: nhập và bán thuốc phiện, thuốc cấm
Ví dụ: Một số người cho rằng hợp pháp hóa các loại thuốc sẽ chấm dứt việc
mua bán thuốc bất hợp pháp và các vấn đề liên quan.
17. a non-custodial sentence

Meaning: a sentence which is not served in prison
Example: There is a wide range of non custodial sentences which a court may
give to offenders, including: fines, probation orders or community service
orders.
Dịch đại ý
A non-custodial sentence: không phải ở tù
Nghĩa: 1 hình phạt/ bản án mà người chịu không phải ở tù
Ví dụ: Có rất nhiều hình thức phạt một tòa án có thể đưa ra: phạt tiền, phạt
cấm và lao động công ích.
18. to be found guilty

Meaning: the court decided that the person did commit the crime
Example: If people are found guilty of committing serious offences, heavy
punishments should be imposed.
Dịch đại ý
To be found guilty: có tội
Nghĩa: Tòa án tuyên bố người nào đó đã phạm tội
Ví dụ: Nếu phạm tội nghiêm trọng thì cần được trừng phạt thích đáng.
19. the full weight of the law

Meaning: all the strictest punishments available according to the laws of a
country.
Example: In order to deter crime, the full weight of the law must be imposed
for all serious offences.
Dịch đại ý
The full weight of the law: sức mạnh của pháp luật
Nghĩa: tất cả những hình phạt nghiêm khắc nhất theo hệ thống luật của một
quốc gia.
Ví dụ: Để hạn chế tội phạm, cần áp dụng sức mạnh của pháp luật đối với tất
cả những hành vi vi phạm pháp luật nghiêm trọng.
20. to impose a ban on sth

Meaning: to enforce an official rule which says that something is not allowed
Example: Most governments have imposed a ban on the sale of tobacco to
those aged under 16.
Dịch đại ý
To impose a ban on sth: ban hành lệnh cấm với cái gì
Nghĩa: bắt buộc thực hiện luật chính thức rằng cái gì đó là không được phép
Ví dụ: Hầu hết các chính phủ đều ban hành lệnh cấm bán thuốc lá cho người
dưới 16.
21. to convict a criminal

Meaning: to find an offender guilty and to punish them
Example: Once the courts have convicted a criminal, the punishment should
be severe.
Dịch đại ý
To convict a criminal: kết án tù ai đó
Nghĩa: tuyên bố có tội và đưa ra hình phạt
Ví dụ: Một khi tòa đã tuyên án, hình phạt phải được thực thi.
22. law-abiding citizens

Meaning: people who obey and respect the law
Example: The government could take some effective steps to protect law-
abiding citizens.
Dịch đại ý
Law-abiding citizens: người tuân thủ pháp luật
Nghĩa: Những người làm theo và tôn trọng luật pháp
Ví dụ: Chính phủ cần có biện pháp hiệu quả để bảo vệ những công dân tuân
thủ pháp luật.
23. to enforce the law

Meaning: to make sure that the law is obeyed
Example: The role of the police and the courts is to enforce the law.
Dịch đại ý
To enforce the law: thực thi pháp luật
Nghĩa: đảm bảo rằng pháp luật được thực thi
VÍ dụ: Vai trò của cảnh sát và tòa án là thực thi pháp luật.
24. capital punishment

Meaning: punishment by death
Example: In some states of America, those who commit murder are
sometimes sentenced to capital punishment.
Dịch đại ý
Capital punishment: án tử hình
Nghĩa: án xử chết
Ví dụ: Ở một số bang của nước Mỹ, những người phạm tội giết người phải
chịu án tử hình.
25. forensic evidence

Meaning: connected with the scientific tests conducted by the police when
investigating a crime
Example: Modern police methods include the use of forensic evidence, such
as DNA samples, to investigate crimes.
Dịch đại ý
Forensic evidence: bằng chứng pháp y
Nghĩa: liên quan đến các kết quả kiểm tra khoa học do cảnh sát thực hiện khi
điều tra tội phạm
Ví dụ: Những phương pháp hiện đại của cảnh sát bao gồm việc sử dụng các
bằng chứng pháp y, ví dụ như lấy mẫu DNA để điều tra tội phạm.
26. to instal surveillance cameras
Meaning: to put cameras in a place where a crime is likely to be committed
Example: The security company has installed surveillance cameras at all the
entrances and exits of the shopping mall.
Dịch đại ý
To install surveillance cameras: cài đặt camera giám sát
Nghĩa: đặt camera ở những nơi chắc chắn có tội phạm
Ví dụ: Công ty an ninh đã cài đặt những camera giám sát ở tất cả cửa ra vào
và cửa thoát hiểm của khu mua sắm.
27. to put on probation

Meaning: to make a convicted person see an official at regular intervals to
check on their good behavior, as an alternative to going to prison
Example: The young offender was put on probation, as his crime was not
serious enough to send him to prison.
Dịch đại ý
To put on probation: chịu án treo
Nghĩa: một người bị tuyên án phải thường xuyên gặp một sĩ quan/ thanh tra
ở phạm vi nhất định để kiểm tra hành vi thái độ, thay cho việc ở tù
Ví dụ: Thanh niên phạm tội được hưởng án treo vì tội trạng của anh ta không
nghiêm trọng tới mức phải ở tù.
28. to punish wrongdoers

Meaning: to punish people who do something illegal
Example: Stricter measures must be introduced by governments to punish
wrongdoers.
Dịch đại ý
To punish wrongdoers: trừng trị người phạm tội
Nghĩa: trừng phạt người làm việc trái với pháp luật
Ví dụ: Những biện pháp nghiêm khắc hơn cần được chính phủ đưa ra để
trừng trị kẻ phạm tội.
29. to arrest suspects

Meaning: to stop and hold people who the police think may have committed
a crime
Example: The government should give the police greater powers to arrest
suspects.
Dịch đại ý
To arrest suspects: tạm giam đối tượng tình nghi
Nghĩa: bắt giữ những người mà cảnh sát cho rằng là kẻ phạm tội
Ví dụ: Chính phủ cần trao quyền hạn nhiều hơn cho cảnh sát để bắt tạm giam
kẻ tình nghi.
30. the letter of the law

Meaning: the exact wording of the law, without considering any excuses
Example: I believe that the courts must apply the strict letter of the law and
impose the harshest possible sentences on criminals.
Dịch đại ý
The letter of the law: tính xác đáng của thuật ngữ pháp lý
Nghĩa: từ dùng chính xác trong luật pháp, không xem xét bất kì lời biện hộ
nào.
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng các tòa án cần áp dụng tính xác đáng trong thuật ngữ pháp
lý một cách khắt khe và áp dụng hình phạt nặng nhất có thể đối với những kẻ
phạm tội.
E. EDUCATION
1. to cover a lot of ground

Meaning: to deal with much information and many facts.
Example: The history lecture covered a lot of ground today.
Dịch đại ý
To cover a lot of ground: sử dụng rất nhiều tài liệu
Nghĩa: sử dụng nhiều thông tin, sự thật và tài liệu khác nhau
Ví dụ: Bài giảng lịch sử hôm nay sử dụng rất nhiều tài liệu.
2. to tailor teaching styles/ strategies

Meaning: to make or prepare teaching styles following particular instructions
Example: When faced with classes of students with different levels of ability,
teachers should tailor their teaching strategies to deal with this challenge.
Dịch đại ý
To tailor teaching styles: biến đổi phương pháp dạy học
Nghĩa: xây dựng phương pháp dạy học theo nhu cầu cụ thể
Ví dụ: Khi phải dạy những lớp có học sinh có trình độ khác nhau, giáo viên
cần biến đổi phương pháp dạy để đối mặt với khó khăn này.
3. a high-flyer
Meaning: someone who has the desire and ability to be very successful in
their studies
Example: The problem with our teacher is that she explains things too quickly
for most of the students and she pays most attention only to the academic
high-flyers in the class.
Dịch đại ý
A high-flyer: người ham học/ nhiều tham vọng
Nghĩa: người có khao khát và khả năng để trở nên thành công
Ví dụ: Vấn đề của cô giáo chúng tôi là cô ấy giảng bài quá nhanh và chỉ quan
tâm tới những học sinh ham học trong lớp.
4. transmission of knowledge
Meaning: the process of passing knowledge from one person to another
Example: I believe that the transmission of knowledge is more effective in
face-to-face interaction with teachers rather than online learning.
Dịch đại ý
Transmission of knowledge: truyền đạt kiến thức
Nghĩa: quá trình truyền đạt kiến thức từ người này sang người khác
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng việc truyền đạt kiến thức sẽ diễn ra hiệu quả khi có tương
tác trực tiếp với giáo viên hơn là qua việc dạy trực tuyến.
5. interactive learning
Meaning: Refers to a method of teaching and learning in which teachers ask
questions in class, assign and check homework, or hold class or group
discussions.
Example: With or without the aid of technology, interactive learning helps
students strengthen problem solving and critical thinking skills.
Dịch đại ý
Interactive learning: hình thức học tương tác
Nghĩa: phương pháp dạy và học mà trong đó giáo viên đưa ra câu hỏi, giao và
kiểm tra bài tập về nhà và tổ chức các buổi thảo luận tại lớp.
Ví dụ: Dù có hay không sự hỗ trợ của công nghệ, hình thức học tương tác
giúp học sinh cải thiện khả năng giải quyết vấn đề và tăng tư duy phản biện.
6. to bombard someone with something

Meaning: to continually send someone something, esp. to inform or influence
them.
Example: Every day it seems as if we are bombarded with e-mail messages
warning of computer viruses.
Dịch đại ý
To bombard someone with something: khủng bố thông tin
Nghĩa: liên tục, dồn dập gửi cái gì cho ai đó, thường để thông báo hoặc
thuyết phục ai
Ví dụ: Ngày nào chúng tôi cũng như thể bị khủng bố bằng những tin nhắn
qua email về việc cảnh báo có virus máy tính.
7. to have a good grasp of something

Meaning: to understand a problem deeply and completely
Example: Children who begin to learn a foreign language in primary school
are usually able tohave a good grasp of the new language quickly.
Dịch đại ý
To have a good grasp of sth: thấu hiểu/ nắm bắt cái gì
Nghĩa: hiểu việc gì đó 1 cách toàn diện và sâu sắc
Ví dụ: Trẻ em mới bắt đầu học ngoại ngữ tại trường tiểu học thường sẽ nắm
bắt được ngôn ngữ mới rất nhanh chóng.
8. to make the grade

Meaning: To successfully reach the necessary standard
Example: Nobody can succeed in their studies if they rely on luck rather than
hard work to make the grade.
Dịch đại ý
To make the grade: đạt được tiêu chuẩn/ kết quả
Nghĩa: đạt được những tiêu chuẩn cần thiết
Ví dụ: Không ai có thể thành công trong việc học nếu họ chỉ dựa vào vận may
chứ không chăm chỉ cố gắng để đạt được kết quả.
9. continuous assessment
Meaning: giving students marks for course work or projects, rather than
formal exams
Example: Many students prefer continuous assessment because they
consider that exams are unfair and too stressful.
Dịch đại ý
Continuous assessment: đánh giá liên tục, thường xuyên
Nghĩa: cho học sinh điểm dựa trên điểm bài tập hay dự án nhóm, thay vì các
kì thi chính thức
Ví dụ: Nhiều học sinh thích việc đánh giá thường xuyên hơn vì họ cho rằng
các kì thi là không công bằng và gây áp lực.
10. to be out of one’s depth

Meaning: to be unable to understand something because it is too difficult
Example: Streaming in schools enables pupils to study at the level which is
appropriate for them, and therefore students rarely find themselves out
oftheir depth.
Dịch đại ý
To be out of one’s depth: vượt quá khả năng nhận thức
Nghĩa: không thể hiểu được cái gì đó vì quá khó
Ví dụ: Phân lớp tại trường học cho phép học sinh học ở trình độ phù hợp với
mình, và ít khi bị rơi vào tình trạng vượt quá khả năng nhận thức.
11. a formal examination
Meaning: a test conducted under strict, regulated conditions
Example: Entrance to university usually involves achieving required grades in a
formal examination, such as IELTS.
Dịch đại ý
A formal examination: kì thi chính thức
Nghĩa: một kì thi được xây dựng với các quy định khắt khe
Ví dụ: Đầu vào đại học thường yêu cầu đạt điểm chuẩn trong một kì thi chính
thức, ví dụ như IELTS.
12. to work your way through university
Meaning: to have a job when you are at college/university in order to help to
pay for your studies
Example: He had to work his way through university because his family was
so poor that they could not afford his tuition fees.
Dịch đai ý
To work your way through university: vừa làm vừa học
Nghĩa: làm việc khi đang là sinh viên để trả một phần học phí
Ví dụ: Anh ấy phải vừa làm vừa học vì gia đình anh ấy quá nghèo nên không
thể chi trả học phí của anh ấy.
13. to take a year out

Meaning: It is when you have finished your school and you've got a place at
the University but you'd rather spend a year at "the school of life", either
working, doing some community work, doing something adventurous.
Example: Taking a year out before starting your degree course can give you
a chance to further develop your skills, as well as giving you the opportunity
perhaps to travel and work in a different country.
Dịch đại ý
To take a year out: nghỉ 1 năm để trải nghiệm
Nghĩa: khi đã tốt nghiệp cấp 3 và thi đỗ đại học nhưng bạn muốn dành 1 năm
để học “trường đời”, có thể là làm việc, làm từ thiện hay làm gì đó mạo hiểm.
Ví dụ: Trải nghiệm 1 năm trước khi bắt đầu học đại học cho bạn cơ hội phát
triển kĩ năng của mình và cũng là cơ hội đi du lịch và làm việc tại 1 quốc gia
khác.
14. to sift information

Meaning: to remove unwanted or less useful information
Example: I had to sift hundreds of pages of information to discover the data
that I needed to support my theory.
Dịch đại ý
To sift information: loại bỏ thông tin
Nghĩa: loại bỏ những thông tin không mong muốn/ không hữu ích
Ví dụ: Tôi phải loại bỏ hàng trăm trang thông tin để tìm được thông tin cần
thiết cho nghiên cứu của mình.
15. to work/study under supervision

Meaning: work/ study under the direction of a responsible person
Example: At college, I discovered I did not have to work under supervision
all the time, and I was free to do independent research.
Dịch đại ý
To work under supervision: làm việc dưới sự hướng dẫn của ai đó
Nghĩa: làm việc/ học tập và được ai đó có trách nhiệm hướng dẫn
Ví dụ: Ở trường đại học, tôi nhận ra tôi không phải làm việc dưới sự hướng
dẫn, và tôi được nghiên cứu độc lập.
16. Top-tier institutions

Meaning: leading or prestigious educational institutions
Example: The government has pumped huge amounts of money into a select
group of top-tier institutions in recent years.
Dịch đại ý
Top-tier institutions: các trường danh tiếng
Nghĩa: các tổ chức giáo dục hàng đầu/ danh tiếng
Ví dụ: Chính phủ đã bơm một lượng tiền khổng lồ cho nhóm trường đại học
danh tiếng được lựa chọn trong những năm gần đây.
17. to deliver a lecture

Meaning: to give a lecture
Example: It is just as easy to deliver a lecture online as it is to give a lecture
in front of a class of students in a lecture theatre.
Dịch đại ý
To deliver a lecture: giảng bài
Nghĩa: giảng bài
Ví dụ: Giảng bài trực tuyến cũng dễ dàng như giảng bài trực tiếp trước mặt cả
lớp trong một giảng đường.
18. streaming in schools
Meaning: the policy of dividing pupils into groups of the same level of ability
Example: One disadvantage of streaming in schools is that children in the
lower groups have less motivation to study because they think of themselves
as failures.
Dịch đại ý
Streaming in schools: phân lớp ở trường học
Nghĩa: quy định phân học sinh thành các nhóm có cùng trình độ
Ví dụ: Một trong những bất lợi của việc phân lớp ở trường học là học sinh ở
những nhóm thấp hơn sẽ có ít động lực học vì họ nghĩ mình là một thất bại.
19. extra-curricular activities

Meaning: not part of the usual course work or studies in school or college
Example: Most UK universities offer a wide range of extra-curricular
activities such as sport, music and drama to help students enjoy university life
to the full.
Dịch đại ý
Extra-curricular activities: hoạt động ngoại khóa
Nghĩa: không phải là phần chính thức thuộc chương trình học ở trường
Ví dụ: Đa số các trường đại học Anh đều có nhiều hoạt động ngoại khóa đa
dạng như thể thao, âm nhạc và kịch để giúp sinh viên tận hưởng cuộc sống
đại học.
20. to fall behind with your studies

Meaning: to improve more slowly in studying than other people so that you
fail to learn the course material at the necessary speed
Example: Irregular attendance at classes is one of reasons why some students
fall behind with their studies.
Dịch đại ý
To fall behind with your studies: học đuối
Nghĩa: chậm tiến bộ trong việc học hơn người khác nên bạn không theo kịp
việc học ở tiến độ cần thiết
Ví dụ: Thường xuyên vắng mặt ở lớp là một trong những lí do khiến học sinh
học đuối hơn các bạn.
21. to drop out of college
Meaning: to leave college or university without finishing your studies
Example: A number of students drop out of college when faced with the
pressure of formal exams.
Dịch đại ý
To drop out of college: bỏ học
Nghĩa: bỏ ngang việc học, ra trường mà không hoàn thành chương trình học
Ví dụ: Một số sinh viên bỏ học khi phải chịu áp lực từ những kỳ thi chính thức.
22. to pay off a student loan

Meaning: to repay money borrowed in order to study at college or university
Example: Owing to the difficulties of paying off a student loan, some young
people prefer to look for a job after leaving school.
Dịch đại ý
To pay off a student loan: trả nợ sinh viên
Nghĩa: trả tiền nợ đã vay để trả cho việc học
Ví dụ: Do khó khăn khi trả nợ sinh viên, một số bạn trẻ có xu hướng tìm việc
làm ngay khi tốt nghiệp cấp 3.
23. to impose discipline

Meaning: to make students obey the rules of the school or college
Example: If teachers fail to impose discipline in class, then students will not
learn anything.
Dịch đại ý
To impose discipline: áp đặt kỷ luật
Nghĩa: khiến học sinh tuân theo quy định tại trường học
Ví dụ: Nếu thầy cô không thể áp đặt kỷ luật cho lớp học, học sinh sẽ không
học được gì cả.
24. to disrupt lessons

Meaning: to make it difficult to conduct the lesson in the normal way
Example: If strict discipline is not imposed on pupils who disrupt lessons,
then the education of all the children in the school will suffer.
Dịch đại ý
To disrupt lessons: phá vỡ/ cản trở tiết học, bài giảng
Nghĩa: cản trở việc xây dựng tiết học theo cách thông thường
Ví dụ: Nếu những học sinh cản trở bài giảng không bị kỷ luật nghiêm khắc thì
sẽ ảnh hưởng đến việc học của học sinh toàn trường.
25. distance learning
Meaning: delivering education to students who are not physically at school/at
university
Example: Although she lives in a remote rural area, she is able to study for a
degree by distance learning.
Dịch đại ý
Distance learning: học từ xa
Nghĩa: cung cấp sự giáo dục cho sinh viên không thể đến trường
Ví dụ: Dù cô ấy sống ở vùng sâu vùng xa, cô ấy vẫn có thể học lấy bằng nhờ
việc học từ xa.
26. to give feedback

Meaning: to give guidance on the work of a student through comments or
corrections
Example: It is essential for teachers to give some feedback to students, so
that students understand their mistakes and can improve.
Dịch đại ý
To give feedback: đưa ra phản hồi
Nghĩa: hướng dẫn học sinh học bằng cách nhận xét và chữa bài
Ví dụ: Việc giáo viên đưa ra phản hồi về việc học của học sinh là rất cần thiết
để chúng có thể hiểu được lỗi sai của mình và cải thiện.
27. face-to-face learning

Meaning: to study in the traditional way in a classroom with fellow students
and a teacher
Example: Face-to-face learning motivates students and encourages
interaction in the classroom.
Dịch đại ý
Face-to-face learning: học trực tiếp
Nghĩa: học theo cách truyền thống trong 1 lớp học có bạn bè và giáo viên dạy
học
Ví dụ: Học trực tiếp tạo động lực học cho học sinh và kích thích sự tương tác
trong lớp học.
28. to sit an exam

Meaning: to take an exam
Example: Some students claim that they feel more motivated to study when
they have to sit an exam at the end of their course.
Dịch đại ý
To sit an exam: tham gia 1 kì thi
Nghĩa: tham gia 1 kì thi
Ví dụ: Một số sinh viên khẳng định rằng họ cảm thấy có động lực học hơn khi
họ cần tham gia kì thi vào cuối kì.
29. tertiary education/higher education

Meaning: education at college or university level
Example: Some school leavers prefer to start work rather than enter
tertiaryeducation.
Dịch đại ý
Tertiary education/higher education: học đại học
Nghĩa: việc học ở cấp đại học
Ví dụ: Một số học sinh tốt nghiệp cấp 3 muốn đi làm ngay hơn là học lên đại
học.
30. a virtual classroom

Meaning: an online classroom in which participants can communicate and
interact with other students, view videos and actively engage with the study
materials
Example: Many people argue that the virtual classroom will replace
traditional teaching methods, eliminating the need for teachers.
Dịch đại ý
A virtual classroom: lớp học ảo
Nghĩa: một lớp học trực tuyến mà người tham gia có thể giao tiếp và tương
tác với các bạn học khác, xem video và chủ động tiếp cận với các tài liệu học.
Ví dụ: Nhiều người cho rằng lớp học ảo sẽ thay thế phương pháp dạy học
truyền thống và làm giảm nhu cầu về giáo viên.
F. THE ENVIRONMENT
1. to discharge chemical waste

Meaning: to dispose of waste products from chemical processes.
Example: Nowadays, more and more company and industrial zones have been
discharging chemical waste into rivers, causing death to many fish and other
aquatic animals.
Dịch đại ý
To discharge chemical waste: xả chất thải hóa học
Nghĩa: xử lý chất thải từ các quá trình hóa học
Ví dụ: Ngày càng nhiều công ty và khu công nghiệp đang xả các chất thải hóa
học ra sông ngòi, gây chết cá và những loài thủy sản khác.
2. environmental degradation
Meaning: the process or fact of the environment becoming worse
Example: Africa is a continent in which environmental degradation is evident
in the spread of deserts and the extinction of animal species.
Dịch đại ý
Environmental degradation: suy thoái môi trường
Nghĩa: quá trình chất lượng môi trường đi xuống
Ví dụ: Châu Phi là một lục địa mà việc suy thoái môi trường được thể hiện rõ
ở sự sa mạc hóa và tuyệt chủng ở một số loài động vật.
3. to take action on global warming

Meaning: to do what has to be done on problems related to global warming
Example: There have been numerous international conferences to warn of the
dangers, but many governments have refused to take action on global
warming.
Dịch đại ý
To take action on global warming: hành động ngăn chặn hiện tượng nóng lên
toàn cầu
Nghĩa: làm những việc cần làm về những vấn đề liên quan tới hiện tượng
nóng lên toàn cầu
Ví dụ: Có rất nhiều hội thảo quốc tế được tổ chức nhằm cảnh báo về tác hại
của hiện tượng nóng lên toàn cầu, nhưng nhiều chính phủ vẫn từ chối có
hành động ngăn chặn.
4. to be bio-degradable
Meaning: a substance or chemical that can be changed to a natural harmless
state by the action of bacteria
Example: Most plastics are not biodegradable, and remain as waste products
in the environment for thousands of years.
Dịch đại ý
To be bio-degradable: phân hủy sinh học
Nghĩa: một chất nào đó trở thành vô hại về mặt tự nhiên do tác động của vi
khuẩn
Ví dụ: Đa số nhựa không phân hủy sinh học, và duy trì trạng thái là rác thải
trong môi trường hàng nghìn năm.
5. to deplete natural resources

Meaning: To reduce the amount of natural resources.
Example: Timber companies must not be allowed to deplete
naturalresources by cutting down trees without planting new trees to replace
them.
Dịch đại ý
To deplete natural resources: làm suy giảm nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên
Nghĩa: làm giảm trữ lượng tài nguyên thiên nhiên
Ví dụ: Công ty Timber không được phép làm suy giảm nguồn tài nguyên thiên
nhiên khi chặt cây mà không trồng mới.
6. ozone layer depletion

Meaning: refers to a steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth's
atmosphere
Example: Ozone layer depletion has the effect of allowing harmful radiation
from the sun to penetrate the atmosphere and this increases the risk to
humans of skin cancer.
Dịch đại ý
Ozone layer depletion: sự suy giảm tầng ozon
Nghĩa: hiện tượng giảm lượng ôzôn trong tầng bình lưu
Ví dụ: Sự suy giảm tầng ozon gây ra ảnh hưởng tiêu cực khi cho phép bức xạ
có hại từ mặt trời xâm nhập bầu khí quyển và điều này làm tăng nguy cơ gây
ung thư da.
7. an ecological crisis
Meaning: a serious situation that occurs when the environment of a species or
a population changes in a way that destabilizes its continued survival
Example: Environmental degradation caused by human activity is provoking
an ecological crisis which threatens our existence.
Dịch đại ý
An ecological crisis: khủng hoảng sinh thái
Nghĩa: một trạng thái nguy hiểm xảy ra khi môi trường sống của một loài hay
số lượng loài đó thay đổi xấu, ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến khả năng tồn tại của
loài.
Ví dụ: Suy thoái môi trường do những hoạt động của con người đang tạo ra
khủng hoảng sinh thái đe dọa sự tồn tại của chúng ta.
8. carbon footprint
Meaning: a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced by the
daily activities of a company or person
Example: By providing subsidies, governments should encourage companies
to reduce their carbon footprint through energy efficiency or other ‘green
measures’.
Dịch đại ý
Carbon footprint: Dấu chân carbon
Nghĩa: số lượng khí carbon được tạo ra từ những hoạt động thường ngày của
một công ty hay một cá nhân nào đó
Ví dụ: Bằng việc trợ cấp, chính phủ các nước khuyến khích các doanh nghiệp
giảm dấu chân carbon qua việc sử dụng năng lượng hiệu quả hay các biện
pháp xanh khác.
9. to cut down on emissions

Meaning: to reduce the amount of gases sent out into the air
Example: People must be made aware of the need tocut down on emissions
from their cars if we are to reduce air pollution.
Dịch đại ý
To cut down on emissions: giảm lượng khí thải
Nghĩa: giảm lượng khí gas thải vào môi trường
Ví dụ: Mọi người cần có ý thức về sự cần thiết của việc giảm lượng khí thải từ
xe ô tô nếu chúng ta muốn giảm ô nhiễm không khí.
10. to fight climate change
Meaning: To try to prevent changes in climate patterns, such as rainfall,
temperature and winds.
Example: Unless we consume less of the Earth’s natural resources, it will be
impossible to fight climate change and safeguard our future.
Dịch đại ý
To fight climate change: ngăn chặn biến đổi khí hậu
Nghĩa: cố gắng ngăn chặn những biến đổi về đặc trưng thời thiết, như lượng
mưa, nhiệt độ hay sức gió
Ví dụ: Trừ khi chúng ta tiêu thụ ít tài nguyên thiên nhiên hơn, nếu không việc
ngăn chặn biến đổi khí hậu và đảm bảo cho tương lai sẽ là bất khả thi.
11. to reduce the dependence/reliance on fossil fuels

Meaning: to decrease people’s consumption of fossil fuels, like oil, coal or gas.
Example: Governments must invest heavily in solar and wind energy projects
in order to reduce our dependence/reliance on fossil fuels.
Dịch đại ý
To reduce the reliance on fossil fuels: giảm sự phụ thuộc vào nhiên liệu hóa
thạch
Nghĩa: giảm lượng tiêu thụ của người dân về nhiên liệu hóa thạch, như dầu,
than và gas.
Ví dụ: Các nước đầu tư cao vào năng lượng mặt trời và năng lượng gió để
giảm sự phụ thuộc vào nhiên liệu hóa thạch.
12. to alleviate environmental problems

Meaning: to make bad environmental problems less severe
Example: Everyone can assist in the effort to alleviate
environmentalproblems in the local community through simple actions such
as recycling waste or planting a tree in their garden.
Dịch đại ý
To alleviate environmental problems: giảm nhẹ các vấn đề môi trường
Nghĩa: Khiến các vấn đề về môi trường đỡ nghiêm trọng hơn
Ví dụ: Mọi người đều có thể góp phần làm giảm nhẹ các vấn đề môi trường
tại địa phương qua những hành động nhỏ như tái chế rác và trồng cây trong
vườn.
13. to throw one’s weigh behind sth

Meaning: To use one's influence to help support
Example: The council is to throw its weight behind a campaign to save one
of the borough's best-loved beauty spots.
Dịch đại ý
To throw one’s weigh behind sth: nhờ ai ủng hộ cái gì
Nghĩa: sử dụng sức ảnh hưởng của ai đó để có được sự ủng hộ
Ví dụ: Hội đồng đang sử dụng sức ảnh hưởng của mình để ủng hộ một chiến
dịch gìn giữ một điểm đến đẹp nhất của quận.
14. to hold sbdy accountable for + noun/gerund

Meaning: to consider someone responsible for something; to blame
something on someone
Example: Companies which discharge chemical waste from their factories into
the sea or into rivers must be held accountable for their actions and be fined
heavily.
Dịch đại ý
To hold sb accountable for: đổ trách nhiệm cho ai
Nghĩa: coi ai đó có trách nhiệm cho cái gì/ đổ lỗi cho ai về chuyện gì đó
Ví dụ: Các công ty xả rác thải hóa chất từ nhà máy ra biển hoặc sông hồ cần
phải chịu trách nhiệm cho hành động của mình và bị phạt nặng.
15. to achieve sustainable development

Meaning: economic development that is achieved without depleting natural
resources
Example: Organic methods must be introduced everywhere in order to
achieve sustainable development in agriculture.
Dịch đại ý
To achieve sustainable development: đạt được sự phát triển bền vững
Nghĩa: phát triển kinh tế mà không gây ảnh hưởng đến tài nguyên thiên
nhiên
Ví dụ: Các phương pháp hữu cơ được quảng bá khắp nơi để đạt được sự phát
triển bền vững trong nông nghiệp.
16. alternative energy sources

Meaning: refers to any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel
Example: Clean energy which does not pollute the Earth can only come from
greater reliance on alternative energy sources.
Dịch đại ý
Alternative energy sources: các nguồn năng lượng thay thế
Nghĩa: chỉ các nguồn năng lượng có thể thay thế cho nhiên liệu hóa thạch
Ví dụ: Năng lượng sạch, không gây hại cho Trái đất chỉ có là những nguồn
năng lượng thay thế.
17. food miles

Meaning: Distance food has to travel between where it is grown or made and
where it is consumed
Example: We can all reduce our carbon footprint by flying less, and reduce our
food miles by buying local products.
Dịch đại ý
Food miles: đường đi của thực phẩm
Nghĩa: nguồn thực phẩm từ xa được vận chuyển từ nơi trồng hay sản xuất tới
nơi tiêu thụ
Ví dụ: Chúng ta có thể giảm lượng carbon thải ra bằng cách dùng máy bay ít
hơn và giảm đường đi của thực phẩm bằng cách mua các sản phẩm địa
phương.
18. captive breeding

Meaning: the reproduction of animals in confinement, not in their natural
habitats.
Example: A successful captive breeding program in zoos has resulted in an
increase in the world’s panda population.
Dịch đại ý
Captive breeding: nuôi lấy giống trong môi trường nuôi nhốt
Nghĩa: nuôi động vật lấy giống trong sự nuôi nhốt, không trong môi trường
tự nhiên
Ví dụ: Một chương trình nuôi lấy giống trong môi trường nuôi nhốt ở các sở
thú thành công đã dẫn đến số lượng loài gấu trúc trên thế giới tăng lên.
19. to stem from

Meaning: to be caused by
Example: Scientists say that global warming partly stems from the increase in
car exhaust emissions.
Dịch đại ý
To stem from: bắt nguồn từ
Nghĩa: được tạo ra bởi cái gì
Ví dụ: Các nhà khoa học cho rằng sự nóng lên toàn cầu 1 phần bắt nguồn từ
lượng khí thải của xe ô tô tăng lên.
20. environmental impact assessment

Meaning: a study into how a development, like a new road, a new dam or
other construction activity will affect the plants, animals and local
communities living in an area.
Example: The government must commission an independent environmental
impact assessment whenever a new development is proposed.
Dịch đại ý
Environmental impact assessment: đánh giá sự ảnh hưởng tới môi trường
Nghĩa: nghiên cứu xem một sự phát triển, ví dụ như làm đường, đập hay các
công trình xây dựng khác sẽ ảnh hưởng thế nào tới động thực vật và cộng
đồng địa phương sống trong khu vực đó.
Ví dụ: Chính phủ phải ủy thác cho thực hiện một cách độc lập việc đánh giá
những ảnh hưởng đến môi trường mỗi khi một dự án xây dựng mới được
thông qua.
21. the greenhouse effect

Meaning: the natural process by which the sun warms the surface of the Earth.
The greenhouse effect occurs when Earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation
because of the presence of certain gases, which causes short wavelength
visible sunlight shines through the glass panes and warms the air and the
plants inside.
Example: Our burning of fossil fuels is increasing the greenhouse effect and
making the Earth hotter, endangering all life on the planet.
Dịch đại ý
The greenhouse effect: hiệu ứng nhà kính
Nghĩa: xảy ra khi năng lượng bức xạ của tia sáng mặt trời, xuyên qua các cửa
sổ hoặc mái nhà bằng kính, được hấp thụ và phân tán trở lại thành nhiệt
lượng cho bầu không gian bên trong, dẫn đến việc sưởi ấm toàn bộ không
gian bên trong chứ không phải chỉ ở những chỗ được chiếu sáng.
Ví dụ: Việc chúng ta đốt nhiên liệu hóa thạch khiến hiệu ứng nhà kính tăng
lên và Trái đất nóng lên, gây nguy hiểm cho sự sống trên hành tinh này.
22. global warming
Meaning: the process by which the Earth is getting hotter, as a result of the
greenhouse effect – in particular the increase in carbon dioxide in the air.
Example: Perhaps the major environmental challenge which faces humanity
today is global warming, because it threatens our survival.
Dịch đại ý
Global warming: Trái đất nóng lên/ sự nóng lên toàn cầu
Nghĩa: Quá trình Trái đất đang trở lên dần nóng hơn, là kết quả của hiệu ứng
nhà kính – cụ thể là sự tăng lượng C02 trong không khí.
Ví dụ: Có lẽ thách thức môi trường lớn nhất hiện nay loài người phải đối mặt
là sự nóng lên toàn cầu, bởi nó đe dọa tới sự sống của chúng ta.
23. habitat destruction

Meaning: the process that occurs when a natural habitat, like a forest or
wetland, is changed so dramatically by humans that plants and animals which
live there.
Example: The elephant population in the world is declining because of
habitat destruction caused by human exploitation of the environment.
Dịch đại ý
Habitat destruction: sự phá hủy môi trường sống
Nghĩa: xảy ra khi môi trường sống tự nhiên, ví dụ như rừng, thay đổi đáng kể
do con người tác động, gây ảnh hưởng tới động thực vật tại đó.
Ví dụ: Số lượng loài voi trên thế giới đáng giảm xuống bởi môi trường sống bị
phá hủy do con người khai thác tự nhiên quá mức.
24. endangered species

Meaning: plants or animals that only exist in very small numbers, so that in
future they may disappear forever
Example: One example of an endangered species is the lowland gorilla, which
has almost disappeared as a result of the destruction of its forest habitat.
Dịch đại ý
Endangered species: những loài động vật đang gặp nguy hiểm
Nghĩa: những loài động thực vật chỉ còn lại một số lượng nhỏ, có khả năng sẽ
bị tuyệt chủng trong tương lai.
Ví dụ: Một ví dụ về những loài động vật gặp nguy hiểm là tinh tinh đất thấp,
loài gần như đã biến mất do môi trường sống bị phá hủy.
25. on the brink of extinction
Meaning: an animal or plant which has almost disappeared from the planet
Example: Before the captive breeding program in zoos, the giant panda was
on the brink of extinction.
Dịch đại ý
On the brink of extinction: trên bờ vực tuyệt chủng
Nghĩa: động, thực vật gần như đã biến mất trên trái đất.
Ví dụ: Trước chương trình nuôi giống trong môi trường nuôi nhốt, loài gấu
trúc khổng lồ đã trên bờ vực tuyệt chủng.
26. renewable energy

Meaning: energy is renewable when it source, like the sun or wind, cannot be
exhausted or can easily be replaced (like wood, as we can plant trees for
energy)
Example: More funding is required from government funds to help
companies to develop renewable energy, such as companies which produce
solar panels for buildings.
Dịch đại ý
Renewable energy: năng lượng tái tạo
Nghĩa: năng lượng tái tạo, ví dụ như mặt trời và gió, là năng lượng được coi là
vô hạn hoặc có thể thay thế (như gỗ có thể trồng cây để tái tạo)
Ví dụ: Chính phủ đang yêu cầu đầu tư nhiều hơn cho các quỹ hỗ trợ các công
ty phát triển năng lượng tái tạo, ví dụ như công ty sản xuất tấm năng lượng
mặt trời cho các công trình.
27. wind farms

Meaning: an area of land on which there are a lot of windmills or wind
turbines for producing electricity
Example: Wind farms should be constructed in mountainous areas or in the
sea, close to land.
Dịch đại ý
Wind farms: trang trại gió
Nghĩa: một vùng đất có rất nhiều cối xay gió để sản xuất điện
Ví dụ: Các trang trại gió nên được xây ở vùng núi hoặc biển, gần với đất liền.
28. environmentally friendly

Meaning: behavior or products that do not harm the environment
Example: We can help to protect the environment by using detergents and
cosmetics that are environmentally friendly.
Dịch đại ý
Environmentally friendly: thân thiện với môi trường
Nghĩa: các hoạt động hay các sản phẩm không gây hại tới môi trường
Ví dụ: Chúng tôi có thể giúp bảo vệ môi trường bằng cách sử dụng các chất
hóa mỹ phẩm thân thiện với môi trường.
29. toxic waste

Meaning: poisonous, unwanted waste produced by factories
Example: Many species of fish are endangered as a result of the toxic waste
dumped by industries into the rivers and the sea.
Dịch đại ý
Toxic waste: chất thải độc hại
Nghĩa: những chất thải có độc từ những nhà máy
Ví dụ: Nhiều loài cá đang gặp nguy hiểm do chất thải độc hại các nhà máy đổ
ra sông ra biển.
30. the green movement

Meaning: all the organisations concerned with the protection of the
environment
Example: Individuals should join one of the organisations which form part of
the green movement, in order to campaign for changes in official policy on
the environment.
Dịch đại ý
The green movement: phong trào xanh
Nghĩa: tất cả những tổ chức quan tâm tới việc bảo vệ môi trường
Ví dụ: Các cá nhân nên tham gia vào một trong những tổ chức thuộc phong
trào xanh, để tham gia thay đổi những chính sách về môi trường.
G. FAMILY AND CHILDREN
1. a dysfunctional family
Meaning: a family in which the relationships are bad or unhealthy
Example: Children who come from a dysfunctional family often exhibit
behavioral problems at school.
Dịch đại ý
A dysfunctional family: gia đình bất hòa
Nghĩa: 1 gia đình mà quan hệ giữa các thành viên không tốt
Ví dụ: Trẻ em xuất thân từ những gia đình bất hòa thường có những vấn đề
về hành vi cư xử tại trường học.
2. to end in divorce
Meaning: to end a marriage legally
Example: It is increasingly common in my country for marriages to end
indivorce.
Dịch đại ý
To end in divorce: ly hôn
Nghĩa: kết thúc hôn nhân 1 cách hợp pháp
Ví dụ: Ở nước tôi hôn nhân đang có xu hướng kết thúc trong ly hôn.
3. a divorce settlement
Meaning: refers to the decisions about the division of assets when a marriage
ends
Example: The negotiation of a divorce settlement is often a long and
expensive process.
Dịch đại ý
A divorce settlement: sự dàn xếp ly hôn
Nghĩa: chỉ những quyết định về sự phân chia tài sản sau khi ly hôn.
Ví dụ: Sự thương lượng về dàn xếp ly hôn thường là quá trình kéo dài và tốn
kém.
4. patterns of behavior
Meaning: ways of acting and doing things (either positive or negative)
Example: Patterns of behaviour copied from parents often influence the way
that children grow up.
Dịch đại ý
Patterns of behavior: đặc trưng hành vi
Nghĩa: cách thể hiện, làm việc
Ví dụ: Đặc trưng hành vi bắt chước từ phụ huynh thường ảnh hưởng cách trẻ
trưởng thành..
5. a form/method of contraception
Meaning: the method intended to prevent a woman becoming pregnant
Example: The various forms of contraception freely available nowadays are
an important factor in limiting the size of families.
Dịch đại ý
A form of contraception: phương pháp tránh thai
Nghĩa: cách ngăn phụ nữ thụ thai
Ví dụ: Những phương pháp tránh thai có sẵn hiện nay là một yếu tố quan
trọng trong việc giới hạn quy mô gia đình.
6. formative years
Meaning: A period of a person’s life, usually childhood, that has a big
influence on the person they become later in life
Example: UNICEF states that the early childhood years from birth through age
8 are formative years in terms of intelligence, personality and social behavior.
Dịch đại ý
Formative years: giai đoạn hình thành
Nghĩa: Giai đoạn trong đời người, thường là tuổi thơ, có ảnh hưởng lớn đến
sự trưởng thành sau này.
Ví dụ: UNICEF khẳng định là những năm tuổi thơ từ khi sinh đến qua 8 tuổi là
giai đoạn hình thành sự thông minh, nhân cách và cách cư xử giao tiếp.
7. to shape a child’s personality/ value

Meaning: to decide or influence the form of a child’s personality
Example: Parents are very influential in shaping their children’s personality
through the example that they set.
Dịch đại ý
To shape a child’s personality/ value: hình thành tính cách
Nghĩa: quyết đinh và ảnh hưởng đến việc hình thành tính cách ai đó
Ví dụ: Cha mẹ có ảnh hưởng rất lớn đến việc hình thành tính cách của trẻ con
thông qua những việc họ làm mẫu.
8. child custody
Meaning: the decision over whether the father or the mother has
responsibility for looking after the children following a divorce
Example: With rising divorce rates in many developed countries, child
custody cases are becoming increasingly common in the law courts.
Dịch đại ý
Child custody: quyền nuôi con
Nghĩa: quyết định người cha hay người mẹ chịu trách nhiệm chăm sóc những
đứa con sau khi ly hôn
Ví dụ: Với tỉ lệ li hôn ngày càng cao ở những quốc gia phát triển, những vụ
tranh chấp quyền nuôi con ngày càng trở nên phổ biến.
9. birth control
Meaning: the use of a method to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant
Example: The many methods of birth control now available have contributed
to a reduction in the birth rate in many developed countries.
Dịch đại ý
Birth control: sinh đẻ có kế hoạch/ hạn chế sự sinh đẻ
Nghĩa: việc sử dụng biện pháp ngăn chặn việc mang thai
Ví dụ: Nhiều phương pháp để kế hoạch hóa việc sinh đẻ có sẵn hiện nay góp
phần làm giảm tỉ lệ sinh ở nhiều quốc gia phát triển.
10. to have an abortion/to terminate a pregnancy

Meaning: to prevent the birth of an unborn baby by having a medical
operation
Example: Although some religious pressure groups disagree, many people
claim that it is the right of a woman to have an abortion if she wishes.
Dịch đại ý
To have an abortion/ to terminate a pregnancy: phá thai
Nghĩa: ngăn chặn sự ra đời của thai nhi bằng việc phẫu thuật y tế
Ví dụ: Dù nhiều tôn giáo phản đối, nhiều người vẫn tin rằng một phụ nữ có
quyền phá thai nếu cô ấy muốn.
11. a family planning clinic

Meaning: a clinic which gives advice and help on controlling the number of
children which a woman has
Example: Governments in all countries should provide funding for a network
of family planning clinics.
Dịch đại ý
A family planning clinic: phòng khám kế hoạch hóa gia đình
Nghĩa: phòng khám đưa ra lời khuyên và trợ giúp hạn chế số lượng con cái.
Ví dụ: Chính phủ các nước cần trợ cấp quỹ hỗ trợ cho một mạng lưới các
phòng khám kế hoạch hóa gia đình.
12. to pay child support

Meaning: refers to regular payments to help with expenses to look after the
children after a divorce or separation
Example: After a divorce, the mother usually has custody of the children and
the father has to pay child support until the children become adults.
Dịch đại ý
To pay child support: trả tiền trợ cấp nuôi con
Nghĩa: khoản trả thường xuyên để trợ giúp chi phí nuôi con sau khi ly hôn
Ví dụ: Sau ly hôn, người mẹ thường được quyền nuôi con còn người cha thì
phải trả tiền trợ cấp cho tới khi đứa trẻ trưởng thành.
13. a single parent household

Meaning: a family in which one person takes care of their child or children
without a husband, wife or partner
Example: As a result of changes in society, single parent households are no
longer considered unusual.
Dịch đại ý
A single parent household: gia đình đơn thân
Nghĩa: gia đình có 1 người chăm sóc những đứa con mà không có chồng hay
vợ
Ví dụ: Như là kết quả của những thay đổi trong xã hội, những gia đình đơn
thân hiện nay không còn bị coi là bất bình thường nữa.
14. working mothers

Meaning: women who have a job and also have to take care of their children
Example: As more and more women have entered the workforce, working
mothers have to balance the demands of home and work.
Dịch đại ý
Working mothers: các bà mẹ đi làm
Nghĩa: phụ nữ có công ăn việc làm đồng thời phải chăm sóc con họ
Ví dụ: Khi ngày càng nhiều phụ nữ tham gia vào lực lượng lao động, các bà
mẹ đi làm phải cân bằng giữa những yêu cầu của công việc và gia đình.
15. child-minding
Meaning: caring informally (not in schools) for children when parents are busy
or working
Example: Working mothers with very young children face the problem of
organising child-minding while they are away from home.
Dịch đại ý
Child-minding: trông trẻ
Nghĩa: chăm sóc ngoài giờ học cho trẻ em khi cha mẹ đi làm hoặc bận việc
Ví dụ: Các bà mẹ đi làm mà có con nhỏ cần phải sắp xếp việc trông trẻ khi họ
không có nhà.
16. to enter adult life

Meaning:the stage when adolescents are almost old enough to be legally
independent of their parents
Example: Parents who have devoted time and thought to raising and
educating their children have given them a good prepartion to enter adult
life.
Dịch đại ý
To enter adult life: bước vào thế giới người lớn
Nghĩa: giai đoạn khi thanh niên đủ tuổi được tự lập
Ví dụ: Những cha mẹ dành nhiều thời gian và suy nghĩ để nuôi dạy con cái đã
chuẩn bị cho họ thật tốt để bước vào thế giới người lớn.
17. generation gap

Meaning: the experience of not understanding your parents or grandparents
and them not understanding you due to being raised during different time
periods, in a different cultural setting
Example: They were able to bridge the generation gap by watching old and
new movies together and discussing them.”
Dịch đại ý
Generation gap: khoảng cách thế hệ
Nghĩa: khi bạn không thể hiểu nổi bố mẹ hoặc ông bà hoặc ngược lại, họ
không hiểu bạn do mỗi người lớn lên ở một khoảng thời gian khác nhau, tiếp
xúc với văn hóa khác nhau.
Ví dụ: Họ đã tìm được cách kết nối khoảng cách thế hệ bằng việc xem những
bộ phim mới và cũ và cùng nhau thảo luận.
18. shapers of a nation’s tomorrow

Meaning: refers to young generations who decide a nation’s future
Example: Celebrating children's month reminds us about the importance of
children being the creators and shapers of a nation's tomorrow.
Dịch đại ý
Shapers of a nation’s tomorrow: Những người làm chủ tương lai đất nước
Nghĩa: thế hệ trẻ, những người quyết định tương lai đất nước
Ví dụ: Mừng ngày đầy tháng của trẻ nhắc nhở ta về sự quan trọng của trẻ em,
những người làm chủ tương lai đất nước.
19. an extended family

Meaning: a family group with many members, including parents, children,
grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins etc
Example: In the past, the extended family was a form of support when any
members were ill or suffered some misfortune.
Dịch đại ý
An extended family: gia đình được mở rộng
Nghĩa: một gia đình với nhiều thành viên, gồm cha mẹ con cái, ông bà, các
chú các bác, anh em họ,…
Ví dụ: Trước đây, gia đình mở rộng là một cách hỗ trợ lẫn nhau khi thành viên
nào bị bệnh hay không may gặp vấn đề.
20. a nuclear family

Meaning: a family consisting of a father, mother and their children
Example: The nuclear family has replaced the extended family as the most
common form of family structure throughout the world.
Dịch đại ý
A nuclear family: gia đình cơ bản
Nghĩa: Gia đình bao gồm 1 vợ 1 chồng và con cái
Ví dụ: Gia đình cơ bản đã thay thế những gia đình lớn, trở thành dạng gia
đình phổ biến nhất trên thế giới.
21. negative influences on individual families
Meaning: negative meaning bad; influences meaning effects; on individual
families refers to each nuclear family - a couple and their children, rather than
families in general;
Example: Based on the research, the negative influences on individual families
could be lessened with more support from the government.”
Dịch đại ý
Negative influences on individual families: ảnh hưởng tiêu cực tới từng gia
đình
Nghĩa: negative là xấu, tiêu cực, individual family chỉ những gia đình cơ bản
(nuclear family) bao gồm 1 cặp vợ chồng và con cái, chứ không chỉ gia đình
nói chung.
Ví dụ: Theo nghiên cứu, ảnh hưởng tiêu cực tới những gia đình cơ bản sẽ
được giảm bớt nếu có nhiều hỗ trợ hơn từ chính phủ.
22. parental involvement
Meaning: the act or process of parents when taking part in their children’s
activities.
Example: Parental involvement allows parents to monitor school and
classroom activities, and to coordinate their efforts with teachers to
encourage acceptable classroom behavior and ensure that the child
completes schoolwork.
Dịch đại ý
Parental involvement: sự can thiệp/ tham gia của cha mẹ
Nghĩa: việc cha mẹ tham gia vào các hoạt động của con cái
Ví dụ: Sự tham gia của cha mẹ cho phép phụ huynh theo dõi các hoạt động
tại trường lớp, và cùng nỗ lực hợp tác với giáo viên để khuyến khích các hoạt
động tại lớp cũng như đảm bảo con họ hoàn thành bài tập được giao.
23. to dissolve a marriage

Meaning: to officially end a marriage
Example: Couples are sometimes unwilling to dissolve their marriage and
they stay together for the sake of the children.
Dịch đại ý
To dissolve a marriage: kết thúc hôn nhân
Nghĩa: chính thức chấm dứt một cuộc kết hôn
Ví dụ: Đôi khi các cặp vợ chồng không sẵn sàng chấm dứt hôn nhân và họ lại
ở cùng nhau vì lí do con cái.
24. a dual-income family

Meaning: a family where both the father and mother work
Example: Changes in society have resulted in the dual-income family
becoming the most common family type.
Dịch đại ý
A dual-income family: gia đình có 2 thu nhập
Nghĩa: gia đình có cả mẹ và cha cùng đi làm có thu nhập
Ví dụ: Những thay đổi trong xã hội dẫn tới việc gia đình có 2 thu nhập đang là
loại gia đình phổ biến nhất.
25. to start a family later in life

Meaning:to begin a family later rather than earlier; in the past couples used to
start their families at younger ages, like 22, 23 or 24; nowadays they are
having babies, which is how you start a family, in their late 20s or even 30s
and 40s;
Example: They decided to start a family later in life, preferring to work on their
careers during their 20s and early 30s. They finally had their first baby when
they were both 38 years old.
Dịch đại ý
To start a family later in life: có con muộn
Nghĩa: bắt đầu có gia đình thực sự (có đứa con đầu tiên) muộn hơn trước kia
(30, 40 tuổi)
Ví dụ: Họ quyết định có đứa con đầu tiên khá muộn để ưu tiên cho công việc
khi họ ở tuổi 20, 30. Cuối cùng họ có đứa con đầu tiên khi cả hai ở tuổi 38.
26. to support a family

Meaning: to have enough money to be able to look after a family
Example: Young people often delay marriage because they do not earn
enough money to support a family.
Dịch đại ý
To support a family: nuôi sống gia đình
Nghĩa: có đủ tuổi để chăm sóc 1 gia đình
Ví dụ: Những người trẻ hiện nay trì hoãn không kết hôn vì họ không kiếm đủ
tiền để nuôi gia đình.
27. to be overprotective
Meaning: to be too worried about the safety of someone, especially a child
Example: If parents are overprotective of their children, there is a danger
that the children will become too dependent on their parents.
Dịch đại ý
To be overprotective: bảo vệ quá mức
Nghĩa: lo lắng thái quá về sự an toàn của ai đó, đặc biệt là của một đứa trẻ
Ví dụ: Nếu cha mẹ bảo vệ con cái quá mức, con cái sẽ trở nên quá phụ thuộc
vào cha mẹ mình.
28. To bring up their offspring

Meaning: to bring up means to raise; this is what you do as a parent with your
children; you educate them, nurture them, etc.; offspring refers to your
children;
Example:They are bringing up their offspring in a very strict household
Dịch đại ý
To bring up their offspring: nuôi dạy con cái
Nghĩa: bring up là nuôi nấng, dạy dỗ, offspring là thế hệ sau, cụ thể là con cái.
Ví dụ: Họ nuôi dạy con cái theo cách rất nghiêm khắc.
29. embarking on parenthood

Meaning: to embark on something means to start something; in this case it
means to become a parent; parenthood is what you call the role of being a
parent; you are always a parent once you have children, but this refers to the
time you spend raising them; childhood is they time period when you were a
child;
Example: They will be embarking on parenthood this summer, when their new
baby is born.”
Dịch đại ý
Embarking on parenthood: bắt đầu làm cha mẹ
Nghĩa: bắt đầu có con, bắt đầu nuôi dạy con cái
Ví dụ: Họ bắt đầu làm cha mẹ vào hè này, khi đứa con của họ mới sinh.
30. a family gathering

Meaning: a meeting of family members for a particular purpose
Example: In traditional societies, family gatherings are common to celebrate
special occasions.
Dịch đại ý
A family gathering: tập trung gia đình
Nghĩa: 1 buổi gặp mặt của các thành viên trong gia đình vì 1 lý do cụ thể
Ví dụ: Trong xã hội trước đấy, những buổi tập trung gia đình thường là để
chào mừng các dịp đặc biệt.
H. HEALTH
1. to be prone to obesity
Meaning: to be likely to become fat [in an unhealthy way]
Example: Children who are addicted to watching television, instead of playing
outdoor games, are more prone to obesity.
Dịch đại ý
To be prone to obesity: chắc chắn sẽ béo phì
Nghĩa: chắc chắn sẽ béo quá mức quy định (không tốt cho sức khỏe)
Ví dụ: Trẻ em nghiện xem ti vi thay vì ra ngoài chơi càng chắc chắn sẽ béo phì.
2. eating disorders
Meaning: problems which occur when people are unhappy with their bodies,
and therefore eat far too much or far too little.
Example: Advertising tells women that they should have bodies like
supermodel celebrities, and this sometimes leads to eating disorders such as
anorexia or bulimia.
Dịch đại ý
Eating disorders: rối loạn ăn uống
Nghĩa: những vấn đề ăn uống xảy ra khi con người không hài lòng với cơ thể
và ăn quá nhiều hoặc quá ít.
Ví dụ: Quảng cáo đã khuyên phụ nữ cần có thân hình như những siêu mẫu, và
điều này đôi khi dẫn tới rối loạn ăn uống như chán ăn và ăn ói.
3. safe hygiene standards
Meaning: a safe level of keeping yourself, living areas or working areas clean
in order to prevent illness and disease
Example: Maintaining safe hygiene standards in hospitals, homes and
workplaces is a simple and inexpensive way to combat the spread of diseases.
Dịch đại ý
Safe hygiene standards: tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh an toàn
Nghĩa: mức độ an toàn cho bạn, khu vực sống và làm việc để phòng ngừa các
bệnh và bệnh truyền nhiễm.
Ví dụ: Giữ gìn tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh an toàn trong bệnh viện, nhà và nơi làm việc
là một cách đơn giản và không tốn kém để ngăn chặn sự lây lan của dịch
bệnh.
4. to keep their teeth healthy

Meaning: to take care of their teeth by cleaning them regularly
Example: Advertisements encourage youngsters to brush their teeth several
times a day in order to keep their teeth healthy.
Dịch đại ý
To keep their teeth healthy: giữ gìn răng miệng khỏe mạnh
Nghĩa: chăm sóc răng bằng cách vệ sinh thường xuyên
Ví dụ: Các tin quảng cáo khuyến khích trẻ em đánh răng vài lần 1 ngày để giữ
răng miệng sạch sẽ.
5. to launch a full-scale investigation into sth

Meaning: to start an investigation completely or using all available methods,
equipment, money, etc.
Example: Scientists are about to launch a full-scale investigation into the
cause of the outbreak of the disease.
Dịch đại ý
To launch a full-scale investigation into sth: triển khai 1 cuộc điều tra toàn
diện về cái gì
Nghĩa: bắt đầu 1 cuộc điều tra thực sự hoặc dùng tất cả phương pháp, thiết bị
và tiền bạc có được,…
Ví dụ: Các nhà khoa học chuẩn bị triển khai 1 cuộc điều tra toàn diện về
nguyên nhân của sự bùng nổ dịch bệnh.
6. the outbreak of an epidemic

Meaning: a large number of diseases occurring at the same time in a
particular community
Example: A lack of government programs for vaccination and regular health
care may lead to the outbreak of an epidemic, particularly in developing
countries.
Dịch đại ý
The outbreak of an epidemic: sự bùng phát của dịch bệnh
Nghĩa: 1 số lượng lớn bệnh dịch xảy ra cùng 1 thời gian trong 1 cộng đồng cụ
thể.
Ví dụ: Việc thiếu hụt các chương trình của chính phủ cho vắc xin phòng bệnh
và chăm sóc sức khỏe thường xuyên có thể dẫn tới sự bùng phùng của dịch
bệnh, nhất là tại các nước đang phát triển.
7. sedentary lifestyle
Meaning: involving little exercise or physical activity
Example: A sedentary lifestyle is a major factor in health problems such as
obesity and heart disease.
Dịch đại ý
Sedentary lifestyle: phong cách sống thiếu vận động
Nghĩa: ít hoặc gần như không tập thể thao và các hoạt động tay chân khác
Ví dụ: Sống thiếu vận động là yếu tố chính dẫn đến các vấn đề về sức khỏe
như béo phì và các bệnh về tim.
8. healthy eating habits

Meaning: eating healthy food at regular times of the day
Example: Health education involves teaching people about healthy eating
habits, such as regular mealtimes and eating fruit and vegetables every day.
Dịch đại ý
Health eating habits: thói quen ăn uống lành mạnh
Nghĩa: ăn thức ăn tốt cho sức khỏe vào đúng giờ giấc
Ví dụ: Giáo dục sức khỏe cần dạy cho mọi người thói quen ăn uống lành
mạnh, như là giờ ăn hợp lý và cần ăn rau và trái cây mỗi ngày.
9. to take regular exercise

Meaning: to do some physical activity on a regular basis
Example: Authorities should encourage people of all ages to take regular
exercise by providing facilities in each community.
Dịch đại ý
To take regular exercise: tập thể dục thường xuyên
Nghĩa: thực hiện một số hoạt động tay chân hàng ngày
Ví dụ: Chính quyền nên khuyến khích người dân ở mọi lứa tuổi tập thể dục
thường xuyên bằng cách cung cấp trang thiết bị cho mỗi khu dân cư.
10. a fitness regime

Meaning: a method or routine of taking regular exercise
Example: Even elderly people can adopt a fitness regime by taking light
exercise such as walking or jogging.
Dịch đại ý
A fitness regime: chế độ tập luyện
Nghĩa: 1 phương pháp hay thói quen luyện tập thường xuyên
Ví dụ: Ngay cả người già cũng có thể có chế độ tập luyện bằn cách tập các
bài tập nhẹ như đi bộ.
11. health awareness campaigns
Meaning: publicity to encourage people to be concerned about looking after
their health.
Example: Public health awareness campaigns are essential if people are to
accept that they have a personal responsibility to look after their own health.
Dịch đại ý
Health awareness campaigns: chiến dịch tuyên truyền sức khỏe
Nghĩa: chiến dịch cộng đồng đẻ khuyến khích người dân quan tâm đến các
vấn đề sức khỏe
Ví dụ: Chiến dịch tuyên truyền sức khỏe cho cộng đồng là rất cần thiết nếu
mọi người chấp nhận rằng họ có trách nhiệm cá nhân trong việc chăm sóc
sức khỏe của mình.
12. preventive medicine

Meaning: practices of healthcare intended to try to stop illnesses
Example: An emphasis on preventive medicine will result in a healthier
population and reduced costs for medical treatment.
Dịch đại ý
Preventive medicine: thuốc phòng bệnh
Nghĩa: phương pháp chăm sóc sức khỏe để ngăn chặn bệnh tật
Ví dụ: Tập trung vào thuốc phòng bệnh sẽ mang lại dân cư khỏe mạnh hơn và
giảm chi phí y tế.
13. alternative healthcare

Meaning: this is a term used by many western countries to describe more
traditional types of healthcare that do not involve operations and
pharmaceutical drugs.
Example: Naturopathy is a form of alternative healthcare which treats illness
and diseases using natural foods, herbs and other techniques.
Dịch đại ý
Alternative healthcare: liệu pháp thay thế
Nghĩa: đây là thuật ngữ nhiều quốc gia phương tây sử dụng để chỉ những
phương pháp y tế truyền thống không dùng đến giải phẫu và dược phẩm.
Ví dụ: Thiên nhiên liệu pháp là một liệu pháp thay thế mà chữa bệnh bằng
thức ăn tự nhiên, thảo dược và các kỹ thuật khác.
14. public health services
Meaning: the agencies funded by the government to protect and promote the
health of the population
Example: I would argue that funding for public health services should be the
main priority of all governments.
Dịch đại ý
Public health services: Dịch vụ y tế công cộng
Nghĩa: Những tổ chức được chính phủ tài trợ để bảo vệ và chăm sóc sức khỏe
cho cộng đồng.
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng tài trợ cho dịch vụ y tế công cộng nên là ưu tiên chính của
mọi quốc gia.
15. to take out private health insurance

Meaning: to make regular payments to an insurance company, who will pay
for medical or hospital treatment when you need it
Example: In countries with poor public health services, many people have to
take out private health insurance in order to receive adequate medical
treatment.
Dịch đại ý
To take out private health insurance: đăng ký bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân
Nghĩa: trả tiền bảo hiểm thường xuyên cho 1 công ty bảo hiểm, nơi sẽ trả tiền
viện phí và thuốc thang cho bạn khi cần
Ví dụ: Ở những quốc gia có dịch vụ y tế công cộng kém phát triển, nhiều
người phải đăng ký bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân để nhận được sự chăm sóc y tế
thích hợp.
16. primary health care

Meaning: the medical treatment that you receive first when you are sick or ill,
for example from your doctor or local clinic.
Example: Developing countries must allocate resources to establish primary
health care clinics in rural areas and overcrowded city districts.
Dịch đại ý
Primary health care: chăm sóc sức khỏe cơ bản
Nghĩa: sự điều trị bạn nhận được đầu tiên nếu bị ốm hay bệnh tật, ví dụ như
từ bác sĩ hay phòng khám tư của bạn.
Ví dụ: Những quốc gia đang phát triển cần phân bổ nguồn lực để thành lập
những phòng khám tư chăm sóc sức khỏe cơ bản tại khu đô thị và những
thành phố quá đông dân cư.
17. medical practitioner

Meaning: a person who works as a doctor or surgeon
Example: It is essential to train more medical practitioners if public health is
to be improved.
Dịch đại ý
Medical practitioner: người hành nghề y
Nghĩa: bác sĩ, bác sĩ phẫu thuật…
Ví dụ: Cần phải đào tạo nhiều những người hành nghề y để sức khỏe cộng
đồng có thể được cải thiện.
18. to build up one’s immune system/ immunity

Meaning: to increase the ability of your body to fight diseases
Example: A healthy lifestyle and a diet rich in vitamins is a sure way to build
up one’s immune system.
Dịch đại ý
To build up one’s immune system/ immunity: tăng cường hệ miễn dịch
Nghĩa: tăng khả năng chống lại bệnh tật của cơ thể
Ví dụ: Một lối sống lành mạnh và chế độ ăn giàu vitamin chắc chắn sẽ là cách
tốt để tăng cường hệ miễn dịch.
19. mental health problems

Meaning: related to illnesses of one’s mind
Example: Overwork may sometimes result in mental health problems, such
as anxiety and depression.
Dịch đại ý
Mental health problems: các vấn đề thần kinh
Nghĩa: các bệnh liên quan đến trí óc con người
Ví dụ: Làm việc quá tải đôi khi dẫn đến các vấn đề về thần kinh, như là lo lắng
và khủng hoảng.
20. to offer emotional support

Meaning: to give counselling to a person who is suffering from a mental
health problem
Example: Some schools in Europe now offer emotional support to pupils
who are the victims of bullying.
Dịch đại ý
To offer emotional support: đưa ra hỗ trợ tinh thần
Nghĩa: tư vấn cho người đang gặp các vấn đề về tinh thần
Ví dụ: Một số trường học ở Châu Âu hiện đưa ra các hỗ trợ về mặt tinh thần
cho những học sinh là nạn nhân bị bắt nạt.
21. to be addicted to sth

Meaning: to be unable to stop taking harmful drugs, tobacco or alcohol.
Example: More specialist clinics, offering treatment and advice, are required to
help people who are addicted to drugs.
Dịch đại ý
To be addicted to sth: nghiện cái gì
Nghĩa: không thể ngừng việc sử dụng thuốc có hại, thuốc lá hay đồ có cồn.
Ví dụ: Ngày càng có nhiều những phòng khám tư đa khoa cung cấp việc chữa
trị và lời khuyên cho những người nghiện ngập.
22. to search for a cure

Meaning: the process of looking for a way to make a sick person healthy
again
Example: It is the responsibility of governments to enable doctors to search
for a cure for diseases by providing adequate funding.
Dịch đại ý
To search for a cure: tìm phương pháp chữa trị
Nghĩa: tìm kiếm phương pháp chữa trị cho bệnh nhân
Ví dụ: Trách nhiệm của chính phủ là phải cho phép các bác sĩ tìm kiếm
phương pháp chữa bệnh bằng cách cung cấp kinh phí cần thiết.
23. life-threatening conditions

Meaning: illnesses which are likely to kill somebody
Example: Great advances have been made in the treatment of life-
threatening conditions such as cancer and heart disease.
Dịch đại ý
Life-threatening conditions: đe dọa tính mạng
Nghĩa: bệnh đe dọa tới mạng sống
Ví dụ: Đã có những bước tiến lớn trong việc điều trị những căn bệnh đe dọa
tính mạng con người như ung thư và bệnh tim.
24. to carry health risks

Meaning: to have effects which could be bad for one’s health
Example: Smoking and drinking alchohol are potentially dangerous habits,
because they carry serious health risks.
Dịch đại ý
To carry health risks: mang hiểm họa tới sức khỏe
Nghĩa: có những ảnh hưởng xấu tới sức khỏe con người
Ví dụ: Hút thuốc và uống rượu là những thói quen tiềm ẩn nguy hiểm vì
chúng mang hiểm họa tới sức khỏe.
25. prescription charges

Meaning: the money paid by a patient to receive medicines authorised by a
doctor.
Example: In Britain, the government has abolished prescription charges for
elderly people, so that they no longer pay for the medicines they need.
Dịch đại ý
Prescription charges: tiền thuốc
Nghĩa: tiền trả để được nhận thuốc kê đơn bởi bác sĩ
Ví dụ: Tại Anh, chính phủ tài trợ tiền thuốc kê đơn cho người già, nên họ
không phải trả tiền thuốc nữa.
26. operating theatre

Meaning: a room in a hospital where doctors carry out surgery on patients
Example: Safe hygiene standards are important throughout any hospital, but
particularly in an operating theatre.
Dịch đại ý
Operating theatre: phòng mổ
Nghĩa: 1 phòng trong bệnh viên nơi bác sĩ tiến hành phẫu thuật cho bệnh
nhân
Ví dụ: Các tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh an toàn là rất quan trọng trong bệnh viên của
tôi, đặc biệt là trong phòng mổ.
27. the pharmaceutical industry

Meaning: an industry which makes drugs and medicines
Example: I believe that the pharmaceutical industry must be strictly
regulated by governments, especially in the testing of new drugs.
Dịch đại ý
The pharmaceutical industry: ngành công nghiệp dược phẩm
Nghĩa: ngành công nghiệp sản xuất thuốc
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng ngành công nghiệp dược phẩm sẽ bị quản lý chặt chẽ bởi
nhà nước, nhất là trong việc thử nghiệm thuốc mới.
28. a degenerative illness

Meaning: an illness that becomes worse as time passes
Example: Breakthroughs in medical science are providing more effective
treatment for degenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Dịch đại ý
A degenerative illness: bệnh suy biến
Nghĩa; căn bệnh có chuyển biến xấu hơn theo thời gian
Ví dụ: Đột phá trong ngành khoa học dược phẩm là cung cấp nhiều phương
pháp điều trị hiệu quả cho căn bệnh suy biến, ví dụ như Alzheimer.
29. to be detrimental to health

Meaning: to be harmful to health
Example: Lying in the sun for too long can be detrimental to health and
result in skin cancers.
Dịch đại ý
To be detrimental to health: có hại cho sức khỏe
Nghĩa: có hại cho sức khỏe
Ví dụ: Nằm dưới ánh mặt trời quá lâu có thể có hại cho sức khỏe và dẫn tới
ung thư da.
30. to have a regular check-up

Meaning: to have a regular examination carried out by a doctor or dentist
Example: In order to identify health problems at an early stage, people should
have a regular check-up so that preventive measures can be taken if
necessary.
Dịch đại ý
To have a regular check-up: khám bệnh thường xuyên
Nghĩa: có cuộc kiểm tra định kì tiến hành bởi bác sĩ
Ví dụ: Để xác định các vấn đề sức khỏe ở giai đoạn đầu, mọi người nên đi
khám bệnh thường xuyên để có thể có các biện pháp ngăn chặn nếu cần
thiết.
I. TOURISM
1. To be thronged with tourists
Meaning: refers to the situation of a place having a great number of visitors crowded or
considered together
Example: At weekends, London, in particular, is swarming with tourists and certain areas
of the city such as Oxford Street and Covent Garden are thronged with visitors.
Dịch đại ý
To be thronged with tourists : chật ních khách du lịch
Nghĩa: sử dụng khi nói về một địa điểm có rất nhiều du khách tập trung
Ví dụ: Vào cuối tuần, cụ thể ở London, đầy những du khách và một số khu vực tong
thành phố như Oxford Street hay Convent Garden thì chật ních người.
2. To swarm with tourists

Meaning: when people swarm somewhere, they move there in a large group or in large
numbers.
Example: During the summer, the little seaside town is swarming with holidaymakers.
Dịch đại ý
To swarm with tourists: đầy những khách
Nghĩa: chỉ hành động khách du lịch tập trung theo một nhóm đông người, di chuyển với
số lượng lớn.
Ví dụ: Vào mùa hè, thị trấn nhỏ ven biển đầy những vị khách tới nghỉ mát.
3. Family outings
Meaning: family excursions for pleasure
Example: It's time to give your child a bigger world to discover by lining up a few fun
family outings that are tailor-made for the little ones in your life.
Dịch đại ý
Family outings: dã ngoại gia đình
Nghĩa: những chuyến thám hiểm với cả gia đình nhằm mục đích giải trí
Ví dụ: Đã tới lúc cho con bạn khám phá thế giới rộng lớn bằng cách tổ chức một số
chuyến dã ngoại gia đình, những chuyến đi đã được làm lại để phù hợp với trẻ nhỏ.
4. Backpackers
Meaning: people who travel on holiday carrying all their equipment and clothes in a
backpack, like a large very strong bag which they carry on their back’
Example: London has cheap accommodation for backpackers who don’t have much
money to spend on hotels.
Dịch đại ý
Backpackers: khách du lịch ba lô (người Việt Nam gọi là tây ba lô)
Nghĩa: chỉ những người đi du lịch mang theo tất cả dụng cụ và quần áo trong 1 chiếc
ba lô (một cái túi rất to đeo trên lưng).
Ví dụ: London có những phòng nghỉ giá rẻ cho du khách ba lô, những người không có
nhiều tiền để ở khách sạn.
5. To break the bank

Meaning: to use up all one's money/ to cost too much.
Example: Having a winter vacation in the sun without breaking the bank is a dream
come true
Dịch đại ý
To break the bank: dùng hết sạch tiền
Nghĩa: dùng hết tiền/ chỉ cái gì quá đắt
Ví dụ: Có được một kì nghỉ mùa đông dưới ánh mặt trời mà không phải chi hết sạch tiền
bạc là một giấc mơ có thực.
6. Motion/travel sickness
Meaning: an irritated feeling which is caused by repeated unusual movements during
travelling
Example: During long car or bus journeys, she often suffers from motion sickness.
Dịch đại ý
Motion/ travel sickness: say xe
Nghĩa: say xe
Ví dụ: Trong những chuyến đi dài bằng xe ô tô hay xe bus, cô ấy thường bị say xe.
7. To hurt tourism
Meaning: to have negative impacts on tourism
Example: A weaker dollar could hurt outbound tourism.
Dịch đại ý
To hurt tourism: Gây tổn thương tới ngành du lịch
Nghĩa: có những tác động tiêu cực đối với du lịch
Ví dụ: Đồng đô la yếu sẽ ảnh hưởng xấu tới du lịch quốc tế.
8. The height of the tourist season

Meaning: the time of year when the greatest number of people visit a place and when
the prices are at their highest level
Example: Mid-summer in the UK is normally the height of the tourist season, so
remember to book a hotel in advance.
Dịch đại ý
The height of the tourist season: cao điểm mùa vụ
Nghĩa: 1 thời điểm trong năm khi lượng khách tới một điểm du lịch là cao nhất và giá cả
cũng vậy.
Ví dụ: Mùa hè tại Vương Quốc Anh thường là đỉnh điểm của mùa vụ du lịch, nên hãy
nhớ đặt trước phòng khách sạn.
9. To experience phenomenal growth

Meaning: to experience an extremely successful or special development, especially in a
surprising way
Example: In recent decades there has been a substantial diversification in international
tourism destinations, and many developing countries have experienced phenomenal
growth in tourist arrivals and receipts.
Dịch đại ý
To experience phenomenal growth: trải qua hiện tượng tăng trưởng
Nghĩa: phát triển một cách cực kì đặc biệt hoặc thành công, và nhất là theo một cách
bất ngờ.
Ví dụ: Trong một vài thập kỷ gần đây, có một sự đa dạng hóa đáng kể về các điểm đến
du lịch quốc tế, và nhiều quốc gia đang phát triển đã trải qua hiện tượng tăng trưởng về
lượng khách đến và các khoản thu từ du lịch.
10. To book
Meaning: to reserve something, such as a hotel room or a ticket
Example: I’d like to book a table for two at 8pm this evening, please.
Dịch đại ý
To book: đặt chỗ
Nghĩa: đặt trước, thường là phòng khách sạn hay vé
Ví dụ: Tôi muốn đặt bàn cho 2 người vào lúc 8h tối nay.
11. A boost to tourism

Meaning: the act of improving the development of tourism
Example: The new train service will enable visitors to reach the resort and provide a
boost to tourism in the area.
Dịch đại ý
A boost to tourism: đòn bẩy cho du lịch
Nghĩa: cải thiện sự phát triển của du lịch
Ví dụ: Dịch vụ tàu hỏa mới cho phép du khách tới thẳng khu nghỉ dưỡng và cung cấp
một đòn bẩy để phát triển du lịch khu vực này.
12. To plague sth
Meaning: to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of
time
Example: Tourist hotspots are also plagued by problems like theft, begging and drug
abuse.
Dịch đại ý
To plague sth: gây tổn thương cái gì
Nghĩa: gây lo lắng, đau đớn, khó khăn cho ai đó trong một khoảng thời gian.
Ví dụ: Các điểm nóng du lịch cũng bị tổn thương do những vấn đề như trộm cắp, ăn xin
và thuốc phiện.
13. Ecotourism
Meaning: organized holidays which are designed so that tourist damage the
environment as little as possible.
Example: Ecotourism will become increasingly popular in the future, as more and more
people become aware of the need to protect the environment
Dịch đại ý
Ecotourism: Du lịch sinh thái
Nghĩa: những chuyến du lịch được thiết kế để những ảnh hưởng xấu của du khách tới
môi trường được giảm thiểu xuống thấp nhất có thể.
Ví dụ: Du lịch sinh thái sẽ trở nên phổ biến rộng rãi trong tương lai, vì ngày càng có
nhiều người có ý thức bảo vệ môi trường hơn.
14. To be rewarded by a vista

Meaning: to see a view, especially a beautiful view from a high position after a hard time
Example: After a hard climb, we were rewarded by a picture-postcard vista of rolling
hills under a deep blue summer sky.
Dịch đại ý
To be rewarded by a vista: được chiêm ngưỡng một cảnh tượng hùng vĩ
Nghĩa: được chiêm ngưỡng một cảnh tượng xinh đẹp/hung vĩ từ một vị trí cao (khó
khăn mới tới được)
Ví dụ: Sau khi vất vả trèo lên đỉnh, chúng tôi đã được chiêm ngưỡng cảnh tượng đẹp
như trong tranh của những ngọn đồi dưới bầu trời xanh thẳm của mùa hè.
15. To have a thirst for something

Meaning: to have a strong desire for something
Example: He has been all over the world, but he still has a thirst for seeing new places
and enjoying new experiences.
Dịch đại ý
to have a thirst for something: khao khát được làm gì
Nghĩa: khao khát mãnh liệt được làm gì
Ví dụ: Anh ấy đã đi khắp thế giới, nhưng vẫn khao khát được đặt chân tới những nơi
mới lạ và tận hưởng những trải nghiệm mới.
16. To have a whale of a time

Meaning: to have an exciting or fun time
Example: We had a whale of a time at Ninh Van Bay Resort.
Dịch đại ý
to have a whale of time: có một khoảng thời gian vui vẻ
Nghĩa: có 1 khoảng thời gian hào hứng, vui vẻ
Ví dụ: Chúng tôi đã có một khoảng thời gian vui vẻ tại Khu nghỉ dưỡng Vịnh Ninh Vân.
17. A package holiday

Meaning: a holiday that is organized by a company at a fixed price, including the cost of
a hotel, travel etc.
Example: Package holidays to Spain started to become popular in the UK in the 1960s.
Dịch đại ý
A package holiday: kì nghỉ trọn gói
Nghĩa: một kì nghỉ được tổ chức bởi một công ty với giá cố định, bao gồm giá phòng
khách sạn, đi lại…
Ví dụ: Du lịch trọn gói tới Tây Ban Nha bắt đầu phổ biến tại Vương Quốc Anh vào
những năm 1960.
18. To sunbathe
Meaning: to sit or lie in the sun, in order to get brown/to get a suntan
Example: I don’t like to sunbathe when I go to the beach, so I spend most of the time
swimming in the sea.
Dịch đại ý
to sunbathe: tắm nắng
Nghĩa: nằm hoặc ngồi dưới ánh mặt trời, để có làn da nâu
Ví dụ: Tôi không thích tắm nắng khi đi biển, hầu hết thời gian tôi đều đi bơi.
19. To put to the test
Meaning: to see what someone or something can achieve, to find out how good
someone or something is
Example: Adventure tours put my survival skills to the test.
Dịch đại ý
to put to the test: thử thách
Nghĩa: thử xem ai đó/ cái gì có thể đạt được tới đâu, khả năng như thế nào
Ví dụ: Những chuyến du lịch mạo hiểm đã thử thách các kỹ năng sinh tồn của tôi.
20. To get away from it all

Meaning: to have a holiday in a very quiet place where you can relax.
Example: Tourists have always traveled to natural areas of beauty to avoid the noisy
crowds and to get away from it all.
Dịch đại ý
to get away from it all: thoát khỏi cuộc sống hiện tại
Nghĩa: có một kì nghỉ tại một nơi vô cùng yên tĩnh để có thể hoàn toàn thư giãn.
Ví dụ: Du khách luôn tới những cảnh đẹp tự nhiên để tránh đám đông ồn ào và thoát
khỏi nhịp sống vội vã thường ngày.
21. The holiday of a lifetime

Meaning: a special holiday that you are unlikely to repeat
Example: He is planning the holiday of a lifetime to see pandas in China.
Dịch đại ý
The holiday of a lifetime: chuyến du lịch không thể quên
Nghĩa: một kì nghỉ đặc biệt mà không thể có lần thứ hai
Ví dụ: Anh ấy đang lập kế hoạch cho một chuyến du lịch đáng nhớ để đi xem gấu trúc
tại Trung Quốc.
22. A wildlife safari

Meaning: a holiday [often in Africa] to see wild animals.
Example: The company organizes wildlife safaris in Africa to see lions and elephants in
their natural habitats.
Dịch đại ý
A wildlife safari: chuyến thám hiểm hoang dã
Nghĩa: Một kì nghỉ (thường ở châu Phi) để xem động vật hoang dã
Ví dụ: Công ty tổ chức chuyến thám hiểm hoang dã tại Châu Phi để xem sư tử và voi
trong môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng.
23. A charter flight
Meaning: a cheaper form of flying than a normal airline.
Example: There are now charter flights to most tourist destinations, costing half the
price charged by some companies.
Dịch đại ý
A charter flight: chuyến bay thuê bao
Nghĩa: 1 dạng bay giá rẻ hơn các hãng bay thông thường
Ví dụ: Hiện nay có chuyến bay thuê bao đến hầu hết các điểm du lịch, được một số
công ty tính một nửa giá phí.
24. A holiday resort

Meaning: a place where lots of people go for a holiday
Example: If you like to lie on the beach, Thailand offers some very popular holiday
resorts.
Dịch đại ý
A holiday resort: khu du lịch nghỉ đưỡng
Nghĩa: nơi có nhiều người đến để nghỉ dưỡng
Ví dụ: Nếu bạn thích nằm thư giãn trên bãi biển, Thái Lan có một số khu nghỉ dưỡng rất
nổi tiếng.
25. Out of season

Meaning: not in the main holiday period
Example: If you plan to visit Vietnam out of season, make sure that you avoid the
monsoons.
Dịch đại ý
Out of season: không phải mùa vụ
Nghĩa: không phải mùa du lịch chính
Ví dụ: Nếu bạn đinh tới Việt Nam mà không phải thời điểm du lịch, hãy chắc chắn rằng
bạn được tránh thời gian gió mùa.
26. Self-catering
Meaning: a holiday where you supply your own food
Example: To save money, my parents prefer to take self-catering holidays in a holiday
apartment and cook their own meals.
Dịch đại ý
Self – catering: tự phục vụ
Nghĩa: chỉ một kì nghỉ mà bạn tự lo ăn uống
Ví dụ: Để tiết kiệm, bố mẹ tôi thích các đi nghỉ theo kiểu tự phục vụ trong những căn hộ
du lịch và tự nấu ăn.
27. To go sightseeing
Meaning: to look around the places that tourists like to visit
Example: If you go sightseeing in Paris, be sure to see the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre and
the Palace of Versailles.
Dịch đại ý
To go sightseeing: đi tham quan
Nghĩa: ngắm nhìn những nơi du khách thích tới thăm
Ví dụ: Nếu bạn đi tham quan ở Paris, nhất định phải đi xem tháp Eiffel, Bảo tang Louvre
và Cung điện Versailles.
28. A breathtaking view

Meaning: an extremely beautiful view
Example: From the top of the mountain, there is a breathtaking view of the coast.
Dịch đại ý
A breathtaking view: cảnh đẹp đến ngạt thở
Nghĩa: cảnh đẹp vô cùng
Ví dụ: Từ trên đỉnh núi có thể nhìn thấy cảnh dọc bờ biển đẹp vô cùng.
29. A city break

Meaning: a short holiday in a famous tourist city.
Example: If you are planning a city break in Sydney, visit the Opera House and the
famous Bondai Beach.
Dịch đại ý
A city break: kì nghỉ ngắn ngày
Nghĩa: một kì nghỉ ngắn ngày tại một thành phố du lịch nổi tiếng
Ví dụ: Nếu bạn định đi nghỉ ngắn ngày ở Sydney, hãy tới thăm Nhà hát Sydney và bãi
biển Bondai nổi tiếng.
30. A guided tour

Meaning: an organized group shown around a place of interest by an expert
Example: The company runs guided tours of Hanoi in English and Japanese.
Dịch đại ý
A guided tour: tour du lịch có hướng dẫn
Nghĩa: một nhóm du khách có tổ chức và có hướng dẫn viên dẫn đi tham quan thắng
cảnh.
Ví dụ: Công ty đó tổ chức các tour du lịch Hà Nội có hướng dẫn viên hướng dẫn bằng
tiếng Anh và tiếng Nhật.
J. READING
1. beyond comprehension
Meaning: impossible to understand, unbelievable

Example: It is beyond comprehension that some politicians deny the reality
of global warming
Dịch đại ý
Beyond comprehension: quá tầm hiểu biết/ nhận thức, không thể hiểu/ tin
được
Nghĩa: không thể hiểu được, không tin được
Ví dụ: Không thể tin được khi một số chính trị gia phủ nhận việc nóng lên
toàn cầu.
2. critical thinking
Meaning: the process of analyzing information in an objective way, in order to
make a judgment about it
Example: Critical thinking skills enable students to evaluate information.
Dịch đại ý
Critical thinking: tư duy phản biện
Nghĩa: quá trình phân tích thông tin theo hướng phản đối để có thể đánh giá
được thông tin.
Ví dụ: Kỹ năng tư duy phản biện cho phép học sinh đánh giá thông tin.
3. broaden one’s literary horizons

Meaning: to widen the limit of your desires, knowledge, or interests by
reading widely
Example: Schools should broaden the literary horizons of pupils by
encouraging them to read in class and at home.
Dịch đại ý
To broaden one’s literary horizons: mở mang hiểu biết văn học
Nghĩa: mở mang kiến thức, khao khát, hứng thú bằng cách đọc nhiều hơn
Ví dụ: Trường học nên mở mang hiểu biết văn chương của học sinh bằng
cách khuyến khích các em đọc tại lớp và tại nhà.
4. a turn of phrase
Meaning: a particular way of describing something
Example: In order to be a creative writer, a good turn of phrase is not as
important as imagination.
Dịch đại ý
A turn of phrase: một cách diễn đạt khác
Nghĩa: một cách để mô tả cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Để trở thành một nhà văn sáng tạo,, một cách diễn đạt tốt không quan
trọng bằng trí tưởng tượng.
5. to read something into something

Meaning: to think that something means more than it really does
Example: It is important not to read too much into election promises, but
rather to evaluate the actions of governments.
Dịch đại ý
To read something into something: nghĩ quá về cái gì
Nghĩa: nghĩ về cái gì đó có ý nghĩa sâu xa hơn là ý nghĩa thực sự của nó
Ví dụ: Quan trọng là không nghĩ quá nhiều về những lời hứa khi bầu cử, mà
hãy đánh giá hành động thực sự của chính phủ đó.
6. a period of readjustment
Meaning: the act of getting used to a changed or new situation
Example: Those who migrate to cities have to undergo a painful period
ofreadjustment in their search for a better life.
Dịch đại ý
A period of readjustment: thời gian thích nghi
Nghĩa: thời gian để làm quen với sự thay đổi hoặc một hoàn cảnh mới
Ví dụ: Những người dân di cư tới thành phố sẽ phải trải qua một thời gian
khó khăn để thích nghi để có cuộc sống tốt hơn.
7. to read on
Meaning: to continue reading
Example: In the busy lives which many people lead today, we have become
accustomed to glance quickly at news stories and we fail to read on and
discover the facts behind the headlines.
Dịch đại ý
To read on: đọc tiếp
Nghĩa: tiếp tục việc đọc
Ví dụ: Trong cuộc sống bận rộn của nhiều người hiện nay, chúng ta đã quen
với việc chỉ liếc qua những tin tức mới mà không đọc tiếp và tìm hiểu sự thật
đằng sau những cái đầu đề.
8. to break with precedent

Meaning: to do something in a different way
Example: I believe that universities should break with precedent and admit
more women to engineering and science courses.
Dịch đại ý
To break with precedent: phá vỡ tiền lệ
Nghĩa: làm cái gì đó theo cách khác
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng các trường đại học nên phá vỡ tiền lệ và nhận nhiều phụ nữ
vào các khóa học kỹ sư và khoa học hơn.
9. to read over something

Meaning: to read something carefully from beginning to end to look for
mistakes or check details
Example: Attention to detail is so important in many jobs, so the practice of
reading over one’s written work should be taught at school and university.
Dịch đại ý
To read over something: đọc kỹ, đọc từ đầu đến cuối
Nghĩa: Đọc cái gì cẩn thận từ đầu đến cuối để tìm lỗi sai hoặc kiểm tra chi tiết
Ví dụ: Sự cẩn thận, tập trung từng chi tiết là rất quan trọng trong nhiều công
việc, nên việc thực hành đọc một tác phẩm từ đầu đến cuối nên được dạy ở
trường học và đại học.
10. to come to somebody’s knowledge

Meaning: to become known by somebody
Example: If it comes to the knowledge of your manager that you are honest
and hard-working, your promotion prospects will be improved.
Dịch đại ý
To come to somebody’s knowledge: được ai đó biết tới
Nghĩa: được ai đó biết tới
Ví dụ: Nếu được nhà quản lí biết tới là một người chân thành và chăm chỉ thì
khả năng được thăng tiến của bạn sẽ tốt hơn.
11. safe in the knowledge that

Meaning: confident because you know that something is true or will happen
Example: I would recommend that people should eat only organic food, safe
in the knowledge that it contains no harmful chemicals.
Dịch đại ý
Safe in the knowledge that: chắc chắn về cái gì đó
Nghĩa: tự tin vì bạn biết rằng cái gì là đúng hay sẽ xảy ra
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng mọi người chỉ nên ăn thực phẩm hữu cơ vì biết chắc rằng
nó không có các hóa chất độc hại.
12. to dig deep (into something)

Meaning: to search thoroughly for information
Example: Computer technology has enabled authorities to dig deep into all
kinds of personal records relating to ordinary citizens.
Dịch đại ý
To dig deep: đào sâu tìm hiểu về cái gì
Nghĩa: nghiên cứu toàn diện để tìm thông tin
Ví dụ: Công nghệ thông tin đã cho phép chính quyền các nước tìm hiểu sâu
về các loại thông tin cá nhân liên quan đến công dân của họ.
13. to do something to the letter

Meaning: to do exactly what somebody or something instructs, paying
attention to every detail
Example: It is important to apply the law to the letter, so that every illegal
action is punished.
Dịch đại ý
To do sth to the letter: làm đúng theo hướng dẫn
Nghĩa: làm chính xác theo những gì được hướng dẫn, chú ý đến từng chi tiết.
Ví dụ: Cần phải áp dụng luật đúng theo hướng dẫn, để mọi việc làm trái pháp
luật đều bị trừng phạt.
14. to stick in your mind

Meaning: (of a memory, an image, etc.) to be remembered for a long time
Example: When children learn a foreign language in primary school, words
and phrases tend to stick in their minds almost without the effort of learning
them in a formal way.
Dịch đại ý
To stick in your mind: in đậm trong tâm trí
Nghĩa: cái gì đó được ghi nhớ trong thời gian dài
Ví dụ: Khi trẻ em được học ngoại ngữ ở trường tiểu học, từ và các cụm từ
thường sẽ in đậm trong tâm trí chúng mà không cần phải cố học thuộc.
15. to sharpen something (up)

Meaning: to become or make something better, more skilful, more effective,
etc. than before
Example: The opportunity to do an internship with a company enables
students to sharpen up the theoretical knowledge gained at college.
Dịch đại ý
To sharpen sth: làm cái gì đó thêm sâu sắc, nhạy bén
Nghĩa: trở nên hay biến cái gì đó trở nên tốt hơn, hiệu quả hơn, khéo léo
hơn…
Ví dụ: Cơ hội thực tập ở một công ty cho phép sinh viên hiểu lý thuyết được
học ở trường sâu sắc hơn.
16. to write off somebody/something

Meaning: to decide that somebody or something is a failure and not worth
paying attention to
Example: Space projects should not be written off as expensive failures,
because space represents the new frontier for exploration.
Dịch đại ý
To write off sb/ sth: xóa bỏ/ loại bỏ cái gì
Nghĩa: quyết định cái gì đó là thất bại và không đáng được quan tâm nữa
Ví dụ: Các dự án nghiên cứu không gian vũ trụ không nên bị loại bỏ như là
những thất bại gây tốn kém, bởi vì không gian sẽ là một hướng khám phá
mới.
17. to be engrossed in
Meaning: to be completely focused on something
Example: A good work-life balance is important, because if people are too
engrossed in their work their family life may suffer.
Dịch đại ý
To be engrossed in: mê mải vào cái gì
Nghĩa: hoàn toàn tập trung vào cái gì
Ví dụ: Việc cân bằng tốt giữa cuộc sống với công việc là rất quan trọng vì nếu
quá mải mê với công việc, cuộc sống gia đình sẽ bị ảnh hưởng.
18. to understand somebody/something to be/have something

Meaning: to think or believe that something is true because you have been
told that it is
Example: The President is understood to be in favour of more spending on
the military.
Dịch đại ý
To understand sb/sth to be/have sth: tin cái gì đó/ cho là
Nghĩa: nghĩ hay tin cái gì đó là thật vì bạn đã được bảo như vậy
Ví dụ: Chủ tích nước được cho là sẽ chi nhiều hơn cho quân sự.
19. conduct somebody/something

Meaning: to lead or guide somebody through or around something
Example: Work experience conducts people who are new in a profession
through some of the practical difficulties which they will face.
Dịch đại ý
Conduct sb/ sth: dẫn dắt, hướng dẫn ai đó
Nghĩa: hướng dẫn, dẫn dắt ai đó thông qua cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Kinh nghiệm làm việc dẫn dắt những người bắt đầu lĩnh vực mới thông
qua một số khó khăn thực tế họ gặp phải.
20. secure in the knowledge

Meaning: not worried because you are sure that nothing bad will happen
Example: Students who work hard throughout the year will be confident when
they take exams, secure in the knowledge that they are well-prepared.
Dịch đại ý
Secure in the knowledge: tự tin, chắc chắn
Nghĩa: không lo lắng vì bạn tin rằng sẽ không có gì xấu xảy ra
Nghĩa: Sinh viên những người chăm học suốt cả năm sẽ tự tin khi đi thi, chắc
chắn rằng họ đã chuẩn bị tốt.
21. bedtime stories

Meaning: stories told to children before they sleep
Example: Parents should spend time with their children, for example by
telling them bedtime stories every night.
Dịch đại ý
Bedtime stories: truyện kể trước khi đi ngủ
Nghĩa: truyện kể cho trẻ con trước khi đi ngủ
Ví dụ: Cha mẹ nên dành nhiều thời gian với con cái, ví dụ như kể chuyện cho
con nghe mỗi tối.
22. to be a story of
Meaning: to be a history of particular events
Example: The problem of waste disposal in my country has been a
story of confusion and bad management.
Dịch đại ý
To be a story of: trở thành câu chuyện
Nghĩa: trở thành lịch sử của sự kiện nào đó
Ví dụ: Vấn đề xử lí rác thải của nước tôi là câu chuyện của quản lý yếu kém.
23. to run a story

Meaning: to print an article, to show a news report
Example: The media nowadays runs many stories on environmental
concerns.
Dịch đại ý
To run a story: viết, kể, thảo một câu chuyện
Nghĩa: in, viết một bài báo
Ví dụ: Truyền thông hiện nay đang nói lên nhiều câu chuyện xung quanh vấn
đề môi trường.
24. a success story

Meaning: a person or thing that is very successful
Example: Although some people have great talent in their field, behind
every success story there is always a lot of hard work and effort.
Dịch đại ý
A success story: câu chuyện về sự thành công
Nghĩa: ai đó hay cái gì đó rất thành công
Ví dụ: Dù nhiều người rất tài năng trong lĩnh vực của họ, nhưng sau mỗi câu
chuyện thành công luôn cần sự nỗ lực và chăm chỉ làm việc.
25. to tell its own tale/to tell its own story
Meaning: to explain itself, without needing any further comment
Example: Governments have failed to control traffic congestion in cities. The
level of air pollution in all major urban centres tells its own story.
Dịch đại ý
To tell its own tale/ story: tự thuật, tự nói lên tất cả.
Nghĩa: tự giải thích, không cần thêm lời bình luận
Ví dụ: Chính phủ đã thất bại trong việc giải quyết nạn tắc đường ở các thành
phố. Mức độ ô nhiễm không khí ở các khu đô thị đã tự nói lên tất cả.
26. to read between the lines

Meaning: to look for a meaning that is not openly stated
Example: Reading between the lines, the reports of recent international
conferences are not optimistic about achieving agreement on climate change.
Dịch đại ý
To read between the lines: hiểu rõ những gì đọc được/ nghe thấy/ biết đến
Nghĩa: hiểu được ý nghĩa dù không biết chi tiết
Ví dụ: Hiểu rõ những gì đang xảy ra, các báo cáo ở những hội thảo gần đây
không lạc quan lắm về việc đạt được thỏa thuận về thay đổi khí hậu.
27. to read up on
Meaning: to find information in a book or other written source about
something.
Example: When deciding which university course to study, it is essential
toread up on the subject before making a final choice.
Dịch đại ý
To read up on: tìm kiếm thông tin trong sách
Nghĩa: tìm thông tin trong sách hay các tài liệu viết khác về cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Khi quyết định khóa học đại học, cần phải tìm kiếm thông tin trong
sách và tài liệu viết về môn học trước khi đi đến quyết định cuối cùng.
28. to come highly recommended

Meaning: to be praised by a lot of people
Example: Books by classic authors always come highly recommended, but
work by new and talented writers should not be overlooked.
Dịch đại ý
To come highly recommend: được đánh giá cao
Nghĩa: được nhiều người khen ngợi
Ví dụ: Sách viết của các tác giả cũ thường được đánh giá cao, nhưng cũng
Không nên bỏ qua những tài năng mới.
29. literary appreciation

Meaning: pleasure that you have when your recognize and enjoy the
qualities of a good piece of writing
Example: Children develop literary appreciation if they are encouraged by
parents and teachers to love reading.
Dịch đại ý
Literary appreciation: cảm thụ văn học
Nghĩa: niềm vui có được khi hiểu được giá trị của tác phẩm viết
Ví dụ: Trẻ em phát triển khả năng cảm thụ văn học khi chúng được thầy cô và
cha mẹ khuyến khích đọc sách.
30. a literary genius

Meaning: a person with exceptional and rare talent for writing
Example: Although a literary genius like Shakespeare is rare, it is important
for governments to subsidise creative writing classes for all ages.
Dịch đại ý
A literary genius: thiên tài văn học
Nghĩa: người có tài năng đặc biệt hiếm có về văn chương
Ví dụ: Dù một thiên tài văn học như Shakespeare là rất hiếm có, nhưng chính
phủ cần phải tài trợ cho những lớp học viết tài năng cho mọi lứa tuổi.
K. GOVERNMENT
1. to abide by
Meaning; (formal) to accept and act according to a law, an agreement, etc.
Example: Motorists who do not abide by the rules of the road should be
severely punished.
Dịch đại ý
To abide by: tuân thủ
Nghĩa: chấp nhận và thực hiện theo luật pháp, hay thỏa thuận nào đó
Ví dụ: Những người lái xe mô tô không tuân thủ luật giao thông đường bộ
cần bị trừng phạt nghiêm khắc.
2. parliamentary democracy
Meaning: a system of government in which candidates are voted to represent
the people of a country in a national parliament or assembly
Example: Freedom of speech is usually one of the rights enjoyed by citizens in
a parliamentary democracy.
Dịch đại ý
Parliamentary democracy: dân chủ nghị viện, chế độ nghị viện
Nghĩa: cơ quan nhà nước là đại diện cho nhân dân một nước
Ví dụ: Quyền tự do ngôn luận là một trong những quyền của người dân thuộc
chế độ nghị viện dân chủ.
3. to adhere to
Meaning: to behave according to a particular law, rule, set of instructions,
Example: Governments which fail to adhere to their election promises
generally become unpopular very quickly.
Dịch đại ý
To adhere to: tôn trọng, tuân theo chặt chẽ
Nghĩa: thực hiện theo luật lệ, quy định hay hướng dẫn nào đó
Ví dụ: Chính phủ nào không tuân theo chặt chẽ những gì đã hứa trong cuộc
bầu cử thường sẽ nhanh chóng mất đi tín nhiệm.
4. constitutional government
Meaning: connected with the laws which a country is governed by
Example: The media have an important role to play in reporting on the actions
of politicians, to ensure the proper functioning of constitutional
government.
Dịch đại ý
Constitutional government: chính phủ hợp hiến
Nghĩa:
Ví dụ: Truyền thông đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc theo dõi và cung cấp
thông tin về hoạt động của các chính trị gia để đảm bảo thực hiện đúng chức
năng của chính phủ hợp hiến.
5. the executive branch

Meaning: that part of the government organisation responsible for
implementing laws and decisions
Example: The enforcement of policies affecting schools and hospitals is the
responsibility of theexecutive branch of the government.
Dịch đại ý
The executive branch: cơ quan hành pháp
Nghĩa: cơ quan thuộc chính phủ chịu trách nhiệm về việc thực thi pháp luật
và các nghị quyết, quyết định của chính phủ
Ví dụ: Việc áp đặt các chính sách liên quan đến trường học và bệnh viện là
trách nhiệm của cơ quan hành pháp thuộc chính phủ.
6. the legislative branch

Meaning: that part of the government responsible for making laws
Example: Laws relating to human rights have been passed by the legislative
branch of many national governments.
Dịch đại ý
The legislative branch: cơ quan lập pháp
Nghĩa: cơ quan chính phủ chịu trách nhiệm về việc viết và thông qua luật
Ví dụ: Các điều luật liên quan đến quyền con người phải được thông qua bởi
cơ quan lập pháp của nhiều chính phủ.
7. the separation of powers

Meaning: the principle that separates government authority into three
branches – legislative (the Parliament or Senate), executive (the President or
Ministers) and the judiciary (the judges and courts).
Example: In the USA, the independence of the courts from the government is
safeguarded by the separation of powers.
Dịch đại ý
The separation of powers: nguyên tắc phân quyền
Nghĩa: chính quyền chia làm 3 cơ quan – lập pháp (quốc hội), hành pháp (thủ
tướng chính phủ) và tư pháp (thẩm phán và tòa án)
Ví dụ: Tại Hoa Kỳ, sự độc lập của tòa án, không phụ thuộc chính phủ được
đảm bảo bởi nguyên tắc phân quyền.
8. to adopt policies
Meaning: to start to use particular policies
Example: In order to deal with traffic congestion, the government must
adopt policies to restrict the use of private cars.
Dịch đại ý
To adopt policies: chấp nhận, thông qua chính sách
Nghĩa: bắt đầu áp dụng chính sách nào đó
Ví dụ: Để giải quyết vấn đề tắc đường, chính phủ phải thông qua chính sách
hạn chế sử dụng xe cá nhân.
9. to impose spending cuts

Meaning: to introduce new rules to spend less money on something
Example: It is essential for the authorities to impose spending cuts on space
programs in order to fund health services.
Dịch đại ý
To impose spending cuts: áp dụng cắt giảm ngân sách
Nghĩa: giới thiệu luật mới quy định chi ngân sách ít hơn cho cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Chính quyền cần phải áp dụng cắt giảm ngân sách cho các chương
trình về vũ trụ để ưu tiên cho các dịch vụ sức khỏe.
10. to raise taxes on

Meaning: to increase the amount of tax on something
Example: Governments should raise taxes on cigarettes to persuade more
people to give up smoking.
Dịch đại ý
To raise taxes on: tăng thuế về gì
Nghĩa: tăng thuế của cái gì
Ví dụ: Chính phủ nên tăng thuế thuốc lá để thuyết phục mọi người ngừng
hút thuốc.
11. to curb public spending on

Meaning: to restrict what the government spends on something
Example: I would argue that it is preferable to curb public spending on
building new roads rather than to impose spending cuts on education.
Dịch đại ý
To curb public spending on: cắt giảm ngân sách chung của cái gì
Nghĩa: giới hạn chi tiêu của chính phủ về cái gì đố
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng nên cắt giảm ngân sách chung để xây đường mới hơn là
áp dụng cắt giảm ngân sách cho giáo dục.
12. to allocate resources to
Meaning: to make money and materials available to do something
Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public
transport, this will reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
Dịch đại ý
To allocate resources to: phân bổ nguồn lực
Nghĩa: dùng tiền và vật chất khác để làm gì
Ví dụ: Nếu chính phủ phân bổ nhiều nguồn lực hơn để cải thiện phương tiện
công cộng, nó sẽ giúp làm giảm vấn đề tắc đường tại các thành phố.
13. to introduce restrictions on

Meaning: to limit what people can do or what can happen
Example: The government must introduce restrictions on smoking in public
places.
Dịch đại ý
To introduce restrictions on: áp dụng giới hạn lên cái gì/ hạn chế
Nghĩa: giới hạn những gì có thể làm hoặc có thể xảy ra
Ví dụ: Chính phủ cần áp dụng giới hạn về việc hút thuốc nơi công cộng.
14. to infringe on/upon something

Meaning: to limit somebody’s legal rights
Example: Governments must sometimes infringe upon individual freedoms
in the wider interests of society.
Dịch đại ý
To infringe on/upon sth: xâm phạm
Nghĩa: xâm phậm, vi phạm quyền của ái đó
Ví dụ: Chính phủ đôi lúc phải xâm phạm quyền tự do cá nhân trong các vấn
đề lớn hơn của cả xã hội.
15. to be a government priority

Meaning: something which is so important that the government should deal
with it first.
Example: In developing countries, spending on health and education should
be top government priorities.
Dịch đại ý
To be a government priority: ưu tiên của chính phủ
Nghĩa: cái gì đó quan trọng mà chính phủ cần giải quyết đầu tiên
Ví dụ: Ở các quốc gia đang phát triển, việc chi cho y tế và giáo dục nên là
những ưu tiên hàng đầu của chính phủ.
16. to prioritize expenditure on
Meaning: to put the need to spend money on certain things first
Example: I believe that it is important to prioritize expenditure on medical
research in order to save lives.
Dịch đại ý
To prioritize expenditure on: ưu tiên chi tiêu cho cái gì
Nghĩa: đặt vào chi tiêu cho cái gì đó lên đầu
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng cần phải ưu tiên chi tiêu cho nghiên cứu y tế để cứu người.
17. to provide funding for

Meaning: to give money to enable something to be done
Example: Providing funding for health care must be a priority of
governments.
Dịch đại ý
To provide funding for: cung cấp hỗ trợ cho cái gì (gây quỹ hỗ trợ)
Nghĩa: hỗ trợ tiền cho việc gì
Ví dụ: Gây quỹ hỗ trợ cho chăm sóc sức khỏe nên là ưu tiên của các quốc gia.
18. high on the agenda

Meaning: something which is among the first things in the list of actions to
be taken
Example: The rehabilitation of prisoners must be high on the agenda of
prison authorities everywhere.
Dịch đại ý
High on the agenda:
Nghĩa: vấn đề được đặt lên trên đầu trong danh sách những việc cần làm
Ví dụ: Việc tái hòa nhập cộng đồng của những người từng ở tù nên là ….. của
chính quyền ở mọi nơi. .
19. to exert pressure on

Meaning: to use power to influence somebody or something
Example: Environmental organisations should exert pressure on
governments to invest in renewable energy projects.
Dịch đại ý
To exert pressure on: gây áp lực cho cái gì đó
Nghĩa: dùng quyền lực ảnh hưởng đến ai hay cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Các tổ chức về môi trường cần gây áp lực cho chính phủ để đầu tư cho
các dự án năng lượng tái tạo.
20. to form a pressure group
Meaning: to organize a group of people who try to influence the government
to achieve the action that they want.
Example: Activists in my country have formed a pressure group to persuade
the government to close nuclear power stations.
Dịch đại ý
To form a pressure group: thành lập nhóm người gây sức ép (nhóm áp lực)
Nghĩa: tổ chức một nhóm những người cố gắng gây sức ép, ảnh hưởng đến
chính phủ để đạt được điều họ muốn
Ví dụ: Những nhà hoạt động tại nước tôi đã thành lập một nhóm gây sức ép
để thuyết phục chính phủ đóng cửa các nhà máy hạt nhân.
21. to provide public subsidies for

Meaning: to give government money to reduce the costs of services or to
produce goods in order to keep the price low
Example: In order to promote agriculture that is environmentally-friendly, the
government should provide public subsidies for organic farmers.
Dịch đại ý
To provide public subsidies for: cung cấp trợ cấp công
Nghĩa: trợ cấp tiền của chính phủ để giảm chi phí các dịch vụ hoặc để giữ giá
hàng hóa ở mức giá thấp
Ví dụ: Để đẩy mạnh phát triển nông nghiệp thân thiện với môi trường, chính
phủ nên cung cấp trợ cấp công cho những người nông dân trồng hữu cơ.
22. international bodies

Meaning: organizations which operate in many countries
Example: National governments ought to give funds to international bodies,
like the Red Cross and the United Nations, to deal with emergency situations.
Dịch đại ý
International bodies: tổ chức xuyên quốc gia (quốc tế)
Nghĩa: các tổ chức điều hành ở nhiều quốc gia
Ví dụ: Chính phủ các quốc gia nên hỗ trợ quỹ cho các tổ chức quyoocs tế như
Hội chữ thập đỏ và Liên Hợp Quốc để đối phó với những vấn đề khẩn cấp.
23. national and local authorities

Meaning: government organizations acting at a national level or within a
smaller, local area
Example: Tackling crime is a responsibility of both national and local
authorities.
Dịch đại ý
National and local authorities: chính quyền quốc gia và địa phương
Nghĩa: Chính quyền hoạt động ở cấp quốc gia hay ở khu vực nhỏ hơn, ở từng
địa phương
Ví dụ: Giải quyết tội phạm là trách nhiệm của cả chính quyền quốc gia và địa
phương.
24. non-governmental organizations: NGOs

Meaning: a charity or association that is independent of government or
business
Example: Individuals could donate money to NGOs to help others in need of
food, shelter and medical services.
Dịch đại ý
Non-governmental organizations: tổ chức phi chính phủ
Nghĩa: một tổ chức từ thiện hay một hiệp hội không phụ thuộc vào chính
phủ hay dùng để kinh doanh
Ví dụ: Các cá nhân có thể quyên góp tiền cho các tổ chức phi chính phủ để
giúp đỡ những người đang cần thức ăn, chỗ ở và dịch vụ y tế.
25. to campaign for something

Meaning: to take part in a series of activities in order to achieve a specific
aim.
Example: People who are concerned about the environment should
campaign for stricter controls on pollution.
Dịch đại ý
To campaign for something: vận động cho cái gì
Nghĩa: tham gia một chuỗi các hoạt động để đạt được mục đích cụ thể nào
đó
Ví dụ: Những người quan tâm đến môi trường nên vận động để có những
luật kiểm soát nghiêm khắc hơn về vấn đề ô nhiễm.
26. government decision-making

Meaning: the process of deciding about something official
Example: Pressure groups are sometimes able to influence government
decision-making.
Dịch đại ý
Government decision-making: quá trình ra quyết định của chính phủ
Nghĩa: quá trình quyết định chính thức về cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Những nhóm gây sức ép đôi khi có thể ảnh hưởng tới quá trình ra
quyết định của chính phủ.
27. to impose an official ban on
Meaning: to say or declare that something is not allowed
Example: Governments ought toimpose an official ban on the use of mobile
phones on public transport.
Dịch đại ý
To impose an official ban on: chính thức ban hành lệnh cấm cái gì
Nghĩa: tuyên bố rằng cái gì đó bị cấm
Ví dụ: Chính phủ nên chính thức ban hành lệnh cấm sử dụng điện thoại trên
các phương tiện giao thông công cộng
28. government sponsorship

Meaning: the act of providing financial support by the government
Example: Government sponsorship of the arts is necessary if creative talent
is to be encouraged.
Dịch đại ý
Government sponsorship: sự bảo trợ của chính phủ
Nghĩa: hỗ trợ về tài chính của chính phủ
Ví dụ: Sự bảo trợ của chính phủ cho nghệ thuật là cần thiết nếu muốn các tài
năng sáng tạo được khuyến khích.
29. a welfare state

Meaning: a taxation system which allows governments to provide for the
economic and social well-being of its citizens
Example: In order to eradicate poverty, I believe that a welfare state should
be established in all developing countries.
Dịch đại ý
A welfare state: phúc lợi nhà nước
Nghĩa: hệ thống tiền thuế cho phép chính phủ sử dụng hỗ trợ cho kinh tế
hoặc cuộc sống của công dân
Ví dụ: Để giải quyết nạn nghèo đói, tôi tin rằng phúc lợi nhà nước nên được
thiết lập ở tất cả các nước đang phát triển.
30. a stopgap measure

Meaning: a policy or action adopted for a short time until some more
permanent solution is found
Example: Building more prisons will not solve the problem of rising crime
rates, but it is a stopgap measure which the government must take to
protect ordinary citizens.
Dịch đại ý
A stopgap measure: biện pháp tạm thời
Nghĩa: chính sách hay hành động áp dụng trong thời gian ngắn cho tới khi
biện pháp lâu dài được tìm ra
Ví dụ: Xây nhiều nhà tù không giải quyết vấn đề tội phạm gia tăng, nhưng đó là
biện pháp tạm thời mà chính phủ bắt buộc phải sử dụng để bảo vệ công dân
nước mình.
L. FOOD AND DIET
1. the immune system
Meaning: the system in your body that produces substances to help it fight
against infection and disease
Example: A diet lacking in vitamins and minerals will almost certainly weaken a
person’s immune system.
Dịch đại ý
The immune system: hệ miễn dịch
Nghĩa: hệ thống sinh học trong cơ thể sản sinh ra các chất kháng lại và giết chết
các bệnh lạ
Ví dụ: Chế độ ăn thiếu vitamin và khoáng chất sẽ gây suy yếu hệ miễn dịch.
2. a chemical preservative
Meaning: a chemical substance used to prevent food from deteriorating
Example: The juice contains no artificial/chemical preservatives, so drink it
within the next two or three days.
Dịch đại ý
A chemical preservative: hóa chất bảo quản
Nghĩa: hóa chất dùng để ngăn thực phẩm hư hỏng
Ví dụ: Nước hoa quả này không có hóa chất hay chất nhân tạo bảo quản, nên hãy
uống trong vòng 2 hay 3 ngày.
3. artificial colo(u)ring and flavo(u)ring

Meaning: any colours or flavours added to food, in order to make it look more
attractive or to enhance the flavour.
Example: Consumers today expect food to look attractive and to have a
distinctive taste, so artificial colouring and flavouring is often used in the food
production process.
Dịch đại ý
Artificial colouring and flavouring: chất tạo màu và vị nhân tạo (phẩm màu)
Nghĩa: các loại màu và hương vị được thêm vào thực phẩm để nhìn hấp dẫn hơn
hoặc để tăng hương vị
Ví dụ: Người tiêu thụ hiện nay đều thích thực phẩm trông hấp dẫn và có hương vị
đặc biệt nên chất tạo màu và hương liệu thường được sử dụng trong quá trình
chế biến thực phẩm.
4. food labelling
Meaning: the listing of ingredients on food packets or cans
Example: Food labelling should be clear in order for consumers to make
informed choices about the food that they buy.
Dịch đại ý
Food labelling: Nhãn thực phẩm
Nghĩa: danh sách các thành phần được in trên hộp hay bao bì sản phẩm
Ví dụ: Nhãn thực phẩm cần phải rõ ràng để người tiêu dùng có được thông tin
để lựa chọn thực phẩm họ mua.
5. food processing
Meaning: the treatment of food in order to make it ready for sale
Example: The growth of the food processing industry has meant that most of the
food that we eat is neither fresh nor locally produced.
Dịch đại ý
Food processing: chế biến thực phẩm
Nghĩa: xử lý thực phẩm để có thể đem bán
Ví dụ: Sự phát triển của ngành công nghiệp chế biến thực phẩm đồng nghĩa với
việc đa số thức ăn chúng ta ăn không còn tươi hay được sản xuất tại chỗ nữa.
6. shelf life
Meaning: the length of time that food can be kept, before it is too old to be sold
Example: Supermarkets throw away a lot of food, simply because its shelf life has
expired and it is no longer fit for sale.
Dịch đại ý
Shelf life: thời hạn sử dụng
Nghĩa: Thời gian có thể lưu trữ thức ăn trước khi nó quá đát để đem bán
Ví dụ: Các siêu thị bỏ đi rất nhiều thức ăn, đơn giản vì nó quá hạn sử dụng và
không còn thích hợp đem bán.
7. a food retailer
Meaning: a business which sells food to the public
Example: With the expansion of supermarkets, local food retailers have
disappeared from many neighbourhoods.
Dịch đại ý
A food retailer: nhà bán lẻ thực phẩm
Nghĩa: cửa hàng kinh doanh thực phẩm
Ví dụ: Với sự mở rộng của các siêu thị, các nhà bán lẻ thực phẩm tại địa phương
ở nhiều vùng đã biến mất.
8. organic food
Meaning: produced without using artificial chemicals
Example: The production of organic food causes less damage to the
environment and many people also claim that it is more nutritious.
Dịch đại ý
Organic food: thực phẩm hữu cơ
Nghĩa: được sản xuất mà không sử dụng các hóa chất nhân tạo
Ví dụ: Việc sản xuất thực phẩm hữu cơ gây ra ít tác hại đến môi trường hơn và
nhiều người cho rằng nó nhiều dinh dưỡng hơn.
9. genetically modified (GM) food

Meaning: food made from plants that have been genetically changed, in order to
produce more or in order to protect them from diseases/pests
Example: There is growing public concern over the environmental consequences
of producing genetically modified food.
Dịch đại ý
Genetically modified food: thực phẩm biến đổi gen
Nghĩa: thực phẩm có nguồn gốc thực vật bị biến đổi gen để có năng suất cao
hơn hoặc khả năng chống chịu sâu bệnh tốt hơn
Ví dụ: Hiện nay dư luận ngày càng quan tâm về những hậu quả ảnh hưởng tới
môi trường từ việc sản xuất thực phẩm biến đổi gen.
10. free-range eggs/free-range meat/free-range products

Meaning: related to a system in which animals are kept in natural conditions and
can move around freely
Example: Customers who buy free-range products, such as eggs or chickens,
often do so because they oppose factory farming.
Dịch đại ý
Free-range eggs/ meat/ products: sản phẩm chăn thả tự nhiên
Nghĩa: Hệ thống chăn nuôi gia súc gia cầm trong điều kiện tự nhiên, đi lại tự do
Ví dụ: Nhưng khách hàng mua các sản phẩm chăn thả tự nhiên như trứng hay gà,
thường là do họ phản đối cách chăn nuôi công nghiệp.
11. food poisoning

Meaning: a stomach illness as a result of eating food containing harmful bacteria
Example: In order to prevent cases of food poisoning, local authorities must
regularly inspect places in which food is prepared or sold to the public.
Dịch đại ý
Food poisoning: ngộ độc thực phẩm
Nghĩa: đau bụng do ăn phải thực phẩm có chất độc gây hại
Ví dụ: Để ngăn ngừa các ca ngộ độc thực phẩm, chính quyền địa phương phải
thường xuyên kiểm tra những nơi bán thực phẩm.
12. fast food chains
Meaning: groups of shops owned by the same company, serving food to the
public
Example: Healthy eating means avoiding eating out at fast food chains like
McDonald’s or Pizza Hut.
Dịch đại ý
Fast food chains: chuỗi thức ăn nhanh
Nghĩa: Nhóm các cửa hàng bán thức ăn nhanh, cùng một công ty (tập đoàn)
Ví dụ: Chế độ ăn lành mạnh nghĩa là tránh việc đi ăn ngoài ở các chuỗi thức ăn
nhanh như McDonald’s hay Pizza Hut.
13. junk food

Meaning: food that is quick and easy to prepare and eat, but that is thought to
be bad for your health
Example: The consumption of too much junk food is a major factor in the
increase of childhood obesity.
Dịch đại ý
Junk food: đồ ăn vặt
Nghĩa: Đồ ăn chế biến và ăn nhanh nhưng thường không tốt cho sức khỏe
Ví dụ: Việc tiêu thụ quá nhiều đồ ăn vặt là một trong những lí do chính dẫn đến
gia tăng bệnh béo phì ở trẻ em.
14. a lack of calories to meet his/her energy needs

Meaning: not having enough calories in one’s diet to provide all the energy that a
person uses
Example: If a vegetarian’s daily meals are not properly balanced, he or she might
suffer from a lack of calories to meet his or her energy needs.
Dịch đại ý
A lack of calories to meet his energy needs: thiếu calo để cung cấp đủ năng
lượng cần thiết cho cơ thể.
Nghĩa: không có đủ calo trong khẩu phần ăn để cung cấp đủ năng lượng mà một
người cần cho hoạt động thường ngày
Ví dụ: Nếu những bữa ăn thường ngày của một ngày ăn chay không được cân
bằng thực sự, người đó sẽ bị thiếu calo để cung cấp đủ năng lượng cần thiết cho
cơ thể.
15. home-made food

Meaning: food which is prepared at home using individual ingredients
Example: In developed countries, the young generation must rediscover the art of
preparing home-made food, as part of a healthy lifestyle.
Dịch đại ý
Home-made food: đồ ăn tự tay làm
Nghĩa: các món ăn tự làm tại nhà sử dụng các nguyên liệu cá nhân
VVis dụ: Ở các nước phát triển, thế hệ trẻ phải tự khám phá nghệ thuật của việc
tự chuẩn bị các món đồ ăn tự tay làm, như là một phần của cuộc sống lành
mạnh.
16. to have a snack
Meaning: to eat a small amount of food between main meals
Example: Unless people are doing vigourous exercise, it is a bad habit tohave a
snack between meals.
Dịch đại ý
To have a snack: ăn bữa phụ / ăn vặt
Nghĩa: ăn một ít thức ăn giữa các bữa chính
Ví dụ: Trừ khi đang tập các bài tập mạnh thì ăn vặt giữa các bữa chính là thói
quen không tốt.
17. to eat a balanced diet

Meaning: to eat the correct types and amounts of food
Example: The health benefits of eating a balanced diet are obvious.
Dịch đại ý
To eat a balanced diet: chế độ ăn cân đối
Nghĩa: ăn đúng loại đúng lượng thức ăn
Ví dụ: Những lợi ích cho sức khỏe khi ăn theo chế độ ăn cân đối là rất rõ ràng.
18. a vegetarian diet

Meaning: a diet with no fish or meat
Example: If everyone in the world followed a vegetarian diet, there would be no
hunger or starvation.
Dịch đại ý
A vegetarian diet: chế độ ăn chay
Nghĩa: chế độ ăn không cá không thịt
Ví dụ: Nếu mọi người trên thế giới theo ăn theo chế độ ăn chay thì sẽ không còn
nạn đói và chết đói.
19. a vegan diet

Meaning: a diet without any animal products, such as meat, milk or eggs
Example: Many people active in animal rights movements worldwide follow a
vegan diet, because they believe that we should not exploit animals.
Dịch đại ý
A vegan diet: chế độ ăn chay hoàn toàn
Nghĩa: chế độ ăn không gồm các sản phẩm nào từ động vật, như thịt, trứng hay
sữa
Ví dụ: Nhiều người thuộc phong trào đấu tranh cho quyền động vật trên thế giới
ăn theo chế độ ăn chay hoàn toàn vì họ nghĩ chúng ta không nên bóc lột động
vật.
20. to go on a diet
Meaning: to eat less, or to eat only certain types of food in order to lose weight
Example: Many people in the West eat too much and – from time to time – have
to go on a diet.
Dịch đại ý
To go on a diet: ăn kiêng
Nghĩa: ăn ít hơn hay chỉ ăn một số loại thức ăn nào đó để giảm cân
Ví dụ: Nhiều người phương Tây ăn quá nhiều – rồi thỉnh thoảng lại phải ăn kiêng.
21. to follow a recipe

Meaning: to cook a meal using instructions
Example: Whether you follow a recipe or make something up as you go along, I
think cooking is a very creative pastime.
Dịch đại ý
To follow a recipe: theo công thức
Nghĩa: nấu món nào đó theo hướng dẫn
Ví dụ: Dù bạn nấu theo công thức hay nấu tùy ý theo cách của bạn thì tôi cho
rằng nấu ăn là một cách giết thời gian rất sáng tạo.
22. Chinese cuisine

Meaning: A type of food that is traditional in China – you can write ‘Italian
cuisine/Vietnamese cuisine’ in the same way
Example: Chinese cuisine is an important part of the traditional culture of the
country.
Dịch đại ý
Chinese cuisine: ẩm thực Trung Hoa
Nghĩa: Các món ăn theo phong cách truyền thống của Trung Quốc – có thể nói
ấm thực Việt Nam, hay Ý theo cách như vậy
Ví dụ: Ẩm thực Trung Hoa là một phần quan trọng trong văn hóa truyền thống
của nước này.
23. a diet rich in….

Meaning: a diet which contains a lot of something
Example: A diet rich in fibre, such as dried fruits, helps to keep people healthy
and active.
Dịch đại ý
A diet rich in: chế độ ăn giàu cái gì đó
Nghĩa: chế độ ăn có chứa nhiều cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Chế độ ăn nhiều chất xơ, như các loại hoa quả sấy, giúp người ta khỏe
mạnh và năng động.
24. a diet low in…..

Meaning: a diet which contains very little of something
Example: To prevent obesity, people should avoid overeating and eat a diet low
in fats and sugar.
Dịch đại ý
A diet low in: chế độ ăn nghèo cái gì đấy
Nghĩa: chế độ ăn có chứa rất ít chất gì đó
Ví dụ: Để ngăn ngừa béo phì, mọi người nên tránh ăn quá nhiều và ăn chế độ ăn
ít chất béo và đường.
25. a low-calorie diet

Meaning: a diet of food which does not produce a lot of energy [measured in
calories] when you eat it
Example: Those who are overweight should follow a low-calorie diet.
Dịch đại ý
A low-calorie diet: chế độ ăn ít calo
Nghĩa: một chế độ ăn không sinh ra nhiều năng lượng (đo bằng calo)
Ví dụ: Những người thừa cân nên ăn theo chế độ ăn ít calo.
26. to count calories

Meaning: to monitor the food that you eat for low calories, to control or reduce
your weight
Example: Slimmers who are trying to lose weight sometimes take this very
seriously and count the calories in everything they eat and drink each day.
Dịch đại ý
To count calories: tính số calo
Nghĩa: kiếm soát lượng thức ăn bạn ăn có hàm lượng calo thấp để kiểm soát
hoặc giảm cân nặng
Ví dụ: Những người đang nhịn ăn để giảm cân đôi lúc rất nghiêm túc trong việc
này và họ tính số calo họ ăn và uống mỗi ngày.
27. to provide somebody with a healthier diet
Meaning: to give somebody a diet which is more healthy than that which they
have at present
Example: Eating only fresh fruit and vegetables provides people with a
healthier diet.
Dịch đại ý
To provide sb with a healthier diet: cung cấp chế độ ăn lành mạnh hơn cho ai đó
Nghĩa: cho ai đó 1 chế độ ăn lành mạnh hơn chế độ hiện tại
Ví dụ: Chỉ ăn rau và hoa quả sẽ cung cấp cho mọi người chế độ ăn lành mạnh
hơn.
28. to put on weight

Meaning: to become fatter and heavier
Example: Those who wish to avoid putting on weight should avoid fatty and
sugary foods.
Dịch đại ý
To put on weight: tăng cân
Nghĩa: trở nên béo và nặng hơn
Ví dụ: Những người luôn mong tránh được việc tăng cân thì cần tránh đồ ăn có
nhiều chất béo và nhiều đường.
29. a slimming club

Meaning: a group of people who join together to try to lose weight
Example: A slimming club is a good option for people who lack motivation to
lose weight on their own.
Dịch đại ý
A slimming club: clb giảm cân
Nghĩa: một nhóm những người cùng cố gắng giảm cân
Ví dụ: Clb Giảm cân là một lựa chọn tốt cho những người thiếu động lực tự giảm
cân.
30. low in fat and high in fiber

Meaning: a diet which does not contain much fat, but which contains foods which
have a lot of fiber
Example: A healthy vegetarian diet is typically low in fat and high in fiber.
Dịch đại ý
Low in fat and high in fiber: ít chất béo và giàu chất xơ
Nghĩa: chế độ ăn ít chất béo nhưng lại có những thức ăn giàu chất xơ.
Ví dụ: Một chế độ ăn chay lành mạnh điển hình là ít chất béo và giàu chất xơ.
M.SOCIETY
1. social services
Meaning: a system that is organized by the government to help people who
have financial or family problems; the department or the people who provide
this help
Example: Governments should assist poor families through the provision of
adequate social services.
Dịch đại ý
Social services: cơ quan dịch vụ xã hội
Nghĩa: Một hệ thống được lập ra bởi chính phủ để giúp đỡ những người gặp
khó khăn về tài chính và gia đình; cơ quan xã hội hoặc những người làm việc
ở đó.
Ví dụ: Chính phủ nên hỗ trợ các hộ gia đình nghèo thông qua việc thiết lập
đầy đủ các cơ quan dịch vụ xã hội.
2. domestic violence
Meaning: violence among family members in the home
Example: Children who witness domestic violence between parents often
develop problems.
Dịch đại ý
Domestic violence: bạo lực gia đình
Nghĩa: sự bạo lực giữa các thành viên trong gia đình ở nhà
Ví dụ: Những trẻ em đã từng chứng kiến bạo lực gia đình giữa bố mẹ mình
thường phát triển nhiều vấn đề.
3. social conscience
Meaning: the state of being aware of the problems that affect a lot of people
in society, such as being poor or having no home, and wanting to do
something to help these people
Example: Charities depend on the social conscience of the public in order to
obtain donations and recruit volunteer helpers.
Dịch đại ý
Social conscience: ý thức xã hội
Nghĩa: sự ý thức được các vấn đề xã hội ảnh hưởng đến cộng đồng, ví dụ như
nghèo nàn hoặc vô gia cư, và mong muốn được làm gì đó để giúp đỡ những
người này.
Ví dụ: Các hoạt động từ thiện phụ thuộc vào ý thức xã hội của toàn thể cộng
đồng để có thế được ủng hộ, quyên góp cũng như thu nạp các tình nguyện
viên
4. social networking sites

Meaning: a website that you use to communicate with people who share your
interests
Example: An excellent way to learn another language is to make friends on
social networking sites with people who speak that language.
Dịch đại ý
Social networking sites: trang mạng xã hội
Nghĩa: trang web được tạo ra để những người cùng sở thích có thể liên hệ với
nhau
Ví dụ: Một cách học tiếng nước ngoài tuyệt vời đó là kết bạn với những người
nói cùng thứ tiếng đó trên các mạng xã hội
5. social and community centres

Meaning: places where people who live in the same area can meet for events
or to do different activities
Example: Elderly people who live alone are able to make friends and enjoy life
more if local authorities provide social and community centres.
Dịch đại ý
Social and community centres: Trung tâm văn hóa cộng đồng
Nghĩa: Nơi những người sống trong cùng một khu vực có thể gặp mặt để tổ
chức các sự kiện hoặc các hoạt động cộng đồng khác.
Ví dụ: Những người già neo đơn có thể làm bạn và tận hưởng cuộc sống
nhiều hơn nếu như các nhà chức trách địa phương xây dựng các trung tâm
văn hóa cộng đồng.
6. a multicultural society
Meaning: a society which includes people of different origins, traditions and
languages
Example: Immigration has led to the development of multicultural societies
in the US, Europe and Australia.
Dịch đại ý
A multicultural society: xã hội đa văn hóa
Nghĩa: một xã hội bao gồm nhiều người đến từ nhiều nơi khác nhau, có
truyền thống và ngôn ngữ khác nhau
Ví dụ: Người nhập cư đã tạo nên sự phát triển xã hội đa văn hóa ở Mỹ, Châu
Âu và Úc
7. minority groups
Meaning: small groups within a community that are different because of their
origin, religion, language or traditions
Example: Children from minority groups are sometimes victims of bullying at
school.
Dịch đại ý
Minority groups: dân tộc thiểu số
Nghĩa: một nhóm người nhỏ trong cộng đồng có sự khác biệt về nguồn gốc,
tôn giáo, ngôn ngữ và văn hóa
Ví dụ: Các trẻ em dân tộc thiểu số thỉnh thoảng là nạn nhân của việc bị bắt
nạt ở trường.
8.segregate somebody (from somebody)

Meaning: to separate people of different races, religions or sexes and treat
them in a different way
Example: Although society no longer tolerates the policy of segregating
whites from blacks, many people of different origins live in their own
separate communities.
Dịch đại ý
Segregate somebody (from somebody): cô lập một ai đó
Nghĩa: tách biệt người thuộc chủng tộc khác, có tôn giáo khác hoặc giới tính
khác và cư xử với họ một cách khác biệt
Ví dụ: Mặc dù xã hội không còn chấp nhận các chính sách tách biệt người da
đen với người da trắng, rất nhiều người có nguồn gốc khác sống trong cộng
đồng riêng của họ.
9.todiscriminate (on the grounds of something)

Meaning: to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair
way
Example: It is illegal to discriminate on the grounds of race, sex or religion.
Dịch đại ý
To discriminate (on the grounds of something): phân biệt (do sự khác biệt nào
đó)
Nghĩa: đối xử không công bằng với một người hoặc một nhóm người tồi tệ
hơn/ tốt hơn người/nhóm người khác
Ví dụ: Phân biệt chủng tộc, giới tính, hoặc tôn giáo là phạm pháp.
10.constitute/be a form of racial/race discrimination

Meaning: to be considered to be treating others in a different way because
they are not of the same colour or race.
Example: Actions which constitute a form of race/racial discrimination are
now outlawed in most countries of the world.
Dịch đại ý
Constitute/be a form of racial/race discrimination: có tính phân biệt chủng tộc
Nghĩa: được coi là đối xử người khác một cách khác biệt bởi vì họ không có
cùng màu da hoặc chủng tộc.
Ví dụ: Các hành động có tính phân biệt chủng tộc hiện nay đã bị cấm ở hầu
hết các quốc gia trên thế giới
11. colour bar

Meaning: a social system which does not allow black people the same rights
as white people
Example: South Africa’s colour bar made marriages between different races
illegal.
Dịch đại ý
Colour bar: Rào cản màu da
Nghĩa: một luật lệ xã hội không cho phép người da màu có quyền ngang
bằng với người da trắng
Ví dụ: Luật rào cản màu da của Nam Phi khiến cho việc kết hôn giữa các
chủng tộc là bất hợp pháp
12. asylum seeker

Meaning: a person who has been forced to leave their own country because
they are in danger and who arrives in another country asking to be allowed to
stay there
Example: Hostels for asylum seekers now exist in many European countries.
Dịch đại ý
Asylum seeker: người xin tị nạn
Nghĩa: một người bị buộc rời khỏi đất nước của mình bởi vì họ đang bị đe
dọa và đến một nước khác để xin tị nạn ở đó
Ví dụ: Hiện nay, các nhà nghỉ dành cho người xin tị nạn xuất hiện ở rất nhiều
quốc gia Châu Âu
13. to grant refugee status

Meaning: to be recognised by a government as a person who has been forced
to leave their country because of war, political or religious reasons
Example: As well as helping those in need overseas, governments must also
help those who have been granted refugee status and now live in the host
country.
Dịch đại ý
To grant refugee status: được trao quyền tị nạn
Nghĩa: được chính phủ ghi nhận là người bị buộc phải rời khỏi đất nước của
mình với lý do chiến tranh, chính trị, hoặc tôn giáo
Ví dụ: Ngoài việc giúp đỡ những người cần trợ giúp ở nước ngoài, các chính
phủ phải giúp đỡ những công dân được trao quyền tị nạn hiện đang sống ở
các nước chủ.
14. todeport somebody

Meaning: to force somebody to leave a country, usually because they have
broken the law or because they have no legal right to be there
Example: The government refused to grant them refugee status and deported
them.
Dịch đại ý
To deport somebody: trục xuất ai đó
Nghĩa: buộc một người nào đó rời khỏi đất nước do họ đã vi phạm pháp luật
hoặc do họ không có quyền được sống ở đó
Ví dụ: Chính phủ từ chối cho họ quyền tị nạn và trục xuất họ ra khỏi đất nước.
15. to be prejudiced (against/in favour of somebody/something)

Meaning: having an unreasonable dislike of or preference for
somebody/something, especially based on their race, religion, sex, age etc.
Example: Some companies are prejudiced against older applicants during
the interview process.
Dịch đại ý
To be prejudiced (against/in favour of somebody/something): có định kiến
(chống lại/ ủng hộ một người/một việc nào đó)
Nghĩa: có một sự không thích hoặc ưu tiên vô lý cho một người/một việc nào
đó, đặc biệt là dựa trên chủng tộc, tôn giáo, giới tính, tuổi tác, …
Ví dụ: Một vài công ty có định kiến với những ứng viên cao tuổi trong quá
trình phỏng vấn
16. to integrate into society

Meaning: to become accepted as a member of a social group, especially when
a person comes from a different culture
Example: Children from minority groups often find it easy to integrate into
society because they attend schools which are multicultural.
Dịch đại ý
To integrate into society: hòa nhập vào xã hội
Nghĩa: được chấp nhận là một thành viên của một nhóm xã hội, đặc biệt là
khi người đó đến từ một nền văn hóa khác
Ví dụ: Trẻ em thuộc các dân tộc thiểu số thường xuyên thấy dễ hòa nhập với
xã hội bởi chúng học tại các trường đa văn hóa.
17. to be socially acceptable

Meaning: agreed or approved of by most people in a society
Example: Smoking in public places is no longer socially acceptable in many
countries.
Dịch đại ý
To be socially acceptable: được xã hội chấp nhận
Nghĩa: được chấp thuận bởi phần lớn mọi người trong xã hội
Ví dụ: Hút thuốc ở những nơi công cộng đã không còn được xã hội chấp
thuận ở rất nhiều quốc gia.
18. to develop social skills

Meaning: to become better at communicating and interacting in different
situations
Example: Playing team sports at school helps children to develop social skills
which will help them in adult life.
Dịch đại ý
To develop social skills: phát triển các kỹ năng xã hội
Nghĩa: giao tiếp và ứng xử tốt hơn trong các tình huống khác nhau
Ví dụ: Chơi các môn thể thao nhóm ở trường giúp trẻ em phát triển các kỹ
năng xã hội phục vụ cuộc sống của chúng khi trưởng thành.
19. to be poverty-stricken
Meaning: to be extremely poor, having almost no money
Example: Many non-government organisations work with people who are
poverty-stricken in developing countries.
Dịch đại ý
To be poverty-stricken: có hoàn cảnh kinh tế đặc biệt khó khăn
Nghĩa: rất nghèo, gần như không có tiền
Ví dụ: Rất nhiều các tổ chức phi chính phủ làm việc với những người có hoàn
cảnh kinh tế đặc biệt khó khăn ở các quốc gia phát triển.
20. economic migrants

Meaning: people who move from their own countries to a new country in
order to find work or to have a better standard of living
Example: As a result of global inequalities of wealth, many economic
migrants have fled to developed countries.
Dịch đại ý
Economic migrants: di dân kinh tế
Nghĩa: những người rời khỏi quốc gia của mình để đến một quốc gia khác
làm việc hoặc để có một cuộc sống tốt hơn
Ví dụ: Do sự phân hóa giàu nghèo trên thế giới, nhiều người di dân kinh tế đã
di cư sang các quốc gia phát triển
21. the consumer society

Meaning: a society in which buying and selling are considered extremely
important
Example: Money and possessions are considered to be more important than
family and friends in today’s consumer society.
Dịch đại ý
The consumer society: xã hội tiêu thụ
Nghĩa: một xã hội trong đó việc mua bán được coi là vô cùng quan trọng
Ví dụ: Tiền bạc và sự sở hữu được coi là quan trọng hơn gia đình và bè bạn
trong xã hội tiêu thụ hiện nay.
22. an egalitarian society
Meaning: a society in which everyone has the same rights and opportunities
Example: I believe that crime would be reduced if we lived in a more
egalitarian society.
Dịch đại ý
An egalitarian society: xã hội bình đẳng
Nghĩa: một xã hội mà mọi người đều bình đẳng về quyền cũng như cơ hội
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng tệ nạn sẽ giảm đi nếu chúng ta sống trong một xã hội bình
đẳng hơn
23. social mobility

Meaning: the movement of individuals from one class in society to another
Example: Free access to education has resulted in greater social mobility in
modern society
Dịch đại ý
Social mobility: sự dịch chuyển xã hội
Nghĩa: sự dịch chuyển của các cá nhân từ tầng lớp này lên tầng lớp khác
trong xã hội
Ví dụ: Sự tiếp cận giáo dục dễ dàng hơn đã tạo ra sự dịch chuyển tầng lớp lớn
trong xã hội hiện đại ngày nay.
24. the migration of labour

Meaning: the movement of workers from one place to another
Example: The migration of labour from the countryside to the cities is a
feature of modern society.
Dịch đại ý
The migration of labour: sự dịch chuyển lao động
Nghĩa: sự chuyển dịch lao động từ nơi này sang nơi khác
Ví dụ: Việc các lao động ở các tỉnh đổ về các thành phố là một đặc tính của xã
hội hiện đại
25. sweated labour

Meaning: hard work that is done for low wages in poor conditions; the people
who do this work
Example: Conditions of sweated labour still exist in many developing
countries.
Dịch đại ý
Sweated labour: lao động chân tay
Nghĩa: công việc nặng nhọc với lương thấp trong điều kiện làm việc tồi tệ;
những người làm việc chân tay
Ví dụ: Các công việc chân tay vẫn còn tồn tại ở rất nhiều quốc gia đang phát
triển
26. socio-economic changes

Meaning: changes relating to the society and economy of a country
Example: Mass migration to cities is a result of socio-economic changes
that include the industrialisation of agriculture.
Dịch đại ý
Socio-economic changes: các thay đổi về xã hội kinh tế
Nghĩa: Các thay đổi liên quan về xã hội và kinh tế của một quốc gia
Ví dụ: Luồng di dân lớn về các thành phố là hệ quả của các thay đổi kinh tế xã
hội bao gồm cả việc hiện đại hóa nông nghiệp
27. thegrass roots

Meaning: ordinary people in society or in an organization, rather than the
leaders or people who make decisions
Example: In order to bring about changes in communities, local people must

be involved at the grass rootslevel in making and implementing decisions.
Dịch đại ý
The grass roots: tầng lớp thấp
Nghĩa: những người bình thường trong xã hội hoặc trong một tổ chức, không
phải là lãnh đạo hay những người đưa ra quyết định
Ví dụ: Để có thể tạo ra những thay đổi trong cộng đồng, người dân địa
phương phải tham gia vào việc tạo ra và thực hiện các quyết định từ tầng lớp
thấp nhất
28. industrial action

Meaning: action that workers take, especially stopping work, to protest to
their employers about something
Example: The right to take industrial action is one way in which workers are
able to protect their living standards.
Dịch đại ý
Industrial action: đình công
Nghĩa: hành động mà các công nhân thực hiện, đặc biệt là ngừng làm việc, để
phản đối chủ của mình về một vấn đề gì đó
Ví dụ: Quyền được tổ chức đình công là một cách mà các công nhân có thể
thực hiện để bảo vệ các tiêu chuẩn sống của mình.
29.asit-in
Meaning: a protest in which a group of workers, students, etc. refuse to leave
their factory, college, etc. until people listen to their demands
Example: the factory workers decided to hold a sit-in.
Dịch đại ý
A sit-in: cuộc biểu tình ngồi
Nghĩa: cách phản đối của một nhóm công nhân, sinh viên, vv bằng việc từ
chối rời nhà máy, trường đại học, vv cho đến khi mọi người lắng nghe những
yêu cầu của họ
Ví dụ: Các công nhân trong nhà máy quyết định tổ chức một cuộc biểu tình
ngồi.
30. anoutcry (at/over/against something)

Meaning: a reaction of anger or strong protest shown by people in public
Example: The new tax provoked a public outcry.
Dịch đại ý
An outcry(at/over/against something): sự phản đối kịch liệt, sự la ó
Nghĩa: phản ứng tức giận hoặc phản đối mạnh mẽ bởi đám đông trong xã hội
Ví dụ: Thuế mới đã tạo lên làn sóng phản đối trong cộng đồng
N.SPORT AND EXERCISE
1. to take up sport/to take up exercise

Meaning: to start doing a sport, to start doing exercise
Example: Governments should provide sports facilities to encourage more
people to take up sport.
Dịch đại ý
To take up sport/to take up exercise: tập chơi thể thao/tập thể dục
Nghĩa: bắt đầu chơi thể thao, bắt đầu tập thể dục
Ví dụ: Chính phủ nên xây dựng các trung tâm thể thao để khuyến khích nhiều
người tập thể thao hơn
2. to get into shape

Meaning: to become fit
Example: If people have a sedentary lifestyle, they must do regular exercise to
get into shape.
Dịch đại ý
To get into shape: trở nên thon thả
Nghĩa: trở nên khỏe mạnh, thon thả
Ví dụ: Nếu con người có phong cách sống ngồi nhiều, họ phải thường xuyên tập
thể dục để được thon thả
3. to keep fit
Meaning: to stay in good physical condition
Example: A healthy diet and plenty of exercise are essential for people to keep
fit.
Dịch đại ý
To keep fit: giữ dáng
Nghĩa: để giữ trạng thái cơ thể khỏe mạnh
Ví dụ: Một chế độ ăn uống khỏe mạnh và tập luyện là cần thiết đối với người
muốn giữ dáng.
4. to exert oneself
Meaning: to make a big physical effort to do something
Example: I believe that sports professionals deserve high salaries, because
constant hard training is necessary so that they can exert themselves to the limit
when they compete.
Dịch đại ý
To exert oneself: cố gắng hết mình
Nghĩa: tập trung sức mạnh thể lực để làm điều gì đó
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng các vận động viên thể thao xứng đáng có được một mức lương
cao bởi thường xuyên luyện tập nặng nhọc là cần thiết để họ có thể cố gắng hết
giới hạn của mình trong khi thi đấu.
5. to work out at the gym

Meaning: to train the body by physical exercise at the gym
Example: As part of a healthy lifestyle, people of all ages should work out at the
gym on a regular basis.
Dịch đại ý
To work out at the gym: tập thể dục trong phòng tập
Nghĩa: huấn luyện cơ thể bằng việc tập các bài tập thể lực trong phòng tập
Ví dụ: Là một phần của phong cách sống khỏe mạnh, con người ở mọi lứa tuổi
nên tập thể dục ở phòng tập thường xuyên
6. to be out of condition
Meaning: to be physically unfit
Example: One of the causes of obesity is that many people are out of condition
and fail to exercise regularly.
Dịch đại ý
To be out of condition: yếu ớt
Nghĩa: thể chất không khỏe mạnh
Ví dụ: Một trong những nguyên nhân của bệnh béo phì là do rất nhiều người yếu
ớt và không chịu tập thể dục thường xuyên
7. to be in the peak of condition

Meaning: to be in the best possible physical condition
Example: Sports professionals should receive high salaries, because they must
always be in the peak of condition in order to perform at the highest levels.
Dịch đại ý
To be in the peak of condition: thể trạng khỏe mạnh nhất
Nghĩa: trong tình trạng thể chất tốt nhất có thể
Ví dụ: Các vận động viên thể thao nên có mức lương cao vì họ phải thường xuyên
giữ thể trạng ở mức tốt nhất để có thể thi đấu ở mức cao nhất
8. to take gentle exercise

Meaning:to do exercise which is not physically demanding or tiring
Example: Even the elderly can keep fit by taking gentle exercise, like jogging or
even a walk in the park.
Dịch đại ý
To take gentle exercise: tập thể dục nhẹ nhàng
Nghĩa: tập các bài tập không đòi hỏi nhiều thể chất hoặc quá mệt
Ví dụ: Thậm chí những người già cũng có thể giữ gìn sức khỏe bằng việc tập thể
dục nhẹ nhàng, chẳng hạn như đi bộ nhanh hoặc đi dạo trong công viên.
9. alternative forms of exercise

Meaning: taking exercise in less common ways, involving the mind as well as the
body
Example: Alternative forms of exercise, such as yoga and tai chi, are popular in
my country among people of all ages.
Dịch đại ý
Alternative forms of exercise: cách tập thể dục khác
Nghĩa: tập thể dục theo cách không thông thường, bao gồm cả cơ thể lẫn trí tuệ
Ví dụ: Các phương pháp tập thể dục khác, chẳng hạn như yoga và taichi, khá phổ
biến đối với công dân ở mọi lứa tuổi tại đất nước tôi.
10. to outlaw dangerous sports

Meaning: to ban or prohibit sports which have a high risk of causing injury
Example: I believe that the government should outlaw dangerous
sportsbecause participants may suffer serious injuries.
Dịch đại ý
To outlaw dangerous sports: cấm các môn thể thao nguy hiểm
Nghĩa: cấm hoặc ngăn chặn các môn thể thao có xu hướng gây chấn thương cao
Ví dụ: Tôi tin rằng chính phủ nên cấm các môn thể thao nguy hiểm vì người tham
gia có thể bị chấn thương nghiêm trọng
11. on safety grounds
Meaning: for reasons of safety
Example: Boxing is a very dangerous sport and must be outlawed on safety
grounds.
Dịch đại ý
On safety grounds: vì lý do an toàn
Nghĩa: trên cơ sở an toàn
Ví dụ: Đấm bốc là một môn thể thao nguy hiểm và phải bị cấm vì lý do an toàn.
12. a high/low probability of injury

Meaning: you are very likely/not very likely to be injured
Example: If anyone plans to take up mountaineering or skydiving, they should be
aware that there is a high probability of injury.
Dịch đại ý
A high/low probability of injury: khả năng chấn thương cao/thấp
Nghĩa: bạn có thể/không có thể bị chấn thương
Ví dụ: Nếu một ai đó có ý định thử leo núi hoặc nhảy tự do từ máy bay, họ nên ý
thức rằng khả năng chấn thương sẽ cao.
13. life-threatening injuries

Meaning: injuries which are so serious that the person may die
Example: Paragliding and cliff-jumping are two examples of extreme sports in
which life-threatening injuries are sustained all too often by those who take
part.
Dịch đại ý
Life-threatening injuries: chấn thương chết người
Nghĩa: chấn thương nghiêm trọng đến mức người bệnh có thể chết
Ví dụ: Dù lượn và nhảy xuống vách núi là hai ví dụ của các môn thể thao mạo
hiểm mà những người chơi thường xuyên gặp phải những chấn thương chết
người.
14. an extreme sport

Meaning: a sporting activity which is very dangerous
Example: Personally, I cannot understand why some people take up an extreme
sport, and they should consider all the risks first.
Dịch đại ý
An extreme sport: môn thể thao mạo hiểm
Nghĩa: hoạt động thể thao nguy hiểm
Ví dụ: Cá nhân tôi không hiểu tại sao một vài người có thể tham gia chơi môn thể
thao mạo hiểm, họ nên nghĩ đến các rủi ro trước.
15. essential sports gear

Meaning: the equipment and clothing needed to practice a particular sport
Example: In order to reduce the risks associated with dangerous sports,
participants should undergo rigorous training and use all the essential sports
gear required.
Dịch đại ý
Essential sports gear: thiết bị thể thao cần thiết
Nghĩa: thiết bị hoặc quần áo cần để có thể tập một môn thể thao cụ thể nào đó
Ví dụ: Để giảm thiểu rủi ro của các môn thể thao nguy hiểm, người chơi cần phải
trải qua một khóa huấn luyện kỹ càng và sử dụng toàn bộ các thiết bị thể thao
cần thiết được yêu cầu.
16. to take sensible precautions

Meaning: to do something in advance in order to prevent problems or to avoid
danger
Example: Anyone engaging in an extreme sport must take sensible precautions
and seek expert advice.
Dịch đại ý
To take sensible precautions: thực hiện các biện pháp phòng tránh phù hợp
Nghĩa: làm một điều gì đó trước để ngăn chặn các vấn đề có thể xảy ra hoặc
tránh nguy hiểm.
Ví dụ: Bất kỳ ai tham gia vào các môn thể thao mạo hiểm phải thực hiện các biện
pháp phòng tránh phù hợp và hỏi ý kiến chuyên gia.
17. to foster a competitive spirit

Meaning: encourage the desire to beat others in a sports event
Example: The problem with encouraging sport at school is that it fosters
acompetitive spirit among students, instead of teaching children simply to do
the best that they can in all aspects of life.
Dịch đại ý
To foster a competitive spirit: đẩy mạnh tinh thần cạnh tranh
Nghĩa: khích lệ mong muốn được đánh bại ai đó trong thể thao
Ví dụ: Vấn đề của việc khuyến khích thể thao ở trường học đó là do thể thao đẩy
mạnh tinh thần cạnh tranh giữa các học sinh thay vì dạy cho chúng hiểu được
rằng chỉ cần làm tốt nhất những gì chúng có thể trong mọi mặt của cuộc sống.
18. the Olympic ideal

Meaning: the ultimate goal is not to win but to know that you have taken part
and done your best in a competition
Example: Unfortunately, professional sport is just another branch of the
entertainment industry, and the Olympic ideal has been lost.
Dịch đại ý
The Olympic deal: tinh thần Olympic
Nghĩa: mục đích cuối cùng không phải là chiến thắng mà để thấy rằng bạn đã
tham gia và thi đấu tốt nhất có thể.
Ví dụ: Thật đáng tiếc rằng thể thao chuyên nghiệp chỉ là một nhánh của ngành
công nghiệp giải trí, và tinh thần Olympic đã không còn nữa.
19. a win-at-all-costs attitude

Meaning: an idea that a match or competition must be won, using all possible
means
Example: Youth sport is being ruined by a win-at-all-costs attitude, which
includes cheating and breaking the rules in order to achieve victory.
Dịch đại ý
A win-at-all-costs attitude: Tinh thần phải thắng bằng mọi giá
Nghĩa: Suy nghĩ rằng phải thắng một trận đấu bằng bất cứ giá nào
Ví dụ: Thể thao trẻ đang bị hủy hoại bởi tinh thần thắng bằng mọi giá, bao gồm
cả việc gian lận và phá luật để có thể giành chiến thắng
20. be disqualified from participating

Meaning: not to be allowed to join a competition
Example: Sportsmen or sportswomen who take drugs should be disqualified
from participating in sport for a long time.
Dịch đại ý
Be disqualified from participating: truất quyền thi đấu

Nghĩa: không được phép tham gia thi đấu
Ví dụ: Các vận động viên nam nữ dùng chất kích thích phải bị truất quyền thi đấu
thể thao trong một thời gian dài.
21. performance-enhancing drugs

Meaning: drugs which improve the ability of a sportsperson to compete
Example: Athletes who take performance-enhancing drugs are not only
cheating, but they also set a bad example for young people.
Dịch đại ý
Performance-enhancing drugs: thuốc kích thích khả năng thi đấu
Nghĩa: Các loại thuốc dùng để nâng cao khả năng thi đấu của một vận động viên
Ví dụ: Vận động viên dùng thuốc kích thích khả năng thi đấu không chỉ gian lần,
mà còn là một tấm gương xấu cho những người trẻ tuổi.
22. to fail a drugs test

Meaning: to fail an examination before or after a competition to make sure that
you have not taken illegal drugs to improve your performance
Example: Cycling is a sport which has been discredited in recent years, as so
many competitors have failed drugs tests.
Dịch đại ý
To fail a drugs test: không qua bài thử chất kích thích
Nghĩa: không qua bài kiểm tra trước và sau trận thi đấu đảm bảo bạn không sử
dụng bất kỳ loại thuốc phạm pháp nào để nâng cao khả năng.
Ví dụ: Đạp xe là một môn thể thao tai tiếng trong những năm gần đây do rất
nhiều người cạnh tranh đã không qua được bài thử chất kích thích.
23. to use illegal substances

Meaning: to use drugs or medicines which are not allowed under the rules of a
competition
Example: In professional sport, it has become increasingly common to use illegal
substances in order to win at all costs.
Dịch đại ý
To use illegal substances: dùng các chất phạm pháp
Nghĩa: sử dụng các thuốc hoặc chất kích thích không được cho phép bởi luật thi
đấu
Ví dụ: Trong thể thao chuyên nghiệp, việc sử dụng các chất phạm pháp đã trở
nên phổ biến hơn để người chơi có thể chiến thắng bằng mọi giá
24. to place too much value on sport
Meaning: to regard sport as too important
Example: I would argue that schools place too much value on sport in the
curriculum, and participation in sport should be an out-of-school activity.
Dịch đại ý
To place too much value on sport: đề cao tầm quan trọng của thể thao
Nghĩa: cho rằng thể thao là rất quan trọng
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng các trường học đã đề cao quá tầm quan trọng của thể thao
trong lịch học của mình, việc tham gia chơi thể thao chỉ nên là một hoạt động
ngoại khóa.
25. a sports fan

Meaning: a person who takes a keen interest in sport
Example: While I think that it is healthy to be a sports fan, people should
remember that for most people, sport is just entertainment, not a matter of life
and death.
Dịch đại ý
A sport fan: người yêu thích thể thao
Nghĩa: một người có sở thích với thể thao
Ví dụ: Trong khi tôi cho rằng là một người yêu thể thao là một điều tốt, mọi
người nên nhớ rằng đối với rất nhiều người, thể thao chỉ là một công cụ giải trí,
không phải vấn đề sống chết.
26. to set a record

Meaning: to achieve the best result ever achieved in a sport
Example: Real Madrid haveset a record for the number of goals scored in a
match.
Dịch đại ý
To set a record: lập kỷ lục
Nghĩa: đạt được kết quả tốt nhất trong một môn thể thao
Ví dụ: Real Madrid đã lập kỷ lục về số bàn thắng ghi được trong một trận đấu.
27. sports coverage

Meaning: the activity of reporting news related to sport
Example: Many top sports stars are now known to millions of people around the
world because of global sports coverage by the media.
Dịch đại ý
Sports coverage: tin thể thao
Nghĩa: hành động báo cáo thông tin liên quan đến thể thao
Ví dụ: Hiện nay, rất nhiều ngôi sao thể thao hàng đầu đã được hàng triệu người
trên thế giới biết đến bởi các tin thể thao toàn cầu đăng trên truyền thông.
28. sports commentators

Meaning: people who are experts on sport and talk or write about it in the media
Example: Not only sports stars, but even some sports commentators have
become well-known celebrities.
Dịch đại ý
Sports commentators: bình luận viên thể thao
Nghĩa: những chuyên gia về thể thao, nói và viết về thể thao trên truyền thông
Ví dụ: Không chỉ các ngôi sao thể thao, thậm chí các bình luận viên thể thao cũng
trở thành các nhân vật danh tiếng.
29. sports merchandising

Meaning: the activity of selling products connected with a sport or sportsperson
Example: Sports merchandising is a multi-billion dollar business worldwide, in
the form of t-shirts and sports equipment.
Dịch đại ý
Sports merchandising: kinh doanh đồ thể thao
Nghĩa: hoạt động bán các sản phẩm có liên quan đến thể thao và các vận động
viên.
Ví dụ: Kinh doanh đồ thể thao là một ngành kinh doanh tỷ đô trên toàn thế giới,
với các mặt hàng là áo phông và dụng cụ thể thao.
30. the endorsement of sporting goods

Meaning: an advertising statement, usually by a famous sportsperson, saying that
they use or like a particular product.
Example: In addition to their fabulous salaries, sports celebrities also make a
great deal of money through their endorsement of sporting goods such as
trainers or even casual clothes or deodorants !
Dịch đại ý
The endorsement of sporting goods: đại diện thương hiệu đồ thể thao
Nghĩa: Một tuyên bố có tính quảng cáo do một vận động viên nổi tiếng đưa ra,
xác nhận họ sử dụng và thích một sản phẩm cụ thể nào đó.
Ví dụ: Bên cạnh mức lương hấp dẫn, các ngôi sao thể thao nổi tiếng còn kiếm
được rất nhiều tiền từ việc làm đại diện cho các sản phẩm thể thao chẳng hạn
như máy tập hoặc quần áo tập hoặc sản phẩm khử mùi!
O. SPACE EXPLORATION
1. The space race

Meaning: competition between the US and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and
60s to be the first to explore space
Example: The space race in the 1950s marks an important point in the
development of space exploration
Dịch đại ý
The space race: cuộc chạy đua vào không gian
Nghĩa: tranh chấp giữa Mỹ và Liên Xô những năm 50, 60 để trở thành người
đầu tiên khám phá vũ trụ
Ví dụ: Cuộc chạy đua vào không gian những năm 1950 đánh dấu một dấu
mốc quan trọng trong sự phát triển của hành trình thám hiểm vũ trụ.
2. A space probe
Meaning: a type of space craft that does not have a person inside
Example: Space probes can be sent to far distances for long periods of time
to gather information about different areas in space.
Dịch đại ý
A space probe: tàu thăm dò vũ trụ
Nghĩa: một loại tàu du hành vào vũ trụ không người lái
Ví dụ: Những chiếc tàu thăm dò vũ trụ có thể du hành trong quãng đường
lớn với thời gian dài để thu thập tin tức về các khu vực khác nhau trong vũ
trụ.
3. A lunar module
Meaning: a small craft used for travelling between the moon and the larger
space craft orbiting the moon.
Example: When the first men walked on the moon they came out of the lunar
module. The first man to walk on the moon said "One small step for a man,
one giant leap for mankind."
Dịch đại ý
A lunar module: tàu thám hiểm vũ trụ Mặt trăng
Nghĩa: một tàu du hành nhỏ dùng để di chuyển giữa mặt trăng và một tàu du
hành lớn hơn quanh quỹ đạo của mặt trăng
Ví dụ: Khi những người đầu tiên đặt chân lên mặt trăng, họ bước ra từ tàu
thám hiểm vũ trụ Mặt trăng. Người đầu tiên bước xuống đã nói “Một bước
chân nhỏ bé của một người, một bước tiến vĩ đại của loài người”
4. To put into orbit
Meaning: To send something into space, following a curved path of a planet
or an object as it moves around a star, a moon or a planet
Example: A new satellite has been put into orbit around the earth.
Dịch đại ý
To put into orbit: đặt vào quỹ đạo
Nghĩa: Đưa cái gì đó vào không gian và di chuyển theo đường cong của một
hành tinh hay một vật thể khi nó quay xung quanh hành tinh hay vật thể đó.
Ví dụ: Một vệ tinh mới đã được đặt vào quỹ đạo quanh Trái Đất.
5. Manned space flight

Meaning: a voyage into space which has a person to control it
Example: As manned space flights are so dangerous, many checks must be
carried out first.
Dịch đại ý
Manned space flight: chuyến bay vào không gian có người lái
Nghĩa: một chuyến du hành vào không gian có người điều khiển
Ví dụ: Vì những chuyến bay vào không gian do người lái rất nguy hiểm nên
nhiều cuộc kiểm tra phải được tiến hành trước.
6. To launch a space rocket

Meaning: to send a rocket into space
Example: Nowadays, men launch space rockets – not ships – to discover new
worlds.
Dịch đại ý
To launch a space rocket: phóng tên lửa không gian
Nghĩa: phóng một tên lửa vào vũ trụ
Ví dụ: Ngày này, con người phóng tên lửa vào không gian thay vì các du
thuyền để khám phá những thế giới mới.
7. The cosmos
Meaning: the universe, especially when it is thought of as an ordered system
Example: Although the challenge of exploring and understanding thecosmos
is exciting, it is also very expensive
Dịch đại ý
The cosmos: vũ trụ
Nghĩa: Vũ trụ, đặc biệt khi chỉ vũ trụ là một hệ thống có trật tự
Ví dụ: Dù những thách thứ để khám phá vũ trụ tạo nhiều hứng thú, nhưng nó
cũng rất đắt đỏ.
8. To pour money into space research
Meaning: to spend enormous amounts of money on space research
Example: Some people argue that it is wasteful to pour money into space
research.
Dịch đại ý
To pour money into space research: đổ tiền vào nghiên cứu vũ trụ
Nghĩa: Dành một số lượng tiền lớn vào việc nghiên cứu không gian vũ trụ
Ví dụ: Một số người cho rằng đổ tiền vào nghiên cứu vũ trụ là lãng phí.
9. A test flight
Meaning: a flight during which a space craft or part of its equipment is tested
Example: Test flights add to the huge costs of space exploration.
Dịch đại ý
A test flight: chuyến bay thử nghiệm
Nghĩa: một chuyến bay thử nghiệm tàu du hành hoặc một phần thiết bị của
nó
Ví dụ: Những chuyến bay thử nghiệm gây tốn kém thêm rất nhiều trong công
cuộc khám phá vũ trụ.
10. A space shuttle

Meaning: a spacecraft designed to be used, for example, to travel between
the earth and a space station
Example: The first space shuttle was front-page news, but now people are no
longer excited by the concept.
Dịch đại ý
A space shuttle: tàu con thoi
Nghĩa: tàu du hành vũ trụ được thiết kế để sử dụng, ví dụ như cho việc di
chuyển giữa trái đất và trạm không gian
Ví dụ: Tàu con thoi đầu tiên đã từng là tin tức nóng hổi nhất trên trang nhất
các báo, nhưng giờ mọi người không còn quan tâm vấn đề này nữa.
11. A space station

Meaning: a large structure that is sent into space and remains above the earth
as a base for people working and travelling in space
Example: Even maintaining an international space station is so expensive
that the costs must be shared by several countries.
Dịch đại ý
A space station: trạm không gian, trạm vũ trụ
Nghĩa: một tổ hợp công trình lớn được đưa vào không gian và để ở đó để con
người có thể làm việc và du hành trong không gian
Ví dụ: Duy trì một trạm vũ trụ quốc tế tốn kém đến mức chi phí đó cần được
chia sẻ bởi nhiều quốc gia.
12. Space vogages

Meaning: journeys into space
Example: Public interest in the early space voyages was unprecedented.
Dịch đại ý
Space vogages: chuyến du hành vào vũ trụ
Nghĩa: những chuyến du hành vào vũ trụ
Ví dụ: Sự quan tâm của công chúng về những chuyến du hành vào vũ trụ là
chưa từng có trong tiền lệ.
13. Space tourism

Meaning: travelling to space as a form of vacation/holiday
Example: Billionaires are the only people who are likely to experience space
tourism in the foreseeable future.
Dịch đại ý
Space tourism: du lịch vũ trụ
Nghĩa: du hành vào không gian như một hình thức du lịch/ kỳ nghỉ
Ví dụ: Tỉ phú là những người duy nhất chắc chắn sẽ trải nghiệm du lịch vũ trụ
trong tương lai gần.
14. To discover the mysteries of the universe

Meaning: to find out more about space
Example: Space exploration is an essential element in our attempt to discover
the mysteries of the universe.
Dịch đại ý
To discover the mysteries of the universe: khám phá những bí ấn vũ trụ
Nghĩa: khám phá được nhiều hơn về vũ trụ
Ví dụ: Thám hiểm không gian là một phần quan trọng trong nỗ lực của chúng
ta nhằm khám phá những bí ẩn của vũ trụ.
15. Space missions

Meaning: flights into space
Example: Recent space missions have begun to explore Mars and more
distant parts of the universe.
Dịch đại ý
Space missions: Nhiệm vụ không gian/ chuyến bay vào không gian
Nghĩa: những chuyến bay vào không gian
Ví dụ: Những chuyến bay vào không gian đã bắt đầu để thám hiểm sao Hỏa
và những phần xa hơn của vũ trụ.
16. The conquest of space

Meaning: the act of gaining control over the difficult task of exploring space
Example: The conquest of space is a challenge that continues to inspire the
public imagination.
Dịch đại ý
The conquest of space: Chinh phục không gian
Nghĩa: việc kiểm soát được những khó khăn khi thám hiểm không gian
Ví dụ: Chinh phục không gian là một thử thách vẫn luôn tạo cảm hứng cho sự
tưởng tượng của công chúng.
17. To be an inspiration to
Meaning: to make somebody excited about something, especially thinking of
the future
Example: The images of the first men on the moon were an inspiration to
people, and made them more hopeful about the future.
Dịch đại ý
To be an inspiration to: là nguồn cảm hứng cho
Nghĩa: khiến ai đó hưng phấn vì điều gì, đặc biệt là khi nghĩ về tương lai
Ví dụ: Hình ảnh những người đầu tiên đặt chân lên măt trăng là nguồn cảm
hứng cho con người, khiến họ hy vọng nhiều hơn về tương lai.
18. Spacesuits and helmets

Meaning: the clothing worn by astronauts.
Example: Astronauts must find it difficult to carry out maintenance tasks
during space flights wearing uncomfortable spacesuits and helmets.
Dịch đại ý
Spacesuits and helmets: bộ đồ không gian và mũ du hành vũ trụ
Nghĩa: quần áo được mặc bởi các phi hành gia
Ví dụ: Các phi hành gia sẽ gặp khó khăn khi thực hiện các nhiệm vụ bảo trì
trong các chuyến du hành vũ trị khi mặc những bộ đồ không gian và mũ du
hành vũ trụ không thoải mái.
19. Vacuum-packed food

Meaning: a space that is completely empty of all substances, including all air
or other gas
Example: During manned space flights, astronauts have to live off vacuum-
packed food.
Dịch đại ý
Vacuum-packed food: thực phẩm đóng gói chân không
Nghĩa: thức ăn được đóng gói trong túi rỗng hoàn toàn, không có chất gì bao
gồm cả không khí
Ví dụ: Trong những chuyến du hành có người lái, các phi hành gia phải sống
nhờ những thực phẩm đóng gói chân không.
20. Weightless conditions

Meaning; having no weight or appearing to have no weight. As a result,
astronauts appear to float in space.
Example: Astronauts work in weightless conditions, which must make even
routine tasks very difficult.
Dịch đại ý
Weightless conditions: trạng thái không trọng lượng
Nghĩa: trạng thái không trọng lượng nên các phi hành gia có thể trôi nổi
trong không gian
Ví dụ: Các phi hành gia làm việc trong trạng thái không trọng lượng nên việc
thực hiện các nhiệm vụ thông thường trở nên rất khó khăn.
21. To endure hardships and discomforts

Meaning: to experience and deal with conditions that are unpleasant
Example: I doubt that space tourism will have mass appeal in the future.
Travellers would have to endure hardships and discomforts such as
weightless conditions, vacuum-packed food and wearing spacesuits and
helmets.
Dịch đại ý
To endure hardships and discomforts: chịu đựng gian khổ
Nghĩa: trải qua và đối mặt với những điều kiện hoàn cảnh khó khăn gian khổ
Ví dụ: Tôi nghi ngờ việc du lịch vũ trụ sẽ thu hút số đông người dân (đại
chúng) trong tương lai. Những người đi du lịch sẽ phải trải qua những điều
kiện gian khổ như không trọng lượng, thức ăn đóng gói chân không và mặc
bộ đồ không gian.
22. To float through space

Meaning: to move slowly in the air
Example: Space tourism would be really boring, simply floating through
space and looking out of the window of the spacecraft.
Dịch đại ý
To float through space: trôi nổi trong không gian
Nghĩa: di chuyển chậm rãi trong không khí
Ví dụ: Du lịch vũ trụ sẽ rất nhàm chán, chỉ là trôi nổi trong không gian và nhìn
ra ngoài cửa sổ của tàu du hành vũ trụ.
23. Zero gravity

Meaning: having no force to pull objects to the ground, so that they float.
Example: Living in conditions of zero gravity in space must be extremely
tiring and uncomfortable.
Dịch đại ý
Zero gravity: vô trọng lực
Nghĩa: không có lực tác động kéo vật xuống mặt đất nên chúng trôi nổi
Ví dụ: Sống trong trạng thái vô trọng lực chắc hẳn rất mệt mỏi và không hề
thoải mái.
24. Satellite technology

Meaning: the technology of sending electronic devices into space for
communications purposes
Example: Satellite technology has resulted in huge advances in
communications and information-gathering.
Dịch đại ý
Satellite technology: công nghệ vệ tinh
Nghĩa: công nghệ đưa các thiết bị điện tử vào không gian nhằm mục đích
thông tin.
Ví dụ: Công nghệ vệ tinh đã mang lại lợi ích to lớn cho việc thu thập thông
tin và ngành viễn thông.
25. A spin-off
Meaning: a useful result of an activity that was designed to produce
something different
Explanation: Space programs have produced spin-offs that have
revolutionized modern life, such as satellite television and communications.
Dịch đại ý
A spin-off: sản phẩm phụ, lợi ích sinh ra
Nghĩa: một kết quả có ích từ một hoạt động nhằm tạo ra thứ khác
Ví dụ: Các chương trình không gian đã sinh ra những sản phẩm phụ khiến
cách mạng hóa cuộc sống hiện đại như ti vi vệ tinh và viễn thông.
26. To make space travel commercially viable

Meaning: to make space travel a success financially
Example: Holidays in space are just fantasy. It is doubtful if it will ever be
possible to make space travel commercially viable.
Dịch đại ý
To make space travel commercially viable: khiến du hành vũ trụ có thể phát
triển theo hướng thương mại
Nghĩa: khiến việc du lịch vũ trụ thành công về mặt thương mại
Ví dụ: Những kì nghỉ trong không gian chỉ là trong tưởng tượng. Việc du lịch
vũ trụ có thể phát triển theo hướng thương mạ hay không vẫn còn gây tranh
cãi.
27. The quest for a new homeland

Meaning: the search for a new place to inhabit
Example: As humans are destroying their own planet, the quest for a new
homeland in the universe is essential.
Dịch đại ý
The quest for a new homeland: cuộc tìm kiếm vùng đất định cư mới
Nghĩa: cuộc tìm kiếm địa điểm khác để định cư
Ví dụ: Vì con người đang phá hủy hành tinh của chính họ nên cần phải tìm ra
vùng đất trong vũ trụ để sinh tồn.
28. Alien life forms
Meaning: creatures from another world
Example: One of the most exciting possibilities of the space program is
finding alien life forms on other planets.
Dịch đại ý
Alien life forms: dạng sinh vật ngoài hành tinh
Nghĩa: những sinh vật ở thế giới khác
Ví dụ: Một trong những lợi ích gây hứng thú nhất của những chương trình
không gian là tìm ra sinh vật ngoài hành tinh.
29. Extraterrestrial life

Meaning: life that may exist on another planet
Example: The quest for extraterrestrial life will prove that humans are not
alone in the universe.
Dịch đại ý
Extraterrestrial life: sự sống ngoài trái đất , ngoài khí quyển
Nghĩa: sự sống có thể tồn tại ở một hành tinh khác
Ví dụ: Cuộc tìm kiếm sự sống ngoài trái đất sẽ chứng minh rằng con người
không đơn độc trong vũ trụ
30. In the realm of science fiction

Meaning: only possible in science fiction stories, only fantasy
Example: Most of the arguments in favour of space programs are in the
realm of science fiction.
Dịch đại ý
In the realm of science fiction: trong lĩnh vực khoa học viễn tưởng
Nghĩa: chỉ có thể xảy ra trong những câu chuyện khoa học viễn towngr
Ví dụ: Đa số những lý lẽ bênh vực các chương trình không gian chỉ là khoa
học viễn tưởng.
P. TECHNOLOGY
1. to be computer-literate
Meaning: able to use computers well
Example: In today’s competitive job market, it is essential to be computer-
literate.
Dịch đại ý
To be computer-literate: sử dụng tốt máy tính
Nghĩa: biết sử dụng thành thạo máy tính
Ví dụ: Trong thị trường lao động đầy cạnh tranh hiện nay, sử dụng thành thạo
máy tính là rất cần thiết.
2. to computerize something
Meaning: to provide a computer or computers to do the work
Example: The factory has been fully computerized, enabling it to produce
more efficiently.
Dịch đại ý
To computerize something: máy tính hóa/ đưa máy tính vào làm việc
Nghĩa: cung cấp máy tính hoặc để máy tính thực hiện nhiệm vụ
Ví dụ: Nhà máy đó đã được máy tính hóa hoàn toàn, cho phép việc sản xuất
hiệu quả hơn.
3. advances in technology
Meaning: the improvement or development in technology
Example: Recent advances in medical technology are making a great
contribution to the search for a cure for Aids.
Dịch đại ý
Advances in technology: tiến bộ công nghệ
Nghĩa: sự tiến bộ hay phát triển của công nghệ
Ví dụ; Những tiến bộ gần đây trong công nghệ y học đã đóng góp đã đóng
góp rất lớn cho việc tìm phương pháp chữa bệnh AIDS.
4. to download podcasts
Meaning: to save a copy of a file from the internet to your own device
Example: Computer technology is extremely useful for learning a new
language. I often download podcasts to improve my listening skills.
Dịch đại ý
To download podcasts: tải các ứng dụng âm thanh
Nghĩa: lưu trữ 1 bản sao tài liệu trên mạng về thiết bị của mình
Ví dụ: Công nghệ máy tính thực sự hữu ích cho việc học ngoại ngữ. Tôi
thường tải các ứng dụng âm thanh để tăng khả năng nghe.
5. video conferencing
Meaning: to see and discuss with people in different locations using the
Internet.
Example: In the worlds of business and education, video conferencing has
enabled people to exchange ideas without travelling across the world.
Dịch đại ý
Video conferencing: hội thoại thấy hình
Nghĩa: nhìn thấy và thảo luận với những người ở những địa điểm khác nhau
thông qua mạng internet.
Ví dụ: Trong thế giới kinh doanh và giáo dục, hội thoại thấy hình cho phép
người ta trao đổi ý kiến mà không cần phải đi khắp nơi trên thế giới.
6. the college intranet

Meaning: a network of computers within a college that can only be accessed
by the staff and students to set and mark work, enter into contact etc.
Example: Distance learning in education has been made possible by
innovations such as the college intranet system.
Dịch đại ý
The college intranet: mạng nội bộ trong trường cao đẳng
Nghĩa: một mạng lưới máy tính trong trường cao đẳng và chỉ được kết nối bởi
nhân viên và sinh viên trong trường để làm việc
7. silver surfer
Meaning: an old person who spends a lot of time using the Internet
Example: Although young people are often more computer-literate than the
older generation, nevertheless there are many silver surfers who use the
internet all the time.
Dịch đại ý
Silver surfer: người già dùng mạng
Nghĩa: người lớn tuổi dành nhiều thời gian sử dụng mạng
Ví dụ: Dù người trẻ thường sử dụng máy tính thành thạo hơn thế hệ lớn tuổi,
tuy nhiên có rất nhiều người già dùng mạng thường xuyên.
8. a technological breakthrough
Meaning: an important new discovery in technology
Example: The development of the micro-chip was atechnological
breakthrough which transformed the way in which people communicate.
Dịch đại ý
A technological breakthrough: một đột phá về công nghệ
Nghĩa: một phát hiện mới quan trọng về công nghệ
Ví dụ: Sự phát triển của micro-chip là một đột phá trong công nghệ, đã thay
đổi cách mọi người giao tiếp.
9. discourage real interaction

Meaning: to result in less face-to-face communication with other people
Example: the availability of new communication technologies may also have
the result of isolating people and discouraging real interaction.
Dịch đại ý
Discourage real interaction: cản trở sự tương tác trực tiếp
Nghĩa: dẫn đến việc giao tiếp trực tiếp giữa người với người ngày càng ít đi
Ví dụ: Sự sẵn có của những công nghệ giao tiếp mới có thể sẽ cô lập con
người và cản trở sự tương tác trực tiếp.
10. leading-edge technology

Meaning: the most advanced position in technology
Example: Manufacturers of electronic devices always advertise their products
as having the latest leading-edge/cutting-edge technology.
Dịch đại ý
Leading-edge technology: công nghệ hàng đầu/ tiên tiến nhất
Nghĩa: Công nghệ tiên tiến nhất
Ví dụ: Những nhà sản xuất thiết bị điện tử luôn quảng cáo sản phẩm của họ
sử dụng công nghệ hàng đầu, tiên tiến nhất hiện nay.
11. to become obsolete

Meaning: to be no longer used because something new has been invented
Example: Technological innovation is now so rapid, that even the latest
electronic devices soon become obsolete.
Dịch đại ý
To become obsolete: trở nên lỗi thời
Nghĩa: không được sử dụng nữa vì đã phát minh cái mới
Ví dụ: Đổi mới công nghệ diễn ra nhanh chóng khiến cho thiết bị điện tử mới
nhất cũng nhanh chóng trở nên lỗi thời.
12. the digital revolution

Meaning: the advancement of technology to the digital technology available
today
Example: The digital revolution has fundamentally changed the way that
people work, communicate, behave and even think.
Dịch đại ý
The digital revolution: cách mạng số
Nghĩa: sự tiến bộ trong công nghệ tới công nghệ số ngày nay
Ví dụ: Cách mạng số đã thay đổi một cách cơ bản cách con người làm vệc,
giao tiếp, ứng xử và cả trong suy nghĩ.
13. labour-saving appliances

Meaning: machines that reduce the amount of work or effort needed to do
something.
Example: The technological revolution in the home started with the
introduction of labour-saving appliances such as washing machines and
dishwashers.
Dịch đại ý
Labour-saving appliances: thiết bị tiết kiệm sức lao động
Nghĩa: máy móc cho phép giảm khối lượng công việc
Ví dụ: Cách mạng công nghệ tại gia bắt đầu từ việc ra mắt những thiết bị tiết
kiệm sức lao động như máy giặt, máy rửa bát..,
14. to apply something to something

Meaning: to use something or make something work in a particular situation
Example: The new technology applied to farming has led to a huge
reduction in the agricultural workforce.
Dịch đại ý
To apply sth to sth: ứng dụng cái gì vào đâu
Nghĩa: sử dụng cái gì đó làm việc trong hoàn cảnh cụ thể
Ví dụ: Công nghệ mới được ứng dụng trong nông nghiệp đã giúp giảm một
lượng lớn khối lượng công việc.
15. to gain access to the internet/to access the internet

Meaning: to have the opportunity to use the internet
Example: Millions of people are able to access the internet in cafes, libraries
or other public places.
Dịch đại ý
To gain access to the internet: kết nối mạng
Nghĩa: có cơ hội sử dụng internet
Ví dụ: Hàng triệu người có thể kết nối mạng tại quán café, thư viện và những
nơi công cộng khác.
16. wireless technology

Meaning: using radiowaves to transmit information, rather than wires
Examples: Wireless technology has enabled places such as hotels, airports
and coffee shops to offer wi-fi connection to customers wishing to access the
internet.
Dịch đại ý
Wireless technology: công nghệ không dây
Nghĩa: sử dụng sóng radio để truyền thông tin, thay vì dây mạng
Ví dụ: Công nghệ không dây đã cho phép những nơi như khách sạn, sân bay
hay quán café cung cấp kết nối wifi cho khách hàng muốn truy cập mạng.
17. e-commerce
Meaning: buying and selling products or services using the internet
Example: Businesses which rely on e-commerce make huge savings on
offices, retail outlets and rents paid to landlords who own high-street
properties.
Dịch đại ý
E – commerce: thương mại điện tử
Nghĩa: mua bán sản phẩm, dịch vụ thông qua mạng internet
Ví dụ: Những ngành nghề kinh doanh dựa trên thương mại điện tử có thể tiết
kiệm 1 khoản lớn tiền văn phòng, thuê đại lý và khoản trả hàng tháng cho
những chủ cho thuê có mặt tiền tại các con phố lớn.
18. online shopping

Meaning: shopping while connected to the internet
Example: For people who are physically disabled, or even for people who are
simply very busy, online shopping is convenient and may also be cheaper.
Dịch đại ý
Online shopping: mua sắm trực tiếp
Nghĩa: mua sắm trên mạng internet
Ví dụ: Mua sắm trực tuyến thuận tiện và có thể rẻ hơn cho những người
khuyết tật và cả những người bận rộn.
19. to go viral
Meaning: to become very popular on the internet
Example: One reason why people sometimes talk about ‘the global village’ is
that an image or news on the internet sometimes goes viral and is seen by
millions of people worldwide.
Dịch đại ý
To go viral: lan truyền
Nghĩa: trở nên rất phố biến trên mạng
Ví dụ: Một lí do khiến mọi người nói về “làng thế giới” là vì đôi khi một hình
hảnh hay tin tức trên mạng lan truyền nhanh chóng và được xem bởi hàng
triệu người khắp thế giới.
20. computer hackers

Meaning: people who find a way of looking at or changing information
secretly on somebody’s computer system
Example: One disadvantage of computers is that computer hackers may be
able to discover your personal details, such as bank account information.
Dịch đại ý
Computer hackers: những kẻ tấn công máy tính
Nghĩa: những người tìm cách xem hay thay đổi thông tin một cách bí mật
trên hệ thốgn máy tính của người khác
Ví dụ: Một bất lợi của máy tính là những kẻ tấ ncông có thể khám phá thông
tin cá nhân của bạn, ví dụ như tài khoản ngân hàng.
21. online scams

Meaning: clever and dishonest plans using the internet in order to make
money.
Example: Many internet users have been victims of online scams, paying
money for goods or services that do not exist or are worthless.
Dịch đại ý
Online scams: các âm mưu trên mạng internet/ thủ đoạn trực tuyến
Nghĩa: các âm mưu nguy hiểm sử dụng mạng internet để kiếm tiền
Ví dụ: Nhiều người sử dụng mạng internet là nạn nhân của những thủ đoạn
trực tuyến, trả tiền cho hàng hóa và dịch vụ không có thật hoặc không đáng
giá.
22. to microwave something

Meaning: to cook or heat food very quickly in a microwave oven
Example: The food industry was quick to adapt to the demands of customers
who wanted to microwave ready meals after coming home from work.
Dịch đại ý
To microwave sth: đun nấu bằng lò vi sóng
Nghĩa: nấu hay đun nóng thức ăn nhanh chóng bằng lò vi sóng
Ví dụ: Công nghiệp thực phẩm nhanh chóng đuổi kịp nhu cầu của khách
hàng, những người muốn đun nóng các bữa ăn có sẵn bằng lò vi sóng sau
khi đi làm về.
23. a smart card
Meaning: a small plastic card used to make payments and to store
information, which can be read when connected to a computer system.
Example: People rarely need to visit a bank these days, and it is easy and
convenient to make purchases using your smart card.
Dịch đại ý
A smart card: thẻ thông minh
Nghĩa: thẻ nhựa, nhỏ, được sử dụng để thanh toán và lưu trữ thông tin, có
thể đọc khi kết nối với máy tính
Ví dụ: Ngày nay ít khi mọi người cần tới ngân hàng vì hiện nay mua hàng sử
dụng thẻ thông minh rất dễ dàng và thuận tiện.
24. supermarket checkouts

Meaning: the place where you go to pay for the things that you have bought
Example: Personal service in shops has been replaced by the impersonal
experience of superstore shopping and queues at supermarket checkouts.
Dịch đại ý
Supermarket checkouts: quầy thu ngân tại siêu thị
Nghĩa: nơi bạn phải trả tiền cho những gì bạn mua trong siêu thị
Ví dụ: Dịch vụ cá nhân tại các cửa hàng đã được thay thế bằng những trải
nghiệm tại các cửa hàng mua sắm lớn và xếp hàng tại quầy thu ngân của siêu
thị.
25. driverless vehicles

Meaning: cars, buses and other vehicles that have the technology to drive
themselves, without a person in control
Example: The first driverless vehicles have already been invented and will
soon be seen on the roads.
Dịch đại ý
Driverless vehicles: phương tiện không người lái
Nghĩa: xe cộ có công nghệ tự lái mà không cần người điều kiển
Ví dụ: Những phương tiện không người lái đầu tiên đã được phát minh và sẽ
sớm được lưu thông trên đường.
26. text-messaging
Meaning: the act of sending written messages using a mobile/cell phone
Example: The ability to write using accurate grammar is declining, partly as a
result of text-messaging instead of writing letters.
Dịch đại ý
Text-messaging: gửi tin nhắn văn bản
Nghĩa: gửi các tin nhắn được viết qua điện thoại
Ví dụ: Khả năng viết đúng ngữ pháp đang bị suy giảm, một phần do viết tin
nhắn văn bản thay vì viết thư tay.
27. robotics technology

Meaning: the design, construction and operation of robots
Example: There are examples of robotics technology everywhere, from space
programs to manufacturing.
Dịch đại ý
Robotics technology: công nghệ rô bốt
Nghĩa: việc thiết kế, lắp ráp và vận hành rô bốt
Ví dụ: Có những ví dụ về công nghệ rô bốt ở mọi nơi, từ các chương trình vũ
trụ tới việc sản xuất thông thường.
28.to be in its infancy

Meaning: to be in the early development of something
Example: It is clear that robotics technology is still in its infancy, and it is
impossible to imagine the possible future developments.
Dịch đại ý
To be in its infancy: thời kì thai nén
Nghĩa: ở giai đoạn phát triển rất sớm của cái gì đó
Ví dụ: Rõ ràng là công nghệ rô bốt vẫn đang trong thời kì thai nén, và không
thể tưởgn tượng những phát triển trong tương lai ra sao.
29. to be superseded by
Meaning: to be replaced by something which is better
Example: The latest technological innovations are usually soon superseded
by new and more advanced devices.
Dịch đại ý
To be superseded by: bị thế chỗ bởi
Nghĩa: bị thế chỗ bởi cái gì tốt hơn
Ví dụ: Những đổi mới công nghệ mới nhất thường nhanh chóng bị thay thế
bởi những thiết bị mới và tiến bộ hơn.
30. to become over-reliant on

Meaning: to need something so that your survival or success depends too
much on it
Example: Businesses have become over-reliant on complicated computer
systems, so that if these systems fail the results will be disastrous.
Dịch đại ý
To become over-reliant on: quá phụ thuộc vào
Nghĩa: cần cái gì đó quá mức cho sự tồn tại hay thành công của bạn
Ví dụ: Các nhà kinh doanh đã quá phụ thuộc vào hệ thông máy tính phức tạp,
nên nếu hệ thống này thất bại, kết quả sẽ rất tồi tệ.
Q. MEDIA AND ADVERTISING
1. to broadcast propaganda
Meaning: to send out a programme on television or radio that may be false or
exagerrated in order to gain support for a political leader, a party etc
Example: The media in North Korea broadcast propaganda every day about
the dangers of war with South Korea and the USA.
Dịch đại ý
To broadcast propaganda: tuyên truyền qua đài phát thanh/ truyền hình
Nghĩa: phát 1 chương trình tuyên truyền có thể sai hoặc khuếch trương sự
thật để kêu gọi sự ủng hộ cho nhà chính trị hay một đảng phái nào đó…trên
đài phát thanh hoặc truyền hình
Ví dụ: Truyền thông của Bắc Triều Tiên tuyên truyền trên đài phát thanh và
truyền hình hàng ngày về nguy cơ chiến tranh với Nam Triều Tiên và Hoa Kỳ.
2. a leading article
Meaning: a piece of writing which deals with the most important news item of
the day.
Example: Newspapers in my country often have a leading article on some
sensational crime that has been committed.
Dịch đại ý
A leading article: bài xã luận
Nghĩa: bài viết về những vấn đề, thông tin quan trọng nhất trong ngày
Ví dụ: Báo chí nước tôi thường có bài xã luận về những vụ đánh ghen đã xảy
ra.
3. editorial policy
Meaning: the policy of the newspaper, as decided by the person in charge of
producing the newspaper
Example: The editorial policy of a newspaper determines whether serious
news items are reported in a responsible way.
Dịch đại ý
Editorial policy: chính sách biên tập
Nghĩa: Chính sách, quy định của một tờ báo, được quyết định bởi người phụ
trách xuất bản
Ví dụ: Chính sách biên tập của một tờ báo quyết định những tin tức mới
nghiêm trọng có được viết một cách có trách nhiệm hay không.
4. yellow journalism
Meaning: is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-
researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more
newspapers.
Example: Techniques used in yellow journalism may include exaggerations of
news events, scandal-mongering or sensationalism
Dịch đại ý
Yellow journalism: báo lá cải
Nghĩa: loại báo dùng tin chưa được xác thực/ nghiên cứu kỹ mà chỉ giật tít
gây chú ý để bán được nhiều báo hơn
Ví dụ: Thủ đoạn hay sử dụng trong báo lá cải thường là nói quá về các sự
kiện, scandal hay các tin giật gân.
5. to carry a story
Meaning: to include an item in a news report
Example: The media nowadays carries too many stories about celebrities and
trivia and not enough serious news.
Dịch đại ý
To carry a story: truyền tải/ chứa đựng câu chuyện nào đó
Nghĩa: chứa đựng một câu chuyện trong 1 tờ tin tức
Ví dụ: Truyền thông ngày nay thường truyền tải quá nhiều câu chuyện về
người nổi tiếng và không có đủ các tin tức quan trong khác.
6. news coverage
Meaning: the reporting of news and sport in newspapers, tv, or radio.
Example: The US presidential election received global news coverage, so that
the whole world became interested in the outcome.
Dịch đại ý
News coverage: việc đưa tin tức
Nghĩa: việc đưa tin thời sự, tin thể thao trên báo chí, tv, đài phát thanh
Ví dụ: Cuộc bầu cử tổng thống Mỹ đã được đưa tin trên toàn cầu, cả thế giới
đều mong chờ biết kết quả.
7. to make front page headlines

Meaning: to be an important item of news in the newspapers, on radio or TV.
Example: It seems that every insignificant event in the lives of celebrities
makes front page headlines.
Dịch đại ý
To make front page headlines: tin trang nhất
Nghĩa: tin tức quan trọng trên báo, đài hay tivi
Ví dụ: Có vẻ như từng sự kiện không quan trọng trong cuộc sống của người
nổi tiếng đều có thể trở thành những tin trang nhất các báo.
8. breaking news
Meaning: newly received information about an event that is currently taking
place
Example: One disadvantage of the printed media is that it is unable to carry
the latest breaking news stories.
Dịch đại ý
Breaking news: tin nóng, tin đặc biệt
Nghĩa: Những thông tin quan trọng mới nhận được về một sự kiện đang diễn
ra
Ví dụ: Một bất lợi của báo in là không thể có những tin nóng mới nhất.
9. up to the minute
Meaning: having the latest information
Example: Newspapers are unable to provide up to the minute news coverage
of events as they happen.
Dịch đại ý
Up to the minute: cập nhật từng phút
Nghĩa: có những thông tin mới nhất
Ví dụ: Báo chí không thể cập nhật tin tức từng phút về sự kiện ngay khi vừa
diễn ra.
10. stale news

Meaning: information that is no longer interesting or new, because it has
already been reported
Example: Newspapers have now become only a source of stale news, which is
a major reason why they have become less popular.
Dịch đại ý
Stale news: tin cũ rich
Nghĩa: thông tin không còn mới hay gây hứng thú vì đã được dưa tin rồi
Ví dụ: Báo chí hiện nay đã trở thành nguồn tin cũ, là nguyên nhân chủ yếu
khiến chúng trở nên ít phổ biến hơn.
11. falling circulation
Meaning: the decline in the number of copies of a newspaper sold each day
Example: As a result of their falling circulation, newspapers are losing
advertising revenue.
Dịch đại ý
Falling circulation: lượng phát hành đang giảm
Nghĩa: sự giảm sút trong số lượng các bản báo in được bán mỗi ngày
Ví dụ: Do lượng phát hành giảm xuống, các tờ báo đang mất đi doanh thu từ
việc quảng cáo.
12. celebrity endorsement

Meaning: A form of brand or advertising campaign that involves a well known
person using their fame to help promote a product or service
Example: Celebrity endorsement by famous TV stars is commonly used by
companies to encourage consumers to trust and buy their products.
Dịch đại ý
Celebrity endorsement: sự tham gia của người nổi tiếng
Nghĩa: Một chiến dịch quảng cáo thương hiệu có sự tham gia của người nổi
tiếng, sử dụng tên tuổi của mình để xúc tiến cho một sản phẩm hay dịch vụ
nào đó.
Ví dụ: Sự tham gia của những ngôi sao truyền hình nổi tiếng thường được các
công ty sử dụng để khuyến khích người tiêu dùng tin và mua sản phẩm của
họ.
13. to subscribe to a magazine

Meaning: to pay money regularly in order to receive a copy of a magazine
Example: Those with a strong interest in a particular field sometimes prefer to
subscribe to a magazine which has articles relating to that area.
Dịch đại ý
To subscribe to a magazine: mua tạp chí dài hạn
Nghĩa: trả tiền thường xuyên để nhận 1 bản tạp chí
Ví dụ: Những người có nhiều hứng thú về 1 lĩnh vực cụ thể có thể đặt mua dài
hạn cuốn tạp chí thuộc lĩnh vực đó.
14. the financial/business sections

Meaning: the economic area relating to money or how money is managed
Example: Newspapers have increasingly turned to providing expert, detailed
analysis of recent events, for example in their financial or business sections.
Dịch đại ý
The financial sections: lĩnh vực tài chính
Nghĩa: liên quan đến tiền bạc và quản lí tiền bạc
Ví dụ: Các tờ báo đang hướng đến việc cung cấp những phân tích chuyên
nghiệp, chi tiết về các sự kiện gần đây, đặc biệt trong lĩnh vực tài chính hoặc
kinh doanh.
15. online advertising
Meaning: advertising a product or service on the internet
Example: The growing popularity of online advertising has resulted in a loss
of revenue for the printed media in general.
Dịch đại ý
Online advertising: quảng cáo trực tuyến
Nghĩa: quảng cáo sản phẩm, dịch vụ trên mạng internet
Ví dụ: Sự phổ biến ngày càng rộng rãi của quảng cáo trực tuyến đã dẫn đến
sự thất thu cho báo in nói chung.
16. to slash the prices of products

Meaning: to reduce the price dramatically
Example: Supermarkets, for example, always carry huge in-store
advertisements when they slash the prices of products.
Dịch đại ý
To slash the prices of products: giảm giá sốc
Nghĩa: giảm giá đáng kể
Ví dụ: Các siêu thị luôn tiến hành các chương trình xúc tiến lớn tại chỗ khi họ
giảm giá sốc các sản phẩm.
17. to be wary of something

Meaning: not completely trusting or certain about something
Example: Consumers must always be wary of the claims made in
advertisements, because such claims are often exagerrated or untrue.
Dịch đại ý
To be wary of sth: thận trọng với cái gì
Nghĩa: không hoàn toàn tin tưởng hay chắc chắn về cái gì
Ví dụ: Người tiêu thụ phải luôn thận trọng với những tuyên bố trong các
quảng cáo, vì những lời đó thường nói quá lên hoặc không đúng sự thật.
18. to promote their products
Meaning: to make products popular by advertising them
Example: Most large enterprises contract specialist marketing companies to
promote their products.
Dịch đại ý
To promote their products: xúc tiến sản phẩm
Nghĩa: khiến sản phẩm nổi tiếng hơn qua việc quảng bá
Ví dụ: Đa số các doanh nghiệp lớn ký hợp đồng với những công ty chuyên về
marketing để xúc tiến sản phẩm.
19. to buy goods impulsively

Meaning: to buy things suddenly without any planning and without
considering the effects they may have
Example: Advertising motivates consumers to buy goods impulsively.
Dịch đại ý
To buy goods impulsively: mua hàng một cách bốc đồng
Nghĩa: đột ngột mua gì đó mà không có kế hoạch hay cân nhắc đến hiệu quả
của chúng
Ví dụ: Quảng cáo kích động người tiêu dùng mua hàng một cách bốc đồng.
20. to be swayed by advertisements

Meaning: to be influenced to buy things as a result of advertising
Example: If consumers were not easily swayed by advertisements, the
advertising industry would not exist.
Dịch đại ý
To be swayed by advertisements: bị dao động bởi quảng cáo
Nghĩa: bị ảnh hưởng khi mua hàng bởi quảng cáo
Ví dụ: Nếu người tiêu dùng không dễ bị dao động bởi quảng cáo thì ngành
công nghiệp quảng cáo đã không tồn tại.
21. market research

Meaning: the action of collecting information about what people buy
Example: In deciding how to promote their products or services, businesses
should first conduct market research.
Dịch đại ý
Market research: nghiên cứu thị trường
Nghĩa: việc thu thập thông tin về việc người dân mua cái gì
Ví dụ: Trong việc quyết định xúc tiến sản phẩm hay dịch vụ, nhà kinh doanh
trước hết cần tiến hành nghiên cứu thị trường.
22. a price war

Meaning: a situation in which companies or shops continually reduce their
prices in order to attract customers away from their competitors
Example: Advertising plays a key role in price wars between supermarkets.
Dịch đại ý
A price war: cuộc chiến về giá
Nghĩa: khi các công ty hay cửa hàng liên tục giảm giá để thu hút khách hàng
hơn là đối thủ cạnh tranh của họ
Ví dụ: Quảng cáo đóng vai trò quyết định trong cuộc chiến về giá giữa các
siêu thị.
23. to launch a product
Meaning: to introduce a new product
Example: Companies have recognised that the services of the marketing
industry are essential to launch a new product successfully.
Dịch đại ý
To launche a product: phát hành sản phẩm
Nghĩa: giới thiệu 1 sản phẩm mới
Ví dụ: Công ty đã nhận ra dịch vụ marketing là rất cần thiết để phát hành sản
phẩm thành công.
24. target audience

Meaning: consumers whom businesses aim at when selling their products
Example: Companies which sell soft drinks, like Coca Cola, aim mainly at a
target audience of children and adolescents.
Dịch đại ý
Target audience: khách hàng mục tiêu
Nghĩa: những người tiêu dùng mà nhà kinh doanh nhắm đến để bán được
sản phẩm
Ví dụ: Các công ty bán nước giải khát như Coca Cola chủ yếu nhắm tới khách
hàng mục tiêu là trẻ em và trẻ vị thành niên.
25. brand awareness
Meaning: the action of bringing the name of a company to the attention of
the public
Example: Advertising, not the quality of the product, is responsible for
creating brand awareness among consumers, as can be seen by the success
of market leaders such as Nike or Coca Cola.
Dịch đại ý
Brand awareness: nhận thức thương hiệu
Nghĩa: việc mang thương hiệu của công ty tới công chúng
Ví dụ: Quảng cáo, chứ không phải chất lượng của sản phẩm, là điều tạo nên
sự nhận thức thương hiệu của người tiêu dùng. ĐIều này có thể thấy bởi sự
thành công của những doanh nghiệp dẫn đầu thị trường như Nike hay Coca
Cola.
26. prime time television

Meaning: the hours during which most people are watching TV
Example: Although advertising on prime time television is expensive, it is
guaranteed to reach a large audience.
Dịch đại ý
Prime time television: giờ vàng
Nghĩa: thời gian có nhiều người xem tivi nhất
Ví dụ: Dù quảng cáo vào giờ vàng rất đắt, nhưng lại đảm bảo tiếp cận được số
người xem rất đông.
27. the electronic media

Meaning: broadcast media which use electronic technology, such as the
internet, television, radio, DVDs etc
Example: In contast to print media, the electronic media are growing in
popularity, especially among the youth.
Dịch đại ý
The electronic media: truyền thông điện tử
Nghĩa: các phương tiện truyền thông sử dụng công nghệ điện tử, như mạng
internet, tivi, đài phát thanh, DVD,…
Ví dụ: Trái ngược với truyền thông giấy, truyền thông điện tử đang ngày càng
phổ biến, đặc biệt với giới trẻ.
28. to impose regulations on

Meaning: to control something by means of rules
Example: Governments must impose regulations on the advertising industry
in order to protect consumers.
Dịch đại ý
To impose regulations on: đặt quy định cho cái gì
Nghĩa: kiểm soát cái gì bằng các loại quy định
Ví dụ: Chính phủ cần đặt quy định cho ngành quảng cáo để bảo vệ người tiêu
dùng.
29. commercial advertising

Meaning: advertising on the radio or television, between or during
programmes.
Example: Commercial advertising on television provides the revenue for
most TV channels.
Dịch đại ý
Commercial advertising: quảng cáo thương mại
Nghĩa: quảng cáo trên đài phát thanh hoặc truyền hình, giữa các chương
trình.
Ví dụ: Quảng cáo thương mại trên tivi mang đến nguồn doanh thu cho đa số
các kênh truyền hình.
30. telemarketing
Meaning: a method of selling things or taking orders for sales by telephone
Example: Telemarketing has become a growth industry, employing millions
of people across the world.
Dịch đại ý
Telemarketing: tiếp thị qua điện thoại
Nghĩa: một cách bán hàng bằng điện thoại
Ví dụ: Tiếp thị qua điện thoại đã trở thành một nghề phổ biến, có hàng triệu
người trên khắp thế giới làm nghề này.
R. TRANSPORTATION
1. to have access to public transport
Meaning: the right or opportunity to use public transportation
Example: Many people who live in rural areas have no access to
publictransport and have to rely on private cars or taxis.
Dịch đại ý
To have access to public transport: tiếp cận với giao thông công cộng
Nghĩa: quyền và cơ hội được sử dụng hệ thống giao thông công cộng
Ví dụ: Rất nhiều người ở vùng ngoại ô không thể tiếp cận với giao thông
công cộng và phải dựa vào xe cá nhân hoặc taxi.
2. to upgrade and expand public transport provision

Meaning: to improve bus and train services and to make these services more
available
Example: One way to reduce traffic on the roads is to upgrade and expand
public transport provision.
Dịch đại ý
To upgrade and expand public transport provision: nâng cấp và mở rộng hệ
thống giao thông công cộng
Nghĩa: cải thiện dịch vụ xe bus và tàu và khiến các dịch vụ ấy trở nên sẵn sàng
hơn
Ví dụ: Một cách để giảm lượng phương tiện trên đường là nâng cấp và mở
rộng hệ thống giao thông công cộng.
3. to invest in transport infrastructure

Meaning: to spend money on improving roads, railway lines, train and bus
stations
Example: Governments must invest in transport infrastructure to make
journeys by road and rail safer.
Dịch đại ý
To invest in transport infrastructure: Đầu tư vào giao thông hạ tầng
Nghĩa: chi tiền cho việc cải thiện đường bộ, đường ray, các ga tàu và bến xe
bus.
Ví dụ: Chính phủ cần đầu tư vào giao thông hạ thầng để việc di chuyển trên
đường bộ và đường tàu hỏa an toàn hơn.
4. an integrated transport system

Meaning: a system of timetables so that bus and train services are connected
and work together successfully
Example: An integrated transport system would make it convenient for
people to change buses and trains to complete their journeys without long
waiting times.
Dịch đại ý
An integrated transport system: hệ thống giao thông được kết nối
Nghĩa: một hệ thống thời gian biểu để xe bus và tàu có kết nối và làm việc
hiệu quả với nhau
Ví dụ: Một hệ thông giao thông có kết nối sẽ tạo thuận lợi cho người đi
đường đổi chuyến xe bus và tàu để đến nơi mà không cần chờ đợi quá lâu.
5. a light rail transit system

Meaning: a system of electric trains, like a metro, running on lines in cities.
Example: Many large cities, such as Hong Kong, have had a light rail transit
system for many years.
Dịch đại ý
A light rail transit system: hệ thống đường sắt trọng tải nhẹ
Nghĩa: hệ thống các tàu điện như metro, chạy trong các đường ray ở các
thành phố.
Ví dụ: Nhiều thành phố lớn, như Hong Kong, có hệ thống đường sắt trọng tải
nhẹ đã nhiều năm.
6. free bus/train passes

Meaning: documents which allow you to travel free on buses or trains
Example: Issuing free bus and train passes to children and the elderly would
encourage more people to use public transport.
Dịch đại ý
Free bus/train passes: vé đi xe bus hoặc tàu miễn phí
Nghĩa: giấy tờ cho phép bạn đi tàu xe miễn phí
Ví dụ: Cung cấp vé đi tàu xe miễn phí cho trẻ em và người già sẽ khuyến khích
nhiều người sử dụng phương tiện công cộng hơn.
7. aseason ticket
Meaning: a ticket that you can use many times within a particular period, for
example on a regular train or bus journey, and that costs less than paying
separately each time
Example: Cheap season tickets would encourage commuters to use buses or
trains regularly.
Dịch đại ý
A season ticket: vé thời vụ
Nghĩa: vé cho phép bạn dùng nhiều lần trong một thời gian cố định, ví dụ
như trên một chuyến tàu hay bus thường xuyên nào đó và thường có giá
thành rẻ hơn đi lẻ từng chuyến.
Ví dụ: Vé thời vụ giá rẻ khuyến khích người đi làm xa sử dụng bus và tàu
thường xuyên.
8. dedicated bus lanes/cycle lanes

Meaning: a section of a road, indicated by white lanes that only buses or
cycles are allowed to use.
Example: City authorities should create dedicated bus lanes and cycle lanes
to encourage people to take public transport or to cycle in cities.
Dịch đại ý
Dedicated bus lanes/ cycle lanes: làn ưu tiên
Nghĩa: một phần đường bộ được phân bằng đường kẻ trắng dành riêng cho
xe bus hoặc xe thô sơ.
Ví dụ: Chính quyền thành phố nên dành ra những phần đường ưu tiên cho xe
bus và xe đạp để khuyến khích mọi người dùng phương tiện giao thông công
cộng hoặc đạp xe trong thành phố.
9. to speed up journey times

Meaning: to reduce the amount of time spent travelling
Example: The creation of dedicated bus lanes would speed up journey times
and encourage more people to use bus services.
Dịch đại ý
To speed up journey times: tiết kiệm thời gian di chuyển
Nghĩa: giảm lượng thời gian đi lại
Ví dụ: Việc tạo ra các làn đường ưu tiên cho xe bus sẽ tiết kiệm thời gian di
chuyển và khuyến khích mọi người sử dụng xe bus nhiều hơn.
10. rush hour traffic jams

Meaning: the time when most people are travelling to or from work/school
and so there is too much traffic on the roads.
Example: If factories and offices introduced flexible working hours, this would
help employees to avoid rush hour traffic jams to get to or from their place
of work.
Dịch đại ý
Rush hour traffic jams: tắc đường giờ cao điểm
Nghĩa: thời điểm nhiều người tham gia giao thông nhất nên có quá nhiều
phương tiện trên đường.
Ví dụ: Nếu các nhà máy và văn phòng đưa ra giờ làm việc linh hoạt thì sẽ
giúp cho nhân viên tránh được tắc đường giờ cao điểm khi đi hay đi làm về.
11. park and ride

Meaning: a system designed to reduce traffic in towns, in which people park
their cars on the edge of a town and then take a special bus or train to the
town centre
Example: A park and ride scheme would be very effective in reducing the
number of cars in city centres.
Dịch đại ý
Park and ride: bãi đỗ xe ngoại vi
Nghĩa: hệ thống thiết kế để giảm lượng xe trong thành phố, mọi người đỗ xe
ở rìa thành phố và đi xe bus hay tàu đặc biệt vào trung tâm
Ví dụ: Việc tạo lập bãi đỗ xe ngoại vi sẽ rất hiệu quả trong việc giảm lượng xe
ô tô trong trung tâm thành phố.
12. to subsidize the cost of fares

Meaning: to give money to a business or organization to help to pay for the
cost of using public transport
Example: Governments must subsidize the cost of fares on public transport.
Dịch đại ý
To subsidize the cost of fares: trợ giá vé
Nghĩa: trả tiền cho 1 doanh nghiệp hay tổ chức để giúp trả tiền sử dụng
phương tiện công cộng
Ví dụ: Nhà nước cần trợ giá vé các phương tiện giao thông công cộng.
13. to ease traffic flow

Meaning: to enable traffic to move more easily
Example: The introduction of bus and cycle lanes would help to ease traffic
flow in city centres.
Dịch đại ý
To ease traffic flow: giảm lưu lượng giao thông
Nghĩa: cho phép các phương tiện di chuyển dễ dàng hơn
Ví dụ: Việc dành đường ưu tiên cho xe bus và xe đạp sẽ giúp giảm lưu lượng
giao thông tại các trung tâm thành phố.
14. commuting times

Meaning: the time taken travelling to and from work
Example: Firms should introduce flexible working hours to cut the
commuting times of employees.
Dịch đại ý
Commuting times: thời gian đi lại
Nghĩa: thời gian đi làm và từ chỗ làm về nhà
Ví dụ: Các doanh nghiệp nên đưa ra thời gian làm việc linh hoạt để giảm bớt
thời gian đi lại cho nhân viên.
15. off-peak travel

Meaning: travel at times when fewer people are using public transport
Example: Cheap fares should be introduced for off-peak travel.
Dịch đại ý
Off-peak travel: di chuyển ngoài giờ cao điểm
Nghĩa: di chuyển vào thời gian khi có ít người tham gia giao thông hơn.
Ví dụ: Nên đưa ra giá vé rẻ cho việc di chuyển ngoài giờ cao điểm.
16. to grind to a halt

Meaning: to go slower and then stop completely
Example: In my city, Paris, traffic regularly grinds to a halt during the rush
hour.
Dịch đại ý
To grind to a halt: chầm chậm dừng lại
Nghĩa: đi chậm lại rồi dừng lại hoàn toàn
Ví dụ: Trong thành phố Paris, các phương tiện thường đi chầm chậm rồi dừng
hẳn vào giờ cao điểm.
17. congestion charge

Meaning: an amount of money that people have to pay for driving their cars
into the centre of some cities, as a way of stopping the city centre from
becoming too full of traffic
Example: More cities should follow the example of London and introduce a
congestion charge in order to ease traffic flow in the city centre.
Dịch đại ý
Congestion charge: Phí ùn tắc
Nghĩa: một khoản tiền người ta phải trả khi lái xe vào trung tâm một số thành
phố, như một biện pháp để giảm nguy cơ ùn tắc giao thông
Ví dụ: Ngày càng nhiều thành phố đi theo London và đưa ra phí ùn tắc để
giảm lưu lượng giao thông trong thành phố.
18. a traffic warden

Meaning: a person whose job is to check that people do not park their cars in
the wrong place or for longer than is allowed
Example: More traffic wardens should be appointed to ensure that cars are
parked only in permitted areas.
Dịch đại ý
A traffic warden: người giám sát giao thông
Nghĩa: một người có nhiệm vụ kiểm soát xem xe đã đậu đúng chỗ và đúng
thời gian cho phép không
Ví dụ: Thành phố cử ra nhiều cảnh sát giám sát giao thông hơn để đảm bảo ô
tô đỗ đúng nơi cho phép.
19.road safety measures

Meaning: actions to ensure that the roads are made safer
Example: The number of deaths on the roads would be reduced if the
authorities introduced stricter road safety measures.
Dịch đại ý
Road safety measures: các biện pháp an toàn giao thông đường bộ
Nghĩa: Số người tử vong trên đường bộ sẽ giảm đi nếu chính quyền đưa ra
các biện pháp an toàn giao thông đường bộ chặt chẽ hơn.
20. to conduct regular vehicle inspections

Meaning: to inspect all cars, buses and trucks at regular intervals to check
that they are in good condition and safe to drive
Example: Every town and city should have centres which conduct regular
vehicle inspections.
Dịch đại ý
To conduct regular vehicle inspections: kiểm duyệt phương tiện thường
xuyên
Nghĩa: kiểm duyệt mọi loại xe ô tô, xe bus, xe tải định kì để xem chúng có ở
điều kiện tốt và an toàn không.
21. to install speed cameras

Meaning: to put cameras on certain roads to check that cars are obeying the
speed limits.
Example: Local authorities must instal speed cameras near all schools and
hospitals to limit the speed at which vehicles are allowed to travel.
Dịch đại ý
To install speed cameras: cài đặt camera tốc độ
Nghĩa: đặt camera ở những cung đường nhất định để kiểm tra xe có tuân thủ
giới hạn tốc độ không.
Ví dụ: Chính quyền địa phương phải cài đặt camera tốc độ gần mọi trường
học và bệnh viện để hạn chế tốc độ ở nơi phương tiện được phép di chuyển.
22. traffic calming
Meaning: building raised areas on roads, as a way of making cars go more
slowly
Example: Traffic calming meaures in towns and cities would make the roads
safer for pedestrians and cyclists.
Dịch đại ý
Traffic calming: điều hòa giao thông
Nghĩa: một số điểm xây cao lên khiến xe đi chậm laị
Ví dụ: Các biện pháp điều hòa giao thông trong thành phố sẽ giúp đường
phố an toàn hơn cho người đi bộ và người đi xe đạp.
23. driving while intoxicated

Meaning: the crime of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol
Example: Driving while intoxicated is a serious crime, and those who drive
while under the influence of drink must be severely punished.
Dịch đại ý
Driving while intoxicated: lái xe khi say rượu
Nghĩa: tội điều khiển phương tiện giao thông sau khi uống quá nhiều cồn
Ví dụ: Lái xe khi say rượu là một tội nặng và những người đó cần bị trừng
phạt nghiêm khắc.
24. to raise petrol prices
Meaning: to increase the price which people pay for petrol
Example: Raising petrol prices would not be an effective method of
reducing the amount of traffic on the roads.
Dịch đại ý
To raise petrol prices: tăng giá xăng
Nghĩa: tăng giá nhiên liệu
Ví dụ: Tăng giá xe không phải là một biện pháp hiệu quả để giảm lượng
phương tiện di chuyển trên đường.
25. to be punctual
Meaning: to arrive at the correct time
Example: In order to attract more people to use public transport, it is essential
that it is clean, reliable, safe and punctual.
Dịch đại ý
To be punctual: đúng giờ
Nghĩa: đến đúng giờ
Ví dụ: Để thu hút nhiều người sử dụng phương tiện công cộng hơn, cần phải
giữ cho phương tiện đó sạch sẽ, an toàn, tiện lợi và đúng giờ.
26. freight services
Meaning: the system of transporting goods
Example: Railways must provide more freight services in order to reduce the
number of trucks on the roads.
Dịch đại ý
Freight services: dịch vụ chở hàng
Nghĩa: hệ thống vận chuyển hàng hóa
Ví dụ: Các đường ray cần cung cấp nhiều dịch vụ chở hàng hơn để giảm
lượng xe tải trên đường.
27. a tachograph
Meaning: a device used to measure the speed of trucks and to record the times
when a driver has stopped to rest
Example: In the interests of road safety, tachographs should be installed in all
trucks to ensure that long-distance drivers are taking regular rest periods.
Dịch đại ý
A tachograph: đồng hồ tốc độ
Nghĩa: thiết bị dùng để đo tốc độ xe tải và ghi lại thời gian lái xe dừng nghỉ
Ví dụ: Trong vấn đề giao thông đường bộ, đồng hồ tốc độ cần được cài đặt ở
tất cả các xe tải để đảm bảo những lái xe đường dài nghỉ ngơi thường xuyên.
28. roll-on roll-off ferries

Meaning: ships designed so that you can simply drive a car on and off the ship
Example: Many motorists use roll-on roll-off ferries to take their cars
overseas.
Dịch đại ý
Roll-on roll-off ferries: phà ro ro (loại phà được thiết kế để chở các loại hàng
hóa có bánh xe như ô tô, rơ móc, toa xe hoả)
Nghĩa: thuyền phà được thiết kế để có thể lái xe lên xuống
Ví dụ: Rất nhiều người lái xe sử dụng phà ro-ro để đưa ô tô qua biển.
29. economy airlines/budget airlines

Meaning: companies which offer cheap flights
Example: Budget airlines have made it affordable for people to go on
holiday or to visit relatives in other countries.
Dịch đại ý
Economy airlines: hàng không giá rẻ
Nghĩa: công ty đưa ra vé máy bay giá rẻ
Ví dụ: Hàng không giá rẻ đã giúp cho mọi người có thể đi du lịch và thăm
thân ở nước ngoài.
30. online booking

Meaning: the action of buying a ticket on the internet in order to travel
somewhere
Example: Long-distance bus and train services are now more convenient to
use, as a result of their online booking facilities which enable travellers to
reserve and pay for their tickets from home or from work.
Dịch đại ý
Online booking: đặt trước trực tuyến
Nghĩa: việc mua vé trên mạng để đi đâu đó
Ví dụ: Xe bus và tàu đường xa bây giờ thuận tiện hơn nhiều nhờ có các thiết
bị cho phép đặt vé trực tuyến, cho phép người dùng đặt trước và trả tiền vé
ngay tại nhà hoặc nơi làm việc.
S. WORK
1. Labor productivity
Meaning: the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods,
and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money
is needed to produce them
Example: Wage rates depend on levels of labor productivity.
Dịch đại ý
Labor productivity: năng suất lao động
Nghĩa: tỉ lệ một công nhân, một công ty hay đất nước sản xuất hàng hóa, sản
lượng sản xuất ra so sánh với bao nhiêu thời gian, công sức và tiên bạc cần để
sản xuất chúng.
Ví dụ: Tỉ lệ tiền lương phụ thuộc vào mức năng suất lao động.
2. Unemployment benefits
Meaning: money paid by the government to somebody who is unemployed
Example: In times of economic crisis, the amount paid in unemployment
benefits is an added burden on the government budget.
Dịch đại ý
Unemployment benefits: trợ cấp thất nghiệp
Nghĩa: tiền chính phủ trả cho những người thất nghiệp
Ví dụ: Vào thời gian khủng hoảng kinh tế, tiền trợ cấp thất nghiệp là một
gánh nặng thêm vào cho ngân sách chính phủ.
3. To acquire experience/knowledge/skill:
Meaning: to gain experience/knowledge/skill by your own efforts or behavior
Example: Some school leavers prefer to acquire experience working in a
chosen profession rather than entering university.
Dịch đại ý
To acquire experience/ skill: có được kinh nghiệm, kỹ năng
Nghĩa: có được kinh nghiệm, kiến thức, kỹ năng bằng chính nỗ lực hay thái độ
của bạn
Ví dụ: Một số người tốt nghiệp cấp 3 thích có được kinh nghiệm làm việc ở
một nghề nghiệp nhất định hơn là học đại học.
4. Put knowledge gained into practice

Meaning: to put to practical use the knowledge that you have acquired
Example: Vocational training courses enable students to put the knowledge
gained during their studies into practice.
Dịch đại ý
Put knowledge gained into practice: áp dụng kiến thức đã học vào thực tế
Nghĩa: sử dụng một cách thiết thực những kiến thức bạn có được
Ví dụ: Các khóa học đào tạo nghề cho phép học sinh sử dụng kiến thức đã
học vào thực tiễn.
5. Minimum wage
Meaning: the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay by law
Example: A minimum wage is necessary in order to ensure a decent standard
of living for low-paid workers.
Dịch đại ý
Minimum wage: lương tối thiểu
Nghĩa: mức lương thấp nhất được trả cho một công nhân quy định theo luật
Ví dụ: Mức lương tối thiểu là cần thiết để đảm bảo mức sống tử tế cho những
công nhân lương thấp.
6. To job-share
Meaning: to share the hours of work and the pay of one job between two
people
Example: Many employers are willing to employ people part-time or allow
them to job-share, as long as the duties of each person are clear.
Dịch đại ý
To job-share: chia sẻ công việc
Nghĩa: chia sẻ thời gian làm việc và tiền công trả một công việc giữa 2 người
Ví dụ: Nhiều ông chủ sẵn sàng thuê nhân viên bán thời gian hoặc cho phép
chia sẻ công việc, miễn là nhiệm vụ của mỗi người rõ ràng.
7. Flexible working hours

Meaning: hours of work that can be changed by agreement between the
employer and the employee
Example: For some employees, flexible working hours are more important
even than a high salary.
Dịch đại ý
Flexible working hours: thời gian làm việc linh hoạt
Nghĩa: thời gian làm việc có thể thay đổi dựa theo thỏa thuận giữa nhân viên
và ông chủ
Ví dụ: Với một số nhân viên, thời gian làm việc linh hoạt quan trọng hơn cả
mức lương cao.
8. Health and safety in the workplace

Meaning: Conditions which are safe and are not a danger to health in
factories, offices or other places where people work
Example: Government inspectors should regularly monitor companies to
ensure that standards of health and safety in the workplace are observed.
Dịch đại ý
Health and safety in the workplace: an toàn và sức khỏe tại nơi làm việc
Nghĩa: Điều kiện an toàn và không nguy hại tới sức khỏe tại các nhà máy, văn
phòng và những nơi làm việc khác.
Ví dụ: Thanh tra chính phủ nên giám sát các công ty thường xuyên để đảm
bảo tiêu chuẩn về an toàn và sức khỏe tại nơi làm việc.
9. Working mothers
Meaning: Mothers who have to go out to work as well as to look after
children
Example: Workplace practices such as job-sharing and flexible working hours
have made life easier for working mothers.
Dịch đại ý
Working mothers: những bà mẹ làm việc
Nghĩa: Những bà mẹ phải ra ngoài làm việc đồng thời phải chăm sóc con
Ví dụ: Những nơi làm việc cho phép chia sẻ công việc và thời gian làm việc
linh hoạt đã giúp những bà mẹ phải làm việc có cuộc sống dễ dàng hơn.
10. To take early retirement

Meaning: to stop working before reaching the age at which people usually
stop working
Example: Older employees should take early retirement to give young
people a better chance to find work.
Dịch đại ý
To take early retirement: nghỉ hưu sớm
Nghĩa: dừng làm việc trước khi đến tuổi nghỉ hưu
Ví dụ: Những người công nhân già nên nghỉ hưu sớm để cho những người trẻ
cơ hội tìm việc làm tốt hơn.
11. Aretirement package

Meaning: the money or other benefits that you receive from a company or
organization when you stop working there because of your age
Example: Companies who value their employees should offer a generous
retirement package.
Dịch đại ý
A retirement package: chế độ hưu trí
Nghĩa: tiền và các quyền lợi khác được nhận từ công ty sau khi nghỉ hưu
Ví dụ: Những công ty trân trọng nhân viên thường đưa ra chế độ hưu trí rộng
rãi.
12. Holiday entitlement

Meaning: the number of days off work that you are allowed as holidays
Example: It is important to know the holiday entitlement before accepting a
job.
Dịch đại ý
Holiday entitlement: số ngày nghỉ phép
Nghĩa: số ngày nghỉ cho phép
Ví dụ: Quan trọng là biết được số ngày nghỉ phép trước khi nhận một công
việc.
13. Sick leave

Meaning: permission to stay away from work because of illness or injury
Example: Important factors when choosing a job include holiday entitlement,
sick leave and a company pension scheme.
Dịch đại ý
Sick leave: nghỉ ốm
Nghĩa: được phép nghỉ ốm
Ví dụ: Những yếu tố quan trọng khi lựa chọn công việc bao gồm số ngày nghỉ
phép, nghỉ ốm và chế độ lương hưu.
14. Annual leave

Meaning: a period of time when you are allowed to be away from work for a
holiday/vacation
Example: Parents often take their annual leave at the same time as the long
school holidays.
Dịch đại ý
Annual leave: kì nghỉ hàng năm
Nghĩa: một thời gian được phép nghỉ để đi nghỉ mát
Ví dụ: Cha mẹ thường dùng ngày nghỉ hàng năm cùng thời gian với kỳ nghỉ
dài của trường học.
15. Job prospects

Meaning: the chances of being successful and having more opportunities at
work
Example: People with qualifications and experience usually have the best job
prospects.
Dịch đại ý
Job prospects: triển vọng công việc
Nghĩa: cơ hội để thành công và có nhiều cơ hội hơn trong công việc
Ví dụ: Những người có bằng cấp và kinh nghiệm thường có triển vọng công
việc tốt hơn.
16. Promotion opportunities

Meaning: chances to move to a more important position in a company or
organization
Example: Perhaps the most important factor when choosing a job are the
promotion opportunities/promotion prospects.
Dịch đại ý
Promotion opportunities: cơ hội thăng tiến
Nghĩa: cơ hội được điều chuyển lên vị trí cao hơn trong công ty
Ví dụ: Có lẽ yếu tố quan trọng nhất khi lựa chọn công việc là cơ hội thăng tiến
hay triển vọng công việc.
17. To move up the career ladder

Meaning: a series of stages by which you can make progress in your career
Example: Ambitious employees look for a job in which there is a chance to
move up the career ladder.
Dịch đại ý
To move up the career ladder: bước cao hơn trong nấc thang sự nghiệp
Nghĩa: Tiến lên trong một loạt các giai đoạn trong sự nghiệp
Ví dụ: Những nhân viên tham vọng thường tìm một công việc có thể bước
cao hơn trong nấc thang sự nghiệp.
18. To pursue a successful career

Meaning: to have a series of jobs in a particular area of work, with more
responsibility as time passes
Example: While many people wish to pursue a successful career, for others
it is more important to find work which is interesting and enjoyable.
Dịch đại ý
To pursue a successful career: theo đuổi sự nghiệp thành đạt
Nghĩa: trải qua một loạt công việc tại một nơi cụ thể, với nhiều trách nhiệm
hơn khi thời gian qua đi
Ví dụ: Trong khi nhiều người mong muốn theo đuổi sự nghiệp thành đạt,
một số người khác việc tìm một công việc thú vị lại quan trọng hơn.
19. To take a career break
Meaning: a period of time when you do not do your usual job, for example
because you have children to care for
Example: Some companies offer female employees the opportunity to take a
career break for a few years if they have young children to care for.
Dịch đại ý
To take a career break: nghỉ việc một thời gian (sẽ quay lại làm việc)
Nghĩa: một thời gian nghỉ việc, ví dụ như chăm con
Ví dụ: Một số công ty cho phép nữ nhân viên nghỉ việc trong vài năm nếu họ
có con nhỏ cần chăm sóc.
20. To have no career ambitions

Meaning: to have no desire to be successful or to move up the career ladder
Example: Those who are content to do the same job and have no career
ambitions are often happier in their work and do not suffer from stress.
Dịch đại ý
To have no career ambitions: không có tham vọng trong sự nghiệp
Nghĩa: không có tham vọng thành đạt hay bước cao hơn trong nấc thang sự
nghiệp
Ví dụ: Những người hài lòng khi làm cùng một công việc và không có tham
vọng trong sự nghiệp thường hạnh phúc hơn với công việc của họ và không
phải chịu áp lực nào.
21. Job satisfaction
Meaning: the good feeling that you get when you have a job that you enjoy
Example: A high salary is not necessarily the most important factor in job
satisfaction.
Dịch đại ý
Job satisfaction: sự hài lòng trong công việc
Nghĩa: cảm giác hạnh phúc khi được làm công việc mà bạn thấy vui vẻ
Ví dụ: Mức lương cao không phải yếu tố quan trọng nhất về sự hài lòng
trong công việc.
22. Working environment
Meaning: the conditions that you work in
Example: If work is to be enjoyable, then a friendly working environment is

essential.
Dịch đại ý
Working environment: môi trường làm việc
Nghĩa: điều kiện làm việc
Ví dụ: Nếu muốn hưởng thụ công việc, thì một môi trường làm việc thân
thiện là rất cần thiết.
23. Supportive work colleagues
Meaning: people that you work with who give you help and encouragement
Example: A very important aspect of job satisfaction is having supportive

work colleagues.
Dịch đại ý
Supportive work colleagues: đồng nghiệp nhiệt tình hỗ trợ
Nghĩa: những đồng nghiệp sẵn sang giúp đỡ và động viên bạn
Ví dụ: Một khía cạnh quan trọng của sự hài lòng trong công việc là có những
đồng nghiệp nhiệt tình hỗ trợ.
24. To be a good team player
Meaning: to be cooperative and work well as a member of a team
Example: In the modern working environment, it is important to be a good

team player and communicate with colleagues.
Dịch đại ý
To be a good team player: làm việc nhóm tốt
Nghĩa: là một thành viên trong nhóm có khả năng hợp tác và làm việc nhóm
tốt
Nghĩa: Trong môi trường làm việc hiện đại, cần có khả năng làm việc nhóm
tốt và giao tiếp tốt với đồng nghiệp.
25. A heavy workload
Meaning: a lot of work that an individual employee has to perform
Example: While some people enjoy the challenge of a heavy workload,

others find too much work very stressful.
Dịch đại ý
A heavy workload: khối lượng công việc lớn
Nghĩa: rất nhiều việc mà một người phải hoàn thành
Ví dụ: Trong khi một số người rất thích bị thách thức với khối lượng công việc
lớn, những người khác lại thấy như thế rất áp lực.
26. Labour-intensive
Meaning: (of work) needing a lot of people to do it
Example: New technology has replaced the need for workers to do many
labour-intensive jobs, such as producing cars.
Dịch đại ý
Labour-intensive: cần nhiều lao động
Nghĩa: cần nhiều người hoàn thành việc
Ví dụ: Công nghệ mới đã thay thế nhu cầu về lao động để làm những công
việc cần nhiều nhân công, như sản xuất ô tô.
27. An internship
Meaning: a period of time in which a student or new graduate gets practical
experience in a job
Example: In order to gain essential professional experience, graduates should
do an internship if they have the opportunity.
Dịch đại ý
An internship: kỳ thực tập
Nghĩa: thời gian sinh viên hay người mới tốt nghiệp lấy kinh nghiệm làm việc
thực tế
Ví dụ: Để có được kinh nghiệm làm việc cần thiết, những người mới tốt
nghiệp cần thực tập khi có thời gian.
28. A desk job

Meaning: a job in an office, where you sit and work all day at a table or desk
Example: Many young people enjoy the excitement of a dangerous
profession to the boring routine of a desk job.
Dịch đại ý
A desk job: công việc văn phòng
Nghĩa: công việc trong văn phòng, nơi bạn ngồi làm cả ngày trên bàn giấy.
Ví dụ: Nhiều người thích những việc nguy hiểm, hào hứng hơn là việc văn
phòng nhàm chán.
29. To have a steady job

Meaning: to have a job which you are unlikely to lose, but which is usually the
same routine
Example: Although some people prefer to change jobs, others prefer to have
a steady job and a set daily routine at work.
Dịch đại ý
To have a steady job: có công việc ổn định
Nghĩa: có việc bạn chắc chắn không bị sa thải, nhưng thường làm việc giống
nhau
Ví dụ: Dù một số người thích thay đổi công việc, những người khác lại thích
công việc ổn định và làm việc hang ngày như nhau hơn.
30. To dismiss somebody (from something)

Meaning: to officially remove somebody from their job
Example: Employment legislation prevents employers from dismissingan
employee without a good reason.
Dịch đại ý
To dismiss sb: sa thải ai đó
Nghĩa: chính thức đuổi việc ai đó
Ví dụ: Luật lao động ngăn những ông chủ sa thải nhân viên một cách vô lý.
ÁP DỤNG COLLOCATIONS THEO CHỦ ĐỀ
TRONG SÁCH VÀO BÀI VIẾT IELTS WRITING
1. (14/01/2017) Task 2: In many schools and universities, girls tend to choose arts subjects (eg.
languages) and boys choose science subjects (eg. Physics). What do you think are the reasons? Do
you think that this tendency should be changed? [ART_EDUCATION] ..................................... 2
2. (22/04/2017) Task 2: Some people think that people who choose a job early and keep doing it
are more likely to have a satisfying career life than those who frequently change jobs. To what
extent do you agree or disagree? [WORK] .............................................................................. 6
3. (29/04/2017) Task 2: Some people say that what children watch influences their behaviour.
Others believe the amount of time they spend on television influences their behaviour most.
Discuss both view and give your opinion. [TỪ VỰNG NHIỀU TOPIC] ................................... 13
4. Task 2: The best way to resolve the international environmental problems is to increase the
cost of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree? [ENVIRONMENT_GOVERNMENT] .... 19
5. Task 2: Some people think that good health is a basic human need, so the medical service
should not be run by profit-making companies. Do you think the disadvantages of privatehealth
care outweigh the advantages? [HEALTH] ........................................................................... 23
6. Task 2: Some people think that governments should ban dangerous sports, while others think
people should have freedom to do any sports or activity. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion. [SPORT_GOVERNMENT].................................................................................... 27
7. (16/04/2016) Task 2: In the future, it seems it will bemore difficult to live on the Earth. Some
people think more money should be spent on researching other planets to live, such as Mars. To
what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? [SPACE_GOVERNMENT] .............. 32
8. Part 2 speaking: Describe an advertisement you have seen. [ADVERTISEMENT]............. 37
9. (29/08/2015) Some people believe that government money should be spent on important
things rather than arts such as painting and music. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (ART,
GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS) ............................................................................................ 41
10. (08/07/2017) Everyone should stay at school until 18. To what extent do you agree or
disagree? (EDUCATION, FAMILY, WORK) ....................................................................... 46
11. (25/06/2017) Scientists predict in the near future cars will be driven by computers, not people.
Do you think it is a positive or negative development?Why? (TECHOLOGY, GOVERNEMTN,
TRANSPORT) .................................................................................................................. 51
12. (03/06/2017) As the number of cars increases, more money has to be spent on road systems.
Some people think the government should pay for this. Others, however, think that the user should
cover the costs. Discuss and give your opinion (TRANSPORT, GOVERNMENT) .................... 56
13. (15/07/2017) Animal species are becoming extinct as a result of human activities on land and
in sea. Why has this happened? What's the solution? (ENVIRONMENT) ................................. 61
Để đảm bảo nội dung sách chính xác, không có lỗi sai và luôn cập nhật -> các bạn chỉ nên mua từ
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1. (14/01/2017) Task 2: In many schools and universities, girls tend to choose arts
subjects (eg. languages) and boys choose science subjects (eg. Physics). What do you
think are the reasons? Do you think that this tendency should be changed?
[ART_EDUCATION]
Essay Plan:
• Introduction -: refer to the task statement. State there are 2 reasons. Opinion –
the tendency should be changed
• Paragraph 2: reason 1: gender-specific characteristics –
girls+arts/boys+sciencereason 2: Traditional opinion that this cannot change.
• Paragraph 3: need to change the trend. Students should be able to follow their
desires to study any subject that they want
• Conclusion: Reason: traditional social stereotypes of choice of subjects is no
longer relevant. Repeat opinion.
When given the choice of which subject they want to learn, girls commonly enroll in arts
classes while boys attend science courses. Personally, I think this tendency could be
attributed to two main reasons and that this is a trend that should be changed.
There are two dominant factors contributing to this tendency. Firstly, the choice of subject
reflects gender-specific characteristics, which renders a gender more attracted to a certain
major rather than another. The portrayal of women, for example, is that they are usually
better at expressing themselves and appreciating the aesthetic qualities of works of art, so
they are apt to make the grade as arts students. On the other hand, males are generally
regarded as more logical, which enables them to have a better grasp of analytical subjects
such as maths or physics. Additionally, this trend may stem from students being bombarded
with the traditional perception that a gender can only excel at certain subjects and not others.
For example, male students often hesitate to follow literature, as they think that literary
appreciation would be out of their depth and they fear falling behind with their studies.
In my view, this tendency needs immediate alteration. Traditionalists insist that students
should specialise in a field compatible with their gender-specific personalities in order to be a
high-flyer during their time when they are in tertiary education and in their future career.
However, it is crucial for students to be at liberty to choose what subject they wish to pursue,
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even subjects once labeled unfit for their gender identity. This would dispel the
misconception that the sciences is meant for boys while the arts is for girls and eventually
eradicate sexual discrimination within a major as well as enable students to find their true
passion.
In conclusion, I am persuaded that natural preferences and social stereotypes about each
gender affect students’ subject choice, and that it is vital to shift this trend so that all students
are entitled to the freedom to study those courses to which they aspire.
335 words
Vocabulary
ARTS
1. the portrayal of women
Meaning: the act of showing or describing something/somebody in a book, painting, play or
film
Example: In the past, the portrayal of women in art was often as possessions, owned by rich
men.
2.the aesthetic qualities of something

Meaning: The qualities related to beauty and understanding the beauty of something.
Example: One advantage of studying the arts is that students learn to appreciate the aesthetic
qualities of paintings, literature and music.
Dịch đại ý
The aesthetic qualities of something: chất lượng thẩm mỹ của cái gì
Nghĩa: Những đặc trưng liên quan đến vẻ đẹp và sự thấu hiểu vẻ đẹp của cái gì
Ví dụ: Một trong những ưu điểm của việc học nghệ thuật là học sinh có thể hiểu và trân trọng
chất lượng thẩm mỹ của những bức họa, tác phẩm văn học và âm nhạc.
3.a work of art/a work of music/a work of literature

Meaning: a painting, sculpture, book, play, piece of music etc
Example: Shakespeare’s plays are considered as one of the greatest works of literature in
the English language.
Dịch đại ý
A work a art/ music/ literature: một tác phẩm hội họa/ âm nhạc/ văn học
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Nghĩa: một bức họa, tác phẩm điêu khắc, cuốn sách, vở kịch, đoạn nhạc…
Ví dụ: Những vở kịch của Shakespeare được coi là một trong những tác phẩm văn học bằng
tiếng Anh vĩ đại nhất.
4.to express oneself

Meaning: to communicate some idea or emotion through speech, writing, painting, music or
some other form of art
Example: Schools should encourage pupils to express themselves through art, music or
creative writing in order to stimulate their imagination.
Dịch đại ý
To express oneself: thể hiện bản thân
Nghĩa: trình bày ý tưởng/ cảm xú qua phát biểu, văn viết, hội họa, âm nhạc hay những hình
thức nghệ thuật khác.
EDUCATION
1.tertiary education/higher education
Meaning: education at college or university level
Example: Some school leavers prefer to start work rather than enter tertiaryeducation.
Dịch đại ý
Tertiary education/higher education: học đại học
2.to have a good grasp of something
Meaning: to understand a problem deeply and completely

Example: Children who begin to learn a foreign language in primary school are usually able
to have a good grasp of the new language quickly.
Dịch đại ý
To have a good grasp of sth: thấu hiểu/ nắm bắt cái gì
Nghĩa: hiểu việc gì đó 1 cách toàn diện và sâu sắc
Ví dụ: Trẻ em mới bắt đầu học ngoại ngữ tại trường tiểu học thường sẽ nắm bắt được ngôn
ngữ mới rất nhanh chóng.
3. vocational courses
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Meaning: courses which provide students with the skills and knowledge that they need to do
a particular job
Example: Governments should extend the provision of vocational courses for those who
want to learn a trade, for example as electricians, plumbers, mechanics.
4. to fall behind with your studies

Meaning: to improve more slowly in studying than other people so that you fail to learn the
course material at the necessary speed
Example: Irregular attendance at classes is one of reasons why some students fall behind
with their studies.
Dịch đại ý
To fall behind with your studies: học đuối
Nghĩa: chậm tiến bộ trong việc học hơn người khác nên bạn không theo kịp việc học ở tiến
độ cần thiết
Ví dụ: Thường xuyên vắng mặt ở lớp là một trong những lí do khiến học sinh học đuối hơn
các bạn.
5.to make the grade

Meaning: To successfully reach the necessary standard
Example: Nobody can succeed in their studies if they rely on luck rather than hard work to
make the grade.
Dịch đại ý
To make the grade: đạt được tiêu chuẩn/ kết quả
Nghĩa: đạt được những tiêu chuẩn cần thiết
Ví dụ: Không ai có thể thành công trong việc học nếu họ chỉ dựa vào vận may chứ không
chăm chỉ cố gắng để đạt được kết quả.
6.to be out of one’s depth

Meaning: to be unable to understand something because it is too difficult
Example: Streaming in schools enables pupils to study at the level which is appropriate for
them, and therefore students rarely find themselves out oftheir depth.
Dịch đại ý
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To be out of one’s depth: vượt quá khả năng nhận thức
Nghĩa: không thể hiểu được cái gì đó vì quá khó
Ví dụ: Phân lớp tại trường học cho phép học sinh học ở trình độ phù hợp với mình, và ít khi
bị rơi vào tình trạng vượt quá khả năng nhận thức.
2. (22/04/2017) Task 2: Some people think that people who choose a job early and
keep doing it are more likely to have a satisfying career life than those who frequently
change jobs. To what extent do you agree or disagree? [WORK]
Essay Plan
• Introduction – difficult to decide which leads to the best career life. Opinion –
despite benefits of changing jobs, staying in the same job gives more satisfaction
• Paragraph 2: advantages of job – hopping [1] people acquire a wide range of
skills useful in the workplace [2] people have the chance to discover the type of job
which suits them
• Paragraph 3: advantages of staying in the same job: [1] employees enjoy better
job prospects – promotion/pay increases [2] making contacts and the enjoyment of
support from long-term colleagues.
• Conclusion: staying in the same job = more satisfying career.
If asked whether it is keeping a job or switching jobs that gives more job satisfaction, many
would struggle to make the final choice. In my opinion, while job hopping has its own
benefits, choosing a job earlier on and keeping it would provide people with a greater sense
of fulfillment.
On the one hand, there are several merits to job hopping. Firstly, by switching from one job
to another, people have the chance to try their hands at different fields and thus acquire more
skills. Job hoppers may find job satisfaction in being able to put the knowledge gained
from previous employment into practice at the new workplace and receiving recognition
for their capabilities. Secondly, people who change work more often and experience various
working environments have the opportunity to find what suits them best. For example,
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many young people dislike the idea of havinga steady job or a desk job and therefore,
switch career to seek more dynamic opportunities that could later prove more fulfilling.
On the other hand, there are strong reasons why holding down the same job for a long time
appeals to many adults. First, people would benefit frombetterjob prospects, which include
promotion opportunities and pay rises, if they stayed in a job long term. As experience and
commitment are both taken into consideration when a company decides who to promote or
to dismiss, those who work longer for an organization stand a higher chance of moving up
the ladder and earning a more lucrative living. Besides, there are various perks that follow
when people keep the same job, namely sick leave, holiday entitlement, a generous
retirement package or yearly bonuses. In addition to improved job prospects, people who
stay in the same job may establish a wide and steady network of partners as well as gain
supportive long-term colleagues.
In conclusion, I believe that despite the excitement that changing jobs entails, whether for
people bent on pursuing a successful career or for those with few career ambitions, it is
staying with the same job that is more likely to bring greater job fulfillment.
347 words
Vocabulary
1.To acquire experience/knowledge/skill:
Meaning: to gain experience/knowledge/skill by your own efforts or behavior
Example: Some school leavers prefer to acquire experience working in a chosen profession
rather than entering university.
Dịch đại ý
To acquire experience/ skill: có được kinh nghiệm, kỹ năng
Nghĩa: có được kinh nghiệm, kiến thức, kỹ năng bằng chính nỗ lực hay thái độ của bạn
Ví dụ: Một số người tốt nghiệp cấp 3 thích có được kinh nghiệm làm việc ở một nghề nghiệp
nhất định hơn là học đại học.
2. Job satisfaction
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Meaning: the good feeling that you get when you have a job that you enjoy
Example: A high salary is not necessarily the most important factor in job satisfaction.
Dịch đại ý
Job satisfaction: sự hài lòng trong công việc
Nghĩa: cảm giác hạnh phúc khi được làm công việc mà bạn thấy vui vẻ
Ví dụ: Mức lương cao không phải yếu tố quan trọng nhất về sự hài lòng trong công việc.
3.Put knowledge gained into practice
Example: Vocational training courses enable students to put the knowledge gained during
their studies into practice.
Dịch đại ý
Put knowledge gained into practice: áp dụng kiến thức đã học vào thực tế
Nghĩa: sử dụng một cách thiết thực những kiến thức bạn có được
Ví dụ: Các khóa học đào tạo nghề cho phép học sinh sử dụng kiến thức đã học vào thực tiễn.
4. Working environment
Meaning: the conditions that you work in
Example: If work is to be enjoyable, then a friendly working environment is essential.
Dịch đại ý
Working environment: môi trường làm việc
Nghĩa: điều kiện làm việc
Ví dụ: Nếu muốn hưởng thụ công việc, thì một môi trường làm việc thân thiện là rất cần thiết.
5. To have a steady job
Meaning: to have a job which you are unlikely to lose, but which is usually the same routine
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Example: Although some people prefer to change jobs, others prefer to have a steady job
and a set daily routine at work.
Dịch đại ý
To have a steady job: có công việc ổn định
Nghĩa: có việc bạn chắc chắn không bị sa thải, nhưng thường làm việc giống nhau
Ví dụ: Dù một số người thích thay đổi công việc, những người khác lại thích công việc ổn
định và làm việc hang ngày như nhau hơn.
6.A desk job
Meaning: a job in an office, where you sit and work all day at a table or desk
Example: Many young people enjoy the excitement of a dangerous profession to the boring
routine of a desk job.
Dịch đại ý
A desk job: công việc văn phòng
Nghĩa: công việc trong văn phòng, nơi bạn ngồi làm cả ngày trên bàn giấy.
Ví dụ: Nhiều người thích những việc nguy hiểm, hào hứng hơn là việc văn phòng nhàm chán.
7. Job prospects
Meaning: the chances of being successful and having more opportunities at work
Example: People with qualifications and experience usually have the best job prospects.
Dịch đại ý
Job prospects: triển vọng công việc
Nghĩa: cơ hội để thành công và có nhiều cơ hội hơn trong công việc
Ví dụ: Những người có bằng cấp và kinh nghiệm thường có triển vọng công việc tốt hơn.
8. Promotion opportunities
Meaning: chances to move to a more important position in a company or organization
ngocbach.com Page 9
Example: Perhaps the most important factor when choosing a job are the promotion
opportunities/promotion prospects.
Dịch đại ý
Promotion opportunities: cơ hội thăng tiến
Nghĩa: cơ hội được điều chuyển lên vị trí cao hơn trong công ty
Ví dụ: Có lẽ yếu tố quan trọng nhất khi lựa chọn công việc là cơ hội thăng tiến hay triển vọng
công việc.
9. To take something into consideration/ account
Meaning: to consider or remember something when judging a situation
Example: No business will succeed if it fails to take the needs of customers into
account/into consideration.
Dịch đại ý
To take something into consideration/account: xem xét cái gì
Nghĩa: xem xét hay nhớ tới cái gì khi đánh giá 1 vấn đề, 1 tình huống
Ví dụ: Việc kinh doanh không thể thành công nếu như không xem xét đến nhu cầu của khách
hàng.
10. To dismiss somebody (from something)
Meaning: to officially remove somebody from their job
Example: Employment legislation prevents employers from dismissingan employee without

a good reason.
Dịch đại ý
To dismiss sb: sa thải ai đó
Nghĩa: chính thức đuổi việc ai đó
Ví dụ: Luật lao động ngăn những ông chủ sa thải nhân viên một cách vô lý.
ngocbach.com Page 10
11. To move up the career ladder
Meaning: a series of stages by which you can make progress in your career
Example: Ambitious employees look for a job in which there is a chance to move up the
career ladder.
Dịch đại ý
To move up the career ladder: bước cao hơn trong nấc thang sự nghiệp
Nghĩa: Tiến lên trong một loạt các giai đoạn trong sự nghiệp
Ví dụ: Những nhân viên tham vọng thường tìm một công việc có thể bước cao hơn trong nấc
thang sự nghiệp.
12.To earn a living
Meaning: to earn money
Example: I used to earn a living as a teacher, but now I sell used cars.
Dịch đại ý
To earn a living: kiếm sống
Nghĩa: kiếm tiền trang trải cuộc sống
Ví dụ: Tôi từng kiếm sống bằng nghề giáo viên, nhưng giờ thì tôi đi bán ô tô cũ, đã qua sử
dụng.
13. Holiday entitlement
Meaning: the number of days off work that you are allowed as holidays
Example: It is important to know the holiday entitlement before accepting a job.
Dịch đại ý
Holiday entitlement: số ngày nghỉ phép
Nghĩa: số ngày nghỉ cho phép
Ví dụ: Quan trọng là biết được số ngày nghỉ phép trước khi nhận một công việc.
14. Sick leave
Meaning: permission to stay away from work because of illness or injury
Example: Important factors when choosing a job include holiday entitlement, sick leave and a
company pension scheme.
Dịch đại ý
Sick leave: nghỉ ốm
Nghĩa: được phép nghỉ ốm
Ví dụ: Những yếu tố quan trọng khi lựa chọn công việc bao gồm số ngày nghỉ phép, nghỉ ốm
và chế độ lương hưu.
15. A generous retirement package
Meaning: A lot of money or other benefits that you receive from a company or organization
when you stop working there because of your age
Example: Companies who value their employees should offer a generous retirement package.
16. Supportive work colleagues
Meaning: people that you work with who give you help and encouragement
Example: A very important aspect of job satisfaction is having supportive work colleagues.
Dịch đại ý
Supportive work colleagues: đồng nghiệp nhiệt tình hỗ trợ
Nghĩa: những đồng nghiệp sẵn sang giúp đỡ và động viên bạn
Ví dụ: Một khía cạnh quan trọng của sự hài lòng trong công việc là có những đồng nghiệp
nhiệt tình hỗ trợ.
17. To pursue a successful career
Meaning: to have a series of jobs in a particular area of work, with more responsibility as
time passes
Example: While many people wish to pursue a successful career, for others it is more
important to find work which is interesting and enjoyable.
Dịch đại ý
To pursue a successful career: theo đuổi sự nghiệp thành đạt
Nghĩa: trải qua một loạt công việc tại một nơi cụ thể, với nhiều trách nhiệm hơn khi thời gian
qua đi
Ví dụ: Trong khi nhiều người mong muốn theo đuổi sự nghiệp thành đạt, một số người khác
việc tìm một công việc thú vị lại quan trọng hơn.
18. To have no career ambitions
Meaning: to have no desire to be successful or to move up the career ladder
Example: Those who are content to do the same job and have no career ambitions are often
happier in their work and do not suffer from stress.
Dịch đại ý
To have no career ambitions: không có tham vọng trong sự nghiệp
Nghĩa: không có tham vọng thành đạt hay bước cao hơn trong nấc thang sự nghiệp
Ví dụ: Những người hài lòng khi làm cùng một công việc và không có tham vọng trong sự
nghiệp thường hạnh phúc hơn với công việc của họ và không phải chịu áp lực nào.
3. (29/04/2017) Task 2: Some people say that what children watch influences their
behaviour. Others believe the amount of time they spend on television influences their
behaviour most. Discuss both view and give your opinion. [TỪ VỰNG NHIỀU TOPIC]
Essay Plan:
• Introduction: difficult to decide which has more effect. My opinion – it is the

content of the programs
• Paragraph 2: bad consequences of watching too much TV [1] children become
addicted to TV for entertainment. Result – they neglect outdoor activities and adopt
sedentary habits [2] children who watch too much TV have less interaction with people
around them. Result – they don’t develop social skills.
• Paragraph 3: bad consequences of watching many programs on TV [1] imitating
improper behavior – examples: drugs, casual sex, violence [2] commercials – examples
junk food and video games, which children then pester parents to buy
• Conclusion: content is the more important, so parents must control what
children watch on TV.
While it is clear that watching TV affects children, it is difficult to determine whether it is the
content of the programs or the length of time spent watching them that has a more significant
impact on children. In my opinion, although the amount of time does affect youngsters, it is
the content of the programs that has a more marked influence on them.
On the one hand, the consequences of watching TV for long periods of time can be
deleterious. Firstly, the longer children are exposed to TV programs, the more likely it is for
them to become addicted to watching television. When children become over-reliant on
television for entertainment, they might neglect engagement in outdoor activities, resulting in
a sedentary lifestyle that is highly detrimental to their physical health. More importantly,
excessive TV watching impairs children’s communication abilities, so they find it hard to
play or live in harmony with others. Children would feel discouraged from having real
interactions with people around them if they spent too much time in front of the screen,
which may hinder their development of social skills.
On the other hand, it is the broadcasted images that have the most direct effects on young
viewers. First, in most countries the majority of TV shows present glamorized depictions of
inappropriate materials such as violence, drug abuse or casual sex, thus youngsters may adopt
unhealthy habits and improper behavior. For example, they might fall under the impression
that the use of alcoholic drinks is fashionable without being aware of the health risks they
carry and later end up consuming these substances. Besides, in our modern consumer
society, commercials also affect how children behave. Unwary young viewers could be
easily swayed by captivating advertisements for junk food or video games, products whose
target audience includes children, and so may pester their parents to buy these goods
impulsively.
In conclusion, though both factors have their own implications, I believe the element with
more considerable impacts on children is the content. Hence, parental involvement is
essential in controlling children’s TV viewing habits and in shaping a child’s values to help
them enter adult life with a healthy mind.
360 words
Vocabulary:
Health
1. to be addicted to sth
Meaning: to be unable to stop taking harmful drugs, tobacco or alcohol.
Example: More specialist clinics, offering treatment and advice, are required to help people
who are addicted to drugs.
Dịch đại ý
To be addicted to sth: nghiện cái gì
Nghĩa: không thể ngừng việc sử dụng thuốc có hại, thuốc lá hay đồ có cồn.
Ví dụ: Ngày càng có nhiều những phòng khám tư đa khoa cung cấp việc chữa trị và lời
khuyên cho những người nghiện ngập.
2. sedentary lifestyle
Meaning: involving little exercise or physical activity
Example: A sedentary lifestyle is a major factor in health problems such as obesity and heart
disease.
Dịch đại ý
Sedentary lifestyle: phong cách sống thiếu vận động
Nghĩa: ít hoặc gần như không tập thể thao và các hoạt động tay chân khác
Ví dụ: Sống thiếu vận động là yếu tố chính dẫn đến các vấn đề về sức khỏe như béo phì và
các bệnh về tim.
3. to be detrimental to health
Meaning: to be harmful to health
Example: Lying in the sun for too long can be detrimental to health and result in skin
cancers.
Dịch đại ý
To be detrimental to health: có hại cho sức khỏe
Nghĩa: có hại cho sức khỏe
Ví dụ: Nằm dưới ánh mặt trời quá lâu có thể có hại cho sức khỏe và dẫn tới ung thư da.
4. to carry health risks
Meaning: to have effects which could be bad for one’s health
Example: Smoking and drinking alchohol are potentially dangerous habits, because they
carry serious health risks.
Dịch đại ý
To carry health risks: mang hiểm họa tới sức khỏe
Nghĩa: có những ảnh hưởng xấu tới sức khỏe con người
Ví dụ: Hút thuốc và uống rượu là những thói quen tiềm ẩn nguy hiểm vì chúng mang hiểm
họa tới sức khỏe.
Communication & Personality
1. to live in harmony with one another
Meaning: to live with others in a way which avoids conflict or disagreement
Example: The students who share the house are all good friends and they are able to live in
harmony with one another.
Technology
1. to become over-reliant on
Meaning: to need something so that your survival or success depends too much on it
Example: Businesses have become over-reliant on complicated computer systems, so that if
these systems fail the results will be disastrous.
Dịch đại ý
To become over-reliant on: quá phụ thuộc vào
Nghĩa: cần cái gì đó quá mức cho sự tồn tại hay thành công của bạn
Ví dụ: Các nhà kinh doanh đã quá phụ thuộc vào hệ thông máy tính phức tạp, nên nếu hệ
thống này thất bại, kết quả sẽ rất tồi tệ.
2. discourage real interaction
Meaning: to result in less face-to-face communication with other people
Example: the availability of new communication technologies may also have the result of
isolating people and discouraging real interaction.
Dịch đại ý
Discourage real interaction: cản trở sự tương tác trực tiếp
Nghĩa: dẫn đến việc giao tiếp trực tiếp giữa người với người ngày càng ít đi
Ví dụ: Sự sẵn có của những công nghệ giao tiếp mới có thể sẽ cô lập con người và cản trở sự
tương tác trực tiếp.
Society
1. to develop social skills
Meaning: to become better at communicating and interacting in different situations
Example: Playing team sports at school helps children to develop social skills which will
help them in adult life.
Dịch đại ý
To develop social skills: phát triển các kỹ năng xã hội
Nghĩa: giao tiếp và ứng xử tốt hơn trong các tình huống khác nhau
Ví dụ: Chơi các môn thể thao nhóm ở trường giúp trẻ em phát triển các kỹ năng xã hội phục
vụ cuộc sống của chúng khi trưởng thành.
2. the consumer society
Meaning: a society in which buying and selling are considered extremely important
Example: Money and possessions are considered to be more important than family and
friends in today’s consumer society.
Advertising
1. to be wary of something
Meaning: not completely trusting or certain about something
Example: Consumers must always be wary of the claims made in advertisements, because
such claims are often exagerrated or untrue.
Dịch đại ý
To be wary of sth: thận trọng với cái gì
Nghĩa: không hoàn toàn tin tưởng hay chắc chắn về cái gì
Ví dụ: Người tiêu thụ phải luôn thận trọng với những tuyên bố trong các quảng cáo, vì những
lời đó thường nói quá lên hoặc không đúng sự thật.
2. to be swayed by advertisements
Meaning: to be influenced to buy things as a result of advertising
Example: If consumers were not easily swayed by advertisements, the advertising industry
would not exist.
Dịch đại ý
To be swayed by advertisements: bị dao động bởi quảng cáo
Nghĩa: bị ảnh hưởng khi mua hàng bởi quảng cáo
Ví dụ: Nếu người tiêu dùng không dễ bị dao động bởi quảng cáo thì ngành công nghiệp
quảng cáo đã không tồn tại.
3. target audience
Meaning: consumers whom businesses aim at when selling their products
Example: Companies which sell soft drinks, like Coca Cola, aim mainly at a target audience
of children and adolescents.
Dịch đại ý
Target audience: khách hàng mục tiêu
Nghĩa: những người tiêu dùng mà nhà kinh doanh nhắm đến để bán được sản phẩm
Ví dụ: Các công ty bán nước giải khát như Coca Cola chủ yếu nhắm tới khách hàng mục tiêu
là trẻ em và trẻ vị thành niên.
4. to buy goods impulsively
Meaning: to buy things suddenly without any planning and without considering the effects
they may have
Example: Advertising motivates consumers to buy goods impulsively.
Dịch đại ý
To buy goods impulsively: mua hàng một cách bốc đồng
Nghĩa: đột ngột mua gì đó mà không có kế hoạch hay cân nhắc đến hiệu quả của chúng
Ví dụ: Quảng cáo kích động người tiêu dùng mua hàng một cách bốc đồng.
Family & children
1. parental involvement
Meaning: the act or process of parents when taking part in their children’s activities.
Example: Parental involvement allows parents to monitor school and classroom activities,
and to coordinate their efforts with teachers to encourage acceptable classroom behavior and
ensure that the child completes schoolwork.
Dịch đại ý
Parental involvement: sự can thiệp/ tham gia của cha mẹ
Nghĩa: việc cha mẹ tham gia vào các hoạt động của con cái
Ví dụ: Sự tham gia của cha mẹ cho phép phụ huynh theo dõi các hoạt động tại trường lớp, và
cùng nỗ lực hợp tác với giáo viên để khuyến khích các hoạt động tại lớp cũng như đảm bảo
con họ hoàn thành bài tập được giao.
2. to shape a child’s personality/ value
Meaning: to decide or influence the form of a child’s personality
Example: Parents are very influential in shaping their children’s personality through the
example that they set.
Dịch đại ý
To shape a child’s personality/ value: hình thành tính cách
Nghĩa: quyết đinh và ảnh hưởng đến việc hình thành tính cách ai đó
Ví dụ: Cha mẹ có ảnh hưởng rất lớn đến việc hình thành tính cách của trẻ con thông qua
những việc họ làm mẫu.
3. to enter adult life
Meaning:the stage when adolescents are almost old enough to be legally independent of their
parents
Example: Parents who have devoted time and thought to raising and educating their children
have given them a good prepartion to enter adult life.
Dịch đại ý
To enter adult life: bước vào thế giới người lớn
Nghĩa: giai đoạn khi thanh niên đủ tuổi được tự lập
Ví dụ: Những cha mẹ dành nhiều thời gian và suy nghĩ để nuôi dạy con cái đã chuẩn bị cho
họ thật tốt để bước vào thế giới người lớn.
4. Task 2: The best way to resolve the international environmental problems is to

increase the cost of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
[ENVIRONMENT_GOVERNMENT]
Essay Plan
• Introduction: International experts proposed many ways to solve global

environmental issues. Disagree that the best solution if to raise fuel prices
• Paragraph 2 – Increasing cost of fuel would lead to a reduction in car use, and
thus a reduction in exhaust emissions and [1] slow the process of global warming [2]
reduce dependence on fossil fuels
• Paragraph 3 – other measures more effective [1] restrict use of private vehicles –
London [2] invest in alternative energy [3] international scientic sharing of knowledge –
energy, the oceans, agriculture.
• Conclusion: although increasing fuel costs would have some effect on tackling
some global environmental problems, there are more effective ways to do this.
Essay:
International experts have proposed many solutions to tackle global environmental issues.
While raising fuel prices would be a useful measure to fight climate change, I disagree that
it would represent the best way to alleviate environmental problems.
National authorities should raise taxes on the cost of fuel. By adopting this policy,
governments would almost certainly ensure that people used their cars less. Fewer car
journeys would mean a reduction in exhaust emissions. This would have global
consequences, slowing the process of global warming as the quantity of greenhouse gases
released into the atmosphere was reduced.In terms of the depletion of natural resources,
world supplies of oil will not last forever, and by increasing petrol prices there would be less
dependence on fossil fuels. Thus, I believe that international bodies should exert pressure
on countries to raise fuel prices.
However, I would argue that there are more effective ways to tackle international
environmental problems. Firstly, from the perspective of transport policy, introducing
restrictions on the use of private vehicles must be high on the government agenda in all
countries. For example, the congestion charge on vehicles in London has improved air
quality. Secondly, governments must allocate resources to the development of alternative
energy sources to power motor vehicles and machinery used in factory production. Finally,
as part of the wider effort to achieve sustainable development, international cooperation to
share scientific knowledge and advances in technology should be a top priority.This would
range across issues such as the exploitation of renewable energy,marine conservation and
the reclamation of agricultural land, halting the spread of deserts in places such as sub-
Saharan Africa.
In conclusion, although raising the cost of fuel would be a welcome measure, more effective
steps are required to deal with a wider range of global environmental tissues.
299 words
Vocabulary:
1. to fight climate change
Meaning: To try to prevent changes in climate patterns, such as rainfall, temperature and
winds.
Example: Unless we consume less of the Earth’s natural resources, it will be impossible to
fight climate change and safeguard our future.
2. to alleviate environmental problems
Meaning: to make bad environmental problems less severe
Example: Everyone can assist in the effort to alleviate environmentalproblems in the local
community through simple actions such as recycling waste or planting a tree in their garden.
national authorities
Meaning: government organizations acting at a national level or within a smaller, local area
Example: Tackling crime is a responsibility of both national and local authorities.
3. to raise taxes on
Meaning: to increase the amount of tax on something
Example: Governments should raise taxes on cigarettes to persuade more people to give
up smoking.
4. to adopt policies
Meaning: to start to use particular policies
Example: In order to deal with traffic congestion, the government must adopt policies
to restrict the use of private cars.
5. to cut down on emissions
Meaning: to reduce the amount of gases sent out into the air
Example: People must be made aware of the need tocut down on emissions from their cars if
we are to reduce air pollution.
6. global warming
Meaning: the process by which the Earth is getting hotter, as a result of the greenhouse effect
– in particular the increase in carbon dioxide in the air.
Example: Perhaps the major environmental challenge which faces humanity today is global
warming, because it threatens our survival.
7. the greenhouse effect
Meaning: the natural process by which the sun warms the surface of the Earth.
Example: Our burning of fossil fuels is increasing the greenhouse effect and making the
Earth hotter, endangering all life on the planet.
8. to deplete natural resources
Meaning: To reduce the amount of natural resources.
Example: Timber companies must not be allowed to deplete naturalresources by cutting
down trees without planting new trees to replace them.
9. to reduce the dependence/reliance on fossil fuels
Meaning: to decrease people’s consumption of fossil fuels, like oil, coal or gas.
Example: Governments must invest heavily in solar and wind energy projects in order to
reduce our dependence/reliance on fossil fuels.
10. international bodies
Meaning: organizations which operate in many countries
Example: National governments ought to give funds to international bodies, like the Red
Cross and the United Nations, to deal with emergency situations.
11. to exert pressure on
Meaning: to use power to influence somebody or something
Example: Environmental organisations should exert pressure on governments to invest in
renewable energy projects.
Example: The government must introduce restrictions on smoking in public places.
13. high on the agenda
Meaning: something which is among the first things in the list of actions to be taken
Example: The rehabilitation of prisoners must be high on the agenda of prison authorities
everywhere.
14. congestion charge
Meaning: an amount of money that people have to pay for driving their cars into the centre of
some cities, as a way of stopping the city centre from becoming too full of traffic
Example: More cities should follow the example of London and introduce a congestion
charge in order to ease traffic flow in the city centre.
15. to allocate resources to

Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public transport, this will
reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
16. alternative energy sources
Meaning: refers to any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel
Example: Clean energy which does not pollute the Earth can only come from greater reliance
on alternative energy sources.
17. to achieve sustainable development
Meaning: economic development that is achieved without depleting natural resources
Example: Organic methods must be introduced everywhere in order to achieve sustainable
development in agriculture.
18. to be a government priority
Meaning: something which is so important that the government should deal with it first.
Example: In developing countries, spending on health and education should be top
government priorities.
19. renewable energy
Meaning: energy is renewable when it source, like the sun or wind, cannot be exhausted or
can easily be replaced (like wood, as we can plant trees for energy)
Example: More funding is required from government funds to help companies to develop
renewable energy, such as companies which produce solar panels for buildings.
5. Task 2: Some people think that good health is a basic human need, so the
medical service should not be run by profit-making companies. Do you think the
disadvantages of privatehealth care outweigh the advantages? [HEALTH]
Essay Plan:
• Introduction: Private health care is popular. Despite some drawbacks, there are
more adv than disadv of private health care
• Paragraph 2: disadvantages: [1] high costs if private health care is not regulated
-examples: prescription charges, use of expensive equipment [2] quality of care may
suffer if profits determine care/treatment decisions
• Paragraph 3: advantages: [1] speed – no long waiting lists for treatment/check-
ups [2] may provide health care services to remote areas where health care is not
accessible.
• Conclusion: the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
In recent years, privately-operated health sevices have been a popular alternative to public
health care agencies. Personally, despite their drawbacks, I would argue that more private
medical services should be provided on the basis of their evident merits.
On the one hand, private medical treatment has its own negative impacts. The biggest
drawback to private-owned hospitals is the exorbitant cost patients have to pay. When
governments do not introduce restrictions on such costs, many private institutions set high
fees for services such as prescriptions charges or using high-tech machines in the operating
theatre, which effectively discriminates against those on low or modest incomes who
cannot afford the costs for care and treatment. Additionally, as the ultimate aim of these
agencies is to gain profits, it is possible that they will focus more on quantity rather than
quality. With seemingly less qualified and less experienced medical practitioners, private
hospitals might not come up to patients’ expectations.
On the other hand, there are justifiable reasons why privately-run health care institutions
should be made available. Firstly, they provide faster services, unlike public health services
where there is often a long waiting list. Therefore, it is less time-consuming for either patients
with life-threatening diseases or those coming for aregular check-up to get the treatment
they want. Secondly, private healthcare institutions could be a practical alternative to state-
funded ones in remote areas. If more of these agencies were established in less accessible
regions, more people would be able to enjoy improved health care, especially those from
minority groups who barely receive any primary health care at present.
In conclusion, despite the drawbacks of medical services being provided by profit-making
corporations, I believe the benefits outweigh the disadvantages and that people should take
out private health insurance for better access to health care.
298 words
Vocabulary
Những từ thuộc chủ đề Health (sách collocations Ngọc Bách)
1. prescription charges
Meaning: the money paid by a patient to receive medicines authorised by a doctor.
Example: In Britain, the government has abolished prescription charges for elderly people,
so that they no longer pay for the medicines they need.
Dịch đại ý
Prescription charges: tiền thuốc
Nghĩa: tiền trả để được nhận thuốc kê đơn bởi bác sĩ
Ví dụ: Tại Anh, chính phủ tài trợ tiền thuốc kê đơn cho người già, nên họ không phải trả tiền
thuốc nữa.
2. operating theatre
Meaning: a room in a hospital where doctors carry out surgery on patients
Example: Safe hygiene standards are important throughout any hospital, but particularly in an
operating theatre.
Dịch đại ý
Operating theatre: phòng mổ
Nghĩa: 1 phòng trong bệnh viên nơi bác sĩ tiến hành phẫu thuật cho bệnh nhân
Ví dụ: Các tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh an toàn là rất quan trọng trong bệnh viên của tôi, đặc biệt là
trong phòng mổ.
3. medical practitioner
Meaning: a person who works as a doctor or surgeon
Example: It is essential to train more medical practitioners if public health is to be
improved.
Dịch đại ý
Medical practitioner: người hành nghề y
Nghĩa: bác sĩ, bác sĩ phẫu thuật…
Ví dụ: Cần phải đào tạo nhiều những người hành nghề y để sức khỏe cộng đồng có thể được
cải thiện.
4. public health services
Meaning: the agencies funded by the government to protect and promote the health of the
population
Example: I would argue that funding for public health services should be the main priority
of all governments.
Dịch đại ý
Public health services: Dịch vụ y tế công cộng
Nghĩa: Những tổ chức được chính phủ tài trợ để bảo vệ và chăm sóc sức khỏe cho cộng đồng.
Ví dụ: Tôi cho rằng tài trợ cho dịch vụ y tế công cộng nên là ưu tiên chính của mọi quốc gia.
5. life-threatening conditions
Meaning: illnesses which are likely to kill somebody
Example: Great advances have been made in the treatment of life-threatening conditions
such as cancer and heart disease.
Dịch đại ý
Life-threatening conditions: đe dọa tính mạng
Nghĩa: bệnh đe dọa tới mạng sống
Ví dụ: Đã có những bước tiến lớn trong việc điều trị những căn bệnh đe dọa tính mạng con
người như ung thư và bệnh tim.
6. to have a regular check-up
Meaning: to have a regular examination carried out by a doctor or dentist
Example: In order to identify health problems at an early stage, people should have a
regular check-up so that preventive measures can be taken if necessary.
Dịch đại ý
To have a regular check-up: khám bệnh thường xuyên
Nghĩa: có cuộc kiểm tra định kì tiến hành bởi bác sĩ
Ví dụ: Để xác định các vấn đề sức khỏe ở giai đoạn đầu, mọi người nên đi khám bệnh thường
xuyên để có thể có các biện pháp ngăn chặn nếu cần thiết.
7. primary health care
Meaning: the medical treatment that you receive first when you are sick or ill, for example
from your doctor or local clinic.
Example: Developing countries must allocate resources to establish primary health care
clinics in rural areas and overcrowded city districts.
Dịch đại ý
Primary health care: chăm sóc sức khỏe cơ bản
Nghĩa: sự điều trị bạn nhận được đầu tiên nếu bị ốm hay bệnh tật, ví dụ như từ bác sĩ hay
phòng khám tư của bạn.
Ví dụ: Những quốc gia đang phát triển cần phân bổ nguồn lực để thành lập những phòng
khám tư chăm sóc sức khỏe cơ bản tại khu đô thị và những thành phố quá đông dân cư.
8. to take out private health insurance
Meaning: to make regular payments to an insurance company, who will pay for medical or
hospital treatment when you need it
Example: In countries with poor public health services, many people have to take out
private health insurance in order to receive adequate medical treatment.
Dịch đại ý
To take out private health insurance: đăng ký bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân
Nghĩa: trả tiền bảo hiểm thường xuyên cho 1 công ty bảo hiểm, nơi sẽ trả tiền viện phí và
thuốc thang cho bạn khi cần
Ví dụ: Ở những quốc gia có dịch vụ y tế công cộng kém phát triển, nhiều người phải đăng ký
bảo hiểm y tế tư nhân để nhận được sự chăm sóc y tế thích hợp.
Những từ thuộc chủ đề Society (sách collocations Ngọc Bách)

1. to discrimate against
Meaning: to treat one person or group worse than another in an unfair way
Example: It is illegal to discriminate against people because of their colour.
2. minority groups
Meaning: small groups within a community that are different because of their origin,
religion, language or traditions
Example: Children from minority groups are sometimes victims of bullying at school.
Dịch đại ý
Minority groups: dân tộc thiểu số
Nghĩa: một nhóm người nhỏ trong cộng đồng có sự khác biệt về nguồn gốc, tôn giáo, ngôn
ngữ và văn hóa
Ví dụ: Các trẻ em dân tộc thiểu số thỉnh thoảng là nạn nhân của việc bị bắt nạt ở trường.
Những từ thuộc chủ đề Government (sách collocations Ngọc Bách)

Example: The government must introduce restrictions on drinking and driving.
6. Task 2: Some people think that governments should ban dangerous sports, while
others think people should have freedom to do any sports or activity. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion. [SPORT_GOVERNMENT]
Essay Plan:
Introduction: admit the dangers of extreme sports; agree with those who think that
people should be free to take part in them
Paragraph 2: 1st view: two reasons to ban [1] safety – people may die or be badly
injured [2] some people who take part are too inexperienced or unfit.
Paragraph 3: 2nd view: agree the sports should not be banned [1] safety measures –
experienced instructors should supervise: examples - scuba diving/paragliding [2] good
protective equipment and clothes are now available to make sports safer.
Conclusion: allow people to do dangerous sports, but act responsibly.
It is true that there is widespread concern over the practice of extreme sports, to the extent
that some people argue that they should be outlawed by government legislation.While
nobody should underestimate the risks, I would argue that people should be free to practice
such sports if they so wish.
On the one hand, critics of dangerous sports give strong reasons why governments should
impose an official ban on such activities. Firstly, they argue that such a measure is necessary
on safety grounds. There have been numerous incidents where members of rescue services
have had to put their own lives at risk to save extreme sports enthusiasts who are in life-
threatening situations. Secondly, it is necessary at times to infringe on personal freedoms
because people who lack the necessary experience or who are not in the peak of physical
condition sometimes take up dangerous sports. Such irresponsible behaviour can only be
prevented by banning these sports.
On the other hand, I concur with those who argue that people should be free to do extreme
sports, although I believe it is necessary for individuals to abide by the safety rules. One
reason is that the imposition of sensible safety measures has been proven to minimize the risk
of accidents and injuries. For example, all sports which carry a significant element of danger,
such as scuba diving or paragliding should be supervised by an experienced and
professionally qualified instructor. Another factor is that there is now a range of essential
sports gear to protect those who practice dangerous sports. Such equipment ranges from
safety ropes and helmets to water-resistant clothing.
In conclusion, it seems to me that dangerous sports should be permitted, although those who
take part have a responsibilty to adhere to the recommended safety procedures.
296 words.
Bài này mình dùng nhiều cụm từ khó, và đây cũng là chủ đề lạ nên mình giải thích kỹ hơn đê
giúp các bạn dễ hiểu hơn
Hướng dẫn viết bài
Dạng bài: Discuss + opinion essay
Yêu cầu đề bài: Một số người cho rằng chính phủ nên cấm các môn thể thao mạo hiểm tỏng
khi một số khác cho rằng mọi người nên có quyền tự do quyết định tham gia bất cứ môn thể
thao hoặc hoạt động nào. Bàn luận về hai quan điểm trên và đưa ra ý kiến cá nhân.
Ý kiến:
- Tôi nghĩ rằng các môn thể theo mạo hiểm nên được hạn chế vì 2 lí do sau ... (đoạn 1
thân bài)
- Tuy nhiên, mọi người nên được tự do lựa chọn vì 2 lí do sau … (đoạn 2 thân bài)
Mở bài (3 câu)
Câu 1: It is true that there is widespread concern over the practice of extreme sports, to the
extent that some people argue that they should be outlawed by government legislation.
- Paraphrasing the topic: Dẫn dắt vào chủ đề bàn luận và đưa ra hai luồng ý kiến cần
được bàn luận. Viết dựa trên đề bài đã cho nhưng sử dụng ngôn từ khác.
Câu 2: While nobody should underestimate the risks, I would argue that people should be free
to practice such sports if they so wish.
- Thesis statement: Nêu ý kiến của bản thân về vấn đề.
Thân bài (2 đoạn)

Đoạn 1: Nêu 2 lý do vì sao nên cấm các môn thể thao mạo hiểm.
Câu 1: On the one hand, critics of dangerous sports give strong reasons why governments
should impose an official ban on such activities.
- Topic sentence: Câu chủ đề của đoạn, nêu nội dung chính của đoạn - Có một số lý do
tại sao chính phủ nên cấm các môn thể thao mạo hiểm.
Câu 2: Firstly, they argue that such a measure is necessary on safety grounds.
- Idea 1: Nêu lý do thứ nhất - Vấn đề về an toàn.
Câu 3: There have been numerous incidents where members of rescue services have had to
put their own lives at risk to save extreme sports enthusiasts who are in life-threatening
situations.
- Supporting sentence for idea 1: Đưa ra ví dụ cho idea 1 - Có nhiều trường hợp các
nhân viên cứu hộ phải giải cứu những người mê thể thao mạo hiểm từ những tình huống nguy
hiểm đến tính mạng.
Câu 4: Secondly, it is necessary at times to infringe on personal freedoms because people
who lack the necessary experience or who are not in the peak of physical condition
sometimes take up dangerous sports.
- Idea 2: Nêu lý do thứ hai - Vấn đề về việc thiếu kinh nghiệm hoặc điều kiện sức khỏe
để tham gia.
Câu 5: Such irresponsible behaviour can only be prevented by banning these sports.
- Supporting sentence for idea 2: Lý luận cho idea 2 - Chỉ có thể ngăn những người
thiếu kinh nghiệm và điều kiện sức khỏe tham gia các môn thể thao mạo hiểm bằng cách cấm
chúng.
Đoạn 2: Nêu 2 lý do vì sao không nên cấm các môn thể thao mạo hiểm.
Câu 1: On the other hand, I concur with those who argue that people should be free to do
extreme sports, although I believe it is necessary for individuals to abide by the safety rules.
tại sao chính phủ không nên cấm các môn thể thao mạo hiểm.
Câu 2: One reason is that the imposition of sensible safety measures has been proven to
minimize the risk of accidents and injuries.
- Idea 1: Nêu lý do thứ nhất - Đã có những biện pháp và quy định về an toàn khi tham
gia các môn thể thao mạo hiểm để giảm thiểu nguy cơ tai nạn.
Câu 3: For example, all sports which carry a significant element of danger, such as scuba
diving or paragliding should be supervised by an experienced and professionally qualified
instructor.
- Supporting sentence for idea 1: Đưa ra ví dụ - Những môn thể thao mang tính mạo
hiểm cao đều cần phải có sự giám sát của một người hướng dẫn chuyên nghiệp và giàu kinh
nghiệm.
Câu 4: Another factor is that there is now a range of essential sports gear to protect those
who practice dangerous sports.
- Idea 2: Nêu lý do thứ hai - Có cơ số các dụng cụ thể thao để bảo vệ những người tham
gia thể thao mạo hiểm.
Câu 5: Such equipment ranges from safety ropes and helmets to water-resistant clothing.
- Supporting sentence for idea 2: Đưa ra ví dụ về các dụng cụ đó - Dây thừng, mũ bảo
hiểm và quần áo chống nước.
Kết bài (1 câu)

In conclusion, it seems to me that dangerous sports should be permitted, although those who
take part have a responsibilty to adhere to the recommended safety procedures.
- Nhấn mạnh lại quan điểm đã nhắc tới trong thesis statement bằng ngôn từ khác.
Giải thích ngữ pháp và từ vựng:
1. On the other hand, I concur with those who argue that people should be free to do
extreme sports, although I believe it is necessary for individuals to abide by the safety rules.
- To be free to V/ To have the freedom to V: có quyền tự do làm gì
‘People should be free to do extreme sport’: mọi người nên được tự do tham gia các môn thể
thao mạo hiểm
- To abide by something (laws, rules, etc): làm đúng theo hướng dẫn, luật hay yêu cầu
‘...to abide by the safety rules’: làm theo quy định an toàn
2. Another factor is that there is now a range of essential sports gear to protect those who
practice dangerous sports.
- To practice something = to do something: thực hành, vận dung, làm một điều gì đó
‘To practice dangerous sports’: chơi các môn thể thao mạo hiểm
3. In conclusion, it seems to me that dangerous sports should be permitted, although those
who take part have a responsibilty to adhere to the recommended safety procedures.
- To adhere to something (laws, rules, regulations, procedures, etc) = to abide by
something (laws, rules, regulations, procedures, etc): làm đúng theo hướng dẫn, luật hay yêu
cầu
‘To adhere to the recommended safety procedures’: làm theo những thủ tục đảm bảo an toàn
4. On the one hand, critics of dangerous sports give strong reasons why governments should
impose an official ban on such activities.
- To ban/prohibit something = to put/place/impose a ban on something: Cấm một cái gì
5. Firstly, they argue that such a measure is necessary on safety grounds.
- On N grounds = on the grounds of N = because of N: Vì lý do nào đó
‘on safety grounds’: vì lý do an toàn
6. Secondly, it is necessary at times to infringe on personal freedoms...
- To infringe on something = to interfere with something: Can thiệp để ngăn chặn cái gì
‘to infringe on personal freedoms’: can thiệp vào quyền tự do cá nhân
7. While nobody should underestimate the risks, I would argue that people should be free to
practice such sports if they so wish.
- ‘If they so wish’ = if they wish to do so: nếu họ mong muốn như vậy
8. It is true that there is widespread concern over the practice of extreme sports, to the extent
that some people argue that they should be outlawed by government legislation.
- It is true/undeniable/obvious/etc + that + clause: Một sự thật/Một điều không thể chối
bỏ/Một điều hiển nhiên là ….
- To the extent that/To such an extent + that + clause: Đến mức độ mà ...
9. While nobody should underestimate the risks, I would argue that people should be free to
practice such sports if they so wish.
I concur with those who argue that people should be free to do extreme sports, although I
believe it is necessary for individuals to abide by the safety rules.
- While/Whilst + clause, clause: Trong khi …, thì ....
- Although/Despite the fact that/Inspite of the fact that + clause, clause: Mặc
dù/Dù/Tuy … nhưng ….
10. It is necessary at times to infringe on personal freedoms.
- It is necessary/important/essential/vital/imperative + to V: Cần phải làm gì đó.
- It is necessary/important/essential/vital/imperative + that/for + somebody do
something: Ai đó làm gì là việc vô cùng quan trọng.
11. Such irresponsible behaviour can only be prevented by banning these sports.
- Such a/an + adj + N = So + adj + a/an N
- N + can only be prevented by doing something: Điều gì đó chỉ có thể được ngăn cản
bằng việc làm gì đó.
7. (16/04/2016) Task 2: In the future, it seems it will bemore difficult to live on the
Earth. Some people think more money should be spent on researching other planets to
live, such as Mars. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
[SPACE_GOVERNMENT]
It is beyond question that our planet will soon become unable to support human life. While
some people argue that no more spending should allocated to research on Mars or other
possible planets on which to live, I believe that such expenditure is essential.
There are related and important reasons why our planet is facing an ecological crisis, which
will result in the extinction of most species, including humans. Firstly, the world population
will soon reach 10 billion, putting an enormous strain on the environment and accelerating
habitat destruction and pollution. Secondly, this growing population is depleting -and will
eventually exhaust - natural resources on our planet. Already,for example, areas in Africa
and Asia lack water and desertification is spreading. Finally, the public has remained
apathetic while governments have failed to take action on global warming and to fight
climate change, processes which have now become irreversible.
Governments must therefore pour money into space research urgently. It will take time and
vast resources to launch space rockets, space probes and space shuttles and to fund
manned test flights. These are necessary technological steps in the quest for a new
homeland capable of sustaining human life. Such steps are, however, extremely costly as, for
example, the international space station can only be maintained through funding by many
nations. While that new homeland is unlikely to be Mars itself, the goal of the conquest of
space should be to find new planets which might support life and save the human species
from extinction.
In conclusion, I would argue that mankind is destroying the basis of life on Earth, and
governments must therefore spend every available dollar on research into finding alternative
habitable planets.
277 words
Hướng dẫn viết bài
Dạng bài: Opinion
Yêu cầu đề bài: Trong tương lai, việc sinh sống trên Trái Đất có lẽ sẽ khó khăn hơn. Một số
người cho rằng việc nghiên cứu về các hành tinh khác để sinh sống như sao Hỏa cần được
đầu tư nhiều tiền hơn. Đưa ra ý kiến (đồng ý hoặc không đồng ý) về vấn đề.
Ý kiến: Dù nhiều người cho rằng không nên đầu tư nhiều tiền hơn nữa cho việc nghiên cứu
các hành tinh khác để sinh sống, tôi tin rằng điều này là cấp thiết.
Mở bài (2 câu)
Câu 1: It is beyond question that our planet will soon become unable to support human life.
- Paraphrasing the topic: Dẫn dắt vào chủ đề bàn luận. Viết dựa trên đề bài đã cho
nhưng sử dụng ngôn từ khác.
Câu 2: While some people argue that no more spending should allocated to research on Mars
or other possible planets on which to live, I believe that such expenditure is essential.
- Thesis statement: Nêu ý kiến của bản thân về vấn đề (hoàn toàn đồng ý).
Thân bài (2 đoạn)
Đoạn 1: Nêu 3 lý do vì sao Trái đất đang đối mặt với khủng khoảng sinh thái.
Câu 1: There are related and important reasons why our planet is facing an ecological crisis,
which will result in the extinction of most species, including humans.
tại sao Trái đất đang khủng hoảng sinh thái và có thể dẫn đến sự tuyệt chủng của hầu hết các
loài, bao gồm con người.
Câu 2: Firstly, the world population will soon reach 10 billion, putting an enormous strain on
the environment and accelerating habitat destruction and pollution.
- Reason 1: Nêu lý do thứ nhất - Dân số quá đông, gây sức lớn lên môi trường và gia
tăng hủy hoại môi trường sống và ô nhiễm môi trường.
Câu 3: Secondly, this growing population is depleting - and will eventually exhaust - natural
resources on our planet.
- Reason 2: Nêu lý do thứ hai - Dân số ngày càng cao đang khai thác quá nhiều và dần
dần sẽ sử dụng hết tài nguyên thiên nhiên.
Câu 4: Already, for example, areas in Africa and Asia lack water and desertification is
spreading.
- Supporting sentence for reason 2: Nêu ví dụ cho lý do thứ hai - Nhiều vùng ở Châu
Phi và Châu Á thiếu nước và sự sa mạc hóa đang dần lan rộng.
Câu 5: Finally, the public has remained apathetic while governments have failed to take
action on global warming and to fight climate change, processes which have now become
irreversible.
- Reason 3: Nêu lý do thứ ba - Công chúng hờ hững còn các chính phủ thất bại trong
việc khắc phục nóng lên toàn cầu và chống lại thay đổi khí hậu, những quá trình mà bây giờ
không thể quay ngược lại được nữa.
Đoạn 2: Nêu lý do vì sao các chính phủ cần đầu tư vào nghiên cứu vũ trụ ngay lập tức.
Câu 1: Governments must therefore pour money into space research urgently.
- Topic sentence: Câu chủ đề của đoạn, nêu nội dung chính của đoạn - Các chính phủ
cần chi tiền cho nghiên cứu vũ trụ khẩn cấp.
Câu 2: It will take time and vast resources to launch space rockets, space probes and space
shuttles and to fund manned test flights.
- Reason: Lý do - Việc phóng tên lửa, tàu thăm dò vũ trụ và tàu không gian cùng với
việc cấp phí cho các chuyến du hành vũ trụ tốn rất nhiều thời gian và tài nguyên.
Câu 3: These are necessary technological steps in the quest for a new homeland capable of
sustaining human life.
- Supporting sentence 1: Lý luận - Đây là những bước quan trọng trong công cuộc tìm
kiếm một vùng đất mới có thể cung cấp nguồn sống cho con người.
Câu 4: Such steps are, however, extremely costly as, for example, the international space
station can only be maintained through funding by many nations.
- Supporting sentence 2: Lý luận - Những bước trên đều vô cùng đắt đỏ, vì dụ những
trạm vũ trụ không gian chỉ có thể được duy trì trên sự hỗ trợ về kinh phí của nhiều quốc gia.
Câu 5: While that new homeland is unlikely to be Mars itself, the goal of the conquest of
space should be to find new planets which might support life and save the human species
from extinction.
- Supporting sentence 3: Lý luận - Dù vùng đất mới để sinh sống có thể không phải là
sao Hỏa, mục tiêu của việc chinh phục vũ trụ nên hướng tới việc tìm ra nhưng hành tinh mới
có thể cung cấp sự sống và cứu loài ngoài khỏi sự tuyệt chủng.
Kết bài (1 câu)

In conclusion, I would argue that mankind is destroying the basis of life on Earth, and
governments must therefore spend every available dollar on research into finding alternative
habitable planets.
- Nhấn mạnh lại quan điểm đã nhắc tới trong thesis statement bằng ngôn từ khác.
Giải thích ngữ pháp và từ vựng

1. It is beyond question that our planet will soon become unable to support human life.
- It is beyond question that + clause = It is undoubted/unquestionable/indisputable that
+ clause: Điều gì đó/ cái gì đó là không thể tranh cãi
2. There are related and important reasons why our planet is facing an ecological crisis,
which will result in the extinction of most species, including humans.
- To face something = to encounter something = to confront something = to have to
deal with something: Đối mặt với điều gì
‘To face en ecological crisis’: đối mặt với khủng hoảng sinh thái
- To result in something = to lead to something = to cause: Khiến điều gì xảy ra
‘Result in the extinction of most species’: dẫn đến sự tuyệt chủng của hầu hết các loài
3. Firstly, the world population will soon reach 10 billion, putting an enormous strain on the
environment and accelerating habitat destruction and pollution.
- To put a strain on something/somebody = to put a burden on something/somebody:
Đặt gánh nặng lớn, gây sức ép lớn lên cái gì đó/ ai đó
‘Put an enormous strain on the environment’: gây sức ép lớn lên môi trường
4. Secondly, this growing population is depleting -and will eventually exhaust - natural
resources on our planet.
- To deplete something = to drain something: Bòn rút, rút cạn, tiêu hao cái gì
‘Deplete natural resources’: tiêu hao tài nguyên thiên nhiên
5. Finally, the public has remained apathetic while governments have failed to take action on
global warming and to fight climate change, processes which have now become
irreversible.
- To remain apathetic = to remain indifferent = to remain nonchalant: Tỏ thái độ hờ
hững, không quan tâm
‘The public has remained apathetic’: công chúng tỏ thái độ hờ hững
6. Governments must therefore pour money into space research urgently.
- To pour money into something = to invest in something: Đầu tư cho điều gì
‘Pour money into space research’: đầu tư cho nghiên cứu vũ trụ
- S + (must/should/have to/etc) + therefore + V = Therefore, S + (must/should/have
to/etc) + V: Ai đó nên làm điều gì
7. These are necessary technological steps in the quest for a new homeland capable of
sustaining human life.
- The quest for something = the search for something: Công cuộc tìm kiếm cái gì
‘the quest for a new homeland’: công cuộc tìm kiếm vùng đất sinh sống mới
8. Such steps are, however, extremely costly as, for example, the international space station
can only be maintained through funding by many nations.
- N + to be, however, adj/ N, however, V = However, N + to be + adj/ N + V: Tuy
nhiên, ...
‘Such steps are, however, extremely costly’ = However, such steps are extremely costly
- Such a/an + adj + N = So + adj + a/an N
- N + can only be maintained through V-ing: Cái gì chỉ có thể được duy trì dựa
vào/bằng ...
9. While that new homeland is unlikely to be Mars itself, the goal of the conquest of space
should be to find new planets which might support life and save the human species from
extinction.
- While/Whilst + clause, clause: Trong khi …, thì ....
- Although/Despite the fact that/Inspite of the fact that + clause, clause: Mặc
dù/Dù/Tuy … nhưng ….
8. Part 2 speaking: Describe an advertisement you have seen.

[ADVERTISEMENT]
You should say:
What the advertisement is
What it is for
And explain how you think about it.
Một ví dụ áp dụng các Collocation theo chủ đề trong phần script speaking
Today I’m going to tell you about an advertisement I’ve seen recently. It was actually a
commercial to promote iPhone 7, the latest smartphone manufactured by Apple – the well-
known technology giant. The ad was broadcasted prior to the launching of the product in
order to provoke curiosity among consumers, especially loyal users of the brand.
The advertisement didn’t convey any meaningful message but was rather designed to
highlight all the updated features of iPhone 7 compared to previous models in the series.
Besides, the commercial wasn’t directed towards any specific age group or gender, so the
target audience was quite large. As soon as the commercial was aired, the news about the
new product immediately made front page headlines and became the leading article of
many technology websites, magazines and online. Since Apple was already one of the most
reputable technology companies with a high level of brand awareness, it didn’t take much
time for the publicity to circulate. The advertisement generated a craze for iPhone 7,
everyone was talking about it on the Internet. People were eager to see how the latest model
would differ from earlier ones as well as to compare it with the latest smartphones of other
respected brands such as Samsung or Sony.
As for me, I thought it was a little plain and lacked creativity the first time I saw the ad, since
it only focused on the updated features. Later, I found the ad to have a certain feeling of
elegance to it, simple and straightforward but it was still able to attract an incredible
number of consumers. I have to admit that I was a little swayed by the advertisement,
even though I’m a Samsung fan.
Dịch:
Hôm nay, tôi sẽ nói về một quảng cáo tôi đã xem gần đây. Đó là quảng cáo để quảng bá
iPhone 7, dòng điện thoại thông minh mới nhất được sản xuất bởi Apple – người khủng lồ
trong lĩnh vực công nghệ. Quảng cáo đó được chiếu trước khi sản phẩm được ra mắt nhằm
khơi dậy sự tò mò trong lòng người tiêu thụ, nhất là những người dùng trung thành của hãng.
Thực chất, quảng cáo đó không truyền tải một thông điệp đặc biệt nào cả mà chỉ được thiết kế
để làm nổi bật những tính năng mới của iPhone 7 so với các mẫu điện thoại trước đó. Bên
cạnh đó, đoạn quảng cáo không nhắm đến một nhóm tuổi hay giới tính cụ thể nên nhóm
khách hàng mục tiêu lớn. Ngay khi được công chiếu, tin tức về sản phẩm mới lập tức nắm vị
trí tiêu đề của nhiều tờ báo và trở thành tin tức quan trọng nhất trong ngày của vô số trang
mạng về lĩnh vực công nghệ và tạp chí. Vì vốn Apple đã là một trong những công ty công
nghệ có tiếng tăm nhất với độ nhận biết thương hiệu cao từ trước, chẳng mấy chốc quảng cáo
đó đã lưu truyền khắp trên mạng. Đoạn quảng cáo đã tạo nên một cơn sốt cho iPhone 7, tất cả
mọi người đều bàn luận về nó trên internet. Mọi người đều háo hức để biết mẫu điện thoại
mới nhất sẽ khác gì với những mẫu từ trước đó và so sánh nó với những mẫu điện thoại thông
minh mới của những thương hiệu danh tiếng khác như Samsung hay Sony.
Về cá nhân tôi, lần đầu tiên xem đoạn quảng cáo, tôi đã nghĩ nó thật tẻ nhạt và thiếu tính sáng
tạo vì chỉ tập trung quảng bá những tính năng mới. Về sau, tôi lại cảm thấy nó có một sự tinh
tế riêng, đơn giản và trực tiếp nhưng vẫn có thể thu hút một lượng người tiêu dùng ấn tượng.
Phải công nhận, tôi đã bị lung lay vì đoạn quảng cáo này mặc dù là một người hâm mộ của
Samsung.
Vocabulary
1. Promote [v] (quảng bá, quảng cáo): to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or
support something
Example: Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote
products.
2. To be manufactured by [expression] (được sản xuất bởi): to be created, produced
(by someone, by a company, etc)
Example: All iPhones, iPads and iPods are manufactured by Apple.
3. Technology giant [expression] (“người khổng lồ công nghê”, chỉ một công ty có danh
tiếng trong lĩnh vực công nghệ): a leading and very large technology corporation
Example: Samsung, Apple and Sony are three of the biggest technology giants. Their
products are of high quality and are very wide-ranging.
4. The launching of a product [phrase, noun] (việc ra mắt sản phẩm mới): the introduction
of a new product
=> to launch a product [phrase, verb]: to introduce a new product
Example: Companies have recognised that the services of the marketing industry are essential
to launch a new product successfully.
5. A loyal user [noun phrase] (người dùng trung thành): someone who has been using a
product of a certain company for a long time
Example: My boyfriend is a loyal user of Apple. Almost all of his electronic devices are
products of Apple.
6. To convey a message [phrase] (truyền tải thông điệp): To convey information or feelings
means to cause them to be known or understood by someone.
Example: The newest promotional video for UNICEF’s campaign conveys a meaningful
message of child protection.
7. To highlight [verb] (nhấn mạnh) to emphasize something, so that people pay more
attention to it
Example: Nike highlighted the quality of its trainers by using the Olympic gold medal
winner Ussain Bolt to promote the product.
8. Target audience [noun phrase] (khách hàng/khán giả mục tiêu): consumers whom
businesses aim at when selling their products
Example: Companies which sell soft drinks, like Coca Cola, aim mainly at a target audience
of children and adolescents.
9. To make front page headlines [phrase] (trở thành tin tiêu đề): to be an important item of
news in the newspapers, on radio or TV.
Example: It seems that every insignificant event in the lives of celebrities makes front page
headlines.
10. To become the leading article [phrase] (trở thành tin quan trọng nhất trong ngày): to
become a piece of writing which deals with the most important news item of the day.
Example: Newspapers in my country often have a leading article on some sensational crime
that has been committed.
11. Brand awareness [noun phrase] (độ nhận biết thương hiệu): the action of bringing the
name of a company to the attention of the public
Example: Advertising, not the quality of the product, is responsible for creating brand
awareness among consumers, as can be seen by the success of market leaders such as Nike
or Coca Cola.
12. To generate a craze for something [phrase] (tạo nên một cơn sốt cho cái gì đó): to
create an enthusiastic interest in something that is shared by many people but that usually
does not last very long
Example: The catchy theme song in Điện máy xanh’s commercial generated a craze for its
goods.
13. To focus on something [phrase] (tập trung vào cái gì) to give attention to one particular
thing
Example: The commercial for orange juice focused on the health benefits of the product.
14. To attract consumers [phrase] (thu hút khách hàng): to appeal to buyers so that they
purchase a product
Example: It is common for brands to offer discounts occasionally to attract consumers.
15. To be swayed by the advertisement [phrase] (bị thuyết phục bởi quảng cáo): to be
influenced to buy things as a result of advertising
Example: If consumers were not easily swayed by advertisements, the advertising industry
would not exist.
9. (29/08/2015) Some people believe that government money should be spent on
important things rather than arts such as painting and music. To what extent do you
agree or disagree? (ART, GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS)
Essay Plan
• Introduction – spending on health and education is top priority, but disagree with no
funding for the arts
• Paragraph 2 –funding of arts from other sources is important [1] private individuals -
examples [2] company sponsorship
• Paragraph 3 –government funding is also necessary [1] economic benefits: tourism –
examples [2] cultural benefits – develop new talent
• Conclusion – a mixed funding model. Governments must provide some financial help
for the arts
Essay:
It is true that some governments allocate resources tofunding for the arts. While it is essential
to prioritize expenditureon hospitals and schools, I would argue that support for artists is
worthwhile in terms of both its cultural and economic benefits.
It should be recognized that the private sector and also individual members of the public are
partly responsible for preserving a country’s literary and artistic heritage. Individual financial
help may range from simple acts, such as giving coins to street musicians, to buying
expensive paintings or reserving a seat at an opera house or other concert venue. Corporate
support might take the form of commissioning works of art or providing money forvenues
such as theatres, or special art exhibitionsto enhance the public image of a particular
enterprise.
However, these sources of financial support alone are insufficient and government subsidies
are essential to support the arts. Government sponsorship is justified in economic terms
because the leisure industry has experienced a dramatic boom in recent years. The public
demand for entertainment of all kinds continues to grow. Tourists flock in thousands to
experience the works of art in the Louvre in Paris, to see a Shakespeare play in England or to
listen to live musicplayed by their favourite performers and genres of music. From a cultural
perspective, artists have to be encouraged, and a talented playwright or sculptor would never
be able to develop those talents if governments did not provide public subsidies.
In conclusion, there is thus a strong argument in favour of a mixed funding model for the arts.
While important sectors such as health and education should be the top government priority, I
disagree that the arts should be starved of public money.
289 words.
Dịch đại nghĩa của bài

Ngày nay, chính phủ chi tiêu một phần lớn ngân sách không chỉ cho các dịch vụ công mà còn
cả nghệ thuật. Trong khi tôi công nhận rằng chi tiêu cho các dịch vụ công là ưu tiên hàng đầu
của chính phủ, tôi tin rằng điều quan trọng là phải chi tiêu tiền cho nghệ thuật.
Có những yếu tố quan trọng để giải thích tại sao chính phủ đang dành các khoản tiền đáng kể
cho sự phát triển của các dịch vụ công cộng. Mọi người luôn mong muốn sống ở một đất
nước có chất lượng cao, y tế chất lượng cao, giáo dục toàn diện cũng như giao thông vận tải
hiện đại. Dịch vụ công cộng chất lượng cao không chỉ phản ánh sự hài lòng của công dân với
cuộc sống mà còn đem lại cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống của toàn cộng đồng. Ví dụ, nếu
chính phủ không chi đủ tiền cho các trường học, sẽ không có những tài năng đóng góp cho sự
phát triển của đất nước trong tương lai. Tương tự, nếu chi phí của chính phủ đối với cảnh sát
và các dịch vụ an ninh là không đủ, sự gia tăng số vụ tai nạn khủng bố sẽ dẫn đến hậu quả
thảm khốc.
Mặc dù có rất nhiều lợi ích từ việc phân bổ ngân quỹ cho các dịch vụ xã hội, nhưng nghệ
thuật cũng có nhiều lý do để được xem xét. Trong cuộc sống hiện đại, mức sống đã và đang
liên tục gia tăng kéo theo yêu cầu về giải trí có tăng. Khi mọi người muốn thư giãn và tận
hưởng cuộc sống của họ cũng như giảm căng thẳng gây ra bởi áp lực đáng kinh ngạc của việc
học tập tại trường hoặc khối lượng công việc quá tải, họ sẽ đến rạp chiếu phim, viện bảo tàng,
hoặc các phòng trưng bày. Hơn nữa, nếu một quốc gia có di sản văn học và nghệ thuật phong
phú, đất nước đó sẽ thu hút nhiều khách du lịch mỗi năm để làm giàu ngân sách quốc gia
bằng thuế và thu nhập từ các chương trình nghệ thuật. Số tiền này sẽ cung cấp tài chính cho
các dịch vụ công cộng, do đó đất nước sẽ phát triển một cách toàn diện.
Tóm lại, trong khi tôi tin rằng điều quan trọng vẫn luôn là ưu tiên chi tiêu cho các dịch vụ
công cộng, tôi không nghĩ rằng chi tiêu cho nghệ thuật là một sự lãng phí tiền bạc.
Vocabulary:
Art
Funding for the arts
Meaning: the act of providing money for artists, musicians, writers
Example: Government funding for the arts has enabled many theatres to remain open.
Literary and artistic heritage

Meaning: the tradition of writing, painting or music that a country, city or town has had for
many years, and which is now an important part of its character
Example: Visitors to England can enjoy its rich literary and artistic heritage by visiting such
attractions as Shakespeare’s birthplace and the National Art Gallery.
Street musicians
Meaning: people who play a musical instrument in the street to get money from passers-by
Example: Street musicians are very popular in tourist cities like Barcelona and London.
An opera house
Meaning: a building such as a theatre where the performers sing while the orchestra plays the
music
Example: The financial costs of running an opera house are very high, so the ticket prices are
expensive.
A concert venue
Meaning: a place where people go to listen to live music at an organized event.
Example: One of the most beautiful and historic concert venues is the Paris Opera House.
To commission a work of art

Meaning: to officially ask someone to paint a picture or compose a piece of music for you
Example: Artists in the past often relied on wealthy people to commission a work of art –
usually a painting or sculpture – from them.
Live music
Meaning: music that is not recorded – it is performed at the same time that people listen to it
Example: Without funding from governments, it is doubtful whether live music would
survive.
Genres of music
Meaning: particular types or styles of music
Example: Different genres of music tend to be favoured by different age groups, such as
classical music which is more populary among the older generation.
A talented playwright
Meaning: a person who writes plays for the theatre
Example: Directors of theatres must encourage talented playwrights by presenting new plays
to the public.
A mixed funding model for the arts

Meaning: a model in which some money to support the arts is given by the government and
some money is provided by private individuals or commercial organizations
Example: A mixed funding model for the arts is the best way to support the cultural life of a
community.
Government
To allocate resources to
Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public transport, this will
reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
To prioritize expenditure on
Example: I believe that it is important to prioritize expenditure on medical research in order
to save lives.
Government sponsorship
Meaning: the act of providing financial support by the government
Example: Government sponsorship of the arts is necessary if creative young talent is to be
encouraged.
To provide public subsidies

Meaning: to give government money to reduce the costs of something
Example: The train service will continue to operate if the government decides to provide
public subsidies.
A top government priority

Meaning: something which is so important that the government should deal with it first
Example: In all countries, spending on health services should be a top government priority.
Business
To enhance their public image
Meaning: to make their company appear more attractive to the public
Example: In order to enhance their public image, some companies donate large amounts of
money to charities.
10. (08/07/2017) Everyone should stay at school until 18. To what extent do you agree
or disagree? (EDUCATION, FAMILY, WORK)
Essay Plan:
● Introduction: despite arguments for leaving school early, I agree with this view.
● Paragraph 2: quit school early – 2 arguments: [1] not enough vocational courses
(examples) – not all youngsters want to go to university [2] poor families – young people
have to find jobs
● Paragraph 3: stay at school [1] provide more training for a range of professions [2]
provide money for poor families, so that all children can gain good qualifications and better
future jobs
● Conclusion: all youngsters should stay at school until 18.
Đề cương bài viết:
● Mở bài: bất chấp các ý kiến ủng hộ việc thôi học sớm, tôi ủng hộ việc học đến năm
18 tuổi.
● Đoạn 2: thôi học sớm – 2 luận điểm: [1] không đủ các khóa học nghề (ví dụ) – không
phải ai cũng muốn học đại học [2] những hộ gia đình nghèo – nhiều bạn trẻ phải tìm việc làm
● Đoạn 3: tiếp tục học [1] cung cấp đào tạo cho nhiều ngành nghề [2] cung cấp tiền cho
các hộ nghèo để các trẻ em nghèo có thể đạt được những bằng cấp tốt và công việc tương lai
tốt hơn
● Kết luận: tất cả học sinh đều nên ở lại trường cho đến năm 18 tuổi
Essay:
There is a body of opinion which advocates that all youngsters should stay on at school until
they are 18. I agree with this view, despite the arguments for leaving school at an earlier age.
There are two important arguments in favour of quitting school before the age of 18. Firstly,
in some countries continuing school until 18 is simply a preparation for entering higher
education. There may be a lack of vocational courses to prepare young people to acquire
experience and skills to enter trades such as electricians, car mechanics or professions such
as nursing. Those who are not intending to pursue an academic career may fall behind with
their studies or even disrupt lessons. Secondly, family background must be considered.
In poor families, young people must leave school and start to earn money to contribute to the
family income. Not all families can afford to let children stay on at school until 18.
However, in spite of these objections, I concur with those who believe in compulsory
education until 18. The provision of a wide range of courses would make learning
meaningful, so that all young people could put the knowledge gained at school into
practice. The global economy now demands high skill levels, and educational qualifications
are essential if youngsters are to have good job prospects and to pursue a successful career.
In financial terms, national and local authorities must provide funding for poor families to
maintain children at school. Children are the shapers of a nation’s tomorrow, so all must
have the chance to make the grade by benefitting from the best possible education during
their formative years.
In conclusion, I would argue that staying at school up to the age of 18 would be of enormous
benefit to all youngsters.
295 words
Dịch đại nghĩa bài viết:
Có một luồng ý kiến đồng ý rằng tất cả trẻ vị thành viên nên đi học ở trường cho đến năm 18
tuổi. Tôi đồng ý với quan điểm này, dù vẫn có những lý do cho việc thôi học ở độ tuổi sớm
hơn.
Có hai luận điểm quan trọng ủng hộ cho việc ngừng học trước năm 18 tuổi. Thứ nhất, ở một
số nước tiếp tục đi học đến 18 tuổi chỉ đơn thuần là sự chuẩn bị cho việc vào đại học. Ở đó có
thể thiếu mất các khóa học nghề để giúp sinh viên tích lũy kiến thức và kinh nghiệm để tiến
vào các ngành như thợ điện, thợ sửa chữa ô tô hay các ngành như y tá. Những người không
có ý định theo đuổi một công việc học thuật có thể không theo kịp việc học trên trường hay
làm gián đoạn các lớp học. Thứ hai, hoàn cảnh gia đình cũng phải được cân nhắc. Ở các hộ
nghèo, nhiều bạn trẻ phải thôi học và bắt đầu kiếm tiền để giúp đỡ kinh tế gia đình. Không
phải gia đình nào cũng có khả năng cho con đi học đến năm 18 tuổi.
Tuy nhiên, bất chấp những luận điểm trên, tôi đồng ý với những người tin vào giáo dục bắt
buộc đến năm 18 tuổi. Việc cung cấp nhiều môn học khác nhau sẽ khiến việc học trở nên ý
nghĩa, để tất cả các bạn trẻ có thể áp dụng kiến thức học được ở trường vào luyện tập thực tế.
Nền kinh tế toàn cầu hiện nay yêu cầu trình độ kĩ năng cao và bằng cấp học tập là quan trọng
nếu các bạn trẻ muốn có cơ hội nghề nghiệp tốt và theo đuổi một sự nghiệp thành công. Về
mặt kinh tế, các chính quyền địa phương và trung ương cần phải cung cấp trợ cấp cho các hộ
nghèo để con cái họ có thể tiếp tục học tập. Trẻ em là những người xây dựng tương lai của
một đất nước nên tất cả đều cần phải có cơ hội để đạt được yêu cầu tối thiểu bằng việc được
hưởng nền giáo dục tốt nhất có thể trong những năm hình thành của chúng.
Tóm lại, tôi cho rằng ở lại trường cho đến tuổi 18 sẽ mang lại những lợi ích lớn lao cho tất cả
các bạn trẻ.
Vocabulary
Education:
● higher education
Meaning: education at university or college level
Example: Some young people prefer to start work rather than to enter higher education.
● vocational courses
Meaning: courses which provide students with the skills and knowledge that they need to do
a particular job
Example: Schools should provide more vocational courses for students who want to be
plumbers, mechanics or nurses, for example.
● to fall behind with your studies

Meaning: to improve more slowly in studying than other people, so that you fail to learn the
course material at the necessary speed
Example: Students who fail to attend classes always fall behind with their studies.
● to disrupt lessons
Meaning: to behave in such a way that the teacher is unable to teach the students properly
Example: Teachers must impose strict discipline on students who try to disrupt lessons.
● to make the grade

Meaning: to successfully reach the necessary standard
Example: Nobody will make the grade in their studies if they rely on luck rather than hard
work.
Work:
● to acquire experience and skills
Meaning: to gain experience, knowledge or skills by your own efforts over a period of time
Example: She worked in a supermarket in the school holidays in order to acquire experience
and skills for a career in customer services.
● to put knowledge gained into practice

Example: Vocational training courses enable students to put the knowledge gained during
their studies into practice.
● job prospects
Meaning: the chances of being successful and having a successful career at work
Example: This language qualification will certainly improve your job prospects.
● to pursue a successful career

Meaning: to have a series of jobs in a particular field of work, with more responsibility as
time passes
Example: If you hope to pursue a successful career in business, you must be prepared to
learn from your successes and failures.
Family and children:

● family background
Meaning: the details of a person’s family
Example: Criminals sometimes have a bad family background, abused or neglected by their
parents.
● the shapers of a nation’s tomorrow

Meaning: refers to the younger generations who decide the future of a country
Example: Governments must provide education for youngsters, because they are the shapers
of a nation’s tomorrow.
● formative years
Meaning: a period of a person’s life – usually when they are young – that has a big influence
on the person that they become later in life
Example: Ho Chi Minh spent his formative years travelling in France, the Soviet Union and
China.
Government:
● national and local authorities
Meaning: government organizations acting at a national level or within a smaller, local area
Example: Tackling crime is a responsibility of both national and local authorities.
● to provide funding for

Example: Providing funding for health care must be the top priority of all governments.
11. (25/06/2017) Scientists predict in the near future cars will be driven by computers,
not people. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?Why? (TECHOLOGY,
GOVERNEMTN, TRANSPORT)
Essay Plan:
● Introduction – computers will soon drive cars, already computer-driven cars exist, the
consequences will be wholly positive
● Paragraph 2 – reason: the advances in technology – fully computerized cars have been
built, many people already navigate using satellite technology.
● Paragraph 3 – positive development [1] road safety greatly improved, will eliminate
human error and dangerous behaviour (drinking, speeding). Reduce need for safety measures
on roads (speed cameras)
● Paragraph 4 – positiive development [2] increase mobility for everyone by removing
need for testing; the elderly and people with health problems/disabilities
Essay:
It is true that advances in technology have led scientists to suggest that it will not be long
before computers will be driving cars. I believe that the consequences will be wholly
positive.
Scientists have good reasons to believe that computer-driven cars will soon become the norm.
The first computer-driven cars have been built and the technological breakthrough
achieved. Already, satellite navigation systems guide many drivers to their destinations, using
sophisticated software that can incorporate information about traffic congestion and delays.
Thus, computers speed up journey times and ease traffic flow. It is therefore reasonable to
anticipate that computers will soon assume all the functions of the human motorist.
The principal benefit of driverless vehicles will be a reduction in the number of deaths and
injuries on the roads. The majority of accidents are the result of human error or
irresponsibility, including such reckless behaviour as speeding and driving while
intoxicated. If the control of vehicles were computerized, the roads would be safer for
everyone, including cyclists and pedestrians. There would also be no need for local or
national authoritiesto apply road safety measures, such as the installation of speed
cameras or traffic calming.
A second major advantage will be to enable more people to use cars. At present, in many
countries such as the UK, in order to adhere to the law, learners have to undergo extensive
training and sit a rigourous test before they become qualified drivers. For the elderly and
thosewith some physical disability or mental health problems, such as anxiety,a car driven
by a computer will be an extremely beneficial application of leading-edge technology.
In conclusion, I would argue that technological achievements will result in fully-

computerized cars and this should be welcomed universally as a positive development.
294 words
Dịch đại nghĩa bài viết
Một sự thật là những bước tiến về công nghệ đã khiến các nhà khoa học gợi ý rằng sẽ không
bao lâu nữa máy tính sẽ điều khiển xe ô tô. Tôi tin rằng hệ quả của việc này là hoàn toàn tích
cực.
Những nhà khoa học có nhiều lý do để tin rằng xe ô tô được lái bằng máy tính sẽ sớm trở
thành một điều bình thường. Những chiếc xe được điều khiển bởi máy đầu tiên đã được tạo ra
và đạt được những bứt phá về mặt công nghệ. Hệ thống định vị vệ tinh đã có thể chỉ đường
cho những người điều khiển xe ô tô đến đích đến bằng cách sử dụng phần mềm tinh vi có thể
cung cấp thông tin về tắc nghẽn giao thông và những sự trì hoãn. Vậy nên máy tính khiến
thời gian di chuyển nhanh hơn và giúp xe cộ di chuyển dễ dàng hơn. Vì thế việc mong đợi
rằng máy tính sẽ sớm thay thế vị trí của những lái xe con người là hợp lý.
Lợi ích lớn nhất của những chiếc xe không người lái là sự giảm thiểu về tỉ lệ tử vong và
thương tích trên các con đường. Phần lớn các tai nạn đều là kết quả của lỗi sai và sự thiếu
trách nhiệm của con người, bao gồm những hành vi nguy hiểm như đi vượt quá tốc độ cho
phép hay lái xe khi say rượu. Nếu việc điều khiển xe cộ được vi tính hóa, những con đường
sẽ trở nên an toàn hơn cho mọi người, trong đó có cả những người đạp xe đạp và người đi bộ.
Ta sẽ không cần đến các chính quyền địa phương và trung ương phải áo dụng các biện pháp
an toàn giao thông như lắp đặt máy quay tốc độ hay điều khiển luồng giao thông.
Một lợi ích lớn thứ hai đó là tạo điều kiện cho nhiều người sử dụng xe ô tô hơn. Hiện nay, ở
nhiều nước như Vương quốc Anh, để tuân thủ luật, những người học lái xe phải trai qua huấn
luyện kĩ càng và tham gia các bài kiểm tra đầy thách thức trước khi có được bằng lái. Với
những người già và những người khuyết tật hay có vấn đề về thần kinh, một chiếc ô tô lái tự
động sẽ là một sự áp dụng công nghệ hiện đại vô cùng hữu ích.
Tóm lại, tôi cho rằng những thành tựu công nghệ sẽ dẫn đến những chiếc ô tô được vi tính
hóa hoàn toàn và đây cần là một sự tiến bộ được thế giới hoan nghênh.
Vocabulary
Technology:
Advances in technology
Meaning: the improvement or developments in technology
Example: Recent advances in technology are leading to exciting results in the field of
medicine and cures for many illnesses.
A technological breakthrough
Meaning: an important new discovery in technology
Example: The development of the micro-chip was atechnological breakthrough which
transformed the way in which people communicate.
Driverless vehicles
Meaning: cars and other vehicles which have the technology to drive themselves, without a
person in control
Example: The first driverless vehicles have already been built and will soon be seen on the
road.
To computerize something
Meaning: to provide a computer or computers to do the work
Example: The factory has been fully computerized, so fewer staff are needed to do the work.
Leading-edge technology
Meaning: the most advanced technology available
Example: The latest cell phone incorporates leading-edge technology, with lots of new
features.
Transport:
To speed up journey times:
Example: The creation of special bus and cycle lanes on roads would speed up journey
times.
To ease traffic flow:

Example: A congestion charge on cars entering the centre of London has eased traffic flow
in the city.
Driving while intoxicated:

Meaning: the crime of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol
Example: Driving while intoxicated is a serious crime and must be punished severely.
The installation of speed cameras:

Meaning: The act of putting cameras on certain roads to check that cars are not going faster
than the speed limit
Example: Near schools and hospitals, the installation of speed cameras is essential to
prevent accidents.
Traffic calming:
Meaning: building raised areas on roads as a means of making cars go more slowly
Example: Traffic calming measures in cities would make the roads safer for pedestrians and
cyclists.
Government:
Local or national authorities:
Meaning: government organizations acting in a local area or across a country
Example: Tackling crime is a responsibility of both local and national authorities.
To adhere to
Meaning: to behave according to a particular law or rule
Example: Governments which fail to adhere to their promises will become unpopular very
quickly.
Health:
Mental health problems:
Meaning: problems related to an illness of a person’s mind
Example: Overwork may sometimes result in mental health problems, such as anxiety or
depression.
12. (03/06/2017) As the number of cars increases, more money has to be spent on road
systems. Some people think the government should pay for this. Others, however, think that
the user should cover the costs. Discuss and give your opinion (TRANSPORT,
GOVERNMENT)
Essay Plan:
• Introduction: there is more traffic on the roads. State both views and state agreement
that road users should pay
• Paragraph 2: governments should pay [1] safety measures [give examples] benefit
everyone, so all should pay taxes for these [2] it will help the economy to benefit by
keeping transport costs low
• Paragraph 3: road users should pay [1] reduces car use – more taxes on motorists –
petrol, road tolls, congestion charges [2] people have to pay for water, electricity, gas,
so roads are no different. Government money should be used for other priorities
• Conclusion: road users should pay.
Essay:
The growing volume of traffic on the roads puts road systems under tremendous pressure
with the demand for new roads and the need to maintain the existing road infrastructure.
While some people believe that governments should provide funding to build and repair
roads, I agree with those who argue that road users must shoulder this financial
responsibility.
On the one hand, there are strong arguments that governments should be held accountable
for the upkeep and improvement of all road systems. In terms of road safety measures,
investing in transport infrastructure by installing speed cameras and introducing traffic
calming must be undertaken by governments. Such measures will benefit everyone, not only
car owners, and therefore all should contribute through general taxation to provide the
necessary revenue. From the perspective of the economy, if the authorities do not invest in
speeding up journey times, and in easing traffic flow through road improvements, the
overhead costs of all businesses will increase, as precious time is wasted in transporting
goods by road.
On the other hand, I concur with the view that road users should pay. Firstly, this will
discourage the growth of private car use. When motorists have to pay according to how
much they use their cars, there will be a dramatic reduction in unnecessary journeys. Raising
taxes on petrol and charging tolls are two essential measures, along with a congestion
charge as imposed in London, to reduce rush hour traffic jams in cities. Secondly, people
have to pay for their consumption of water, electricity and gas, so roads are no different from
any other public utility. Governments will then be able to prioritize expenditure on health
and education.
In conclusion, governments should not provide public subsidies to maintain and improve
road systems, the user should be made to pay.
297 words
Dịch đại ý bài viết
Sự gia tăng lưu lượng giao thông trên các tuyến đường làm cho các hệ thống đường bộ chịu
áp lực rất lớn với nhu cầu về những con đường mới và sự cần thiết phải duy trì cơ sở hạ tầng
đường hiện có. Trong khi một số người tin rằng các chính phủ nên cung cấp tài chính để xây
dựng và sửa chữa đường xá, tôi đồng ý với những người cho rằng người sử dụng đường bộ
phải gánh vác trách nhiệm tài chính này.
Một mặt, có những lập luận mạnh mẽ rằng các chính phủ phải chịu trách nhiệm về việc bảo
trì và cải tiến tất cả các hệ thống đường bộ. Xét về các biện pháp an toàn đường bộ, việc đầu
tư vào cơ sở hạ tầng giao thông bằng cách lắp đặt máy quay tốc độ và giới thiệu mức độ các
phương tiện tham gia phải được thực hiện bởi các chính phủ. Các biện pháp này sẽ có lợi cho
tất cả mọi người, không chỉ riêng chủ sở hữu xe hơi, và do đó tất cả mọi người nên đóng góp
thông qua thuế chung để cung cấp ngân sách cần thiết. Xét trên khía cạnh kinh tế, nếu chính
quyền không đầu tư để đẩy nhanh thời gian đi lại và giảm lưu lượng giao thông thông qua cải
tiến đường thì chi phí đầu vào của tất cả các doanh nghiệp sẽ tăng lên vì thời gian quý giá bị
lãng phí khi vận chuyển hàng hoá bằng đường bộ.
Mặt khác, tôi đồng tình với quan điểm cho rằng người sử dụng đường nên trả tiền. Thứ nhất,
điều này sẽ làm giảm sự phát triển của việc sử dụng xe tư nhân. Khi người lái xe phải trả tiền
theo mức độ sử dụng xe ô tô của họ thì sẽ tự giảm đáng kể các chuyến đi không cần thiết.
Việc tăng thuế đối với phí xăng dầu và phí sạc là hai biện pháp thiết yếu cùng với phí tắc
nghẽn như ở Luân Đôn để nhằm giảm ùn tắc giao thông ở các thành phố. Thứ hai, người dân
phải trả tiền cho việc tiêu thụ nước, điện và ga, vì vậy các con đường cũng không khác gì các
tiện ích công cộng khác. Chính phủ sẽ có thể ưu tiên chi cho y tế và giáo dục.
Tóm lại, các chính phủ không nên cung cấp trợ cấp công để duy trì và cải tiến các hệ thống
đường bộ, người sử dụng bắt buộc phải thanh toán.
Vocabulary:
Transport:
road safety measures

Meaning: actions to ensure that roads are made safer
Example: The number of accidents would be reduced if governments imposed more road
safety measures.
to invest in transport infrastructure

Meaning: to spend money on improving roads, railways, bus and train stations
Example: Governments must invest in transport infrastructure to make journeys by road
and rail safer.
to install speed cameras

Meaning: to put cameras on certain roads to check that cars are obeying the speed limits
Example: Local authorities should install speed cameras near schools and hospitals.
traffic calming
Meaning: building raised areas on roads, as a way of making sure that cars go more slowly
Example: Traffic calming measures in towns and cities make the roads safer for cyclists and
pedestrians.
to speed up journey times

Example: The creation of bus lanes would speed up journey times for those who rely on bus
services.
to ease traffic flow
Example: Bus and cycle lanes help to ease traffic flow in busy city centres.
congestion charge
Meaning: an amount of money that people have to pay for driving their cars into the centres
of some cities
Example: More cities should follow the example of London and introduce a congestion
charge in order to ease traffic flow in the city centre.
rush hour traffic jams

Meaning: the time when most people are travelling to school or to work and so there is too
much traffic on the roads
Example: Commuters often get stuck in rush hour traffic jams, and the situation will only
improve if more people use public transport.
Government:
to provide funding
Example: All governments ought to provide funding to improve health care for the public.
the authorities
Meaning: government organizations acting at either a national or local level
Example: Police will take action to ensure that the instructions issued by the authorities are
obeyed.
to prioritize expenditure on
Example: I believe that it is important to prioritize expenditure on medical research, in
order to save lives.
to provide public subsidies

Meaning: to give government money to reduce the costs of services or goods in order to keep
prices low
Example: In order to encourage environmentally-friendly farming, governments must
provide public subsidies for organic agriculture.
Environment:
to be held accountable for
Meaning: to consider somebody to be responsible for something
Example: The directors of the company should be held accountable for the recent fall in
profits.
Business and Money:

revenue
Meaning: the money that a government receives from taxes
Example: As a result of the economic crisis, the tax revenues of the government have fallen.
overhead costs
Meaning: regular expenses involved in running a business
Example: The overhead costs of transport companies are increased when their truck drivers
are delayed for hours in traffic jams.
General vocabulary:
• shoulder [verb] to accept responsibility for something
Example: Working mothers shoulder the burden of working and looking after children
• upkeep [noun] the cost or process of keeping something in good condition
Example: Money from visitors contributes to the upkeep of the Temple.
• toll [noun] money that you pay to use a particular road or bridge
Example: There are a number of places on this motorway where you must stop and pay a toll.
13. (15/07/2017) Animal species are becoming extinct as a result of human activities on
land and in sea. Why has this happened? What's the solution? (ENVIRONMENT)
Essay Plan:
• Introduction – agree with statement. Various reasons and urgent solutions needed
• Paragraph 2: reason 1 – pollution of habitats – coral reefs – toxic waste / reason 2 –
habitat destruction – deforestation – tigers in Indonesia
• Paragraph 3: solution 1 – improve sanitation systems – oceans: control waste
dumping, ban whaling / solution 2 - role of zoos – breeding programmes – ban poaching –
more wildlife reserves.
• Conclusion: moral duty of humans to stop pollution and habitat destruction.
Essay:
It is true that many terrestrial and marine animal species are now endangered as a result of
the actions of humans. Various forms of environmental destruction have brought about this
situation, and solutions must be found and implemented urgently.
The decline in many animal species stems from pollution or habitat destruction. Pollution
resulting from human activity is one of the main reasons why many animals are on the brink
of extinction. Aquatic life, such as coral reefs, are particularly sensitive to such
irresponsible behaviour as the dumping of toxic waste into oceans and rivers. Another
important factor is the environmental degradation caused by deforestation and the
industrialization of agriculture. Tigers in Indonesia, for example, rarely survive in the wild
following the clearing of rainforests, and they are now protected in designated wildlife
reserves where, at least, they have freedom to roam, to exhibit their natural behaviour
and to breed.
Solutions must be adopted to deal with this decline in animal species. Investment in
sanitation systems will help protect water sources on which humans and animals both
depend to survive. The marine environment must be cleaned up and international legislation
strictly enforced to prevent actions such as the discharge of chemical waste into the sea or
the practice of whaling. In order to save species from extinction, the conservation role of
zoos must be prioritized. Many zoos and safari parks, for example, now have successful
captive breeding programmes, of which the giant panda is perhaps the most famous.
Endangered species must be protected also in their natural habitats through the elimination
of poaching and the creation of more wildlife reserves.
In conclusion, humans are part of the animal kingdom and have a moral duty to save species
from extinction by taking steps to curb pollution and habitat destruction.
297 words
Dịch đại nghĩa bài viết
Đúng là nhiều loài động vật trên cạn và biển đang bị đe doạ do hành động của con người.
Nhiều hình thức hủy hoại môi trường đã gây ra tình trạng này, và các giải pháp phải được tìm
ra và thực hiện khẩn cấp.
Sự suy giảm nhiều loài động vật xuất phát từ ô nhiễm hoặc sự phá hủy môi trường sống. Ô
nhiễm do hoạt động của con người là một trong những lý do chính khiến nhiều động vật đi
đến bờ vực tuyệt chủng. Sinh vật dưới nước, như các rạn san hô thì đặc biệt nhạy cảm với
hành vi vô trách nhiệm như việc đổ chất thải độc hại ra các đại dương và sông. Một yếu tố
quan trọng khác là sự thoái hóa môi trường do nạn phá rừng và công nghiệp hóa nông nghiệp.
Ví dụ, những con hổ ở Indonesia hiếm khi sống sót được trong tự nhiên sau những vụ rà phá
rừng nhiệt đới, và hiện nay chúng đang được bảo vệ trong các khu bảo tồn động vật hoang dã
đặc thù, nơi mà ở đó ít nhất chúng cũng có quyền đi lang thang, thể hiện hành vi tự nhiên và
sinh sản.
Các giải pháp phải được thông qua để đối phó với sự suy giảm này đối với các loài động vật.
Đầu tư vào hệ thống vệ sinh sẽ giúp bảo vệ nguồn nước mà con người và động vật đều phụ
thuộc vào để sinh tồn. Môi trường biển phải được làm sạch và luật pháp quốc tế phải được thi
hành nghiêm túc để ngăn chặn các hành động như thải chất thải hoá học ra biển hoặc thực
hiện việc săn cá voi. Để cứu muôn loài khỏi sự tuyệt chủng, vai trò bảo tồn của vườn thú phải
được ưu tiên. Ví dụ, nhiều vườn thú và công viên safari hiện đã có các chương trình nuôi giữ
thành công, trong đó gấu trúc khổng lồ có lẽ là nổi tiếng nhất. Các loài động vật có nguy cơ
tuyệt chủng phải được bảo vệ trong môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng thông qua việc loại
bỏ sự săn trộm và tạo ra nhiều khu bảo tồn động vật hoang dã hơn.
Tóm lại, con người là một phần của vương quốc động vật và phải có trách nhiệm đạo đức để
cứu muôn loài khỏi tuyệt chủng bằng cách thực hiện các biện pháp để ngăn chặn ô nhiễm và
phá hủy sinh cảnh
Vocabulary:
The environment
• endangered species
Meaning: plants or animals that exist only in very small numbers, so that in future they may
disappear forever.
Example: One example of an endangered species is the lowland gorilla, which has almost
disappeared as a result of the destruction of its forest habitat.
• to stem from
Meaning: to be caused by
Example: Scientists say that global warming partly stems from the increase in car exhaust
emissions.
• habitat destruction
Meaning: the process that occurs when a natural habitat, like a forest or wetland, is changed
so dramatically by humans that plants and animals which live there.
Example: The elephant population in the world is declining because of habitat destruction
caused by human exploitation of the environment.
• on the brink of extinction
Meaning: an animal or plant which has almost disappeared from the planet
Example: Before the captive breeding program in zoos, the giant panda was on the brink of
extinction.
• toxic waste
Meaning: poisonous, unwanted waste produced by factories
Example: Many species of fish are endangered as a result of the toxic waste dumped by
industries into the rivers and the sea.
• environmental degradation
Meaning: the process or fact of the environment becoming worse
Example: Africa is a continent in which environmental degradation is evident in the spread
of deserts and the extinction of animal species.
• to discharge chemical waste
Meaning: to dispose of waste products from chemical processes.
Example: Nowadays, more and more company and industrial zones have been discharging
chemical waste into rivers, causing death to many fish and other aquatic animals.
Animals and animal rights:

• in the wild
Meaning: in a natural environment not controlled by people
Example: Animals in the wild are able to exhibit their natural behaviour.
• wildlife reserves
Meaning: protected areas for wild animals
Example: The creation of wildlife reserves is essential to save animals such as tigers from
extinction.
• freedom to roam
Meaning: to be able to walk or run around an area without restrictions
Example: In zoos, animals are denied freedom to roam, which is an essential need for their
well-being.
• to exhibit their natural behaviour
Meaning: to behave in a natual way, as they would if they were not in a zoo
Example: When animals are kept in confinement in a zoo, they are unable to exhibit their
natural behaviour.
• the practice of whaling
Meaning: the activity of hunting and killing whales
Example: In order to protect these beautiful creatures, the practice of whaling must be
banned completely.
• the conservation role of zoos
Meaning: : the purpose of zoos in making sure that species of animals continue to survive and
produce young ones.
Example: As many species of wild animals are under threat in their natural habitats, the
conservation role of zoos is very important.
• safari parks
Meaning: parks in which animals can move around freely and visitors watch them from their
cars
Example: Safari parks enable large animals such as lions and elephants greater freedom to
roam.
• captive breeding programmes
Meaning: raising wild animals in zoos in order for them to produce young
Example: With many species of animals in danger of extinction, some zoos have captive
breeding programs.
• the elimination of poaching

Meaning: to stop all illegal hunting of wild animals
Example: In wildlife reserves, the elimination of poaching is the responsibility of guards
and wardens.
• the animal kingdom
Meaning: a category of living things which comprises all animals
Example: Perhaps one reason why some people oppose animal exploitation is the knowledge
that humans are also part of the animal kingdom.
Water:
• aquatic life
Meaning: : plants or animals living in or near water
Example: Unpolluted water is vital for aquatic life, such as freshwater fish, to survive.
• sanitation systems
Meaning: the systems for taking dirty water and other waste products away from buildings in
order to protect people's health
Example: Many illnesses in these temporary refugee camps are the result of inadequate
sanitation systems.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary” được biên soạn bởi mình và bạn Dương
Nguyễn. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho
phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất
bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Từ lúc mình lên ý tưởng cho cuốn sách này đến khi cùng bạn Dương Nguyễn bắt đầu thực hiện, mình
đã mất tương đối nhiều thời gian để nghiên cứu cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng
nhất với các bạn đọc. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải
thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi về email
Trân trọng cảm ơn,
NHÓM THỰC HIỆN

Đinh Thắng
Hiện tại là giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội với các lớp học quy mô nhỏ
(dưới 10 người) từ cuối năm 2012. Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh,
đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.Từng làm việc tại tổ chức giáo dục
quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012)
Facebook.com/dinhthangielts
Dương Nguyễn
Du học sinh trường Centennial College, Canada. Hiện đang học tập
và sinh sống tại Toronto
Facebook.com/duong.nguyen.9216778
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY 1
03 LÝ DO TẠI SAO NÊN HỌC TỪ VỰNG

THEO CUỐN SÁCH NÀY
1. Không còn mất nhiều thời gian cho việc tra từ
Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giải thích hoặc từ đồng nghĩa. Bạn
tiết kiệm được đáng kể thời gian gõ từng từ vào từ điển và tra. Chắc chắn những bạn thuộc
dạng “không được chăm chỉ lắm trong việc tra từ vựng” sẽ thích điều này.
2. Tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ quan trọng
Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp bạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các từ quan trọng và
phổ biến nhất giúp bạn. Như vậy, bạn có thể tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này, thay vì phải mất
công nhớ các từ không quan trọng. Bạn nào đạt Reading từ 7.0 trở lên đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều
trong số các từ này thuộc loại hết sức quen thuộc
3. Học một từ nhớ nhiều từ
Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thể xem lại và học
thêm các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặc giống như từ gốc. Có thể nói, đây là phương pháp học
hết sức hiệu quả vì khi học một từ như impact, bạn có thể nhớ lại hoặc học thêm một loạt các từ
nghĩa tương đương như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key. Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khả
năng ghi nhớ của bạn tốt thì cuốn sách này giúp bạn đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng
kể.
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge - Mua sách gốc tại link
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH
Nhìn chung các bạn cần có mức độ từ vựng tương đương 5.5 trở lên (theo thang điểm 9 của
IELTS), nếu không có thể sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC BƯỚC SỬ DỤNG
Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách
được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ
có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Tìm mua cuốn Cambridge IELTS (6 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-12) của Nhà xuất bản
Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà xuất bản Cambridge
được tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách trên. Ví dụ passage 1,
test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 12.
Bước 4: Đối chiếu với cuốn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học.
Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 12, bài về CORK: Bạn sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó gạch chân các từ vựng học thuật CƠ BẢN trong list 570
academic word mà nhiều bạn chắc đã từng nghe nói đến.
4.2 Cột bên phải chứa các từ vựng học thuật (academic words) theo kèm định nghĩa
(definition) hoặc từ đồng nghĩa (synonym)
Trong đó các từ đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc giúp người đọc hiểu nội dung của text (important
words) được giải thích. Các từ này có thể nằm trong hoặc không nằm trong list 570 từ phía trên.
Nguyên nhân vì
- Khá nhiều từ trong list 570 từ vựng thuộc loại rất phổ biến (VD: individual, structure, technology, energy, v.v…) nên các từ này tất
nhiên không được giải thích ở cột bên phải.
- Khổ giấy có hạn, rất khó để trình bày hết các từ. Giả sử trình bày hết các từ thì trông cũng rất rối. Ở đây cuốn sách đặc biệt phục
vụ cho các bạn đang ở tầm 6.5-7.0 về từ vựng.
* Tài liệu này nên được in ra để thuận tiện cho việc học
** Lúc học, nên dùng kèm bút highlight/bút đỏ/bút chì để đánh dấu từ, như vậy sẽ đỡ bận mắt lúc
đọc và tra cứu.
*** Tránh mua/bán tài liệu này dưới mọi hình thức.
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9
TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
T he man who invented synthetic dyes Synthetic = artificial, man-made…

Curiosity = the desire to know about
William Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in something.
Prompt = to make someone decide to do
London, England.
something.
As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests Stumble on/across/upon something =
in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. come across = to find or discover
something by chance and unexpectedly.
But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet Run-down = in bad condition, badly
functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home maintained…
Solidify = strengthen, to make an
that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for
agreement, plan, attitude etc more definite
chemistry. and less likely to change.
Enthusiasm = interest.
As a student at the City of London School, Perkin Become immersed in = become

became immersed in the study of chemistry. His completely involved in an activity
talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by
Devotion= commitment = adherence
his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to dedication = the strong love that you show
attend a series of lectures given by the eminent when you pay a lot of attention to
scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. someone or something.
Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm
Perceive= recognize, see, indentify…
further, and he later went on to attend the Royal
College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering
in 1853, at the age of 15.
At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College Enrolment= the

process of arranging to join a school,
of Chemistry was headed by the noted German university, course etc.
chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific
Gift= talent, knack, ability…
gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two
Breakthrough= advance, innovation,
years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not
revolution, new idea, invention…
long after that, Perkin made the scientific
Fame= reputation.
breakthrough that would bring him both fame and
fortune. Fortune= wealth, riches…
At the time, quinine was the only viable medical

Derive= to develop or come from
treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the something else.
bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America,
and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the Substitute= alternate, replacement…
available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some
passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic
substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star
pupil was moved to take up the challenge.
During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in
the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house. He
was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, Manufacture= produce, make, create…
an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste
product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not Mysterious= strange.
end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a
mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific
training and nature prompted him to investigate the
substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate
and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the
experimental process, he finally produced a deep

purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous Excretion= the waste material that people
or animals get rid of from their bodies.
scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only
the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his Obtain = get, gain, attain…
unexpected find.
Extract something from something= to
carefully remove a substance from
Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural something which contains it, using a
sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of machine, chemical process etc.
these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were
difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, Afford= pay for, manage to pay for, have
enough money…
the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so
costly that in society at the time only the rich could Backdrop= the conditions or situation in
afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in which something happens.
hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop
that Perkin’s discovery was made.
Grasp= understand, comprehend, see the
Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could point of= to completely understand a fact
or an idea, especially a complicated one.
be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first Fabric= material= cloth used for making
synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this clothes, curtains etc.
Patent= to obtain a special document
breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But giving you the right to make or sell a new
perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions invention or product.
Instant= immediate.
to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the
Recognition= detection.
new dye had commercial possibilities. Commercial= money-making, profitable,
for profit, trade…
Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it
Assure= ensure, promise, confirm,
later became commonly known as mauve (from the guarantee.
French for the plant used to make the colour violet).
He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Fierce= strong.
Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye
Objection= opposition, doubt…
would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e.
would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, Mentor= adviser.
over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he
left college to give birth to the modern chemical
industry.
With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a
factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and Utilise= make use of.
plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited by
product of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works
began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed

material in 1857. The company received a commercial Boost= increase, improvement,
enhancement…
boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she Flatter= to make someone look as
decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, attractive as they can.
mauve was the necessary shade for all the Shade= something you use to reduce or
fashionable ladies in that country. block light.
Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also not to be outdone = in order not to let
appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus someone else do better or seem better
making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was
than you
bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more.
Be all the rage= to be very popular or
Perkin went back to the drawing board.
Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune fashionable.
assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued Clamour for= to demand something
his research. Among other dyes he developed and loudly.
introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black
Go back to the drawing board= if you go
(1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is
back to the drawing board, you start again
important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye
discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely with a completely new plan or idea, after
decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical the one you tried before has failed.
research in many ways. For instance, they were used Merely= only, just, simply…
to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria,
Vital= very important, crucial, necessary,
allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as
central…
tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes
continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what Crucial= vital, very important, central…
would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their
current use is in the search for a vaccine against
malaria.
READING PASSAGE 2
T he Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence

Extra-terrestrial= relating to things that
exist outside the Earth.
The question of whether we are alone in the Universe Haunt= to cause problems for someone
has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now over a long period of time
stand poised on the brink of the answer to that Poised on the brink/edge of something
question, as we search for radio signals from other = completely ready to do something or for
something to happen, when it is likely to
intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by the
happen soon.
acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence],
Intermittently= Sporadically= stopping
is a difficult one. Although groups around the world
and starting often and for short periods.
have been searching intermittently for three decades,
Determined= having a strong desire to do
it is only now that we have reached the level of something, so that you will not let anyone
technology where we can make a determined stop you.
attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life. Make an attempt to do something= to try
to do something, especially something
difficult.
A
The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity - Primary= main, most important…
the same curiosity about the natural world that drives Curiosity= the desire to know about
all pure science. We want to know whether we are something.
alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life
evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or Drive= force, make…
whether there is something very special about the Evolve= develop, change…
Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that we
see around us on the planet. The simple detection of Foster= promote, encourage…
a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most
Detection= discovery, finding…
basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another
cog in the machinery of pure science which is Sufficient= enough, plenty…
continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge.
However, there are other reasons for being interested A cog in the machine/wheel= someone
who only has a small unimportant job in a
in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have large organization.
had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few
thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and Tenuous= uncertain, weak, likely to
pollution over the last few decades have told us that change…
our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two Wipe something out= to destroy, remove,
thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since or get rid of something completely.
the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years,
we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in Optimism= a feeling or belief that things
will get better or be more successful in the
our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several future.
billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear
from is likely to be far older, on average, than
ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation
will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives
us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that
the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their
experience in dealing with threats to survival such as
nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that Adopt= to start to deal with or think about
we haven’t yet discovered. something in a particular way
Ground rules= the basic rules or
B
principles on which future actions or
In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI
behaviour should be based.
scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFQs Evidence= proof.
(Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored An open mind= if you have an open mind,
since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for you deliberately do not make a decision or
them to be strong enough to bear serious form a definite opinion about something.
consideration (although it is also important to keep an Convincing= persuasive, believable,
open mind in case any really convincing evidence compelling, forceful, strong…
emerges in the future). Second, we make a very Conservative = traditional, old…

conservative assumption that we are looking for a Assumption= supposition, guess,
life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs hypothesis…
radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life
Radically= very, completely, totally…
form, quite apart from whether we are able to
communicate with it. In other words, the life form we Resemble= look like, be similar to…
are looking for may well have two green heads and
seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in Somebody’s fellows= people that you
work with, study with, or who are in the
that it should communicate with its fellows, be
same situation as you.
interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a
star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have Orbit= to travel in a curved path around a
a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water. much larger object such as the Earth, the
Sun etc.
C
Even when we make these assumptions, our Inconceivable= unthinkable,
understanding of other life forms is still severely unimaginable, unbelievable…
limited. We do not even know, for example, how many Estimate= calculate approximately.
stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how
likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right Astronomical= relating to the scientific
conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion study of the stars.
stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion
galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems
inconceivable that at least one of these planets does
not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated
guess we can make, using the little that we do know
about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to
estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might
have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that
our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years
away, which is almost next door in astronomical
terms.
D Severely= harshly, strictly…

An alien civilisation could choose many different ways Attenuate= to make something weaker or
of sending information across the galaxy, but many of less.
these either require too much energy, or else are Traverse= pass through= to move across,
severely attenuated while traversing the vast over, or through something, especially an
distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a area of land or water.
given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the Frequency= the number of radio waves,
frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest sound waves etc that pass any point per
second.
distance, and so all searches to date have To date= up to now.

concentrated on looking for radio waves in this Concentrate on= focus on.
frequency range. So far there have been a number of Various= numerous, many, countless…
searches by various groups around the world, Radio telescope= a piece of equipment
including Australian searches using the radio that collects radio waves from space and
telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now is used to find stars and other objects in
there have not been any detections from the few space.
hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of Scale= size.
the searches has been increased dramatically since
1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million Dramatically= radically, noticeably,
per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search considerably, significantly…
for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this Conduct = carry out…
project is being spent on developing the special
hardware needed to search many frequencies at Hardware= the machinery and equipment
once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted that is needed to do something.
search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the Sensitivity= the possibility of the fact that
American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico something is affected by very small
and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part changes in light, heat, movement etc
of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars
Monitor= to carefully watch and check a
with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range situation in order to see how it changes
1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an over a period of time.
undirected search which is monitoring all of space
with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of
NASA’s Deep Space Network.
E
There is considerable debate over how we should
react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Considerable= substantial, large…
Everybody agrees that we should not reply
immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of Debate= argument, discussion…
sending a reply over such large distances at short
notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would Immediately= right away, without delay,
have to be addressed by the global community before Ethical= moral= relating to principles of
any reply could be sent. Would the human race face what is right and wrong.
the culture shock if faced with a superior and much
older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about Address= tackle, deal with…
this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light
years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their Superior= better, greater…
signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for
our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if Urgency= the need to deal with something
there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the immediately because it is very important.
human race debates the question of whether to reply,
and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.
READING PASSAGE 3
If you go back far enough, everything lived in the Evolutionary= relating to the way in which
plants and animals develop and change
sea. At various points in evolutionary history, gradually over a long period of time.
enterprising individuals within many different animal
Parched= dry, burnt, waterless…
groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to
the most parched deserts, taking their own private Reptile= a type of animal, such as a
seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In snake or lizard, whose body temperature
addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects changes according to the temperature
around it, and that usually lays eggs to
which we see all around us, other groups that have have babies.
succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails,
crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, Mammal= a type of animal that drinks milk
millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. from its mother’s body when it is young.
Humans, dogs, and whales are mammals.
And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior
invasion of the land none of the other migrations could Prior = previous, past, earlier…
have happened.
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign Involve= include, contain, comprise…
of every aspect of life, including breathing and Thoroughgoing= complete. Here it

reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of means the process of moving from water
thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, to land is complete
abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, Abandon= throw away, dispose of…
Terrestrial= living on or relating to land
and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone
rather than water.
part way back. They show us what the intermediates
Cease= stop.
might have been like, on the way to extreme cases Revert to somebody/something= go
such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the back to= to change back to a situation that
small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their existed in the past.
close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land Remote= distant=far away in time.
creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine Ancestor= an animal that lived in the past,
habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even that modern animals have developed from.
come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe Ashore= on or towards the shore of a
air, having never developed anything equivalent to lake, river, sea etc.
the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles Breed= reproduce= if animals breed, they
mate in order to have babies.
went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all
Equivalent to = having the same value,
vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air.
purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a
However, they are, in one respect, less fully given different kind.
back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles Incarnation= the state of living in the form
still lay their eggs on beaches. of a particular person or animal. According
to some religions, people have several
There is evidence that all modem turtles are different incarnations.
descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived
before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils
called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis
talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which Fragment= a small piece of something
that has broken off or that comes from
appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles
something larger.
and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell
Contemporary= someone who lived or
whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, was in a particular place at the same time
especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s as someone else.
obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries Forelimb = one of the two front legs of an
of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The animal with four legs.
fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like
dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less
obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of
their forelimbs. Obtain= get, gain, attain, acquire...
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale
University, obtained three measurements in these
particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and
tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to
plot the three measurements against one another. All Plot= to draw marks or a line to represent
the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of facts, numbers etc.
points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water Form= develop.
turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph.
There was no overlap, except when they added some Cluster of something= a group of things
species that spend time both in water and on land. of the same kind that are very close
together.
Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on
the triangular graph approximately half way between Overlap=(n) the amount by which two
the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of activities, ideas, things etc overlap.
land tortoises. The next step was to determine where (v) if two or more things overlap, part of
one thing covers part of another thing.
the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR
talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on Amphibious= able to live both on land
the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both and in water.
these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from
Approximately= about, around, roughly,
the era before our turtles returned to the water. almost, nearly…
You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises
have probably stayed on land ever since those early Determine= decide, find out...
terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of
Era= period.
them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you
draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and Apparently= seemingly= according to the
tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s way someone looks or a situation appears,
land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply although you cannot be sure.
nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. Aquatic= living or growing in water.
This suggests that modem land tortoises have not
stayed on land continuously since the time of P. Constitute = form = represent = comprise
quenstedti and P talampayensis. Rather, their = if several people or things constitute
something, they are the parts that form it.
ancestors were among those who went back to the
water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in
(relatively) more recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double
Remarkable= extraordinary, amazing,
return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and incredible…
birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and
before that various more or less worm-like creatures Generation= age group.
stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval
bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed
there for a very large number of generations. Later
ancestors still evolved back into the water and became
sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the
land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest
of deserts.
TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
H earing impairment or other auditory function

Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing etc
impairment= a condition in which a part of
a person’s mind or body is damaged or
deficit in young children can have a major impact on does not work well.
their development of speech and communication, Auditory = connected with hearing
resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn Deficit= shortfall= the difference between
at school. This is likely to have major consequences the amount you have and the amount you
for the individual and the population as a whole. The need or expect.
New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from Speech= verbal communication= the
ability to speak.
research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of
Detrimental= harmful, damaging= causing
children in that country are affected by hearing loss.
harm or damage.
Carry out= conduct.
B
A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that Preliminary= happening before something
that is more important, often in order to
classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers
prepare for it.
and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the
Acoustics= the shape and size of a room,
organisation of desks in the classroom, poor
which affect the way sound is heard in it.
classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of
ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute Ventilation= the fact of allowing fresh air
to enter and move around a room,
to the number of children unable to comprehend the
building, etc.
teacher's voice. Education researchers Nelson and Comprehend= understand, know, figure
Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning out…
Collaborative= joint, two-away, shared…
often involve collaborative interaction of multiple Possession= ownership.
minds and tools as much as individual possession of Amount = to add up to something; to
make something as a total
information. This all amounts to heightened activity Heighten = increase = intensify = amplify
and noise levels, which have the potential to be = improve = enhance = if a feeling or an
effect heightens, or something heightens
particularly serious for children experiencing auditory
it, it becomes stronger or increases
function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only Potential =possibility.
exacerbate their difficulty in comprehending and Exacerbate = worsen, aggravate…
Instruction= teaching, training, tuition,
processing verbal communication with other children guidance…
and instructions from the teacher.
C
Children with auditory function deficit are potentially Generate= produce, create…
failing to learn to their maximum potential because of
noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of Evaluate= assess= to judge how good,
noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in useful, or successful something is.
typical classroom environments are now the subject of
increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Reverberation= a loud sound that is
Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the heard again and again as it is sent back
from different surfaces.
World Health Organization, has established an
international working party, which includes New
Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control
for school rooms.
D
While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom Disability= Frailty = debility = a physical
situations are not limited to children experiencing or mental condition that makes it difficult
disability, those with a disability that affects their for someone to use a part of their body
processing of speech and verbal communication could properly, or to learn normally.
be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits Vulnerable= weak, easily harmed or
hurt…
in question include hearing impairment, autistic
Disorder= a mental or physical illness
spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit
which prevents part of your body from
disorders (ADD/ADHD).
working properly.
E Autism= a mental disorder (=problem)

Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life- that makes people unable to communicate
long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way properly, or to form relationships.
information is processed. This disorder is Discrepancy in/ between= difference =
inconsistency = divergence
characterised by interlinking problems with social
Characterise= describe, portray,
imagination, social communication and social
illustrate…
interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability Interlink= to connect or be connected with
to understand and relate in typical ways to people, something else.
understand events and objects in the environment, and Sensory= relating to or using your senses
understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism of sight, hearing, smell, taste, or touch.
does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways Stimulus= something that makes
as in children who are developing normally. someone or something move or react.
Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major
difficulties in comprehending verbal information and
speech processing. Those experiencing these Distressing= stressful = upsetting.
Quantify= to calculate the value of
disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and
something and express it as a number or
the noise generated by machinery painful and
an amount.
distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify Intrusive= disturbing = affecting
as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one someone’s private life or interrupting them
autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any in an unwanted and annoying way.
type of noise in their classroom or learning space Adversely= harmfully, badly, negatively…
intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their
ability to process information.
F
Be indicative of something= to be a
The attention deficit disorders are indicative of clear sign that a particular situation exists
neurological and genetic disorders and are or that something is likely to be true.
Sustain= maintain.
characterised by difficulties with sustaining attention,
Persistence= determination to do
effort and persistence, organisation skills and something even though it is difficult or
disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders other people oppose it.
Screen something out/ Screen out
find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, something= filter out= to remove people
and focus on everything in the environment rather than or things that are not acceptable or not
suitable.
attending to a single activity. Background noise in the Distraction= something that stops you
classroom becomes a major distraction, which can paying attention to what you are doing.
Concentrate= focus.
affect their ability to concentrate.
G
Children experiencing an auditory function deficit can Isolate =separate…
often find speech and communication very difficult to
isolate and process when set against high levels of Penetrate= go through, enter…
background noise.
Strategy= plan.
These levels come from outside activities that
penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching Optimum = best, most favorable, finest=
activities, and other noise generated inside, which can the best or most suitable for a particular
be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are purpose or in a particular situation.
needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction
and perhaps a change in classroom culture and Diagnose= to find out what illness
methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy someone has, or what the cause of a fault
classrooms and activities on those experiencing is, after doing tests, examinations etc.
disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need
thorough investigation. It is probable that many
undiagnosed children exist in the education system
with 'invisible' disabilities. Their needs are less likely to
be met than those of children with known disabilities.
H
The New Zealand Government has developed a New Embark on/upon something= to start
Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a something, especially something new,
wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy difficult, or exciting.
recognises that people experiencing disability face
significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in Consultation= discussion, talk,
areas such as attitude, education, employment and conference, meeting…
access to services. Objective 3 of the New Zealand
Barrier= difficulty.
Disability Strategy is to 'Provide the Best Education for
Disabled People' by improving education so that all Vitally= crucially, fundamentally…
children, youth learners and adult learners will have
equal opportunities to learn and develop within their
already existing local school. For a successful
education, the learning environment is vitally
significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be
of great benefit to all children, but especially to those
with auditory function disabilities.
I
Formulate= invent, create…
A number of countries are already in the process of
formulating their own standards for the control and Standard= criterion.
reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will
Literature on something = all the books,
probably follow their example. The literature to date articles etc on a particular subject.
on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the
To date= up to now.
effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and
the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to Imperative= urgent, very important,
crucial, vital…
have been given to those students experiencing the
other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is Take into account = to consider or
imperative that the needs of these children are taken include particular facts or details when
making a decision or judgment about
into account in the setting of appropriate something = take into consideration.
international standards to be promulgated in future.
Appropriate= suitable, proper, fitting…
Promulgate= to spread an idea or belief

to as many people as possible.
READING PASSAGE 2
J une 2004 saw the first passage, known as a
‘transit’, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun

in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of
the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel
Henbest explain
Astronomical= relating to the scientific
A study of the stars.
On 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the Steadily= gradually, little by little, inch
world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For by inch…
over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its Occasion= event, time…
way over the surface of the Sun. This ‘transit’ of Venus Observe= watch, view, scrutinize…
was the first since 6 December 1882. On that
It is alleged(that)= to say that
occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon something is true or that someone has
done something wrong, although it has
Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the
not been proved.
event. They were based at a girls’ school, where - it is
Schoolmistresses= a female teacher,
alleged - the combined forces of three especially in a private school (=one that
schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals parents pay to send their children to).
Outperform= do better than…
with the accuracy of their observations. Accuracy=exactness, precision…
B
Draw somebody to something= to
For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn explorers attract someone or make them want to
and astronomers alike to the four corners of the do something.
The four corners of the
globe. And you can put it all down to the
Earth/world/globe= places or countries
extraordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In that are very far away from each other.
November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the Extraordinary=amazing, special,
remarkable…
innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island Polymath= someone who has a lot of
of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realised that, knowledge about many different
subjects.
from different latitudes, the passage of the planet Innermost= furthest inside or nearest
across the Sun’s disc would appear to differ. By timing to the centre.
Desolate= isolated, uninhabited, wild…
the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams
of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle - the Latitude= the distance north or south of
apparent difference in position of an astronomical the equator (=the imaginary line around
the middle of the world), measured in
body due to a difference in the observer’s position. degrees.
Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to
Apparent= Obvious, clear, noiceable…
measure what was then the ultimate goal: the
distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is Ultimate= eventual, final…
known as the astronomical unit’ or AU.

C Fundamental = basic, elementary…
Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most
fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Goal= objective, aim, purpose, target…
Johannes Kepler, in the early 17 th century, had
Scale= size.
shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun
governed their orbital speeds, which were easily Fall into place= if parts of a situation
measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate that you have been trying to understand
accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The fall into place, you start to understand
how they are connected with each
goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital other.
speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the
scale of the Solar System would fall into place.
However, Halley realised that Mercury was so far away
that its parallax angle would be very difficult to Determine= find out.
determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its
parallax angle would be larger, and Halley worked out
that by using Venus it would be possible to measure
the Suns distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a
problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, Occur= happen, take place…
are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart
Roughly= approximately, about,
every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he around, nearly…
accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face
of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 - though he didn’t Predict= forecast, foresee…
survive to see either.
D
Inspired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down Inspired= motivated, encouraged…
the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and Pin somebody/something down= pin
down somebody/something= to
French astronomers set out on expeditions to places understand something clearly or be
as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t able to describe it exactly.
helped by Britain and France being at war. The person Expedition= journey, trip…
who deserves most sympathy is the French Diverse= different, varied…
Deserve= be worthy of, ought to
astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. have…
He was thwarted by the fact that the British were Sympathy= a feeling that you
besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. understand someone because you are
Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian similar to them.
Thwart= to prevent someone from
Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit - but the doing what they are trying to do.
ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at Besiege= to surround a city or castle
making accurate observations. Undaunted, he with military force until the people inside
remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy let you take control.
Flee= run away, escape…
by studying the islands of Mauritius and Madagascar Rule something/somebody out= rule
before setting off to observe the next transit in the out something/somebody= to make it
Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 impossible for something to happen.
Attempt= effort.
kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last
Undaunted= undeterred= not afraid of
moment, a very dispiriting experience. continuing to try to do something in
spite of difficulties or danger.
E
Precise= exact, accurate, specific…
While the early transit timings were as precise as Dog= if a problem or bad luck dogs
instruments would allow, the measurements were you, it causes trouble for a long time.
dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins Establish= Set up, start, launch…
to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular - Diffract= to bend light or sound waves
which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is as they pass around something or
due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that through a hole.
Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just
Halo= a circle of light or something
outside the Sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers
bright.
that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases Refract= if glass or water refracts light,
refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it the light changes direction when it
passes through the glass or water.
impossible to obtain accurate timings. Obtain = get, gain, attain, acquire…
F
But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results Labour hard= work hard.
of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann
Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally Analyse= investigate, study, examine,
scrutinize…
determined a value for the AU based on all these
parallax measurements: Supersede= replace= if a new idea,
153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time, product, or method supersedes another
that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, one, it becomes used instead because
it is more modern or effective.
determined by radar, which has now superseded
transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a Cosmic= outer space, extraterrestrial…
cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale
the Universe today. The parallax principle can be Principle = rule, theory…
extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we Extend= make bigger, expand,
look at a star in January - when Earth is at one point in enlarge…
its orbit - it will seem to be in a different position from
where it appears six months later. Knowing the width
of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers
calculate the distance.
G
Spectacle= a very impressive show or
June 2004’s transit of Venus was thus more of an
scene.
astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important
Pave the way for= to make a later
event. But such transits have paved the way for what event or development possible by
might prove to be one of the most vital producing the right conditions.
breakthroughs in the cosmos - detecting Earth-sized Vital= very important, crucial, central,
necessary…
planets orbiting other stars.
Breakthrough= advance, new idea…
READING PASSAGE 3
I n the last decade a revolution has occurred In the

way that scientists think about the brain.
Trace something (back) to
something= to find the origins of when
something began or where it came
We now know that the decisions humans make can from.
be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in Fire= inspire = to make someone feel
interested in something and excited
specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have about it.
led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which Pattern= the regular way in which
something happens, develops, or is
studies the brain's secrets to success in an economic done.
environment that demands innovation and being Innovation= modernization,
improvement, advance…
able to do things differently from competitors. A brain
Iconoclastic= iconoclastic ideas,
that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an opinions, writings etc attack established
iconoclast is a person who does something that beliefs and customs.
Briefly= in a few words, concisely…
others say can't be done.
Imply= suggest= to suggest that

This definition implies that iconoclasts are different something is true, without saying this
directly.
from other people, but more precisely, it is their Iconoclasts = skeptic = critic =
brains that are different in three distinct ways: someone who attacks established ideas
and customs
perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Precise= specific, particular…
Perception= view, opinion…
Each of these three functions utilizes a different Utilize= make use of…
circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the Irrelevant= unrelated, beside the
brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even point…
revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality Constraint= limitation.

than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics
was born out of the realization that the physical
workings of the brain place limitations on the way we
make decisions. By understanding these
constraints, we begin to understand why some
people march to a different drumbeat.
The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from Suffer from= to have a particular
disease or medical condition, especially
limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, for a long time.
about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has
Fixed= unchanging, permanent…
evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is
Budget= resources.
where most people are impeded from being an
iconoclast. For example, when confronted with Evolve= develop, change, grow…
information streaming from the eyes, the brain will Impede= to make it difficult for
someone or something to move forward
interpret this information in the quickest way or make progress.
possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience
Be confronted with something= if a
and any other source of information, such as what problem, difficulty etc confronts you, it
other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. appears and needs to be dealt with.
This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts Interpret = explain = clarify = Illuminate
that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. Shortcut= a quicker way of doing
We think our perceptions of the world are real, but something.
they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Rumblings= a series of long low
sounds
Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes
or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical
reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a
product of the brain.
Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see Central= vital, essential, fundamental,
crucial, important…
things differently to other people. Their brains do not Pitfall= a problem or difficulty that is
fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average likely to happen in a particular job,
person's brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were course of action, or activity.
Perceptual = relating to the ability to
born that way or through learning, have found ways
become aware of something (to
to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague
perceive = Verb)
most people. Perception is not something that is
Plague= trouble.
hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process,
Hardwired= if an attitude, way of
which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. behaving etc is hard-wired, it is a
The brain faces the fundamental problem of natural part of a person’s character that
interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. they are born with and cannot change.
Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has Curse= something that causes trouble,
multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately harm etc.
chosen is simply the brain's best theory. In technical Fundamental= basic.
terms, these conjectures have their basis in the Stimulus= something that makes
someone or something move or react.
statistical likelihood of one interpretation over
Ultimate= final, last.
another and are heavily influenced by past
Conjecture= guess, hypothesis…
experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts,
Statistical= numerical.
what other people say.
Likelihood= possibility, chance…
The best way to see things differently to other people Bombard somebody with
is to bombard the brain with things it has never something= to do something too often
or too much, for example criticizing or
encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual
questioning someone, or giving too
process from the chains of past experience and much information.
forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful
iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be Encounter= meet, come across…
exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation Chain= group.
Extraordinary= amazing, surprising,
of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty
uncommon, strange, remarkable,
while most people avoid things that are different.
special…
The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to
Observation= surveillance, scrutiny,
trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a major study, examination…
impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops Embrace= to accept a new idea =
the average person in his tracks. There are many welcome = support = adopt
types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic Novelty = unfamiliarity = difference =
thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with creativity = innovation
are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. Trigger= activate.
These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of Disorder= a mental or physical illness
public speaking, which everyone must do from time which prevents part of your body from
working properly.
to time, afflicts one-third of the population. This
makes it too common to be considered a mental Inhibit= stop, prevent…
disorder. It is simply a common variant of human
nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their
reactions.
Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must Coordinate= collaborate = to organize

sell their ideas to other people. This is where social an activity so that the people involved in
it work well together and achieve a
intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability good result.
to understand and manage people in a business
setting. In the last decade there has been an Reveal= show, bring to light…
explosion of knowledge about the social brain and
Empathy=
how the brain works when groups coordinate the ability to understand other
decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which people’s feelings and problems .
brain circuits are responsible for functions like
understanding what other people think, empathy, Convince= persuade, satisfy…
fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play Enthusiasm= interest.
key roles in whether people convince others of their
ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. Reputation= the opinion people have
The perception of someone's enthusiasm, or of something or someone, based on
what has happened in the past.
reputation, can make or break a deal.
Understanding how perception becomes intertwined Intertwine with = connect = link = if
with social decision making shows why successful two things intertwine, or if they are
iconoclasts are so rare. intertwined, they are twisted together so
that they are very difficult to separate.
Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area Alienation= unfriendliness = hostility

from artistic expression to technology to business. = the act of making somebody less
friendly or sympathetic towards you
They supply creativity and innovation not easily
accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important Asset= advantage = strength = benefit
to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but
can also be a major asset to any organization. It is Crucial= vital, central, important,
necessary, fundamental…
crucial for success in any field to understand how
the iconoclastic mind works.
TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 1
Systematic= organized carefully and done
I t is not easy to be systematic and objective

thoroughly. = methodical = orderly
Objective= based on facts, or making a
decision that is based on facts rather than on
your feelings or beliefs = fact-based =
about language study. Popular linguistic
empirical
debate regularly deteriorates into invective Linguistic= Relating to language
and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so Debate= argument, discussion…
most people feel they have a right to hold an Deteriorate= worsen = get worse = decline
= weaken
opinion about it. And when opinions differ,
Invective= rude and insulting words that
emotions can run high. Arguments can start as someone says when they are very angry =
easily over minor points of usage as over major diatribe = criticism
policies of linguistic education. Polemic = a written or spoken statement
that strongly criticizes or defends a
particular, idea, opinion, or person =
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, argument = diatribe
Minor= small= insignificant= minimal=
unimportant= marginal= negligible = trivival
so it is easy for different usages to be noted and Criticize= assess = analyse = evaluate =
appraise
criticised. No part of society or social behaviour
is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we Exempt= not affected by something =
exclude = except
judge personality, intelligence, social status,
Variety = type = kind = form = sort =
educational standards, job aptitude, and many category = class
other areas of identity and social survival. As a
Inherently= naturally = essentially = innately
result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when # superficially
language use is unfeelingly attacked. Impose smt on smb = to force someone to
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you =
compel= enforce = oblige
view that one variety of language has an
Propound= to suggest an idea, explanation
inherently higher value than others, and that
etc for other people to consider = put forward
this ought to be imposed on the whole of the promote advocate = propose
speech community. The view is propounded Favour= prefer = choose = support = back
especially in relation to grammar and
Encounter= Meet= Come across= Stumble
vocabulary, and frequently with reference to upon= Come upon
pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in Adherent= supporter= believer= devotee
this account, is usually a version of the 'standard'
Deviation= a noticeable difference=
written language, especially as encountered in difference
literature, or in the formal spoken language
which most closely reflects this style. Adherents
to this variety are said to speak or write
'correctly'; deviations from it are said to be
'incorrect!
All the main languages have been studied Prescriptively= describing how the words of
a language should be used, rather than
prescriptively, especially in the 18th century describing how it is actually used #
descriptively
approach to the writing of grammars and
dictionaries. The aims of these early Codify= arrange things= sort something into
organized systems
grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to
Principle= rule= law= theory= standard=
codify the principles of their languages, to tenet
show that there was a system beneath the
apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a Apparent= evident= clear= obvious= visible
means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) Chaos= a situation in which everything is
they wanted to point out what they felt to be happening in a confused way and nothing is
organized or arranged in order= disorder=
common errors, in order to 'improve' the unruliness
language. The authoritarian nature of the Settle a dispute/ lawsuit/ conflict/
approach is best characterised by its reliance argument= to end an argument or solve a
disagreement.
on ‘rules' of grammar. Some usages are
Reliance= dependence
'prescribed,' to be learnt and followed
accurately; others are 'proscribed,' to be Prescribe=decided by a rule= set= arrange=
stipulate= impose
avoided. In this early period, there were no half-
Proscribe= to officially say that something
measures: usage was either right or wrong, and
is not allowed to exist or be done= prohibit=
it was the task of the grammarian not simply to ban= forbit= disallow
record alternatives, but to pronounce pronounce on/upon something
judgement upon them. = to give a judgment or opinion on something
These attitudes are still with us, and they Evaluate : to judge how good, useful,
motivate a widespread concern that linguistic or successful something is= assess=
appraise
standards should be maintained. Nevertheless,
Halt = prevent= stop= discontinue
there is an alternative point of view that is
concerned less with standards than with the Advocate=supporter= backer= promoter=
believer
facts of linguistic usage. This approach is
summarised in the statement that it is the task of
the grammarian to describe, not prescribe to
record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to
attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating
language variation or halting language change.
In the second half of the 18th century, we
already find advocates of this view, such as
Joseph Priestiey, whose Rudiments of English
Grammar (1761) insists that 'the custom of
speaking is the original and only just standard of
any language! Linguistic issues, it is argued, Legislation = law= rule…

cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And Tenet = principle= belief= rule= theory…
this view has become the tenet of the modern
Descriptive= describing how the words of a
linguistic approach to grammatical analysis. language are actually used, rather than
saying how they ought to be used=
In our own time, the opposition between expressive= Illustrative
'descriptivists' and 'prescriptivists' has often
Prescriptive= describing how a language
become extreme, with both sides painting unreal should be used, rather than describing how it
is actually used
pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians
have been presented as people who do not care Radical = new, different (ideas), against
what most people think or believe
about standards, because of the way they see
all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive Liberalism= opinions and principles that
supports or allows gradual political and
grammarians have been presented as blind social changes # conservatism
adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition Elitist = an elitist system, government etc=
has even been presented in quasi-political terms one in which a small group of people have
more power and advantages than other
- of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism. people
Conservatism= the political belief that

society should change as little as possible=
dislike of change and new ideas
READING PASSAGE 2
U ndersea turbines which produce electricity

from the tides are set to become an important
Predict= forecast, foresee…
Play a role in= to have an effect

or influence on something = influence,
source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too
impact, affect
early to predict the extent of the impact they may
have, but all the signs are that they will play a
significant role in the future Operate= work, run, function
A Tidal= relating to the regular rising and
Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, falling of the sea.
the power in sea turbines comes from tidal Current= a continuous movement of water
currents which turn blades similar to ships’ in a river, lake, or sea , flow, stream, flux
propellers, but, unlike wind, the tides are Blade= the flat cutting part of a tool or
predictable and the power input is constant. The weapon.
Prospect= possibility, likelihood, vision,
technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming
potential…
self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically
Emission= release, discharge #
reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind absorption
and wave power are all developed, Britain would
be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants Export= sell abroad, sell overseas,
and export renewable power to other parts of distribute, ship
Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally Abandon= to leave someone or
developed and then abandoned for 20 years something and no longer help or support
allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, them = desert, vacate
undersea turbines could become a big export
earner to island nations such as Japan and New
Zealand.
B
Tidal sites have already been identified that will
Identify= recognize, find, detect…
produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power - and
at prices competitive with modern gas turbines and Include= comprise, consist of #exclude
undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear
industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth,
between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could
produce 10% of the country’s electricity with banks
of turbines under the sea, and another at Alderney
in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200
megawatts of Britain’s largest and newest nuclear
plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Other sites identified
include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of
Scotland, particularly the channel between
Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.
C Advance= improve, develop, enhance,

Work on designs for the new turbine blades and progress
sites are well advanced at the University of Sustainable= able to continue for a long
Southampton’s sustainable energy research
time.
group. The first station is expected to be installed
Install = establish.
off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the
technology in a venture jointly funded by the Venture = a new business activity that
department of Trade and Industry and the involves taking risks.
European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Jointly = together, both, mutually…
Southampton research, said: The prospects for
Fund = finance, support…
energy from tidal currents are far better than from
Be in charge of something = to be the
wind because the flows of water are predictable
and constant. The technology for dealing with the person who manages a group of people,
hostile saline environment under the sea has been an organization, or an activity
developed in the North Sea oil industry and much Deal with = cope with, handle….
is already known about turbine blade design,
Hostile = unpleasant, tough, harsh,
because of wind power and ship propellers. There adverse, unfavourable

are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the Commercial = for profit, trade, business-
next five to ten years we will be installing related.
commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton
Subsidiary= a company that is owned or
has been awarded £215,000 over three years to controlled by another larger company.
develop the turbines and is working with Marine
Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Potential= possible, likely.
Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified
106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the
coasts of Britain. The best sites are between
islands or around heavily indented coasts where
there are strong tidal currents.
D
A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third
of the size of a wind generator to produce three Generator= producer, maker, creator…
times as much power. The blades will be about 20
Diameter= a straight line from one side of
metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water a circle to the other side, passing through
is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to the centre of the circle, or the length of this
be environmental objections. Fish and other line.
creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the
Objection= difficulty, problem…
relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be
mounted on a tower which will connect to the Relatively= fairly, quite, rather…
national power supply grid via underwater cables.
The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to
warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out
of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed
from the blades.
E
Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site,
where there are powerful currents. The single
undersea turbine farm would produce far more Feed into something= to have an effect
on something or help to make it happen.
power than needed for the Channel Islands and
most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-
imported into Britain via the cable under the
Channel.
F
One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air
Vibration= a continuous slight shaking
bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage movement.
the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have

to test a number of blade types to avoid this Submerged= flooded, underwater…
happening or at least make sure it does not Debris= rubbish, garbage, trash, waste…
damage the turbines or reduce performance.
Another slight concern is submerged debris Robust= strong, healthy, vigorous, tough
floating into the blades. So far we do not know how
Hostile (hostile
much of a problem it might be. We will have to environment/climate/terrain etc) = used
make the turbines robust because the sea is a to describe conditions that are difficult to
hostile environment, but all the signs that we can live in, or that make it difficult to achieve
do it are good.’ something.
READING PASSAGE 3
I nformation theory lies at the heart of everything - Theory = a formal set of ideas that is
intended to explain why something happens
or exists = concept, principle
Genetic code = the arrangement of genes
from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to that controls the way a living thing
the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. develops.
Central = vital, crucial, fundamental, most
It has been central to the development of the important…
Enable = allow, make possible, permit, aid,
science of communication, which enables data to support, facilitate, empower….
be sent electronically and has therefore had a
major impact on our lives Take place= happen, occur, arise.
Demonstrate= show, reveal.
A
Application= use, function…
In April 2002 an event took place which Space probe= a spacecraft without people
demonstrated one of the many applications of in it, that is sent into space to collect
information about the conditions there and
information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, send the information back to Earth.
launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular Spectacular= stunning, impressive,
fantastic, amazing…
images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out Soar= to fly, especially very high up in the
sky, floating on air currents.
of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the
stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing Exposure to something= when someone
is in a situation where they are not
temperatures of deep space, the probe was protected from something dangerous or
beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits unpleasant.
were on the brink of failing and NASA experts On the brink/edge of something= to be
very close to being in an unpleasant or
realised that they had to do something or lose dangerous situation.
contact with their probe forever. The solution was
Spare= replacement.
to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use
Manage to do something= to succeed in
spares to change the failing parts. With the probe
doing something difficult, especially after
12 billion kilometres from Earth, this was not an trying very hard.
easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to

NASA’s Deep Space Network, the message was
sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at
the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its
target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly,
the little probe managed to hear the faint call from
its home planet, and successfully made the
switchover.
B
It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and Triumph= victory, achievement, success…
a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also
highlighted the astonishing power of the Highlight= emphasize, stress…
techniques developed by American
Breakthrough= advance, new idea,
communications engineer Claude Shannon, who innovation, revolution…
had died just a year earlier. Born in 1916 in
Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early Foundation= basis, groundwork, base…
talent for maths and for building gadgets, and
Shun= to deliberately avoid someone or
made breakthroughs in the foundations of something =avoid, ignore, turn away from…
computer technology when still a student. While at
Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information Acclaim= praise, approval, applause,
theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the compliments…
1940s, he single-handedly created an entire
science of communication which has since
inveigled its way into a host of applications, from Inveigle somebody into something= to
DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes - persuade someone to do what you want,
especially in a dishonest way.
any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed
rapidly yet accurately. Convey= pass on, send, transmit…
C
This all seems light years away from the down-to-
earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, Prestigious= admired as one of the best
and most important= admired, respected,
which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate
celebrated, famed, notable….
engineering student at the prestigious
Apparently= obviously, evidently…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He
Pin somebody/something ↔ down= to
set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin
make someone give clear details or make a
down the precise meaning of the concept of definite decision about something = identify,
‘information’. The most basic form of information, determine.
Shannon argued, is whether something is true or Precise= exact, correct…
false - which can be captured in the binary unit, or Capture= to put something in a form that a
‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this computer can use.
fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining Identify= discover, find, detect…
otherwise vague ideas about information and how Fundamental= important, central,
essential, vital, major….
to transmit it from place to place. In the process he
Guarantee= assure, ensure…
discovered something surprising: it is always
Interference= unwanted noise on the radio,
possible to guarantee information will get through
television, or on the telephone, or faults in
random interference - ‘noise’ - intact.
the television picture.
D
Noise usually means unwanted sounds which
interfere with genuine information. Information Genuine= real.
theory generalises this idea via theorems that
capture the effects of noise with mathematical Relative= having a particular quality when
precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise compared with something else
sets a limit on the rate at which information can Capacity= size.
pass along communication channels while
remaining error-free. This rate depends on the
relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling
down the communication channel, and on its
capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given
in units of bits per second, is the absolute
maximum rate of error-free communication given Cope with= deal with, tackle, handle…
signal strength and noise level. The trick, Shannon
The ravages of something= the damage
showed, is to find ways of packaging up - ‘coding’ - caused by something.
information to cope with the ravages of noise,
while staying within the information-carrying
capacity - ‘bandwidth’ - of the communication
system being used.
E
Over the years scientists have devised many such
coding methods, and they have proved crucial in
many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft Devise= intent, plan, work out, develop…
transmitted data using codes which added one
extra bit for every single bit of information; the Crucial= vital, central, most important…
result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 -
Transmit= convey, pass on…
and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other
codes have become part of everyday life - such as Error= mistake, fault…
the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which
uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures Ensure= make sure, guarantee…
supermarket check-out lasers can read the price Ultimate= best.
even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently
as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by
discovering so-called turbo codes - which come
very close to Shannon’s ultimate limit for the
maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably,
and now play a key role in the mobile videophone
revolution.
F
Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient
ways of storing information, by stripping out Ambiguous= unclear, uncertain,
confusing…
superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which
contributed little real information. As mobile phone Cram something into/onto etc
text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often something = to force something into a
possible to leave out a lot of data without losing small space.
much meaning. As with error correction, however,
there’s a limit beyond which messages become too
ambiguous. Shannon showed how to calculate
this limit, opening the way to the design of
compression methods that cram maximum
information into the minimum space.
TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
M arie Curie is probably the most famous woman Radioactivity : the sending out
of radiation (=a form of energy) when
scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska the nucleus (=central part) of an atom has
broken apart
in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on
radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Sole= only, single, individual.
Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri
Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for
Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel
Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a
Nobel Prize.
From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her Prodigious= abnormal, extraordinary,
prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold phenomenal, unusual, remarkable,
medal on completion of her secondary education. impressive…
Because her father lost his savings through bad
investment, she then had to take work as a teacher.
From her earnings she was able to finance her sister

Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the
understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help
her to get an education.
In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Fulfill (a promise) = to do what you said
you would do = complete, finish, carry
Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the out…
University of Paris). She often worked far into the
night and lived on little more than bread and butter Bread and butter= providing a livelihood
and tea. She came first in the examination in the or basic source of income; supplying the
basic needs of life…
physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed
second in the examination in mathematical sciences.
It was not until the spring of that year that she was
introduced to Pierre Curie.
Partnership= collaboration.
Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a Mineral= a substance that is formed
partnership that was soon to achieve results of world naturally in the earth, such
significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in as coal, salt, stone, or gold. Minerals can
1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called be dug out of the ground and used.
'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the Superior = better quality, greater…
radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in Pure = one hundred percent, unmixed,
real…
other elements. She discovered that this was true for
Presence = existence.
thorium.
Ore = rock or earth from which metal can
be obtained
Turning her attention to minerals, she found her Substance = element, material,
interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose ingredient…
radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could Undertake = to accept that you
be explained only by the presence in the ore of small are responsible for a piece of work, and
quantities of an unknown substance of very high start to do it
activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she Resolve= to find a satisfactory way of
had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led dealing with a problem or difficulty= solve,
to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and workout…
Devote your time/ energy/ attention/
radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly
yourself etc to something=dedicate= to
to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie
use all or most of your time, effort etc in
Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic order to do something or help someone.
state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Chiefly = primarily, mainly, mostly…
André-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Radiations = a form of energy that
Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie comes especially from nuclear reactions,
received her Doctorate of Science, and in 13 Marie which is very harmful to living things
and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Metallic = made of metal or containing
Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. metal

The births of Marie's two daughters, Irène and Eve, in Interrupt= stop.
1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work.
Experimental= used for, relating to, or
She was appointed lecturer in physics at the École resulting from experiments
Normale Supérieure for girls in Sèvres, France
(1900), and introduced a method of teaching based Demonstration=an act of explaining and
showing how to do something or how
on experimental demonstrations. In December
something works
1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the
laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.
The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a

Vacant = available, untaken...
bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point
in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her
energy to completing alone the scientific work that
they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was
appointed to the professorship that had been left
vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first
woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the
isolation of a pure form of radium.
During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her Operate = manage, work, conduct, carry
out…
daughter Irène, devoted herself to the development of
the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units In earnest= more seriously and with more
which came to be known as ‘Little Curies', used for force or effort than before
the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the
Radium Institute, whose staff Irène had joined, began
to operate in earnest, and became a centre for
nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at
the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a
member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the
chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical
applications.
In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Triumphant= having gained a victory or
Curie made a triumphant journey to the United success.
States to raise funds for research on radium. Women
there presented her with a gram of radium for her
campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium,
Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition,
had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the

Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in
1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her
sister Bronia became director.
One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was Accumulate= to gather, collect…

to have understood the need to accumulate intense Intense=having a very strong effect or felt
radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also very strongly.
to maintain an abundant supply for research. The
existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of Abundant = plentiful, rich, ample
#scarce…
1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to
the success of the experiments undertaken in the Leukaemia = a type of cancer of
years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the blood, that causes weakness and
the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick sometimes death.
and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irène and Exposure to something = when
Frédéric Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few someone is in a situation where they are
months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a not protected from
result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. something dangerous or unpleasant.
She had often carried test tubes containing Isotopes = one of the possible different
radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the forms of an atom of a
pretty blue-green light they gave off. particular element (=simple chemical
substance)
Her contribution to physics had been immense, not Immense = great, huge, enormous…
only in her own work, the importance of which had
been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but
because of her influence on subsequent generations
of nuclear physicists and chemists.
READING PASSAGE 2
A sense of self develops in young children

somebody’s sense of self =
someone’s idea that they are
a separate person, different from other people
Degree= level.
by degrees. The process can usefully be thought Gradual= slow, steady…
of in terms of the gradual emergence of two Emergence= arrival, advent, development…
Somewhat = more than a little but not very
somewhat separate features: the self as a rather, slightly, to some extent
subject, and the self as an object. William James Separate= unconnected, independent,
different.
introduced the distinction in 1892, and
Distinction=difference, separation,
contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, discrepancy #similarity
added to the developing debate. Ever since then Contemporary= someone who lived or was
in a particular place at the same time as
psychologists have continued building on the someone else.
theory. Debate= argument, discussion.
B
According to James, a child's first step on the Various = many, a range of, numerous…
road to self-understanding can be seen as the
recognition that he or she exists. This is an Emerge = arise, develop, appear.
aspect of the self that he labelled 'self-as-
Infant = a baby or very young child.
subject', and he gave it various elements. These
included an awareness of one's own agency (i.e. Caregiver = someone who takes care of a
one's power to act), and an awareness of one's child or sick person.
distinctiveness from other people. These features
gradually emerge as infants explore their world Propose = suggest
and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902)
suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was Attempt = effort, endeavor.
primarily concerned with being able to exercise
power. He proposed that the earliest examples
of this are an infant's attempts to control physical
objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs.
This is followed by attempts to affect the
behaviour of other people. For example, infants
learn that when they cry or smile someone
responds to them.
C
Another powerful source of information for infants Mimic= imitate, copy…
about the effects they can have on the world Vocalize= to make a sound or sounds with
around them is provided when others mimic your voice.
them. Many parents spend a lot of time, Reflection= an image that you can see in a
particularly in the early months, copying their mirror, glass, or water.
Contingent on/upon something=
infant's vocalizations and expressions. In depending on something that may happen in
addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, the future.
where the movements they can see are Distinct= different, dissimilar…
dependent upon their own movements.
This is not to say that infants recognize the
reflection as their own image (a later
development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn
(1979) suggest that infants' developing
understanding that the movements they see in
the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to
a growing awareness that they are distinct from
other people. This is because they, and only
they, can change the reflection in the mirror.
D
This understanding that children gain of Co-operate= work together, work as a
themselves as active agents continues to team…
develop in their attempts to co-operate with
others in play. Dunn (1988) points out that it is in
such day-to-day relationships and interactions
that the child's understanding of his- or herself Empirical= based on scientific testing or
emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as- practical experience, not on ideas=
subject in young children are, however, rather experimental, observed, practical #theoretical
scarce because of difficulties of communication:
even if young infants can reflect on their
experience, they certainly cannot express this
aspect of the self directly.
E
Once children have acquired a certain level of Acquire= obtain, get, attain…
self-awareness, they begin to place themselves
in a whole series of categories, which together Unique= distinctive, only one of it’s kind…
play such an important part in defining them
uniquely as 'themselves'. This second step in Characteristic= trait, feature, quality…
the development of a full sense of self is what
Derive something from something= to get
James called the 'self-as-object'. This has been
something, especially an advantage or a
seen by many to be the aspect of the self which
pleasant feeling, from something.
is most influenced by social elements, since it is
made up of social roles (such as student, brother,
colleague) and characteristics which derive
their meaning from comparison or interaction
with other people (such as trustworthiness,
shyness, sporting ability).
F
Cooley and other researchers suggested a close Identity= the qualities and attitudes that a
connection between a person's own person or group of people have, that make
understanding of their identity and other people's them different from other people.
understanding of it. Cooley believed that people Bind somebody/something
build up their sense of identity from the reactions together=unite= to form a strong emotional
of others to them, and from the view they believe or economic connection between two people,
others have of them. He called the self-as-object countries etc.
the 'looking-glass self', since people come to see
themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead Arise= happen, occur, take place, start…
(1934) went even further, and saw the self and
the social world as inextricably bound together: Conceive of (doing) something = to
'The self is essentially a social structure, and it imagine a particular situation or to think about
arises in social experience ... it is impossible to something in a particular way.
conceive of a self arising outside of social
experience.'
G
Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important Milestone= a very important event in the
developmental milestone is reached when development of something.
children become able to recognize themselves
visually without the support of seeing contingent Contingent= dependent= depending on
movement. This recognition occurs around their something that may happen in the future.
second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and
Experiment= test, research…
Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder

on the noses of children who were playing in front Longitudinal study/survey/research etc=
of a mirror, and then observed how often they relating to the development of something over
touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned a period of time.
that if the children knew what they usually looked
Frustration= the feeling of being annoyed,
like, they would be surprised by the unusual red
upset, or impatient, because you cannot
mark and would start touching it. On the other control or change a situation, or achieve
hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months something.
are generally not able to recognize themselves
unless other cues such as movement are Anger= a strong feeling of wanting to hurt or
present. criticize someone because they have done
H something bad to you or been unkind to you.
Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of
self-awareness in general can be seen in the
displays of rage which are most common from 18 tug-of-war = a situation in which two people
months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal or groups try very hard to get or keep the
same thing
study of groups of three or four children,
Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the Dispute= to try to get control of something
frustration and anger in their disagreements or win something
increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2
years. Often, the children's disagreements Marked= clear, obvious, noticeable…
involved a struggle over a toy that none of them
had played with before or after the tug-of-war: Notable= important, significant, prominent,
the children seemed to be disputing ownership outstanding,…
rather than wanting to play with it. Although it
may be less marked in other societies, the link
between the sense of 'self' and of 'ownership' is a
notable feature of childhood in Western
societies.
READING PASSAGE 3
Conviction= strong belief, opinion or view
T he conviction that historical relics

provide infallible testimony about the
Relic= an old object or custom that reminds
people of the past or that has lived on from a
past time.
Infallible= always right = reliable, dependable
past is rooted in the nineteenth and early Testimony= indication, proof, evidence…
Root= origin.
twentieth centuries, when science was
Objective= based on facts, or making a
regarded as objective and value free. As
decision that is based on facts rather than on
one writer observes: 'Although it is now your feelings or beliefs.
evident that artefacts are as easily altered Artefact= an object such as a tool, weapon
as chronicles, public faith in their veracity etc that was made in the past and is
endures: a tangible relic seems ipso historically important.
facto real.' Such conviction was, until Alter= change, modify, adjust, vary #maintain
recently, reflected in museum displays. Chronicle= story, record…
Museums used to look - and some still do - Veracity= truth.
much like storage rooms of objects packed Endure= to remain alive or continue to exist
together in showcases: good for scholars for a long time.
who wanted to study the subtle differences Tangible= clear enough or definite enough to
be easily seen or noticed.
in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to Ipso facto= used to show that something is
whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the known from or proved by the facts.
information accompanying the objects Scholar= an intelligent and well-educated
often made little sense to the lay visitor. person.
The content and format of explanations Accompany= go together with.
dated back to a time when the museum Exclusive= available or belonging only to
was the exclusive domain of the scientific
particular people, and not shared.
researcher.
Domain= area, field, sphere, realm,
B Heritage= the traditional beliefs, values,

Recently, however, attitudes towards customs etc of a family, country, or society.
history and the way it should be presented
have altered. The key word in heritage
display is now 'experience', the more
exciting the better and, if possible, Emerge= appear, come out…
involving all the senses. Good examples of
this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Prototype= example, model…
Centre in York; the National Museum of
Photography, Film and Television in Virtual= almost or nearly as described, but not
Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in completely or according to strict definition
London. In the US the trend emerged =near.
much earlier: Williamsburg has been a
prototype for many heritage Vivid= vivid memories, dreams, descriptions
developments in other parts of the world. etc are so clear that they seem real.
No one can predict where the process will
Intolerable= too difficult, bad, annoying etc for
end. On so-called heritage sites the re-
you to accept or deal with.
enactment of historical events is
increasingly popular, and computers will Vulgarisation= the process of spoiling
soon provide virtual reality experiences, something by changing it so that it is more
which will present visitors with a vivid ordinary than before and not of such a high
image of the period of their choice, in standard
which they themselves can act as if part of
the historical environment. Such
developments have been criticised as an
intolerable vulgarisation, but the
success of many historical theme parks
and similar locations suggests that the
majority of the public does not share this
opinion.
C
In a related development, the sharp Sharp= clear, definite,…
distinction between museum and heritage
sites on the one hand, and theme parks Theme park= a type of park where you can
on the other, is gradually evaporating. have fun riding on big machines such as a
They already borrow ideas and concepts roller coaster, and where the whole park is
from one another. For example, museums based on one subject such as water or space
have adopted story lines for exhibitions, travel.
sites have accepted 'theming'as a relevant Evaporate= if a feeling evaporates, it slowly
tool, and theme parks are moving towards disappears = vanish, fade, dissolve #solidify
more authenticity and research-based
presentations. In zoos, animals are no Adopt= approve.
longer kept in cages, but in great spaces,
either in the open air or in enormous
greenhouses, such as the jungle and
desert environments in Burgers'Zoo in
Holland. This particular trend is regarded

as one of the major developments in the
presentation of natural history in the
twentieth century.
D
Theme parks are undergoing other Undergo= experience, go through…
changes, too, as they try to present more
serious social and cultural issues, and Fulfill= satisfy.
move away from fantasy. This
development is a response to market Operate= run, organize…
forces and, although museums and
heritage sites have a special, rather
distinct, role to fulfill, they are also
operating in a very competitive
environment, where visitors make choices
on how and where to spend their free time.
Heritage and museum experts do not have
to invent stories and recreate historical
environments to attract their visitors: their
assets are already in place. However,
exhibits must be both based on artefacts
and facts as we know them, and
attractively presented. Those who are
professionally engaged in the art of Be engaged in something= to be doing or to
become involved in an activity.
interpreting history are thus in a difficult
position, as they must steer a narrow Interpret= explain.
course between the demands of
'evidence' and 'attractiveness', especially Steer a course= to choose a way of doing
given the increasing need in the heritage something carefully.
industry for income-generating activities.
E
It could be claimed that in order to make
everything in heritage more 'real', historical Depict= describe, illustrate, represent,…
accuracy must be increasingly altered. For Correspond to/with something= link, relate,
example, Pithecanthropus erectus is match…
depicted in an Indonesian museum with Perception= view, opinion…
Malay facial features, because this Dominant= leading= more powerful,
corresponds to public perceptions. important, or noticeable than other people or
Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History things.
in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown Gesture= something that you say or do, often
making a dominant gesture to his wife. something small, to show how you feel about
Such presentations tell us more about someone or something.
contemporary perceptions of the world

than about our ancestors. There is one Compensation= something that makes a bad
compensation, however, for the situation better.
professionals who make these Misconceptions= misunderstanding,
interpretations: if they did not provide the mistaken belief,…
interpretation, visitors would do it for Prejudice= strong and unreasonable feelings
themselves, based on their own ideas, which make you like some things but not
misconceptions and prejudices. And no others.
matter how exciting the result, it would Bias= an opinion about whether a person,
contain a lot more bias than the group, or idea is good or bad that influences
presentations provided by experts.
how you deal with it.
F
Inevitable= unavoidable, certain…
Human bias is inevitable, but another
source of bias in the representation of Occupy= live in , inhabit…
history has to do with the transitory nature
of the materials themselves. The simple
fact is that not everything from history
survives the historical process. Castles,
palaces and cathedrals have a longer
lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary
people. The same applies to the
furnishings and other contents of the
premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland,
which in the seventeenth century was
occupied by approximately the same
number of inhabitants as today, people
lived within the walled town, an area more
than five times smaller than modern
Leyden. In most of the houses several
families lived together in circumstances
beyond our imagination. Yet in museums,
fine period rooms give only an image of
the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. Era= period, age…
No wonder that people who stroll around
Wonder=question, doubt…
exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the
evidence in museums indicates that life Stroll= leisurely walk.
was so much better in the past. This
notion is induced by the bias in its Nostalgia= a feeling that a time in the past
representation in museums and heritage was good, or the activity of remembering a
centres. good time in the past and wishing that things
had not changed.
Notion = idea, view, concept, belief,

perception, thought…
PHỤ LỤC
IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET | Phiên bản chỉnh sửa
Phù hợp việc tự luyện IELTS Reading tại nhà
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U4w
Tuy nhiên, để phục vụ việc ghi chép các lỗi thường gặp trong quá trình làm bài và tạo
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 Các phần thông tin chỉ dùng cho kỳ thi thật đã được cắt bỏ, thay vào đó là cột
thông tin problem và solution để các bạn có thể ghi chú các thông tin cần thiết
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Sau đó ghim các tờ answer sheet của bạn lại thành 1 quyển và đọc đi đọc lại
thường xuyên, và đặc biệt là đọc thật kỹ trước khi làm một test mới
Neglect= ignore, abandon…

Cambridge 10
Restoration= repair, renewal…
Test 1
Former= ex, previous, past…
READING PASSAGE 1
Glory= when something is beautiful and
impressive in appearance.
Stepwells Spectacular= fantastic, stunning, amazing,
impressive, fabulous…
A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in
the driest parts of India. Although many have been Bygone= past, former, previous…
neglected, recent restoration has returned them to
their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to north- Inhabitant= citizen, resident…
western India to document these spectacular
monuments from a bygone era. Monument= a building, statue, or other
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the large structure that is built to remind people
of an important event or famous person.
inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and
Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method Irrigate= to supply land or crops with water.
of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during
the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals Utilitarian= useful, practical, effective…
and irrigation. However, the significance of this
invention – the stepwell – goes beyond its utilitarian Unique= sole, only one of its kind,
application. distinctive…
Unique to the region, stepwells are often Heyday= peak of your success, glory days,
architecturally complex and vary widely in size and prime= the time when someone or
shape. During their heyday, they were places of something was most popular, successful, or
gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for powerful.
villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells Caste= social class in India.
are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat
(where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they Position= locate, situate, place…
are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi.
Some were located in or near villages as public spaces Comprise= include, contain, consist of…
for the community; others were positioned beside
roads as resting places for travellers. Descend= go down, move down, tumble
down…
As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series
of stone steps descending from ground level to the Negotiate= consult, discuss…
water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it
Crater= hole.
recedes following the rains. When the water level was
high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to
reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to
be negotiated.
Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of
steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others Tier= one of several levels or layers that
are more elaborate, with long stepped passages rise up one above the other.
leading to the water via several storeys built from
stone and supported by pillars, they also included Elaborate= intricate, complicated,
pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless complex…
heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the
Pillar= Tower of strength= a tall upright
intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many
round post used as a support for a roof or
stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing bridge.
to everyday acts such as women combing their hair
and churning butter. Pavilion= exhibition area, spectator area…
Down the centuries, thousands of wells were Shelter= protect.

constructed throughout northwestern India, but the
majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict Intricate= complex, complicated,
and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for elaborate…
industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water
Relentless= Endless, persistent…
table. Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry
spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year Sculpture= statue.
drought between 1996 and 2004.
Embellish= decorate, beautify, make
However, some important sites in Gujarat have fancy…
recently undergone major restoration, and the state
government announced in June last year that it plans Derelict= neglected, abandoned…
to restore the stepwells throughout the state.
Divert= reroute, turn away…
In Patan, the state’s ancient capital, the stepwell of
Rani Ki Vav (Queen’s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest Undergo= experience.
current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati
Finest= best, most excellent…
during the late 11th century, but became silted up
following a flood during the 13th century. But the Pristine= like new, untouched, unspoiled…
Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the
1960s, and today it’s in pristine Depict= show, represent, describe,
condition . At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 illustrate…
metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct
sculptures carved into niches throughout the Incarnation= the state of living in the form
monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and of a particular person or animal. According
Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January to some religions, people have several
2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating different incarnations.
earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.
Devastating= harmful, damaging,
ruinous…
Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera,
northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Earthquake = a sudden shaking of the
Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It’s Earth’s surface that often causes a lot of
actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather damage.
than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell
architecture, including four sides of steps that descend Honour= respect, admire…
to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The

terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines Commissioned= specially made,
between the sets of steps. custom- built…
Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city Ruined= broke, destroyed…
of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned
for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the Dramatic= spectacular, striking,
larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by remarkable, extraordinary…
the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46
metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the Comprise= include, contain, consist of,
intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris involve…
commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.
Striking= good-looking, attractive…
In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95
kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Ornate= covered with a lot of
India’s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, it’s decoration.
perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850
AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori Preserve= protect, save…
comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run
along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, Flock= gather, form a group…
resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen
from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas Marvel= wonder, awesome sight,
supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. amazing thing…
Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off Ingenuity= cleverness, inventiveness,
the Jaipur–Dehli highway. Constructed in around 1700, creativity…
it’s nine storeys deep, with the last two levels
underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded
openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to
the deepest water source.
Today, following years of neglect, many of these

monuments to medieval engineering have been saved
by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has
recognised the importance of preserving them as part
of the country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in
far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in
wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000
years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the
ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the
value of water to human existence.
READING PASSAGE 2
Prospect= possibility, likelihood, chance,
option…
Conceive=imagine, visualize, think of….

EUROPEAN TRANSPORT
Vigorous= strong and healthy…
SYSTEMS 1990-2010
What have been the trends and what are the Efficient= effective, useful, helpful, well-
prospects for European transport systems? organized…
A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic Facilitate= aid, help, assist…

growth without an efficient transport system. Although
Substantial= significant, considerable…
modern information technologies can reduce the
demand for physical transport by facilitating
teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for Frontier= border, boundary, edge…
transport continues to increase. There are two key
factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the Abolish= eliminate, put an end to, stop,
determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. close down, get rid of…
The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads
saw an increase of three million cars each year from Emphasis= stress.
1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a
further substantial increase in its fleet. Labour-intensive = an industry or type of
work that is labour-intensive needs a lot of
B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is
due to a large extent to changes in the European workers.
economy and its system of production. In the last 20
years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the Assembly= gathering, meeting, get-
EU has moved from a ”stock” economy to a ”flow”
economy. This phenomenon has been emphasised together…
by the relocation of some industries, particularly those Candidate= applicant.
which are labourintensive, to reduce production
costs, even though the production site is hundreds or Haulage =moving, carrying, shipping…
even thousands of kilometres away from the final
assembly plant or away from users. Export= sell abroad, sell overseas, sell to
other countries…
C The strong economic growth expected in countries
which are candidates for entry to the EU will also Import= bring in, trade in, buy from abroad,
increase transport flows, in particular road haulage buy from overseas, buy from other
traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already countries…
exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and
Inherit= be left, take over…
imported more than five times their 1990 volumes.
And although many candidate countries inherited a
transport system which encourages rail, the Distribution= sharing, spreading,

distribution between modes has tipped sharply in allocation…
favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between
1990 and 1998，road haulage increased by 19.4%, Imperative= vital, very important,
while during the same period rail haulage decreased crucial, essential…
by 43.5%, although – and this could benefit the
enlarged EU – it is still on average at a much higher Sustainable= able to continue for a long
level than in existing member states. time.
D However, a new imperative-sustainable Adapt= get a feel to, get used to,
development – offers an opportunity for adapting the familiarize yourself…
EU common transport policy. This objective, agreed
by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be Policy= rule, guiding principle, strategy,
achieved by integrating environmental considerations plan…
into Community policies, and shifting the balance
between modes of transport lies at the heart of its Objective= aim, purpose, goal,
strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully intention…
achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are
nonetheless a first essential step towards a Integrate= put together, mix, combine…
sustainable transport system which will ideally be in
place in 30 years‟ time, that is by 2040. Strategy= plan.
E In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector Propose= suggest, recommend,

was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2，the advise…
leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest
estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic Ideally= perfectly, well…
growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be
expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion Blame= hold responsible, accused…
tonnes by 2020，compared with the 739 billion tonnes
Emission= release, discharge…
recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the
main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the
Reverse = overturn.
CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using
alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is
Culprit= cause, reason…
thus both an ecological necessity and a technological
challenge.
Account for= represent, explain,
answer for…
F At the same time greater efforts must be made to
achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be
Deterioration = worsening, decline,
achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a
weakening…
century of constant deterioration in favour of road.
This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight
Marginalise= to make a person or a
services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of
group of people unimportant and
market share, and with international goods trains
powerless in an unfair way.
struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three
possible options have emerged.
Emerge= appear, come out…
G The first approach would consist of focusing on road

transport solely through pricing. This option would not Accompany= go along with, go
be accompanied by complementary measures in the together with…
other modes of transport. In the short term it might
curb the growth in road transport through the better Complementary= balancing.
loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates
of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the Ratio= proportion, percentage…
increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of
measures available to revitalise other modes of Curb= hold back, limit, restrain, reduce,
transport would make it impossible for more cut back…
sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
Occupancy= the number of people who
H The second approach also concentrates on road stay, work, or live in a room or building
transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to at the same time.
increase the efficiency of the other modes (better
quality of services, logistics, technology). However, Concentrate on= focus on.
this approach does not include investment in new
infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional Logistics= the business of transporting
cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling things such as goods to the place where
than the first approach, but road transport would keep they are needed.
the lion‟s share of the market and continue to
concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the Infrastructure= the basic systems and
most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough structures that a country or organization
to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance. needs in order to work properly, for
example roads, railways, banks etc.
I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a
series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising Cohesion= unity, consistency,
alternative modes of transport and targeting organization…
investment in the trans-European network. This
integrated approach would allow the market shares of Uncoupling= disconnection,
the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus separation…
make a shift of balance. It is far more ambitious than it
looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in Saturated= soaked, wet…
favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would
achieve a marked break in the link between road Artery= a main road, railway line, river
transport growth and economic growth, without placing etc.
restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.
Revitalizing= refreshing, renewing…
Bear in mind=since, given that…
Innovation= improvement, advance,

READING PASSAGE 3 modernization…
Survival= continued existence.
The psychology of innovation Substantial= considerable, significant…

Why are so few companies truly innovative?
Inspire= motivate, encourage…
Innovation is key to business survival，and
companies put substantial resources into inspiring Stimulate= inspire, motivate,
employees to develop new ideas. There are, encourage…
nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-
art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find Budget= the money that is available to
that their environment doesn’t make them feel at all a person.
creative. And there are those who don’t have a
budget, or much space, but who innovate Recruitment= employment, staffing…
successfully.
Circumstance= situation, condition…
For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at
Arizona State University, one reason that companies Quartet= four singers or musicians who
don’t succeed as often as they should is that sing or play together.
innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows
that the fit between an employee’s values and a Quintet= five singers or musicians who
company’s values makes a difference to what perform together.
contribution they make and whether, two years after
they join, they’re still at the company. Studies at Revolutionise= transform, develop,
Harvard Business School show that, although some modernize, change…
individuals may be more creative than others, almost
every individual can be creative in the right Fuse= combine, blend…
circumstances.
Ambition= aim, goal, objective…
One of the most famous photographs in the story of
rock’n’roll emphasises Ciaidini’s views. The 1956
picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny
Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun
Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun’s ‘million-
dollar quartet’ could have been a quintet. Missing
from the picture is Roy Orbison’ a greater natural
singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who
owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music
with songs that fused black and white music, and
country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis
instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and
believed in it. Orbison wasn’t inspired by the goal, and
only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.
Hard-wired= if an attitude, way of behaving etc

The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because is hard-wired, it is a natural part of a person’s
character that they are born with and cannot
innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under change.
that pressure we, as a species, behave differently,
‘When things change, we are hard-wired to play it Adopt= embrace, take on, accept, approve….
safe.’ Managers should therefore adopt an approach
that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what Seize= take advantage of, grab, take…
stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a Gamble= risk.
particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably
take more gambles when threatened with a loss than Threatened= in danger, in jeopardy…
when offered a reward.
Delicate= needing to be dealt with carefully or
sensitively in order to avoid problems or failure.
Managing innovation is a delicate art. It’s easy for a
company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the Conflicting= contradictory, disagreeing,
marketing, product development, and finance differing…
departments each get different feedback from different
sets of people. And without a system which ensures Ensure= make sure, guarantee…
collaborative exchanges within the company, it’s also Collaborative= mutual, shared…
easy for small ‘pockets of innovation‟ to disappear.
Innovation is a contact sport. You can‟t brief people Brief =inform, tell…
just by saying, ‘We’re going in this direction and I’m
going to take you with me.’ Syndrome= a set of qualities, events, or types
of behaviour that is typical of a particular kind of
problem.
Cialdini believes that this ‘follow-the-leader syndrome,
is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses Cite= refer to, mention…
to go it alone. ‘It’s been scientifically proven that three
people will be better than one at solving problems, Organism= an animal, plant, human, or any
other living thing.
even if that one person is the smartest person in the
field.’ To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview Crack= solve, work out, figure out…
with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson,
together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of Accomplished= talented, gifted, skilful,
DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living expert….
organisms. ‘When asked how they had cracked the Rival= opponent, competitor…
code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival
investigators, he said something that stunned me. He Pursue= chase, follow, hunt
said ”he and Crick had succeeded because they were
aware that they weren’t the most intelligent of the Pervasive= existing everywhere.
scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist Resist= oppose, refuse to accept, deny…
was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, “was
so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.’ Veteran= experienced, expert…
Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human

behaviour. ‘The principle of social proof is so
pervasive that we don’t even recognise it,’ says
Cialdini. ‘If your project is being resisted, for example,
by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-
timer to speak up for it.’ Cialdini is not alone in Advocate= support, encourage, promote,
advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer be in favor of…
power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more
powerful than any boss’s speech. Peer= colleague, friend…
Engagement= meeting, appointment…

Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the
flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research Inhibit= stop, prevent…
papers and historical events that prove that even
something as simple as writing deepens every Regrettable= undesirable, unwelcome,
individual’s engagement in the project. It is, he says, unfortunate…
the reason why all those competitions on breakfast
cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no Tendency= trend.
more than 10 words: ‘I like Kellogg’s Com Flakes
because… .’ The very act of writing makes us more Opt= choose, decide on, select…
likely to believe it.
Overbearing= domineering= always trying
to control other people without considering
Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often
their wishes or feelings.
does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what
Cialdini calls ”captainitis, the regrettable tendency of Interchange= exchange, swap…
team members to opt out of team responsibilities that
are properly their’. He calls it captainitis because, he Function= role, purpose, meaning…
says, ”crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a
sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain Furniture= large objects such as chairs,
makes a clearly wrong-headed decision”. This tables, beds, and cupboards.
behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can
happen in any workplace where the leader is Ideal= perfect, best…
overbearing.
Take pride in= to do something very
carefully and well, in a way that gives you a
At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis lot of satisfaction.
design collective, a group of young designers for
whom ”the only rule was that there were no rule”. This Accomplishment= achievement,
environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, success…
which led to more creativity with form, function, colour
and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture Simultaneously= at the same time, at
design. once…
Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from Assure = ensure, make certain,
behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment guarantee…
and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini Frustrating= annoying.
says:”Leaders should encourage everyone to
contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned Formula= rule, principle…
that every recommendation is important to making the
right decision and will be given full attention” The
frustrating thing about innovation is that there are
many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a
manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture
can make their job a lot easier by recognising these

psychological realities.
Anthropological= the scientific study

Test 2 of people, their societies, cultures etc.
Wrestle with something=

to try to understand or find a solution to
READING PASSAGE 1 a difficult problem.
Enigma= mystery, puzzle…

Tea and the Industrial
Puzzle= mystery, enigma…
Revolution
A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking Take off= start out, begin…
habits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in
Britain. Anjana Abuja reports Drive= run.
A Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological Urban= city, town, metropolitan…

science at King’s College, Cambridge has, like other
historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of Labour= workforce, workers,
the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big employees…
Bang – the world-changing birth of industry-happen in
Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th Criterion= standard, principle…
century?
Sufficient= adequate, enough…
B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination
lock. ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of
them need to be present before the revolution can Coal= a hard black mineral which is dug
happen,’ he says. For industry to take off, there needs out of the ground and burnt to produce
to be the technology and power to drive factories, large heat
urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy
Convinced= persuaded.
transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-
class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-
driven economy and a political system that allows this to
happen. While this was the case for England, other
nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France
also met some of these criteria but were not
industrialising. All these factors must have been
necessary. But not sufficient to cause the revolution,
says Macfarlane. ‘After all, Holland had everything
except coal while China also had many of these factors.
Most historians are convinced there are one or two
missing factors that you need to open the lock. Propose= suggest.
’
C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in Ingredient= element, part…
almost even kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two of the
Flourish= thrive, grow…
nation’s favourite drinks, fuelled the revolution. The
antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in Succumb= give in, surrender…
tea, and of hops in beer – plus the fact that both are
made with boiled water – allowed urban communities to Eccentric= unusual, weird, strange…
flourish at close quarters without succumbing to
water-borne diseases such as dysentery. The theory Deduction= reasoning, conclusion,
sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the logic…
detective work that went into his deduction, the
scepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlane’s Scepticism= an attitude of doubting that
case has been strengthened by support from notable particular claims or statements are true or
quarters – Roy Porter, the distinguished medical that something will happen.
historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his
Strengthen= support, reinforce…
research.
Appraisal= assessment, evaluation,
D Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the judgment, review…
Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had
alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th Notable= important, interesting, excellent,
century that required explanation. Between about 1650 or unusual enough to be noticed or
and 1740，the population in Britain was static. But then mentioned.
there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane
says: ‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of Wonder= self=question.
20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and
Alight on= to suddenly think of or notice
cities, and across all classes. People suggested four something or someone.
possible causes. Was there a sudden change in the
viruses and bacteria around? Unlikely. Was there a Static= constant, unchanging…
revolution in medical science? But this was a century
before Lister’s revolution*. Was there a change in Infant= newborn baby.
environmental conditions? There were improvements in
agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small Mortality= death.
gains. Sanitation did not become widespread until the
19th century. The only option left is food. But the height Wipe out= destroy, eliminate, remove…
and weight statistics show a decline. So the food must
Sanitation= the protection of public health
have got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction
by removing and treating waste, dirty
in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’ water etc.
E This population burst seemed to happen at just the Statistics= data, information, figures…
right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution.
‘When you start moving towards an industrial revolution,
it is economically efficient to have people living close
together,’ says Macfarlane. ‘But then you get disease,
particularly from human waste.’ Some digging around in
historical records revealed that there was a change in
the incidence of water-borne disease at that time,

especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that Incidence= frequency, occurrence, rate…
whatever the British were drinking must have been
important in regulating disease. He says, ‘We drank Deduce= assume, reason, figure out…
beer. For a long time, the English were protected by the
Regulate= control.
strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to
help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a Preserve= protect.
tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of
beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s Malt= grain, usually barley, that has been
the mortality rate began to rise again. Then it suddenly kept in water for a time and then dried. It is
dropped again. What caused this?’ used for making beer, whisky etc..
F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also
developing large cities about the same time, and also Prevalence= dominance.
had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much
looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Extraordinary= strange, unusual,
Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in their surprising…
culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Coincidence= when two things happen at
Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of the same time, in the same place, or to the
dates. Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started same people in a way that seems
a direct dipper trade with China in the early 18th surprising or unusual.
century. By the 1740s, about the time that infant
mortality was dipping, the drink was common. Dipping= plummeting, dropping,
Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be reducing…
boiled, together with the stomach-purifying properties
of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers Purify= clean, get rid of impurities…
was healthier than it had ever been. No other European
nation sipped tea like the British, which, by Macfarlanes Out of contention= no longer having a
chance of winning something.
logic, pushed these other countries out of contention
for the revolution. Forge ahead= to make progress,
especially quickly.
G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why
didn’t Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial Literacy= the state of being able to read
revolution of its own? Macfarlane notes that even and write.
though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high
literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its Abandoned= neglected.
back on the essence of any work-based revolution by
giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid
that they would put people out of work. So, the nation
that we now think of as one of the most technologically
advanced entered the 19th century having ‘abandoned
the wheel’.
Determine= decide.
READING PASSAGE 2 Intelligence= cleverness.
Gifted children and learning Cutoff point= maximum value.
Contribute= be a factor.
A Internationally, ‘giftedness’ is most frequently
determined by a score on a general intelligence test, Provision= the act of providing something
known as an IQ test, which is above a chosen cutoff that someone needs.
point, usually at around the top 2-5%. Children’s
educational environment contributes to the IQ score Backup= help, support, encouragement…
and the way intelligence is used. For example, a very
close positive relationship was found when children’s Verbal= oral, spoken.
IQ scores were compared with their home educational
provision (Freeman, 2010). The higher the children’s Interaction= communication.
IQ scores, especially over IQ 130, the better the quality
Manipulate= to work skillfully with
of their educational backup, measured in terms of information, systems etc to achieve the
reported verbal interactions with parents, number of result that you want.
books and activities in their home etc. Because IQ
tests are decidedly influenced by what the child has Predict = guess, forecast, foresee…
learned, they are to some extent measures of current
achievement based on age-norms; that is, how well Emerge= come out, appear…
the children have learned to manipulate their
knowledge and know-how within the terms of the test. Appropriate = suitable, proper, right,
The vocabulary aspect, for example, is dependent on correct, fitting…
having heard those words. But IQ tests can neither
identify the processes of learning and thinking nor Material= data, information…
predict creativity. Tuition= teaching, guidance, training…
B Excellence does not emerge without appropriate Encouragement= support.
help. To reach an exceptionally high standard in any
area very able children need the means to learn, which Intellectual= relating to the ability to
includes material to work with and focused understand things and think intelligently.
challenging tuition -and the encouragement to follow
their dream. There appears to be a qualitative External = outside, outer…
difference in the way the intellectually highly able
think, compared with more average-ability or older Regulation= control.
pupils, for whom external regulation by the teacher
Compensate= balance
often compensates for lack of internal regulation. To
be at their most effective in their self-regulation, all Internal= inside, inner…
children can be helped to identify their own ways of
learning – metacognition – which will include strategies
of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and choice of what
to learn. Emotional awareness is also part of
metacognition, so children should be helped to be
aware of their feelings around the area to be learned,

feelings of curiosity or confidence, for example. Curiosity= the desire to know about
something.
C High achievers have been found to use self-
Strategy= plan, approach…
regulatory learning strategies more often and more
effectively than lower achievers, and are better able to Demonstrate= show, display…
transfer these strategies to deal with unfamiliar tasks.
This happens to such a high degree in some children Succinctly= in a few words, concisely…
that they appear to be demonstrating talent in
particular areas. Overviewing research on the thinking Gifted= talented.
process of highly able children, (Shore and Kanevsky,
1993) put the instructor’s problem succinctly: ‘If they Merely= just, only, simply…
[the gifted] merely think more quickly, then .we need
only teach more quickly. If they merely make fewer Adjustment= change, modification,
errors, then we can shorten the practice’. But of correction…
course, this is not entirely the case; adjustments have
Take account of= comprise, contain, take
to be made in methods of learning and teaching, to
in…
take account of the many ways individuals think.
Conversely= on the other hand, in
D Yet in order to learn by themselves, the gifted do opposition, on the contrary…
need some support from their teachers. Conversely,
teachers who have a tendency to ‘overdirect’ can Tendency= trend.
diminish their gifted pupils’ learning autonomy.
Although ‘spoon-feeding’ can produce extremely high Autonomy= independence.
examination results, these are not always followed by
equally impressive life successes. Too much Recognize= realize.
dependence on the teachers risks loss of autonomy
Fundamental= basic, original, elemental,
and motivation to discover. However, when teachers o primary…
pupils to reflect on their own learning and thinking
activities, they increase their pupils’ self-regulation. For Major= main, most important, foremost…
a young child, it may be just the simple question ‘What
have you learned today?’ which helps them to Competent= knowledgeable,
recognise what they are doing. Given that a experienced…
fundamental goal of education is to transfer the
control of learning from teachers to pupils, improving Bright= brilliant, intelligent, clever, smart…
pupils’ learning to learn techniques should be a major
outcome of the school experience, especially for the Deprived= disadvantaged, poor…
highly competent. There are quite a number of new
Progress= development, growth,
methods which can help, such as child- initiated improvement, advancement…
learning, ability-peer tutoring, etc. Such practices have
been found to be particularly useful for bright children Vital= very important, crucial, necessary…
from deprived areas.
Outstanding= excellent, great, wonderful…
E But scientific progress is not all theoretical,
knowledge is a so vital to outstanding performance:
individuals who know a great deal about a specific
domain will achieve at a higher level than those who

do not (Elshout, 1995). Research with creative Domain = field, area…
scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to the
conclusion that above a certain high level, Conclusion= something you decide
characteristics such as independence seemed to after considering all the information you
contribute more to reaching the highest levels of have.
expertise than intellectual skills, due to the great
demands of effort and time needed for learning and Characteristic= trait, feature…
practice. Creativity in all forms can be seen as
expertise se mixed with a high level of motivation Expertise= know-how, knowledge,
(Weisberg, 1993). proficiency…
F To sum up, learning is affected by emotions of both Desire= want, need…

the individual and significant others. Positive emotions
facilitate the creative aspects of earning and negative
emotions inhibit it. Fear, for example, can limit the
development of curiosity, which is a strong force in
scientific advance, because it motivates problem-
solving behaviour. In Boekaerts’ (1991) review of
emotion the learning of very high IQ and highly
achieving children, she found emotional forces in
harness. They were not only curious, but often had a
strong desire to control their environment, improve
their learning efficiency and increase their own
learning resources.
Original= real.
READING PASSAGE 3 Reproduction= copy, imitation, replica,

duplicate…
Assumption= supposition, guess,

Museums of fine art and their hypothesis…
public
Fine= very well, excellent, top quality…
The fact that people go to the Louvre museum in Paris
to see the original painting Mona Lisa when they can
see a reproduction anywhere leads us to question
some assumptions about the role of museums of fine
art in today’s world
One of the most famous works of art in the world is
Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Nearly everyone who

goes to see the original will already be familiar with it Novel= work of fiction, story…
from reproductions, but they accept that fine art is
more rewardingly viewed in its original form. Bother= to make the effort to do
something.
However, if Mona Lisa was a famous novel, few
people would bother to go to a museum to read the Evolve= develop, grow…
writer’s actual manuscript rather than a printed
reproduction. This might be explained by the fact that Precisely= exactly, correctly,
the novel has evolved precisely because of accurately…
technological developments that made it possible to
print out huge numbers of texts, whereas oil paintings Interpret= translate.
have always been produced as unique objects. In
addition, it could be argued that the practice of Convention= rule, principle…
interpreting or ‘reading’ each medium follows different
conventions. With novels, the reader attends mainly Signify= mean, indicate, show…
to the meaning of words rather than the way they are
printed on the page, whereas the ‘reader’ of a painting Facsimile= exact copy, duplicate,
must attend just as closely to the material form of reproduction…
marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they
may signify. Witness= see, observe…
Yet it has always been possible to make very accurate Assign= allocate, give…
facsimiles of pretty well any fine art work. The seven
surviving versions of Mona Lisa bear witness to the Workshop= class, seminar…
fact that in the 16th century, artists seemed perfectly
content to assign the reproduction of their creations to Apprentice= trainee, learner…
their workshop apprentices as regular ‘bread and
butter’ work. And today the task of reproducing Bread and butter work= bread-and-
pictures is incomparably more simple and reliable, with butter work is work that is not very
reprographic techniques that allow the production of exciting but provides you with most of
high-quality prints made exactly to the original scale, the money that you need in order to live.
with faithful colour values, and even with duplication
of the surface relief of the painting. Scale= size.
But despite an implicit recognition that the spread of Faithful= true, authentic, exact, close…
good reproductions can be culturally valuable,
museums continue to promote the special status of Duplication= replication, copying…
original work.
Exhibit= display, show…
Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations
on the kind of experience offered to visitors.
One limitation is related to the way the museum

presents its exhibits. As repositories of unique
historical objects, art museums are often called
‘treasure houses’. We are reminded of this even

before we view a collection by the presence of security Treasure= wealth.
guards, attendants, ropes and display cases to keep
us away from the exhibits. In many cases, the Reinforce= strengthen, support…
architectural style of the building further reinforces
that notion. In addition, a major collection like that of Notion=idea, view..
London’s National Gallery is housed in numerous
rooms, each with dozens of works, any one of which is Possess= have, own…
likely to be worth more than all the average visitor
possesses. In a society that judges the personal Monetary= financial, economic…
status of the individual so much by their material worth,
it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one’s own Institution= organization.
relative ‘worthlessness’ in such an environment.
Alter= change.
Furthermore, consideration of the ‘value’ of the original
work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the Deter= discourage, prevent..
viewer that, since these works were originally
produced, they have been assigned a huge monetary Spontaneous= artless, unstructured,
value by some person or institution more powerful unplanned…
than themselves. Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks
about the work is going to alter that value, and so Diverse= various, varied…
today’s viewer is deterred from trying to extend that
spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading Distressing= upsetting, painful, sad…
which would originally have met the work.
Vital= very important, fundamental,
The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of essential, crucial, central….
seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and
sculptures brought together in an environment for Appreciation= admiration, approval,
which they were not originally created. This enjoyment…
‘displacement effect’ is further heightened by the sheer
volume of exhibits. In the case of a major collection, Superficially= apparently.
there are probably more works on display than we
could realistically view in weeks or even months.
This is particularly distressing because time seems to

be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms. A
fundamental difference between paintings and other
art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which
a painting is viewed. By contrast, the audience
encourage an opera or a play over a specific time,
which is the duration of the performance. Similarly
novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal
sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at
which to start viewing, or at which to finish. Thus art
works themselves encourage us to view them
superficially, without appreciating the richness of
detail and labour that is involved.

Dominant= leading.
Consequently, the dominant critical approach
becomes that of the art historian, a specialised Critical= significant…
academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the
meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its time. Devote= apply, dedicate, offer…
This is in perfect harmony with the museum s
function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking Harmony= agreement.
out and conserving ‘authentic’, original, readings of the
exhibits. Again, this seems to put paid to that Criticism= disapproval.
spontaneous, participators criticism which can be
found in abundance in criticism of classic works of Abundance= loads, great quantity,
literature, but is absent from most art history. plenty…
The displays of art museums serve as a warning of Absent= lacking.

what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous
criticism is suppressed. The museum public, like any Warning= caution.
other audience, experience art more rewardingly when
given the confidence to express their views. If Establishment= organization.
appropriate works of fine art could be rendered
permanently accessible to the public by means of high-
fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already
are, the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them.
Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those
who seek to maintain and control the art
establishment.
Test 3 Primitive= prehistoric, ancient…
READING PASSAGE 1 Survival= continued existence.
The Context, Meaning and

Scope of Tourism
A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when
primitive man set out, often traversing great distances
in search of game, which provided the food and
clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the
course of history, people have travelled for purposes of
trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war,

migration and other equally compelling motivations. In Conviction= belief, faith…
the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high
government officials also travelled for pleasure. Compelling= persuasive, convincing…
Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum
afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their Afford= give, offer…
vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of
Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has Villa= holiday home…
continued to grow and, throughout recorded history,
has played a vital role in the development of Advent= start, beginning…
civilisations and their economies.
Relatively= quite, fairly, rather,
B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a comparatively…
distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians
suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in Rapid= fast, quick, speedy…
England during the industrial revolution with the rise of
the middle class and the availability of relatively Expansion= growth, development,
inexpensive transportation. The creation of the increase, spreading out…
commercial airline industry following the Second World
War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft Exchange= swap, trade, import and
in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and export…
expansion of international travel. This growth led to
the development of a major new industry: tourism. In Segment= part, section….
turn, international tourism became the concern of a
number of world governments since it not only Tax= an amount of money that you must
provided new employment opportunities but also pay to the government according to your
produced a means of earning foreign exchange. income, property, goods etc and that is
used to pay for public services.
C Tourism today has grown significantly in both
economic and social importance. In most industrialised Estimate= calculate approximately.
countries over the past few years the fastest growth
has been seen in the area of services. One of the
largest segments of the service industry, although
largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these
countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World
Travel and Tourism Council (1992),Travel and tourism
is the largest industry in the world on virtually any
economic measure including value-added capital
investment, employment and tax contributions,. In
1992’ the industry’s gross output was estimated to be
$3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending.
The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest
employer the almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per
cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s
leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per
cent of the world’s national product and accounting for
capital investment in excess of $422 billion m direct

indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism Capital= money or property, especially
has a profound impact both on the world economy when it is used to start a business or to
and, because of the educative effect of travel and the produce more wealth.
effects on employment, on society itself.
Profound= deep, great, extreme…
D However, the major problems of the travel and
tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its Obscured= hidden, covered, buried…
economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation
of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: Diversity= variety.
hotels, motels and other types of accommodation;
restaurants and other food services; transportation Fragmentation= breakup, division…
services and facilities; amusements, attractions and
other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number Accommodation= somewhere to live,
of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses somewhere to stay…
also serve local residents, the impact of spending by
visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. Amusement= entertainment, recreation,
In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism pursuit…
industry involves concepts that have remained
amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Facilities= services, conveniences…
Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it
difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable Enterprise= venture, project, activity…
or credible tourism information base in order to
estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national Overlook= fail to notice, ignore, miss,
and global economies. However, the nature of this forget, neglect…
very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles
for economic development in a wide variety of Concept= idea, theory…
countries, regions or communities.
Credible= believable, convincing,
E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel plausible, probable…
and tourism have become an institutionalised way of
life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Commodity= product, goods…
Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the
largest commodity in international trade for many
nations and, for a significant number of other
countries, it ranks second or third. For example,
tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda,
Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean
countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting
from data published by the American Express
Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry
is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas,
Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany,
Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the
United Kingdom and the United States. However,
because of problems of definition, which directly affect
statistical measurement, it is not possible with any

degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable Statistical= numerical.
data about the extent of world-wide tourism
participation or its economic impact. In many cases, Precise= exact, specific, accurate…
similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to
measure domestic tourism. Arise= happen, occur…
Attempt= effort.
Investigate= examine, study, explore…

READING PASSAGE 2
Mystery= secrecy.
Autumn leaves Captivating= charming, attractive,

Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery fascinating…
of why leaves turn red in the fall
Magnificent= wonderful, outstanding,
A One of the most captivating natural events of the brilliant…
year in many areas throughout North America is the
turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are Molecule= tiny part.
magnificent, but the question of exactly why some
trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is Hemisphere= a half of the Earth,
something which has long puzzled scientists. especially one of the halves above and
below the equator.
B Summer leaves are green because they are full of
chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight Redundant= unneeded, unnecessary…
converts that energy into new building materials for the
tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, Precious= valuable, important,
the amount of solar energy available declines treasured, cherished…
considerably. For many trees – evergreen conifers
being an exception – the best strategy is to abandon Discard= get rid of, throw away,
photosynthesis* until the spring. So rather than remove…
maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the
winter, the tree saves its precious resources and Dismantle= take to pieces.
discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the
tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships Twig= a small very thin stem of wood
their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As that grows from a branch on a tree.
chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been
dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be
revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours
of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and
purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.

Spectrum= the set of bands of coloured
C The source of the red is widely known: it is created light into which a beam of light
by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments separates when it is passed through a
reflecting the red to blue range of the visible prism.
spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based
chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. Puzzling= confusing.
What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually
newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as Manufacture= produce, create, make…
the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to
make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins – Bother= trouble.
why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its
leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and Scramble= move quickly, rush…
preserve the ones already there?
Preserve= protect, save….
D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that
they might act as a chemical defence against attacks Fungus= a simple type of plant that has
by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit- no leaves or flowers and that grows on
eating birds or increase a leafs tolerance to freezing. plants or other surfaces. Mushrooms
However there are problems with each of these and mould are both fungi.
theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such
a relatively short period that the expense of energy Expense= cost, price.
needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would
outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity Outweigh= more than.
achieved.* photosynthesis: the production of new
material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. Propose= recommended, suggested…
E It has also been proposed that trees may produce Infestation= if insects, rats etc infest a
vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that place, there are a lot of them and they
they are healthy and robust and would be easily able usually cause damage.
to mount chemical defences against infestation. If
insects paid attention to such advertisements, they Prompted= encouraged.
might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and
presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory Proof= evidence.
lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet
ascertained whether more robust trees sport the Ascertained= determined, established,
brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices discovered…
according to colour intensity.
Plausible= believable, reasonable,
F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why possible…
leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins
when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the Hypothesis= suggestion, assumption…
theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It
sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this
hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn
leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing
chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll

need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme Intact= unbroken, undamaged,
light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when unharmed…
the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as
possible? Vulnerable= at risk, in danger,
defenseless, weak…
G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture
the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be Destructive= damaging, devastating,
overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, harmful, detrimental…
low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the
problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in Suspect= doubt, disbelieve, distrust…
the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by
dismantling its internal machinery. The energy Clue= evidence, sign…
absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable
autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful Straightforward= simple,
products and processes, as it would be in an intact uncomplicated…
summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes
vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the Excess= extra.
oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.
Disposal= removal, clearance…
H Even if you had never suspected that this is what
was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues Overexposure= over contact.
out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the
leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the Spectacular= stunning, amazing,
tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is impressive, fantastic, brilliant…
brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been
recognised for decades that the best conditions for
intense red colours are dry, sunny days and coo
nights, conditions that nicely match those that make
leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees
such as maples usually get much redder the more
north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder
there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more
sensitive and it needs more sunblock.
I What is still not fully understood, however, is why

some trees resort to producing red pigments while
others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or
yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their
disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn?
Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will
surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.
Trace= a small sign that shows that

READING PASSAGE 3 someone or something was present or
existed.
Ancient= very old.

Beyond the blue horizon
Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of By chance= by accident, accidentally,
the Pacific Ocean unintentionally…
(1)
An important archaeological discovery on the island of Dig= excavate.
Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has
revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the Cemetery= a piece of land, usually not
distant ancestors of todays, Polynesians. The site belonging to a church, in which dead
came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, people are buried.
digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation,
scraped open a grave – the first of dozens in a burial Rove= travel, journey…
ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery
ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the Pioneer= leader.
remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the
Lapita. Livestock= farm animals.
(2)
They were daring blue-water adventurers who used Boundary= border, limitation…
basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were
not just explorers. They were also pioneers who Precious= valuable, important…
carried with them everything they would need to build
new lives – their livestock, taro seedlings and stone Thrilled= excited, delighted…
tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita
stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle- Identify= detect, discover, find…
clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest
coral outliers of Tonga.
(3)
The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves,
but Efate expands the volume of data available to
researchers dramatically. The remains of 62
individuals have been uncovered so far, and
archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete
Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn
with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though
peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s
an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs,
professor of archaeology at the Australian National
University and head of the international team digging
up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains
as Lapita.’
(4)
DNA teased from these human remains may help

answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific Puzzling= confusing.
anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one
source or many? Was there only one outward Descendant= offspring, young
migration from a single point in Asia, or several from generation.
different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity
we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Accomplish= achieve, complete, do,
Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who finish, get done…
their closest descendants are today.’
(5) Equivalent= something that has the
There is one stubborn question for which archaeology same value, purpose, job etc as
has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita something else.
accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon
landing, many times over? No-one has found one of Oral= spoken, by word of mouth…
their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the
canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and Myth= legend, fairy tale…
traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for
they turn into myths long before they reach as far Distinguished= differentiate, tell
back in time as the Lapita. apart…
(6)
‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had Courage= brave.
canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they
had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a Swift= speedy, fast, quick, rapid…
professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland.
Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and
passed down over thousands of years by earlier
mariners who worked their way through the
archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short
crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t
begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed
out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side.
This must have been as difficult for them as landing on
the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished
them from their ancestors, but what gave them the
courage to launch out on such risky voyages?
(7)
The Lap it as thrust into the Pacific was eastward,
against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those
nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the
key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into
the unknown and assess the area, secure in the
knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could
turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade
winds. This is what would have made the whole thing
work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have
detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds,
coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and

the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which Tide= wave.
often indicates an island in the distance.
(8) Indicate= point out, show, suggest…
For returning explorers, successful or not, the
geography of their own archipelagoes would have Overshoot= pass, go beyond, go
provided a safety net. Without this to go by, past…
overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing
off into eternity would have been all too easy. Eternity= time without end.
Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles
in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of Stretch= widen, enlarge, make longer,
inrervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners broaden…
riding the trade winds home.
(9) Presuppose= assume.
All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl
Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian Proof= evidence.
National University: the Lapita had mastered the
advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s Rig= engineer, arrange, prepare…
no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson
says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and Disruption= a situation in which
people have built canoes to re-create those early something is prevented from continuing
voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has in its usual way.
any idea what their canoes looked like or how they
were rigged.’ Scatter=spread out.
(10)
Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson Expansion= spreading out.
invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same
climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may Reverse= turn around.
have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests.
He points out that climate data obtained from slow- Encounter= come across, meet.
growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of
unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the
Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-
west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these
super El Ninos might have taken the Lapita on long
unplanned voyages.
(11)
However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a
third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits
for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast
emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were
too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably
never numbered more than a few thousand in total,
and in their rapid migration eastward they
encountered hundreds of islands – more than 300 in
Fiji alone.
Test 4 Drought= a long period of dry weather

when there is not enough water for
READING PASSAGE 1 plants and animals to live.
Oversupply= the state of having more

of something than you need or can sell.
The megafires of California
Tinder= dry material that burns easily
Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of and can be used for lighting fires.
tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western
United States Menace= threat, danger…
Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the Squad= team, crew, group…
western United States, with Southern California being
the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads Blaze= fire.
battling more frequent blazes in Southern California
are having such difficulty containing the flames, Erratically= randomly, unpredictably…
despite better preparedness than ever and decades of
experience fighting fires fanned by the ‘Santa Ana Unintentional= unplanned, accidental,
Winds’. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are not deliberately…
generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically
than in the past. Consequence= result, effect,
outcome…
Megafires, also called ‘siege fires’, are the increasingly
frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 Halt= stop, pause…
times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years
ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever Eradication= abolition.
in California in terms of acreage burned, according to
state figures and news reports. Underbrush= undergrowth, bushes…
One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is
that the region, which usually has dry summers, has
had significantly below normal precipitation in many
recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to
the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to
stop wildfires as quickly as possible.
The unintentional consequence has been to halt the
natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary
fuel for megafires.
Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add.

First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Active= lively, dynamic…
Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across
the western states. Second is fire seasons that on Volcano= a mountain with a large hole
average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years at the top, through which lava (=very hot
ago. Third is increased construction of homes in liquid rock) is sometimes forced out.
wooded areas.
‘We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone Intensity= strength, power, amount…
ecosystems,’ says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct
professor of biology at Clark University Graduate Progress= development, growth,
School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. improvement…
‘Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is
like building homes on the side of an active volcano.' Scorch= burn.
In California, where population growth has averaged Criticism= disapproval.

more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more
residential housing is being built. ‘What once was open Bungle= to fail to do something
space is now residential homes providing fuel to make properly, because you have made
fires burn with greater intensity,’ says Terry McHale of stupid mistakes – used especially in
the California Department of Forestry firefighters' news reports.
union. ‘With so much dryness, so many communities
to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an Personnel= workers, staff, employees,
almost incredible job.' workforce, human resources…
That said, many experts give California high marks for Fulfilled= satisfied.
making progress on preparedness in recent years,
after some of the largest fires in state history Insufficient= lacking, not enough…
scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of
homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past Funding= financial support, money…
by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread
when they might have been contained, personnel are Administration= management,
meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and government…
canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers
say. Proactive= positive, upbeat…
State promises to provide more up-to-date engines,

planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been
fulfilled. Firefighters’ unions that in the past
complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines,
and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now
praising the state's commitment, noting that funding
for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in
many other programs. ‘We are pleased that the current
state administration has been very proactive in its
support of us, and [has] come through with budgetary
support of the infrastructure needs we have long
sought,' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters’ union.

Upgrade= improve.
Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines
that must traverse the mammoth state and wind Traverse= cross, pass though…
along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested
in better command-and-control facilities as well as in Mammoth= enormous, huge,
the strategies to run them. ‘In the fire sieges of earlier massive…
years, we found that other jurisdictions and states
were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not Command= the control of a group of
able to communicate adequately with them,’ says Kim people or a situation.
Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency
Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a Jurisdiction= the right to use an official
commission examined and revamped power to make legal decisions, or the
communications procedures, the statewide response area where this right exists.
‘has become far more professional and responsive,’
he says. There is a sense among both government Commission= official group, committee,
officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and authority…
coordination of firefighters from several states and
jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in Revamp= improve, refurbish, restore,
past ‘siege fire’ situations. do up…
In recent years, the Southern California region has Strategy= plan, policy…
improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and
procurement of new technology. ‘I am extraordinarily Adequately= sufficiently, satisfactorily…
impressed by the improvements we have witnessed,’
says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based Responsive= quick to respond…
lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and
business to escape wildfires. ‘Notwithstanding all the Coordination= the organization of
damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we people or things so that they work
will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past together well.
because of the fire prevention and firefighting
measures that have been put in place,’ he says. Extraordinarily= extremely, very,
particularly…
Impress= amaze.
Evacuate= abandon, leave…
Prevention= avoidance.
Personality= character, traits,

qualities…
READING PASSAGE 2 Experimentation= testing.
Inject= add, insert, bring in…
Second nature Optimism= hopefulness.

Your personality isn't necessarily set in stone. With a
little experimentation, people can reshape their Courage= brave.
temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy and
courage into their lives Transformation= change, alteration,
conversion, revolution…
A Psychologists have long held that a person's
character cannot undergo a transformation in any Trait= feature.
meaningful way and that the key traits of personality
are determined at a very young age. However, Determine= decide, establish…
researchers have begun looking more closely at ways
we can change. Positive psychologists have identified Identify= recognize, discover, find,
24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, detect…
and are studying them to find out why they come so
naturally to some people. What they're discovering is Admire= like, respect, have a high
that many of these qualities amount to habitual regard for…
behaviour that determines the way we respond to the
world. The good news is that all this can be learned. Cultivate= develop, nurture, promote,
Some qualities are less challenging to develop than encourage, foster…
others, optimism being one of them. However,
developing qualities requires mastering a range of Alter= change, modify, adjust…
skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising. For
example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, Introverted= someone who is
you must be open to experiencing negative emotions. introverted is quiet and shy and does
Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full not enjoy being with other people.
potential.
Reticence= shyness, quietness,
B 'The evidence is good that most personality traits introversion…
can be altered,' says Christopher Peterson, professor
of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites Disastrous= unsuccessful, terrible…
himself as an example. Inherently introverted, he
realised early on that as an academic, his reticence Spontaneous= natural.
would prove disastrous in the lecture hall. So he
learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his
classes. 'Now my extroverted behaviour is
spontaneous,' he says.
C David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. Transition= change, conversion…

He was preparing for university, when he had an
accident that put an end to his sports career. On Ordinary= normal, usual, regular…
campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary
counselling, the university had no services for Counsel= advise, support, help, guide,
students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation assist…
and suffering from depression like him. He therefore
launched a support group to help others in similar Launch= open, start…
situations. He took action despite his own pain - a
typical response of an optimist. Fortune= wealth, riches…
D Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the Passionate about= keen about, mad
University of Kentucky, believes that the key to about, crazy about.
increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic
behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She Pursuit= hobby, chase, hunt, interest…
recommends you train yourself to pay attention to
good fortune by writing down three positive things that Stamina= energy, strength,
come about each day. This will help you convince endurance…
yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all
the time, making it easier to begin taking action. Overwhelm=overpower.
E You can recognise a person who is passionate Fear= anxiety, worry, fright…
about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly
involved in it. Tanya Streeter's passion is freediving - Excite= stimulate, motivate…
the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks
or other breathing equipment. Beginning in 1998, she Discipline= obedience.
set nine world records and can hold her breath for six
minutes. The physical stamina required for this sport Tolerate= stand, bear, put up with,
is intense but the psychological demands are even accept…
more overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her
fears from her judgment of what her body and mind
could do. 'In my career as a competitive freediver,
there was a limit to what I could do - but it wasn't
anywhere near what I thought it was/ she says.
F Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve

anyone's life. The secret about consuming passions,
though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the
University of North Carolina, is that 'they require
discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they
are so rewarding.' Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this
advice for those people taking up a new passion: 'As a
newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your
own ignorance. You must be willing to accept the
negative feelings that come your way,' he says.
G In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra Unfortunately= unluckily, unhappily,

began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. sadly…
Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research
wasn't compatible with his curiosity about healing. Miserable= unhappy, fed-up, sad,
He finally took a break and during eight months in depressed, down…
Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing
techniques not taught at Harvard. When he got back, Curiosity= the desire to know about
he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid something.
nourishes the developing nervous system. He also
vowed to look for the joy in everything, including Heal= cure, nurse back to health…
failure, as this could help him learn about his research
and himself. Switch= change.
One thing that can hold joy back is a person's
concentration on avoiding failure rather than their Vow= promise, swear.
looking forward to doing something well. 'Focusing on
being safe might get in the way of your reaching your Embarrassing= make shy, humiliate…
goals,' explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping
to get through a business lunch without embarrassing Demand= require, ask, want…
yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the
conversation might be? Executive= senior manager, director,
administrator…
H Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but
ordinary life demands something else. For marketing Ethically= morally.
executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out
against something he thought was ethically wrong. Intimidate= threaten, frighten, scare,
The new manager was intimidating staff so bully…
Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying
and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, Obligation= compulsion, duty,
knowing his own job security would be threatened. responsibility, requirement…
Eventually the manager was the one to go. According
to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Mitigate= lessen, reduce, alleviate…
Pedeleose's story proves the point that courage is not
motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation. Allegation= a statement that someone
Pury also believes that people can acquire courage. has done something wrong or illegal, but
Many of her students said that faced with a risky that has not been proved.
situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then
looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as
Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.
Over the long term, picking up a new character trait
may help you move toward being the person you want
to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be
surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.
READING PASSAGE 3 Backwards= toward the back.
Represent= stand for.
When evolution runs Controversial= causing a lot of

disagreement, because many people
backwards have strong opinions about the subject
being discussed.
Evolution isn’t supposed to run backwards - yet an
increasing number of examples show that it does and Reluctant= unwilling, unenthusiastic…
that it can sometimes represent the future of a
species. Genetics= the study of how the qualities
of living things are passed on in their
The description of any animal as an ‘evolutionary genes.
throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a
century, most biologists have been reluctant to use Connotation= a quality or an idea that a
those words, mindful of a principle of evolution that word makes you think of that is more
says ‘evolution cannot run backwards. But as more than its basic meaning.
and more examples come to light and modern
genetics enters the scene, that principle is having to Medic= a medical doctor.
be rewritten. Not only are evolutionary throwbacks
possible, they sometimes play an important role in the Primitive= prehistoric, ancient…
forward march of evolution. The technical term for an
evolutionary throwback is an ‘atavism’, from the Latin Measure= assess, evaluate…
atavus, meaning forefather. The word has ugly
connotations thanks largely to Cesare Lombroso, a Conclusion= end, deduction…
19th-century Italian medic who argued that criminals
were born not made and could be identified by certain Propose= suggest.
physical features that were throwbacks to a primitive,
sub-human state. Irreversible= irreversible damage,
change etc is so serious or so great that
While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgian you cannot change something back to
palaeontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil how it was before.
records and coming to the opposite conclusion. In
1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: Organism= an animal, plant, human, or
that ‘an organism is unable to return, even partially, to any other living thing.
a previous stage already realised in the ranks of its
ancestors. Early 20th-century biologists came to a Probability= likelihood, chance…
similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of
probability, stating that there is no reason why
evolution cannot run backwards -it is just very unlikely.

And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and Exception= something or someone that
came to be known as ‘Dollo’s law. is not included in a general statement or
does not follow a rule or pattern.
If Dollo’s law is right, atavisms should occur only very
rarely, if at all. Yet almost since the idea took root, Characteristic= trait, feature…
exceptions have been cropping up. In 1919, for
example, a humpback whale with a pair of leglike Disappear= vanish, fade away, go…
appendages over a metre long, complete with a full set
of limb bones, was caught off Vancouver Island in Reappear= comeback.
Canada. Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at
the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land- Probability= likelihood, chance,
living ancestor. ‘I can see no other explanation, he possibility…
wrote in 1921.
Calculate= work out, analyze…
Since then, so many other examples have been
discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that Likelihood= probability, possibility,
evolution is as good as irreversible. And this poses a chance…
puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared
millions of years ago suddenly reappear? In 1994, Up to= equal to.
Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in the
USA decided to use genetics to put a number on the Relatively= comparatively, quite,
probability of evolution going into reverse. They fairly…
reasoned that while some evolutionary changes
involve the loss of genes and are therefore irreversible, Juvenile= young, childish, immature…
others may be the result of genes being switched off. If
these silent genes are somehow switched back on, Lineage= the way in which members of
they argued, longlost traits could reappear. a family are descended from other
members.
Raff’s team went on to calculate the likelihood of it
happening. Silent genes accumulate random
mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering them
useless. So how long can a gene survive in a species
if it is no longer used? The team calculated that there
is a good chance of silent genes surviving for up to 6
million years in at least a few individuals in a
population, and that some might survive as long as 10
million years. In other words, throwbacks are possible,
but only to the relatively recent evolutionary past.
As a possible example, the team pointed to the mole
salamanders of Mexico and California. Like most
amphibians these begin life in a juvenile ‘tadpole’
state, then metamorphose into the adult form – except
for one species, the axolotl, which famously lives its
entire life as a juvenile. The simplest explanation for
this is that the axolotl lineage alone lost the ability to
metamorphose, while others retained it. From a

detailed analysis of the salamanders’ family tree, Retain= keep, hold, maintain…
however, it is clear that the other lineages evolved
from an ancestor that itself had lost the ability to Minuscule= tiny, very small…
metamorphose. In other words, metamorphosis in
mole salamanders is an atavism. The salamander Limb= an arm or leg.
example fits with Raff’s 10million-year time frame.
Hind= back.
More recently, however, examples have been reported
that break the time limit, suggesting that silent genes Occasion= time, chance…
may not be the whole story. In a paper published last
year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University Trait= characteristic, feature…
reported some work on the evolutionary history of a
group of South American lizards called Bachia. Many Reverse= turn around.
of these have minuscule limbs; some look more like
snakes than lizards and a few have completely lost the
toes on their hind limbs. Other species, however, sport
up to four toes on their hind legs. The simplest
explanation is that the toed lineages never lost their
toes, but Wagner begs to differ. According to his
analysis of the Bachia family tree, the toed species re-
evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is
more, digit loss and gain has occurred on more than
one occasion over tens of millions of years.
So what’s going on? One possibility is that these traits

are lost and then simply reappear, in much the same
way that similar structures can independently arise in
unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks
and killer whales. Another more intriguing possibility is
that the genetic information needed to make toes
somehow survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of
millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated.
These atavistic traits provided an advantage and
spread through the population, effectively reversing
evolution.
But if silent genes degrade within 6 to million years,

how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer
timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early
embryos of many species develop ancestral features.
Snake embryos, for example, sprout hind limb buds.
Later in development these features disappear thanks
to developmental programs that say ‘lose the leg’. If for
any reason this does not happen, the ancestral feature
may not disappear, leading to an atavism.
Cambridge 11 Urban= city, inner-city, metropolitan, town

Test 1
Conservative= be likely to be less than
the real amount
READING PASSAGE 1 Current= present, existing
Crop-growing skyscrapers Demographic= relating to the population and

groups of people in it
By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s
Practice= habit, tradition, or custom
population will live in urban centres. Applying the
most conservative estimates to current Hothouse = a heated glass building in
which plants are grown
demographic trends, the human population will
increase by about three billion people by then. An Vogue= fashion, trend
estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20%
Urgent= very important and needing to be
larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough dealt with immediately
food to feed them, if traditional farming methods
Scale up= increase, expand, develop
continue as they are practised today. At present,
throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is Accommodate= to give someone what
is needed
suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some
15% of that has been laid waste by poor management Employ = use
practices. What can be done to ensure enough food
Cutting-edge= modern
for the world’s population to live on?
Proposal= suggestion, application
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since Vertical farming= an idea for a way of
hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce farming in which plants are grown or animals
are kept in tall structures with many levels
has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the
urgent need to scale up this technology to Multi-storey= many floors
accommodate another three billion people. Many
believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is
required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One
such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’. The concept
is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are
grown in environmentally controlled conditions.

Drastically = greatly, markedly
Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would
drastically reduce the amount of transportation Implement= apply, put into practice
required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms Proponent= advocate, supporter

would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and
Renewal= the act or process of making
safe to operate. If successfully implemented, changes to something in order to improve it
so that it becomes more successful
proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of
urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and Sustainable= able to continue for a long time
varied food supply (through year-round production of Sacrifice= decide not to have something in
all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that order to get something that is more important
have been sacrificed for horizontal farming. Horizontal farming = traditional farming
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow Take sb/st for granted= do not show that
most of the crops we now take for granted. Along they are grateful
the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, Despoil= damage, spoil, ruin
often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-
Verdant= green
arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we
Semi-arid= having little rain but not
evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the completely dry
human population now lives vertically in cities. This
Evolve= develop gradually
means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter
Shelter= cover, protection
from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing
plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can Subject smt to smt= cause smt to
experience smt , especially smt unpleasant
do no more than hope for a good weather year.
Food-bearing plants= plants provide food
However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly such as tomato, vegetable,…
changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive
The rigours of something= the unpleasant
floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe or severe conditions of something
monsoons take their toll each year, destroying
Drought= a long period of dry weather when
millions of tons of valuable crops. there is not enough water
Hurricane= cyclone, typhoon, tornado, storm

The supporters of vertical farming claim many
Monsoon= heavy rain
potential advantages for the system. For instance,
Take their toll= to have a very bad effect on
crops would be produced all year round, as they smt or smb over a long period of time
would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum Optimum= most favorable, best, greatest
growing conditions. There would be no weather- Pest= an insect or small animal that is
related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. harmful or damages crops
All the food could be grown organically, eliminating Eliminate= remove, eradicate, put an end to,
get rid of
the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers.
The system would greatly reduce the incidence of Herbicide= a substance used to kill
unwanted plants
many infectious diseases that are acquired at the Pesticide= a chemical substance used to kill
insects and small animals that destroy crops
agricultural interface. Although the system would
consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via Fertilizer= a substance that is put on the soil
to make plants grow
methane generation from composting non edible
parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil Incidence= occurrence, frequency, rate
fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, Infectious= able to pass a disease from one
person, animal, or plant to another
ploughs and shipping.
Interface= edge, border, line
A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is Compost= to decay plant material that is
added to soil to improve its quality
that the plants would require artificial light. Without
it, those plants nearest the windows would be Edible= suitable to be eaten, not poisonous
exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, Tractor= a strong vehicle with large wheels,
used for pulling farm machinery
reducing the efficiency of the system. Single-storey
greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead Plough= a piece of farm equipment used to
turn over the earth so that seeds can be
light; even so, many still need artificial lighting. planted
A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light
Drawback= disadvantage, downside,
would require far more. Generating enough light could
Artificial= synthetic, non-natural, man-made
be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable
energy is available, and this appears to be rather a Expose= make something uncovered or
hidden able to be seen
future aspiration than a likelihood for the near
Prohibitively= at a very high price that does
future. not seem reasonable
Aspiration= ambition, goal, aim, target

One variation on vertical farming that has been
Likelihood= probability, possibility
developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that
move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to Variation = something that is done in a way
that is different from the way it is usually done
get enough sunlight. This system is already in Address= tackle, deal with
operation, and works well within a single-storey Detrimental= harmful, damaging, negative
greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it Is not Skyscraper= a very tall modern city building
certain, however, that it can be made to work without
that overhead natural light.
Vertical farming is an attempt to address the

undoubted problems that we face in producing
enough food for a growing population. At the moment,
though, more needs to be done to reduce the
detrimental impact it would have on the environment,
particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is
possible that much of our food will be grown in
skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe
it is far more likely that we will simply use the space
available on urban rooftops.
Rotating= turning in a circle, especially

around a fixed point
READING PASSAGE 2 Central= vital, essential, chief, most

important, crucial, significant
Restore= Repair, rebuild

THE FALKIRK WHEEL Navigability= the degree to which an area of
A unique engineering achievement water is deep, wide, or safe enough for a
boat to go through
The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world's first and
Sequence=chain, series
only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to
the ambitious £84.5m Millennium Link project to Enclosed=surrounded by walls, objects,
restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting or structures
the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union
Dismantle= take to pieces, take apart
Canals.
Launch= start
The major challenge of the project lays in the fact that
Authority= government department
the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below
the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two Landmark= a building or place that is easily
canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a recognized
sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in
Fitting= suitable or right for a particular
which the water level could be raised or lowered - that
occasion.
stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had
been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. Commemoration= something that makes
When the project was launched in 1994, the British you remember and respect someone
important or an important event in the past.
Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic
twenty-first-century landmark which would not only Submit= offer, propose, suggest
be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but
also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of Seesaw= a piece of equipment that children
play on, made of a board that is balanced in
the region.
the middle, so that when one end goes up
the other goes down
Numerous ideas were submitted for the project,
including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting Monorail= a railway system that uses a
single rail, usually high above the ground
tanks, from giant seesaws to overhead monorails.
The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating Axe=a tool that has a heavy iron or steel
steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk blade at the end of a long wooden handle,
Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed used for cutting wood
to have been inspired by various sources, both Propeller= a piece of equipment consisting
manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double of two or more blades that spin around, which
makes an aircraft or ship move
headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a Ribcage=the structure of ribs that
ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish. protects your heart and lungs in your chest
Spine=the line of bones down the centre of

The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all the back that provides support for the body
constructed and assembled, like one giant toy
building set, at Butterley Engineering's Steelworks in Assemble= bring together, put together,
gather
Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there
carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, Painstakingly =carefully
painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an
accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. In Lorry= a large vehicle for carrying heavy
goods
the summer of 2001, the structure was then
dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, Bolt= fasten something with a metal pin or
before all being bolted back together again on the bar
ground, and finally lifted into position in five large
Crane= hoist (a large tall machine used by
sections by crane. The Wheel would need to builders for lifting heavy things)
withstand immense and constantly changing
stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more Withstand= resist, stand up to= to be strong
robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than enough to remain unharmed by something
such as great heat, cold, pressure etc
welded together. Over 45,000 bolt holes were
matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand- Immense= extremely large, enormous
tightened.
Robust= strong, tough
The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe- Weld= to join pieces of metal together by
shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a heating
fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed
Attach= to fasten or connect one object to
water-filled 'gondolas', each with a capacity of
another
360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the
arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, Diametrically= completely
whether or not they are carrying boats. This is
Gondola= a long narrow boat with a flat
because, according to Archimedes' principle of
bottom and high points at each end, used on
displacement, floating objects displace their own the canals in Venice in Italy
weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the
amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly Float= to stay on the surface of a liquid and
not sink
the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced
and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through Displace= put out of place, move
180° in five and a half minutes while using very little
power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of Basin= an area of land around a large river
with streams running down into it
energy to rotate the Wheel -roughly the same as
boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.
Hydraulic= moved or operated by the

Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at pressure of water or other liquid
the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter Seal= shut out, close up, stop entering
the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel
gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from Clamp= a piece of equipment for holding
things together
the water in the canal basin. The water between the
gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which Array= group
prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the
Axle= a bar connected to the centre
gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to of a circular object such as a wheel that
turn. In the central machine room an array of ten allows or causes it to turn, especially one
hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central connecting two wheels of a vehicle
axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Revolution= a complete circular movement
Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a around a point
revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the
gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple Cog= a wheel with small bits sticking out
around the edge that fit together with the bits
gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a of another wheel as they turn in a machine
fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two
smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the Orbit= to move in a curved path around a
outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always much larger object
remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the Aqueduct= a structure like a bridge, that
boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 carries water across a river or valley
metres above the canal basin.
Elevate= raise, lift, make higher
The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the The presence of something= the fact that
Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. someone or something is in a place
The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats
Tunnel= a passage that has been dug under
over the full 35-metre difference between the two
the ground for cars, trains etc to go through
canals, owing to the presence of the historically
important Antonine Wall, which was built by the
Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under
this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and
finally on to the Union Canal.
Geo-engineering= the study of finding ways

to change the earth’s atmosphere in order to
reduce global warming
Dependence on= the situation in which you

READING PASSAGE 3 need something all the time to continue
existing
Fossil fuel= a fuel such as coal or oil that is

Reducing the Effects of produced by the very gradual decaying of
animals or plants over millions of years
Climate Change Volume=capacity, size, extent
Mark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious Atmosphere= air in environment

geo-engineering projects being explored by
Inevitable= unavoidable, certain
scientists
Reasonable = acceptable, appropriate
A
Emission= release, discharge
Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is
the volume of carbon dioxide already released into Stride= advance, progress, development
the atmosphere, that many experts agree that
Stem= stop
significant global warming is now inevitable. They
believe that the best we can do is keep it at a Reverse= to change something, such as a
reasonable level, and at present the only serious decision, judgment, or process so that it is
the opposite of what it was before
option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon
emissions. But while a few countries are making Intentional= planed, intended
major strides in this regard, the majority are having
Manipulation= the action of influencing or
great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, controlling something
let alone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing
number of scientists are beginning to explore the Proponent= advocate, supporter
alternative of geo-engineering — a term which Equivalent= parallel, similar
generally refers to the intentional large-scale
manipulation of the environment. According to its Backup= smt that you can use to replace
something that does not work or is lost
proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a
backup generator: if Plan A - reducing our Grand scheme= important and large plan
dependency on fossil fuels - fails, we require a Plan
Localize= to limit smt to a particular area
B, employing grand schemes to slow down or
reverse the process of global warming. Parade= a public celebration when musical
bands, brightly decorated vehicles etc move
B down the street
Geo-engineering; has been shown to work, at least Deposit= place, drop, put down
on a small localised scale. For decades, MayDay
parades in Moscow have taken place under clear Disperse= melt away, get rid of
blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver

iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many Eye-catching= attractive, noticeable
of the schemes now suggested look to do the Employ= use
opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching
the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is Minute= tiny, little, small
suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University Transparent= see-through, clear
of Arizona. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion
minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to Deposit=put, place, lay
form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in Stimulate= quicken, speed up, promote
an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could,
argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Reverse= to change something, such as the
direction, order, or process, so that it is the
Earth by two per cent. opposite of what it was before
C Replenish= refill
The majority of geo-engineering projects so far Reflect= to show the image of smb/smt on
carried out — which include planting forests in the surface of smt
deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to
Aerosol= a metal container in which liquids
stimulate the growth of algae - have focused on are kept under pressure and forced out in
achieving a general cooling of the Earth. But some a spray
look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles,
Spray= liquid which is forced out of a special
particularly the Arctic. The reasoning is that if you container in a stream of very small drops
replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the
high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into Stratosphere= a very high position
space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and Propose= suggest, recommend
atmosphere.
Dim= make less bright, make less intense
D Explosion= bang
The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the
stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed Scrutinise= examine, study, analyze
by several scientists. This would involve using sulphur
Preserve= protect
or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide
would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a Reinforce= strengthen, support
global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic
High-tension= strong, tight
volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo
in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term Evergreen= an evergreen tree or bush does
cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 °C. Scientists not lose its leaves in winter
have also scrutinised whether it's possible to
preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced
high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from
moving into the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic,
geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions Absorb= take in or soak up (energy, liquid or
of birch trees. Whereas the regions native evergreen other substance…)
pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches
would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling
Shed=lose, get rid of, drop
radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing
Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-
forming areas could also be used to slow down Re-routing= change the direction
warming, say some climate scientists.
E Implement= put into practice, apply
But will such schemes ever be implemented?
Generally speaking, those who are most cautious
about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in Cautious= careful
the research. Angel says that his plan is ‘no
substitute for developing renewable energy: the only Substitute= alternate, replacement
permanent solution'. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-
based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is
Permanent= everlasting, eternal, enduring
equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I
think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-
engineering on a given day, then the planet would Guard= protect, defend
return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly,
and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s Inject= insert, add, bring in
certainly something to worry about.’
F
The tropics= the hottest part of the world,
The US National Center for Atmospheric Research
has already suggested that the proposal to inject which is around the equator
sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall
patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. Distribution= spreading, allocation
‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric
aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the
Precipitation= rainfall
planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says
Rasch. ‘But all the models suggest some impact on
the distribution of precipitation.’ Overshoot= exceed, surpass
G
Pole= the most northern or most southern
A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you
point on a planet, especially the Earth
can “overshoot Y says Dr Dan Hunt, from the
University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical
Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the
sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate. ‘You
may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial
levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer Industrialisation= the process of developing
than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than industries in a country or an area
before industrialisation. “To avoid such a scenario,”
Hunt says, “Angel’s project would have to operate at
Scenario= the description of possible
half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the
best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering actions or events in the future
altogether.”
Faith= belief
H
The main reason why geo-engineering is supported
Conservation= Preservation, protection
by many in the scientific community is that most
researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians
to agree - and then bring in - the necessary carbon Human-induced= caused by human
cuts. Even leading conservation organisations see
the value of investigating the potential of geo- Exclude= omit, miss out, eliminate, not
engineering. According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn,
include
climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s
International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced
climate change has brought humanity to a position
where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly
about this topic and its possibilities.’
Fleet= ship in a navy
Engaged in= to be doing or to become

Test 2 involved in an activity
READING PASSAGE 1 Vessel= a ship or large boat
Vary= differ, be different
Raising the Mary Rose Witness= observer
How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered Outdated=old-fashioned, old, obsolete

from the seabed. # current, modern, fashionable
Overladen= filled with too many people or

On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were things
engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern
England in the area of water called the Solent, Mishandle= to treat something roughly, often
causing damage
between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. Among
the English vessels was a warship by the name of Undisciplined = behaving in an uncontrolled
Mary Rose. Built in Portsmouth some 35 years way
# disciplined, well behaved
earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting
career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. Crew= sailors, seamen
Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while
Undisputed= acknowledged, undeniable
witnesses agree that she was not hit by the
French, some maintain that she was outdated, Act as sth= do a particular job
overladen and sailing too low in the water, others
Current = a movement of water in
that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. a particular direction
What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary
Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least Exposed = not covered, unprotected,
500 men with her. After the battle, attempts were Erode (v) - Erosion (n)= if the weather
made to recover the ship, but these failed. erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes,
its surface is gradually destroyed
The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying Marine = sea, oceanic, aquatic
on her starboard (right) side at an angle of
approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the Organism= living thing, creature
ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried
Degradation= the process by which
by Solent currents. As a result, the starboard side something changes to a worse condition
filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to
be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical Intact= unbroken, unharmed, undamaged
# broken, damaged
degradation. Because of the way the ship sank,
nearly all of the starboard half survived intact.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
the entire site became covered with a layer of hard

grey clay, which minimised further erosion.
Minimize= reduce, decrease, cut down,
lessen # maximize, increase
Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the
Solent found that their equipment was caught on an Obstruction= blockage, obstacle
underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Sunken = having fallen to the bottom of the
Mary Rose. Diver John Deane happened to be sea
exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the
Gear= a set of equipment or tools you need
fishermen approached him, asking him to free their for a particular activity
gear. Deane dived down, and found the equipment
caught on a timber protruding slightly from the Dive= swim under water, go under water
seabed. Exploring further, he uncovered several Timber= wood
other timbers and a bronze gun. Deane continued
diving on the site intermittently until 1840, Protrude= stick out from or through smt
recovering several more guns, two bows, various Uncover= detect, discover, find out
timbers, part of a pump and various other small # cover, conceal, hide
finds.
Intermittently = stopping and starting
repeatedly or with periods in between
The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for
another hundred years. But in 1965, military Fade into obscurity= being in the state of
not being known or remembered
historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in
conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, Amateur # professional
initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’. While on
Conjunction=combination
paper this was a plan to examine a number of
known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really Initiate= start, set off
hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. Ordinary
Wreck= a ship that has sunk
search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee
entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, Collaboration= teamwork, partnership
professor of electrical engineering at the
Sonar= relating to sun
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967,
Edgerton’s side-scan sonar systems revealed a Reveal= discover, make known
large, unusually shaped object, which McKee # hide, conceal
believed was the Mary Rose.
Excavation= digging
Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber Climax= peak, highest point
and an iron gun. But the climax to the operation
Frame= structure
came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s
frame was uncovered. McKee and his team now House = provide space for something
knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but
Treasure trove= a group of valuable or
were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure interesting things
trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. Interest in

the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust Artefacts= historical objects
Salvage = to save goods from damage or
was formed, with Prince Charles as its President destruction, especially from a ship that has
and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. sunk
The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck
Feasible= possible, practicable, workable…
was not an easy one, although an excavation in # impractical
1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise
the hull. While the original aim was to raise the hull Go-ahead = an occasion when permission is
given for someone to start doing something
if at all feasible, the operation was not given the
go-ahead until January 1982, when all the Attach= glue, join, connect
necessary information was available.
Overcome = defeat or succeed in
An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary controlling or dealing with something
Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell.
This led to an important decision being taken: Jack = a piece of equipment used
to lift a heavy weight off the ground, such as
namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very a car, and support it while it is in the air
distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting
frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The Hook= a curved piece of metal or plastic that
you use for hanging things on
problem of the hull being sucked back downwards
into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic Crane= a large tall machine used by builders
jacks. These raised it a few centimetres over a for lifting heavy things
period of several days, as the lifting frame rose Precise= exact, specific, accurate
slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was # imprecise, inaccurate
hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the
Framework= the main supporting parts of a
seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding building, vehicle, or object
mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the
second stage. In this stage, the lifting frame was Skeleton= the main structure that supports a
building, bridge etc.
fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull
was lifted completely clear of the seabed and Hold (one’s) breath (idiom)= wait for
transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This something specific to happen
required precise positioning to locate the legs into
the stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle. The lifting
cradle was designed to fit the hull using
archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with
air bags to provide additional cushioning for the
hull’s delicate timber framework. The third and final
stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by
which time the hull was also supported from below.
Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people
around the world held their breath as the timber
skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the

water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. Civilisation= human development
Ancient= very old

READING PASSAGE 2
Remote= distant, far-off # central
Settle= set up home, emigrate to

What destroyed the
Isolated= remote
civilisation of Easter Island?
Carve= to make something by cutting into
A. especially wood or stone, or to cut into
Easter Island, or Rapu Nui as it is known locally, is the surface of stone, wood, etc.
home to several hundred ancient human statues -
the moai. After this remote Pacific island was Platform= stage
settled by the Polynesians, it remained isolated for
centuries. All the energy and resources that went Identity= who a person is
into the moai - some of which are ten metres tall
Stranded= stuck
and weigh over 7,000 kilos - came from the island
itself. Yet when Dutch explorers landed in 1722, Extraterrestrial= a creature that people think
they met a Stone Age culture. The moai were may exist on another planet
carved with stone tools, then transported for many
kilometres, without the use of animals or wheels, to Archaeological= belonging to the study of
massive stone platforms. The identity of the moai ancient societies by examining what remains
builders was in doubt until well into the twentieth of their buildings, graves, tools etc.
century. Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian
ethnographer and adventurer, thought the statues Genetic= relating to genes or genetics
had been created by pre-Inca peoples from Peru.
Definitively=perfectly
Bestselling Swiss author Erich von Daniken
believed they were built by stranded Folklore= myths, legends
extraterrestrials. Modern science - linguistic,
archaeological and genetic evidence - has Drag= pull
definitively proved the moai builders were
Polynesians, but not how they moved their Rope= very strong thick string, made by
creations. Local folklore maintains that the statues twisting together many thinner strings
walked, while researchers have tended to assume
the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using Log= a thick piece of wood from a tree
ropes and logs.
Pollen= a fine powder produced by flowers,
which is carried by the wind or by insects to
B.
other flowers of the same type, making them
When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was produce seeds
grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In the
1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen Sediment= solid substances that settle at the
preserved in lake sediments, which proved the bottom of a liquid
island had been covered in lush palm forests for
thousands of years. Only after the Polynesians Descendant= offspring, previous generation
arrived did those forests disappear. US scientist Wreck= ruin, destroy, damage
Jared Diamond believes that the Rapanui people - Fragile= easily broken # strong
descendants of Polynesian settlers - wrecked their
Fertilise = to spread a natural or chemical
own environment. They had unfortunately settled on substance on land or plants, in order to make
an extremely fragile island - dry, cool, and too the plants grow well
remote to be properly fertilised by windblown
volcanic ash. When the islanders cleared the Ash= the soft grey powder that remains after
forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn’t something has been burned
grow back. As trees became scarce and they could
no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they Scarce= rare, insufficient # plentiful,abundant
ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields. Erosion= the fact of soil, stone, etc. being
Before Europeans arrived, the Rapanui had gradually damaged and removed by the
descended into civil war and cannibalism, he waves, rain, or wind
maintains. The collapse of their isolated civilisation,
Diamond writes, is a ’worst-case scenario for what Descend= fall # ascend
may lie ahead of us in our own future’.
Collapse= breakdown, failure, end
C. Scenario= situation
The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-
destruction. Diamond interprets them as power Accelerate= quicken, speed up # slow down
displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a
remote little island, lacked other ways of asserting Rival= opponent # ally
their dominance. They competed by building ever
Chieftain = the leader of a tribe
bigger figures. Diamond thinks they laid the moai on
wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that Assert= defend, maintain
required both a lot of wood and a lot of people. To
feed the people, even more land had to be cleared. Dominance = superiority, power, authority
When the wood was gone and civil war began, the
islanders began toppling the moai. By the Haul = drag, pull, tug
nineteenth century none were standing.
Feed= give food to, provide food for
D. Topple= to take power away from a leader or
Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of government, especially by force
Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University
agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that Catastrophe= disaster
it was an ‘ecological catastrophe' - but they believe
the islanders themselves weren’t to blame. And the Infertile= unproductive # fertile
moai certainly weren’t. Archaeological excavations Windbreak = something that gives protection
indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to from the wind, such as a row of trees,
protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile bushes, or a wall
fields. They built thousands of circular stone
windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used Moist= wet, damp #dry
broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist. In
Pioneer= leader
short, Hunt and Lipo argue, the prehistoric Rapanui
were pioneers of sustainable farming. Sustainable= able to continue for a long time
Contend= argue, claim, assert
E. Manoeuvre= move, turn

Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an
Replica= copy, duplicate, reproduction.
activity that helped keep the peace between
islanders. They also believe that moving the moai Convince= persuade
required few people and no wood, because they
were walked upright. On that issue, Hunt and Lipo Wholly = completely
say, archaeological evidence backs up Rapanui
folklore. Recent experiments indicate that as few as Nut= seed
18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of
practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica Groove= a thin line cut into a hard surface.
a few hundred metres. The figures’ fat bellies tilted
them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed Overrun= if a place is overrun by unwanted
things or people, they spread over it in great
handlers to roll and rock them side to side.
numbers.
F. Doom= ruin, destroy
Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the
settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of Deforestation= the cutting or burning down
the island’s trees. Archaeological finds of nuts from of all the trees in an area
the extinct Easter Island palm show tiny grooves,
made by the teeth of Polynesian rats. The rats Collapse= fall down
arrived along with the settlers, and in just a few
years, Hunt and Lipo calculate, they would have Stable= fixed = steady #changeable
overrun the island. They would have prevented the
Immunity= resistance, protection
reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and
thereby doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without Slave= someone who is owned by another
the settlers’ campaign of deforestation. No doubt person and works for them for no money.
the rats ate birds’ eggs too. Hunt and Lipo also see
no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed Decimate= destroy, devastate, ruin
when the palm forest did. They think its population
grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable Shrivel = become smaller, shrink
until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced
deadly diseases to which islanders had no Ingenious= cleaver, good at inventing
immunity. Then in the nineteenth century slave
traders decimated the population, which shrivelled Reckless= careless # careful, cautious
to 111 people by 1877.
Abject failure= the state of being extremely
poor, unhappy, unsuccessful etc.
G.
Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island
populated by peaceful and ingenious moai builders
and careful stewards of the land, rather than by
reckless destroyers ruining their own environment
and society. ‘Rather than a case of abject failure,
Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of success’, they
claim. Whichever is the case, there are surely some

valuable lessons which the world at large can learn
from the story of Rapa Nui.
Neuroaesthetics= a field of study in which
researchers attempt to understand how the
READING PASSAGE 3 brain responds to art
Emerging= rising
Neuroaesthetics Discipline= field of study, branch of
knowledge, subject, area
An emerging discipline called neuroaesthetics is Objectivity= the quality of being able to
seeking to bring scientific objectivity to the study of make a decision or judgment in a fair way
art, and has already given us a better understanding that is not influenced by personal feelings or
beliefs # subjectivity
of many masterpieces. The blurred imagery of
Impressionist paintings seems to stimulate the Masterpiece= a work of art, a piece of writing
brain's amygdala, for instance. Since the amygdala or music etc that is of very high quality or that
plays a crucial role in our feelings, that finding is the best that a particular artist, writer etc
has produced
might explain why many people find these pieces so
moving. Blurred= unclear # clear, distinct
Could the same approach also shed light on Stimulate= quicken, accelerate, arouse,
inspire
abstract twentieth-century pieces, from Mondrian's
geometrical blocks of colour, to Pollock's seemingly Crucial= vital, central, essential, important
haphazard arrangements of splashed paint on
canvas? Sceptics believe that people claim to like Moving= touching, affecting, emotional
such works simply because they are famous. We Shed light on= make clear, explain, simplify
certainly do have an inclination to follow the crowd.
When asked to make simple perceptual decisions Abstract= non-realistic, symbolic
such as matching a shape to its rotated image, for
Sceptic= a person who disagrees with
example, people often choose a definitively wrong particular claims and statements
answer if they see others doing the same. It is easy
to imagine that this mentality would have even Inclination= a feeling that makes you want to
more impact on a fuzzy concept like art do something = tendency, proclivity
appreciation, where there is no right or wrong Perceptual= relating to the ability to
answer. notice something or come to an opinion about
something using your senses
Angelina Hawley-Dolan, of Boston College,
Mentality= a particular attitude or way of
Massachusetts, responded to this debate by asking thinking
volunteers to view pairs of paintings - either the
creations of famous abstract artists or the doodles Fuzzy= unclear
of infants, chimps and elephants. They then had to
judge which they preferred. A third of the paintings Doodle= a rough drawing
were given no captions, while many were labelled
Caption= title, description
incorrectly -volunteers might think they were viewing
a chimp's messy brushstrokes when they were Messy = disordered, chaotic, confused,
actually seeing an acclaimed masterpiece. In each disorganized
set of trials, volunteers generally preferred the work
of renowned artists, even when they believed it Brushstroke = the way in which
was by an animal or a child. It seems that the something, especially paint, is put on to
viewer can sense the artist's vision in paintings, a surface with a brush
even if they can't explain why.
Acclaimed= honored, admired, praised
Robert Pepperell, an artist based at Cardiff Renowned= famous, well-known

University, creates ambiguous works that are
neither entirely abstract nor clearly representational. Ambiguous= uncertain, confusing, unclear
In one study, Pepperell and his collaborators
asked volunteers to decide how' powerful'they Collaborator= coworkers, colleague, partner
considered an artwork to be, and whether they saw
anything familiar in the piece. The longer they took Scrutiny= examination, analysis
to answer these questions, the more highly they
rated the piece under scrutiny, and the greater Decipher= decode, interpret
their neural activity. It would seem that the brain
Exclusively= only
sees these images as puzzles, and the harder it is
to decipher the meaning, the more rewarding is the Deceptively simple= looking simple, but
moment of recognition. actually the opposite
And what about artists such as Mondrian, whose Meticulously= carefully

paintings consist exclusively of horizontal and # carelessly
vertical lines encasing blocks of colour? Mondrian's
works are deceptively simple, but eye-tracking Altered= changed
studies confirm that they are meticulously # original
composed, and that simpily rotating a piece
Flit= to move lightly or quickly and not stay in
radically changes the way we view it. With the
one place for very long
originals, volunteers' eyes tended to stay longer on
certain places in the image, but with the altered Pleasurable= enjoyable
versions they would flit across a piece more rapidly.
As a result, the volunteers considered the altered
versions less pleasurable when they later rated the
work.
In a similar study, Oshin Vartanian of Toronto
University asked volunteers to compare original

paintings with ones which he had altered by moving
objects around within the frame. He found that
almost everyone preferred the original, whether it Frame= a border that surrounds and
was a Van Gogh still life or an abstract by Miro. supports a picture, door, or window
Vartanian also found that changing the
composition of the paintings reduced activation in Composition= the way that people or things
those brain areas linked with meaning and
are arranged in a painting or photograph
interpretation.
In another experiment, Alex Forsythe of the Interpretation= explanation, understanding

University of Liverpool analysed the visual intricacy
of different pieces of art, and her results suggest Intricacy= complexity
that many artists use a key level of detail to please
the brain. Too little and the work is boring, but too
Please = satisfy
much results in a kind of 'perceptual overload',
according to Forsythe. What's more, appealing
pieces both abstract and representational, show Recur = occur again, be repeated
signs of 'fractals' - repeated motifs recurring in
different scales, fractals are common throughout
Appealing= attractive, interesting, tempting,
nature, for example in the shapes of mountain
charming
peaks or the branches of trees. It is possible that
our visual system, which evolved in the great
outdoors, finds it easier to process such patterns. Motif= pattern
It is also intriguing that the brain appears to

Intriguing= fascinating, interesting, exciting
process movement when we see a handwritten
letter, as if we are replaying the writer's moment of
creation. This has led some to wonder whether Wonder= doubt, question, self-ask
Pollock's works feel so dynamic because the brain
reconstructs the energetic actions the artist used as Dynamic= lively, energetic
he painted. This may be down to our brain's 'mirror
neurons', which are known to mimic others' actions.
Mimic= copy, imitate
The hypothesis will need to be thoroughly tested,
however. It might even be the case that we could
use neuroaesthetic studies to understand the Hypothesis = theory, assumption
longevity of some pieces of artwork. While the
fashions of the time might shape what is currently Longevity= a long life
popular, works that are best adapted to our visual
system may be the most likely to linger once the Linger= remain # leave
trends of previous generations have been forgotten.
It's still early days for the field of neuroaesthetics -

and these studies are probably only a taste of what Foolish= stupid, silly, unwise
is to come. It would, however, be foolish to reduce
art appreciation to a set of scientific laws. We Appreciation= admiration, enjoyment
shouldn't underestimate the importance of the style
of a particular artist, their place in history and the Underestimate= undervalue
artistic environment of their time. Abstract art offers # overestimate
both a challenge and the freedom to play with
Decode= decipher, interpret
different interpretations. In some ways, it's not so
different to science, where we are constantly
looking for systems and decoding meaning so that
we can view and appreciate the world in a new way.
Luxurious= expensive, costly
Test 3 Fabric= material, cloth
READING PASSAGE 1 Fine= well, excellent, top quality
Smooth= downy, soft, flat
THE STORY OF SILK Legend= myth, fairy tale

The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, Responsible= being the primary cause of
from ancient China to the present day something
Silk is a fine, smooth material produced from the Destruction= ruin, damage
# construction
cocoons - soft protective shells - that are made by
mulberry silkworms (insect larvae). Legend has it Land in= fall into
that it was Lei Tzu, wife of the Yellow Emperor, ruler
of China in about 3000 BC, who discovered Unravel= untie, loosen, separate out
silkworms. One account of the story goes that as she Thread= a long thin string of cotton, silk etc
was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she used to sew or weave cloth
discovered that silkworms were responsible for the
destruction of several mulberry trees. She collected Wind= roll, twist
a number of cocoons and sat down to have a rest. It Persuade= convince
just so happened that while she was sipping some
tea, one of the cocoons that she had collected Rear= raise, nurture
landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a
Devise= invent, come up with, formulate,
fine thread. Lei Tzu found that she could wind this design
thread around her fingers. Subsequently, she
persuaded her husband to allow her to rear Reel= a round object around which you wind
silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees. She also such things as thread
devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the Fibre= a mass of threads used to make
cocoon into a single thread so that they would be rope, cloth etc.
strong enough to be woven into fabric. While it is
unknown just how much of this is true, it is certainly Cultivation= growing, planting
known that silk cultivation has existed in China for Restrict something to something= limit
several millennia.
Royalty= members of a royal family
Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to
Be entitled to (do) something= to have the
women, and it was they who were responsible for the right/ to be allowed to do smt
growing, harvesting and weaving. Silk quickly grew
into a symbol of status, and originally, only royalty

were entitled to have clothes made of silk. The rules
were gradually relaxed over the years until finally
during the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 AD), even Peasant= poor farmer
peasants, the lowest caste, were also entitled to
wear silk. Sometime during the Han Dynasty (206 Caste= social class
BC-220 AD), silk was so prized that it was also used
as a unit of currency. Government officials were Prized= treasured, precious, valued
paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes
Currency= money
in grain and silk. Silk was also used as diplomatic
gifts by the emperor. Fishing lines, bowstrings,
Diplomatic= relating to the work of
musical instruments and paper were all made using diplomats who officially represent their
silk. The earliest indication of silk paper being used government in a foreign country
was discovered in the tomb of a noble who is
estimated to have died around 168 AD. Emperor= royal leader, monarch
Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the Indication= sign, mark
lucrative trade route now known as the Silk Road,
taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and Tomb= burial place for last resting place
wool to the East. It was named the Silk Road after its
Noble= a member of the highest social class
most precious commodity, which was considered
to be worth more than gold. The Silk Road stretched
Exotic= unusual, unconventional,
over 6,000 kilometres from Eastern China to the extravagant, unfamiliar
Mediterranean Sea, following the Great Wall of
China, climbing the Pamir mountain range, crossing Lucrative= profitable, thriving, flourishing
modern-day Afghanistan and going on to the Middle
East, with a major trading market in Damascus. Precious= valuable, important
From there, the merchandise was shipped across
the Mediterranean Sea. Few merchants travelled Commodity= product, item
the entire route; goods were handled mostly by a
series of middlemen. Merchandise= goods, products
Merchant= businessman, tradesman
With the mulberry silkworm being native to China,
Middlemen= someone who buys things in
the country was the world’s sole producer of silk for order to sell them to someone else, or who
many hundreds of years. The secret of silk-making helps to arrange business deals for other
eventually reached the rest of the world via the people
Byzantine Empire, which ruled over the
Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North Smuggle= take/send/bring goods/people
Africa and the Middle East during the period 330— secretly and illegally into/out of a country
1453 AD. According to another legend, monks
Conceal= hide, cover
working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian

smuggle silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul
in modern-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside
hollow bamboo walking canes. The Byzantines were Secretive= a secretive person or
as secretive as the Chinese, however, and for many organization likes to keep their thoughts,
centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a intentions, or actions hidden from others
strict imperial monopoly. Then in the seventh
century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing Imperial= relating to an empire or to the
their magnificent silks in the process. Silk person who rules it
production thus spread through Africa, Sicily and
Monopoly= domination= exclusiveness
Spain as the Arabs swept, through these lands.
Andalusia in southern Spain was Europe’s main silk- Conquer= defeat, beat, overpower
producing centre in the tenth century. By the
thirteenth century, however, Italy had become Capture= take over, take
Europe’s leader in silk production and export.
Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and Magnificent= great, fine, wonderful
encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy. Even now,
silk processed in the province of Como in northern Export= sell abroad, sell overseas, sell to
Italy enjoys an esteemed reputation. other countries # import
Settle in somewhere = to go to live in a

The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the
new place, and stay there for a long time
downfall of the European silk industry. Cheaper
Japanese silk, trade in which was greatly facilitated Esteemed= respected, admired, honored
by the opening of the Suez Canal, was one of the
many factors driving the trend. Then in the twentieth Reputation= fame
century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon,
started to be used in what had traditionally been silk Facilitate= make easy, make possible,
products, such as stockings and parachutes. The enable
two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw
material from Japan, also stifled the European silk Manmade= artificial, synthetic,
industry. After the Second World War, Japan’s silk manufactured # natural
production was restored, with improved production
Interrupt= stop, end, halt
and quality of raw silk. Japan was to remain the
world’s biggest producer of raw silk, and practically Raw= unprocessed, unrefined, natural
the only major exporter of raw silk, until the 1970s.
However, in more recent decades, China has Stifle= prevent st from happing
gradually recaptured its position as the world’s
biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk Recapture= bring back, take over again
yarn. Today, around 125,000 metric tons of silk are
Silk yarn= thread used for making cloth or
for knitting
produced in the world, and almost two thirds of that

production takes place in China.
Migration= relocation, resettlement,

movement
READING PASSAGE 2
Define= describe correctly and thoroughly
Inherited= inborn, innate = having qualities,

Great Migrations physical features that controlled by gene
passed from their parent
Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more
Instinct (n)= nature, character
than just the movement of animals. It can loosely be
Instinctive (adj)= intuitive, natural, innate,
described as travel that takes place at regular inborn
intervals - often in an annual cycle - that may involve
many members of a species, and is rewarded only Identify= discover, find, determine
after a long journey. It suggests inherited instinct. Prolonged= expanded, lengthened
The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five
characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and Linear= following a straight line
combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged
Overfeeding= eating more than they need
movements that carry animals outside familiar for immediate purposes
habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they
involve special behaviours concerning preparation Allocation= distribution
(such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand
Undistracted = able to concentrate fully on
special allocations of energy. And one more: something
migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness
to the greater mission, which keeps them Temptation= attraction, lure, appeal
undistracted by temptations and undeterred by
Undeterred= if you are undeterred by
challenges that would turn other animals aside. something, you do not allow it to stop you
doing what you want
An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the
extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, Dive= go underwater
will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered Voracious= very eager for something,
from a bird-watcher's boat along the way. While local especially a lot of food
gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the
tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists distraction Handout= something such as food,
clothing, or money that is given free to
because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive someone who has a great need for it
sense of something we humans find admirable: larger
purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its Resist= avoid, refuse to accept, defend
destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and against
mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the Intent= intention, aim, goal, target, purpose
journey; its undivided intent is arrival. Reaching some
Converge= meet, come together
gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other
arctic terns have converged, will serve its larger Evolution= growth, development
purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a
time, and a set of circumstances in which it can Rear= look after, raise
successfully hatch and rear offspring.
Offspring= children
But migration is a complex issue, and biologists
define it differently, depending in part on what sorts of Terrestrial mammals= animals giving birth
animals they study. Joe! Berger, of the University of to live young, not eggs and living on land
Montana, who works on the American pronghorn and rather than in the water or air
other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he
calls a simple, practical definition suited to his beasts: Beast= creature, animal
'movements from a seasonal home area away to
another home area and back again'. Generally the Seek= search for, look for
reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is
to seek resources that aren't available within a single Vertical= straight up= pointing up in a line
that forms an angle of 90° with a flat
area year-round.
surface # horizontal
But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the Predator= an animal that kills and eats
ocean - upward by night to seek food, downward by other animals (prey).
day to escape predators - can also be considered
migration. So can the movement of aphids when, Deplete= reduce, eat up, lessen, exhaust,
having depleted the young leaves on one food plant, diminish # increase
their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant,
with no one aphid ever returning to where it started. Intricate = complicated, complex # simple
Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies Cite= name, mention, refer to

insects. His definition is more intricate than Berger's,
Distinguish= differentiate, discriminate
citing those five features that distinguish migration
from other forms of movement. They allow for the fact
Sensitive to= responsive to, reactive to,
that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to easily influenced by
blue light (from the sky) when it's time for takeoff on
their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light Appropriate= suitable, proper, fitting
(reflected from tender young leaves) when it's
appropriate to land. Birds will fatten themselves with Fatten sb with= to become fatter by doing
heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight. something.
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it
focuses attention on what the phenomenon of In advance (of something)= before
something happens
wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of
the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers Phenomenon= a fact or situation that is
towards understanding how evolution has produced observed to exist or happen
them all.
Detrimental= harmful, negative, damaging
# beneficial
Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental
Resemble= look like, be similar to # differ
impact on animal migration. The pronghorn, which
resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is Be notable for= be famous for
the fastest land mammal of the New World. One
population, which spends the summer in the Invariance= constancy; stability
# variance, difference
mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the
western USA, follows a narrow route from its summer Severity= dangerousness, extremity,
range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto harshness
the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months,
Constriction= restriction, limitation
feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow.
These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of Bottleneck= a place in a road where
their migration route and the severity of its the traffic cannot pass easily, so that there
constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can't pass are a lot of delays
through each of the three during their spring Plain= a large area of flat dry land
migration, they can't reach their bounty of summer
grazing; if they can't pass through again in autumn, Traverse= cross, pass through, go over
escaping south onto those windblown plains, they
Corridor= long, narrow passage, passage
are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow. way
Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed
to keep safe from predators, traverse high, open Crisis= disaster, catastrophe, trouble, hard
shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At times
one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, Threaten= endanger, put smb/smt at risk
leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150
metres wide, filled with private homes. Increasing Choke off= to prevent something from
happening
development is leading toward a crisis for the
pronghorn, threatening to choke off their Conservation= protection, preservation,
passageway. safeguarding
Agency= group, organization

Conservation scientists, along with some biologists
and land managers within the USA's National Park Preserve= maintain, protect, conserve
Service and other agencies, are now working to
preserve migrational behaviours, not just species and Recognize= identify, know
habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path
Path= way, route
of the pronghorn, much of which passes across its
land, as a protected migration corridor. But neither the Jurisdiction= rules, legal decisions
Forest Service nor the Park Service can control what
happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with Wisdom= understanding, intelligence,

certain other migrating species, the challenge is knowledge
complicated further - by vastly greater distances
traversed, more jurisdictions, more borders, more
dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and
resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can
Resoluteness= determination,
continue their journeying a while longer. perseverance
READING PASSAGE 3 Reasoning= the process of thinking about

something in order to make a decision
Composition= work of art, piece of music,

etc
Preface to ‘How the other half Advanced= higher
thinks: Adventures in # foundation, elementary
mathematical reasoning’ Specialized= designed or developed for a

particular purpose # generalized
A Arithmetic= the science of numbers

Occasionally, in some difficult musical compositions, involving adding, multiplying etc
there are beautiful, but easy parts - parts so simple a
beginner could play them. So it is with mathematics Odd number= a number that cannot be
as well. There are some discoveries in advanced divided exactly by two, for example 1,3, 5,7
mathematics that do not depend on specialized etc. # even number
knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or
Illustrate= demonstrate, show, describe
trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a
little arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd Elementary= basic, simple,
numbers is even’, and common sense. Each of the straightforward, uncomplicated
eight chapters in this book illustrates this
phenomenon. Anyone can understand every step in Participate in (v)= take part in
the reasoning. The thinking in each chapter uses at Participant (n)= a person who takes part in
most only elementary arithmetic, and sometimes not or becomes involved in a particular activity
even that. Thus all readers will have the chance to
participate in a mathematical experience, to Appreciate= value, respect, cherish,
appreciate the beauty of mathematics, and to treasure, think highly of
become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of
Intuitive= instinctive, natural
thinking.
Reveal= bring to light, show, point out
B
One of my purposes in writing this book is to give Fascinating= interesting, attractive
readers who haven’t had the opportunity to see and # boring, dull
enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the
mathematical way of thinking. I want to reveal not Application= implementation, use,
only some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more utilization
importantly, the reasoning behind them. In that
respect, this book differs from most books on Procedure= process, method, practice
mathematics written for the general public. Some
Assume= presume, suppose, guess…
present the lives of colorful mathematicians. Others

describe important applications of mathematics. Yet Adept= skillful, expert, proficient, gifted,
others go into mathematical procedures, but talented # Inept
assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.
C
I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap Bridge a gap= to make the difference
that separates the two cultures: the humanities and between them smaller
the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive)
and the left brain (analytical, numerical). As the Notorious= infamous
chapters will illustrate, mathematics is not restricted to
the analytical and numerical; intuition plays a Separate= divide, split up, break up
significant role. The alleged gap can be narrowed or
completely overcome by anyone, in part because Intuition= the ability to understand or know
each of us is far from using the full capacity of either something because of a feeling rather than
side of the brain. To illustrate our human potential, I by considering the facts.
cite a structural engineer who is an artist, an Alleged= unproven, suspected
electrical engineer who is an opera singer, an opera # confirmed
singer who published mathematical research, and a
mathematician who publishes short stories. Overcome= defeat, control, get over
D Capacity= ability
Other scientists have written books to explain their
fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to Potential= capability, capacity, ability
omit the mathematics, although it provides the
foundation of their theories. The reader must remain Cite= name, mention, refer to
a tantalized spectator rather than an involved
Omit= neglect, ignore, forget
participant, since the appropriate language for
describing the details in much of science is Foundation= base, basis
mathematics, whether the subject is expanding
universe, subatomic particles, or chromosomes. Tantalize= to excite or attract someone
Though the broad outline of a scientific theory can be by offering or suggesting something that
sketched intuitively, when a part of the physical is unlikely to be provided or is not enough
universe is finally understood, its description often
looks like a page in a mathematics text. Spectator= viewer, watcher, observer
E Sketch= draft, outline

Still, the non-mathematical reader can go far in
Sustained= continuous, ongoing, constant
understanding mathematical reasoning. This book
presents the details that illustrate the mathematical Analysis= study, investigation, examination
style of thinking, which involves sustained, step-by-
step analysis, experiments, and insights. You will Experiment= test
turn these pages much more slowly than when
reading a novel or a newspaper. It may help to have a Insight= a clear, deep understanding of
pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry a complicated problem or situation
out experiments.
Claim= a statement that something is true,

F. As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: even though it has not been proved
those who enjoyed mathematics until they were
turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around Carry out= do, conduct
fifth grade, and mathematics aficionados, who will
Aficionado= enthusiast, fan, admirer
find much that is new throughout the book. This book
also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their Sharpen= enhance, improve
analytical skills. Many careers, such as law and Analytical= logical, systematic, scientific,
medicine, require extended, precise analysis. Each rational
chapter offers practice in following a sustained and
closely argued line of thought. That mathematics can Precise= exact, accurate
develop this skill is shown by these two testimonials:
Testimonials= statements, confirmations
G
A physician wrote, The discipline of analytical Discipline= an area of knowledge or
thought processes [in mathematics] prepared me teaching, especially one such as history,
chemistry, mathematics etc that is studied
extremely well for medical school. In medicine one is
at a university
faced with a problem which must be thoroughly
analyzed before a solution can be found. The process Background= experience
is similar to doing mathematics.’
A lawyer made the same point, “Although I had no Attribute smt to smb/smt= to believe or
background in law - not even one political science say that a situation or event is caused by
course — I did well at one of the best law schools. I something
attribute much of my success there to having
learned, through the study of mathematics, and, in Theorem= a statement that can be shown
particular, theorems, how to analyze principles. to be true
Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master
Delight= enjoyment, pleasure, happiness,
the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’ joy
I hope you will share my delight in watching as
simple, even naive, questions lead to remarkable Naive= simple, inexperienced, immature
solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find # sophisticated
unanticipated applications.
Remarkable= extraordinary, amazing,
outstanding, significant, incredible
# ordinary
Purely= completely and only
Unanticipated= unexpected, surprising,

unforeseen
Twin= one of two children born at the same

time to the same mother
Test 4 Precious= valuable, cherished, treasured
READING PASSAGE 1 Untangle= understand or explain
something that is mysterious or
complicated
Nurture= the education and care that you

Research using twins are given as a child, and the way it affects
your later development and attitudes
To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins Identical twin= one of a pair of brothers or
offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence sisters born at the same time, who develop
of genes and the environment - of nature and nurture. from the same egg and look almost exactly
Because identical twins come from a single fertilized alike
egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same
Fertilize = to cause an egg or seed to start
genetic code. Any differences between them -one to develop into a new young animal or plant
twin having younger looking skin, for example - must by joining it with a male cell
be due to environmental factors such as less time
spent in the sun. Split= divide, break # merge
Virtually= almost, nearly

Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of
Quantify= count, calculate, measure
identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come
from separate eggs and share on average half their Extent= degree, level
DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which
our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more With respect to= concerning, regarding
similar to each other with respect to an ailment than
fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease Ailment= illness, disease
must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
Vulnerability= the state of being easily
affected by something
These two lines of research - studying the differences Be rooted in something = to be based on
between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of something or caused by something
environment, and comparing identical twins with
fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance - have Heredity= the process by which mental
and physical qualities are passed from a
been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature parent to a child before the child is born.
and nurture in determining our personalities,
behavior, and vulnerability to disease. Pinpoint= identify
Interplay= relationship, interaction
The idea of using twins to measure the influence of Determine = decide = specify
heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist
Coin the phrase= invent a term
Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and
coined the phrase 'nature and nurture'). But twin Twist = change
studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the Reunite= bring back together, come
arrival of studies into identical twins who had been together
separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two
decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Carry out= do, implement
Bouchard's lab in what became known as the
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous Genetic makeup= genetic combination
tests were carried out on the twins, and they were
each asked more than 15,000 questions.
Statistical= numerical
Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of
data to identify how far twins were affected by their Radical= fundamental, basic, essential
genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a
statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, Elemental= basic, fundamental
the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which
differences among members of a population can be Epigenetics= a branch of genetics that
explained by differences in their genetics. And studies the chemical reactions that turn
wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it genes on and off
seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic
influence helping to shape our lives. Tied= linked, joined, related
Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead Represent= stand for, symbolize
scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and
nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. Component= part, factor, element
According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is
a third factor also in play, one that in some cases Immense=extremely large, enormous
serves as a bridge between the environment and our
genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who
Segment= section, part, piece, sector
we are.
Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to
neither nature nor nurture but representing what Trait= characteristic, feature
researchers have called a 'third component'. These
reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: Determine= decide
how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even
turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the Tune= melody
other parts of our bodies.
Revolutionize= develop, transform
If you think of our DNA as an immense piano
keyboard and our genes as the keys - each key Reveal= show, display, exhibit # conceal
symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a
particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to Mechanism = process, system, operation
make us who we are - then epigenetic processes
determine when and how each key can be struck,

changing the tune being played.
One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing

our understanding of biology is by revealing a
mechanism by which the environment directly impacts Pregnancy= when a woman has a baby
on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have growing inside her body
shown that when a rat experiences stress during
pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a Fetus= a baby or young animal before it is
fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent born
grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur
randomly, while others are normal, such as those that Random = unexpectedly = in an unplanned
guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or way
liver cells, for example.
Hardwired= if an attitude, way of behaving
Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins
etc is hard-wired, it is a natural part of a
over the years and thought deeply about what twin
studies have taught us. 'It's very clear when you look person’s character that they are born with
at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,' and cannot change
she says. 'Many things about them are absolutely the
same and unalterable. But it's also clear, when you Unalterable= unchangeable, fixed
get to know them, that other things about them are
different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those Trailblazer= pioneer
differences, in my view.'
Mothering= the process of caring for
Reed credits Thomas Bouchard's work for today's children in the way that a mother does.
surge in twin studies. 'He was the trailblazer,' she
says. 'We forget that 50 years ago things like heart Reflective= thinking carefully and quietly
disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle.
Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor Take our understanding even further =
mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more increase our knowledge
reflective about what people are actually born with
and what's caused by experience.'
Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in

epigenetics promises to take our understanding
even further. 'What I like to say is that nature writes
some things in pencil and some things in pen,' she
says. 'Things written in pen you can't change. That's
DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That's
epigenetics. Now that we're actually able to look at the
DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it's sort of
a whole new world.'
Visual = relating to seeing
Underestimate= underrate, undervalue

READING PASSAGE 2 # overestimate
Complicated= complex # simple, easy
An Introduction to Film Sound Ingredient= element, factor, part
Balanced = containing an equal amount or

number of similar things or people
Though we might think of film as an essentially visual
experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate Emphasis= special attention or importance
the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound
track is often as complicated as the image on the Desired = expected, wanted # unwanted
screen, and is ultimately just as much the responsibility
of the director. The entire sound track consists of three Dialogue= conversation
essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects
Characterization= the way in which the
and music. These three tracks must be mixed and character of a real person or thing is
balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases described
which in turn create desired effects.
Perceive= recognize, become aware of
Topics which essentially refer to the three previously
mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include Personality= traits, character
dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound
Merge= combine, unite # separate, split
effects, and music.
Texture= the quality of something (eg.
Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage voice) that is rough or smooth or soft or
drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses hard
feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often
with film characterization the audience perceives Physiognomy= the general appearance of
a person’s face
little or no difference between the character and the
actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is Gesture= a movement of part of your body,
the character Sam Spade; film personality and life especially your hands or head, to show
personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because what you mean or how you feel
the very texture of a performer's voice supplies an
element of character. Persona = the particular type of character
that a person seems to have and that is
often different from their real character
When voice textures fit the performer's physiognomy
and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona Craft= skill, ability, technique
emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his
craft, but another human being struggling with life. It Struggle= to experience difficulty and
is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the make a very great effort in order to do
very amount of dialogue used varies widely among something
films. For example, in the highly successful science-

fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most Banal=trivial= ordinary and not interesting,
of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest. In this because of a lack of new or different ideas.
way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Intrinsic= natural
Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Inadequacy= insufficiency, lack
Introduction to Film, the 'inadequacy of human # abundance
responses when compared with the magnificent
technology created by man and the visual beauties of Magnificent= wonderful, outstanding,
the universe'. brilliant
The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, Breakneck= fast, rapid, quick
presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at
breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores Underscore= emphasize, highlight,
underline # ignore
not only the dizzy quality of the character played by
Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film Dizzy= stupid and forgetful
itself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced
from gag to gag and conversation to conversation; Absurdity= illogicality, ridiculousness,
there is no time for audience reflection. The audience foolishness # logic, reasonableness
is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply
managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure Reflection=serious and careful thought
escapism - largely due to its frenetic dialogue.
be/get caught up in something= to be or
Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which get involved in something, especially
are synchronized or matched with what is viewed. For something bad
example, if the film portrays a character playing the
Plot= story line
piano, the sounds of the piano are projected.
Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film Escapism = activities or entertainment that
and also help to create a particular atmosphere. help you forget about bad or boring things
For example, the 'click' of a door being opened may for a short time
simply serve to convince the audience that the image
portrayed is real, and the audience may only Frenetic= frantic, fast and not very
subconsciously note the expected sound. organized
However, if the 'click' of an opening door is part of an
ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer Convince= persuade
may call attention to the 'click' with an increase in
Subconscious= unintentional
volume; this helps to engage the audience in a
# consciously
moment of suspense.
Burglary= breaking and entering, theft,
Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are robbery
not matched with a visible source of the sound on
screen. Such sounds are included so as to provide an Engage somebody in something=
appropriate emotional nuance, and they may also add to attract someone’s attention and keep
to the realism of the film. For example, a film-maker them interested
might opt to include the background sound of an
ambulance's siren while the foreground sound and Suspense= tension, uncertainty, doubt,
image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous anxiety, nervousness
ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury Nuance= a very slight, hardly noticeable
incurred in the argument; at the same time the noise of difference in manner, colour, meaning
the siren adds to the realism of the film by
acknowledging the film's city setting.
We are probably all familiar with background music in Ubiquitous = popular, common, pervasive,
films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be prevalent # rare
noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is
used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually not meant Noticeable= clear, obvious
to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an
emotional attitude toward the story and /or the Absence= nonexistence, lack
characters depicted. In addition, background music
Emotion= feeling
often foreshadows a change in mood. For example,
dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an Rhythm= beat
approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.
Background music may aid viewer understanding by Foreshadow= anticipate
linking scenes. For example, a particular musical
theme associated with an individual character or Dissonant = lacking harmony
situation may be repeated at various points in a film in Menace= threat, danger
order to remind the audience of salient motifs or
ideas. Associate with= link with, connect with
Film sound comprises conventions and Salient= important, main, outstanding,

innovations. We have come to expect an noticeable, obvious, remarkable
acceleration of music during car chases and creaky
Motif= pattern
doors in horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well
that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of Comprise= include, contain, consist of
sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by
only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an Convention= rule, standard, principle
awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to
truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during Innovation= improvement, modernization
the twentieth century - the modern film.
Acceleration= speeding up, quickening,
increase in speed
Conceive= think, see, perceive, grasp,

appreciate, apprehend
Subtle= delicate, indirect # obvious
Foster= promote, encourage
So as to= in order to, in an attempt to
Appreciate = acknowledge, recognize,

be aware of
Marvellous= amazing, awesome
Manifold= various, many and different

READING PASSAGE 3
Take pride of place= if something has or
takes pride of place, it is put in the best place
for people to see because it is the thing you
‘This Marvellous Invention’ are most proud of
Transform= change, alter, modify

A Material = relating to physical objects or
Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must money rather than emotions
take pride of place. Other inventions -the wheel,
Advent= arrival, start
agriculture, sliced bread - may have transformed our
material existence, but the advent of language is Achieve = get, gain, obtain, acquire
what made us human. Compared to language, all
Originate= begin, start, come from
other inventions pale in significance, since everything
we have ever achieved depends on language and Embark on= to start something, especially
originates from it. Without language, we could never something new, difficult, or exciting
have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled Ascent= the process of becoming more
power over all other animals, and even over nature important or powerful than before
itself.
Unparalleled = better than any other
Sophistication= complexity
B
Simplicity= easiness # complexity
But language is foremost not just because it came
first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary Disclose= reveal, make known # hide
sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious
simplicity: ‘this marvellous invention of composing Penetrate= understand, grasp, perceive
out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety Stirring of our soul= the arousing of deep
of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no emotion
likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose
Renowned= famous, well-known
to others its whole secret, and to make known to
those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, Distill= to get the main ideas or facts from a
and all the various stirrings of our soul’ This was much larger amount of information
how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of Flaw= fault, error
the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the
essence of language, and no one since has Hymn= a song of praise
celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its Homage= respect, honor
achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all

these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages Accomplishment= achievement
unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet Conceal= hide, cover up
critical incongruity. Language is mankind s greatest Incongruity= strangeness, inappropriateness
invention - except, of course, that it was never
invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our Paradox= inconsistency, contradiction = a
situation or statement that seems impossible
fascination with language, and it holds many of its or is difficult to understand because it
secrets. contains two opposite facts or characteristics
C Handiwork= something done skillfully with

the hands
Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one
can hardly imagine it as anything other than the Craftsman= someone who is very skilled at a
perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How particular craft
else could this instrument make so much out of
Instrument= tool, gadget
barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In
themselves, these configurations of mouth Configuration= the shape or arrangement of
p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh,a,e and so on - amount to nothing the parts of something
more than a few haphazard spits and splutters,
Amount to something= or be the same as
random noises with no meaning, no ability to
express, no power to explain. But run them through Haphazard= random, disorganized
the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it
Meaningless= worthless # meaningful
arrange them in some very special orders, and there
is nothing that these meaningless streams of air Interminable= endless= long and boring
cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of
existence to unravelling the fundamental order of Unravel= to understand or explain something
that is mysterious or complicated
the universe.
Foragers= hunters
D Infinite= never-ending, unlimited

The most extraordinary thing about language,
Subtle= not easy to notice or understand
however, is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to unless you pay careful attention
set its wheels in motion. The language machine
allows just about everybody from pre-modern Exertion= a lot of mental and physical effort
foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern Deceptive= misleading, false
philosophers in the suburban sprawl - to tie these
meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety Ease= effortlessness, no difficulty
of subtle senses, and all apparently without the
Be a victim of your own success= to be
slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive badly affected by some unexpected results of
ease which makes language a victim of its own being very successful
success, since in everyday life its triumphs are
Triumph= victory, win, conquest, success
usually taken for granted. The wheels of language

run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and Take for granted= undervalue
think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that
Estranement= separation, division
must have gone into making it tick. Language
conceals art. Exotic= unusual, out of the ordinary, strange
# familiar, conventional
E
Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, Outlandish= strange, unusual, weird
with their many exotic and outlandish features, that
brings home the wonder of languages design. One of Showy stunt= something that is done to
the showiest stunts that some languages can pull attract people’s attention, especially in
off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking advertising or politics.
length, and thus express in one word what English
Pull off= succeed, do well
takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word
çehirliliçtiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one Monstrosity = something that is very ugly
example, means nothing less than ‘you are one of and usually large
those whom we can’t turn into a town-dweller’. (In
case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is Squash = squeeze = to push something into
one word, not merely many different words a small space
squashed together - most of its components cannot
even stand up on their own.) Enable= allow, make possible # prevent
F Documentation= records
And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then
Trim= neat, shorten
consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the
banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the Impressive= extraordinary, remarkable
people who invented writing and thus enabled the # unimpressive, ordinary
documentation of history. A Sumerian word like
munintuma'a (‘when he had made it suitable for her’) Reverse= opposite, contrary
might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish
colossus above. What is so impressive about it, Compactness= neatness = the fact that
however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse everything fits neatly into a little space
- the thrifty compactness of its construction. The
word is made up of different slots, each correspond to = to be very similar to or the
same as something else
corresponding to a particular portion of meaning.
This sleek design allows single sounds to convey
Sleek= smooth
useful information, and in fact even the absence of a
sound has been enlisted to express something Convey= express
specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian
word corresponds to the pronoun ‘it’ in the English Absence= lack, non-existence
translation ‘when he had made it suitable for her’, # presence, attendance

then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you,
a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that
stands in the empty slot in the middle. The Fine-tune = to make very small changes to
something such as a machine, system, or
technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non- plan, so that it works as well as possible
sound, when carefully placed in a particular position,
has been invested with a specific function. Who could Come up with= to think of an idea, find out,
create
possibly have come up with such a nifty
contraption? Nifty= ingenious, clever, effective
Contraption= a piece of equipment or

machinery
Test 1 Remarkable=extraordinary,
outstanding, significant, incredible…
READING PASSAGE 1
Tough= strong.
Elastic= stretchy, flexible…

Cork Buoyant= able to float.
Cork - the thick bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus Fire-resistant= unaffected by fire.
suber) - is a remarkable material. It is tough, elastic,
buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide Extraordinary=remarkable,
range of purposes. It has also been used for outstanding, significant, incredible…
millennia: the ancient Egyptians sealed then
sarcophagi (stone coffins) with cork, while the ancient Insulate= to cover or protect
Greeks and Romans used it for anything from something with a material that stops
beehives to sandals. electricity, sound, heat etc from
getting in or out
And the cork oak itself is an extraordinary tree. Its
bark grows up to 20 cm in thickness, insulating the Particular= unique.
tree like a coat wrapped around the trunk and
branches and keeping the inside at a constant 20°C all Replicate= duplicate, copy…
year round. Developed most probably as a defence
against forest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a Pressure= stress.
particular cellular structure - with about 40 million
cells per cubic centimetre - that technology has never Flourish= grow, thrive…
succeeded in replicating. The cells are filled with air,
which is why cork is so buoyant. It also has an Thrive= flourish…
elasticity that means you can squash it and watch it
spring back to its original size and shape when you Soil= the top layer of the earth in
release the pressure. which plants grow.
Cork oaks grow in a number of Mediterranean Moisture=wetness, dampness…
countries, including Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and
Morocco. They flourish in warm, sunny climates Nutrient= a chemical or food that
where there is a minimum of 400 millimetres of rain provides what is needed for plants
per year, and no more than 800 millimetres. Like grape or animals to live and grow
vines, the trees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep
root in search of moisture and nutrients. Southern
Portugal’s Alentejo region meets all of these
requirements, which explains why, by the early 20th
century, this region had become the world’s largest
producer of cork, and why today it accounts for roughly
half of all cork production around the world.
Most cork forests are family-owned. Many of these

family businesses, and indeed many of the trees
themselves, are around 200 years old. Cork

production is, above all, an exercise in patience. From Patience= the ability to continue
the planting of a cork sapling to the first harvest takes waiting or doing something for a
25 years, and a gap of approximately a decade must long time without becoming angry or
separate harvests from an individual tree. And for top- anxious.
quality cork, it’s necessary to wait a further 15 or 20
years. You even have to wait for the right kind of Strip= to remove something that is
summer’s day to harvest cork. If the bark is stripped covering the surface of something
on a day when it’s too cold - or when the air is damp - else
the tree will be damaged.
Specialised= trained, designed, or
Cork harvesting is a very specialised profession. No developed for a particular purpose,
mechanical means of stripping cork bark has been type of work, place etc
invented, so the job is done by teams of highly skilled
workers. First, they make vertical cuts down the bark Mechanical= motorized.
using small sharp axes, then lever it away in pieces as
large as they can manage. The most skilful cork- Boil= to wash something, using
strippers prise away a semi-circular husk that runs the boiling water.
length of the trunk from just above ground level to the
first branches. It is then dried on the ground for about Thermal= relating to or caused by
four months, before being taken to factories, where it heat
is boiled to kill any insects that might remain in the
cork. Over 60% of cork then goes on to be made into Acoustic= relating to sound and the
traditional bottle stoppers, with most of the remainder way people hear things
being used in the construction trade, Corkboard and
cork tiles are ideal for thermal and acoustic Manufacture= production.
insulation, while granules of cork are used in the
manufacture of concrete. Monopoly= if a company or
government has a monopoly of a
Recent years have seen the end of the virtual business or political activity, it has
monopoly of cork as the material for bottle stoppers, complete control of it so that other
due to concerns about the effect it may have on the organizations cannot compete with it
contents of the bottle. This is caused by a chemical
compound called 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), which Spoil= ruin, destroy…
forms through the interaction of plant phenols, chlorine
and mould. The tiniest concentrations - as little as Substitute= something new or
three or four parts to a trillion - can spoil the taste of different that can be used instead of
the product contained in the bottle. The result has something else.
been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic
stoppers and, more recently, to aluminium screw caps. Sustainable= able to continue
These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and, in without causing damage to the
the case of screw caps, more convenient for the user. environment.
The classic cork stopper does have several

advantages, however. Firstly, its traditional image is
more in keeping with that of the type of high quality
goods with which it has long been associated.
Secondly - and very importantly - cork is a
sustainable product that can be recycled without
difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which
support local biodiversity, and prevent

desertification in the regions where they are planted. Biodiversity= the variety of plants
So, given the current concerns about environmental and animals in a particular place.
issues, the future of this ancient material once again
looks promising. Prevent= stop.
Desertification= the process by

which useful land, especially
farmland, changes into desert.
READING PASSAGE 2 Fascinating= charming, attractive,

interesting…
Dignify= distinguish.
Productive= practical, useful,

Collecting as a hobby helpful, valuable.
Collecting must be one of the most varied of human Antique: a piece of furniture,
activities, and it's one that many of us psychologists jewellery etc that was made a very
find fascinating. long time ago and is therefore
valuable.
Many forms of collecting have been dignified with a
technical name: an archtophilist collects teddy bears, a Profit=income, earnings, turnover,
philatelist collects postage stamps, and a deltiologist revenue.
collects postcards. A massing hundreds or even
thousands of postcards, chocolate wrappers or Psychological=mental.
whatever, takes time, energy and money that could
surely to much more productive use. And yet there Element= factor.
are millions of collectors around the world. Why do
they do it? Triumph=Victory, succeed, joy,
satisfaction.
There are the people who collect because they want to
make money - this could be called an instrumental Exchange= swap, trade.
reason for collecting; that is, collecting as a means to
an end. They'll look for, say, antiques that they can
buy cheaply and expect to be able to sell at a profit.
But there may well be a psychological element, too -
buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a
sense of triumph. And as selling online is so easy,
more and more people are joining in.
Many collectors collect to develop their social life,

attending meetings of a group of collectors and
exchanging information on items. This is a variant on
joining a bridge club or a gym, and similarly brings
them into contact with like-minded people.

Desire= wish, need, want.
Another motive for collecting is the desire to find
something special, or a particular example of the Aimless= meaningless…
collected item, such as a rare early recording by a
particular singer. Empty=meaningless, purposeless.
Some may spend their whole lives in a hunt for this.
Psychologically, this can give a purpose to a life that Fossil= an animal or plant that lived
otherwise feels aimless. There is a danger, though, many thousands of years ago and
that if the individual is ever lucky enough to find what that has been preserved, or the
they're looking for, rather than celebrating their shape of one of these animals or
success, they may feel empty, now that the goal that plants that has been preserved in
drove them on has gone. rock.
If you think about collecting postage stamps another Inferior=poorer, lower.

potential reason for it - Or, perhaps, a result of
collecting is its educational value. Stamp collecting Publish= announce, make public.
opens a window to other countries, and to the plants,
animals, or famous people shown on their stamps. Identify= recognize, distinguish,
Similarly, in the 19th century, many collectors detect.
amassed fossils, animals and plants from around the
globe, and their collections provided a vast amount of Knowledgeable= well-informed,
information about the natural world. Without those experienced, educated.
collections, our understanding would be greatly
inferior to what it is. Railway= a system of tracks along
which trains run, or a system of
In the past - and nowadays, too, though to a lesser trains.
extent - a popular form of collecting, particularly among
boys and men, was trainspotting. This might involve Operation= process, procedure.
trying to see every locomotive of a particular type,
using published data that identifies each one, and Doll= a child’s toy that looks like a
ticking off each engine as it is seen. Trainspotters small person or baby.
exchange information, these days often by mobile
phone, so they can work out where to go to, to see a Enlarge= increase, expand,
particular engine. As a by-product, many practitioners extend…
of the hobby become very knowledgeable about
railway operations, or the technical specifications of Standard= norm, average…
different engine types.
Wax= a solid substance made of fat
Similarly, people who collect dolls may go beyond or oil and used to make candles,
simply enlarging their collection, and develop an polish etc
interest in the way that dolls are made, or the materials
that are used. These have changed over the centuries Porcelain= a hard shiny white
from the wood that was standard in 16th century substance that is used for making
Europe, through the wax and porcelain of later expensive plates, cups etc.
centuries, to the plastics of today's dolls. Or collectors
might be inspired to study how dolls reflect notions of
what children like, or ought to like.
Not all collectors are interested in learning from their
hobby, though, so what we might call a psychological

reason for collecting is the need for a sense of control, Neatly= tidily, carefully.
perhaps as a way of dealing with insecurity. Stamp
collectors, for instance, arrange their stamps in Conscious= intentional, deliberate.
albums, usually very neatly, organising their collection
according to certain commonplace principles-perhaps Individualism= the belief that the
by country in alphabetical order, or grouping stamps by rights and freedom of individual
what they depict -people, birds, maps, and so on. people are the most important rights
in a society.
One reason, conscious or not, for what someone
chooses to collect is to show the collector's Existence= Reality.
individualism. Someone who decides to collect
something as unexpected as dog collars, for instance, Mildly= slightly, a little…
may be conveying their belief that they must be
interesting themselves. And believe it or not, there is at Passion= a very strong liking for
least one dog collar museum in existence, and it grew something.
out of a personal collection.
Engross= hold your attention.
Of course, all hobbies give pleasure, but the common
factor in collecting is usually passion: pleasure is Fulfillment= satisfaction.
putting it far too mildly. More than most other hobbies,
collecting can be totally engrossing, and can give a Eccentric= unusual, strange,
strong sense of personal fulfillment. To non-collectors weird…
it may appear an eccentric, if harmless, way of
spending time, but potentially, collecting has a lot
going for it.
READING PASSAGE 3 Institution= a large organization

that has a particular kind of work or
purpose.
What’s the purpose of gaining Motto= Slogan, saying…

knowledge?
A
‘I would found an institution where any person can
find instruction in any subject' That was the founders
motto for Cornell University, and it seems an apt
characterization of the different university, also in the
USA, where I currently teach philosophy. A student
can prepare for a career in resort management,
engineering, interior design, accounting, music, law
enforcement, you name it. But what would the
founders of these two institutions have thought of a

course called Arson for Profit’? I kid you not: we have Arson= fire-starting, fire-raising…
it on the books. Any undergraduates who have met the
academic requirements can sign up for the course in Profit= income, earnings,
our program in 'fire science’. revenue…
B Prospective= likely, potential…

Naturally, the course is intended for prospective
arson investigators, who can learn all the tricks of the Prosecution= when someone is
trade for detecting whether a fire was deliberately set, judged for a crime in a court of law.
discovering who did it, and establishing a chain of
evidence for effective prosecution in a court of law. Criticize= to express your
But wouldn’t this also be the perfect course for disapproval of someone or
prospective arsonists to sign up for? My point is not to something, or to talk about their
criticize academic programs in fire science: they are faults.
highly welcome as part of the increasing
professionalization of this and many other Occupation= Job, work…
occupations. However, it’s not unknown for a
firefighter to torch a building. This example suggests Illegal= against the law.
how dishonest and illegal behavior, with the help of
higher education, can creep into every aspect of public Appreciate= be grateful for, be
and business life. thankful for, be glad about, be
pleased about, value…
C
I realized this anew when I was invited to speak before Ethical= Moral, principled…
a class in marketing, which is another of our degree
programs. The regular instructor is a colleague who Cue= signal.
appreciates the kind of ethical perspective I can bring
as a philosopher. There are endless ways I could have Principle= rule, law…
approached this assignment, but I took my cue from
the title of the course: 'Principles of Marketing’. It Codify= to arrange laws, principles,
made me think to ask the students, 'Is marketing facts etc in a system.
principled?’ After all, a subject matter can have
principles in the sense of being codified, having rules, Assume= suppose, believe, think…
as with football or chess, without being principled in
the sense of being ethical. Many of the students Obvious= clear, apparent...
immediately assumed that the answer to my question
about marketing principles was obvious: no. Just look Sound= seem.
at the ways in which everything under the sun has
been marketed; obviously it need not be done in a Downright= absolutely, totally,
principled (=ethical) fashion. extremely…
D
Is that obvious? I made the suggestion, which may
sound downright crazy in light of the evidence, that
perhaps marketing is by definition principled. My
inspiration for this judgement is the philosopher
Immanuel Kant, who argued that any body of
knowledge consists of an end (or purpose) and a
means.
E Sign up= join, enroll…

Let us apply both the terms 'means' and ‘end' to
marketing. The students have signed up for a course Irrelevant= unrelated,
in order to learn how to market effectively. But to what inappropriate…
end? There seem to be two main attitudes toward that
question. One is that the answer is obvious: the Expertise= knowledge,
purpose of marketing is to sell things and to make proficiency…
money. The other attitude is that the purpose of
marketing is irrelevant: Each person comes to the Proposal= suggestion.
program and course with his or her own plans, and
these need not even concern the acquisition of Endeavor= effort, try…
marketing expertise as such. My proposal, which I
believe would also be Kant's, is that neither of these Scrutiny= careful and thorough
attitudes captures the significance of the end to the examination of someone or
means for marketing. A field of knowledge or a something.
professional endeavor is defined by both the means
and the end;hence both deserve scrutiny. Students Supremely= extremely, completely,
need to study both how to achieve X, and also what X totally….
is.
Presumably= seemingly,
F apparently…
It is at this point that ‘Arson for Profit’ becomes
supremely relevant. That course is presumably all Prosecute= accuse= to charge
about means: how to detect and prosecute criminal someone with a crime and try to
activity. It is therefore assumed that the end is good in show that they are guilty of it in a
an ethical sense. When I ask fire science students to court of law.
articulate the end, or purpose, of their field, they
eventually generalize to something like, ‘The safety Generalize= simplify, take a broad
and welfare of society,’ which seems right. As we have view…
seen, someone could use the very same knowledge of
means to achieve a much less noble end, such as Articulate= speak about.
personal profit via destructive, dangerous, reckless
activity. But we would not call that firefighting. We have Reckless= not caring or worrying
a separate word for it: arson. Similarly, if you employed about the possible bad or
the ‘principles of marketing’ in an unprincipled way, dangerous results of your actions.
you would not be doing marketing. We have another
term for it: fraud. Kant gives the example of a doctor Fraud= the crime of deceiving
and a poisoner, who use the identical knowledge to people in order to gain something
achieve their divergent ends. We would say that one is such as money or goods.
practicing medicine, the other, murder.
Synthesis= mixture, combination…

Test 2
Distinguish= differentiate…
READING PASSAGE 1
Dependent= reliant.
Vulnerable= a place, thing, or idea

that is vulnerable is easy to attack or
The risks agriculture faces in criticize.
developing countries
Entrench= Establish.
Synthesis of an online debate
A Volatility= unpredictability.
Two things distinguish food production from all other Instability.
productive activities: first, every single person needs
food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is Adverse= unfavorable, poor, bad…
hugely dependent on nature. These two unique
aspects, one political, the other natural, make food Infrastructure= the basic systems
production highly vulnerable and different from any and structures that a country or
other business. At the same time, cultural values are organization needs in order to work
highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems properly, for example roads,
worldwide. railways, banks etc.
B Prevalent=common.
Farmers everywhere face major risks; including
extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price Participant= member, partaker…
volatility in input and product markets. However,
smallholder farmers in developing countries must in Address= tackle, deal with…
addition deal with adverse environments, both natural,
in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc. and human, in Inability= powerlessness, failure,
terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, lack of ability…
knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger
is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the Indentify= detect, discover, find,
developing world. recognize…
C Unsupportive= not ready to give a

Participants in the online debate argued that our hand, uncooperative…
biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes
of the agricultural system’s inability to ensure Mitigate= lessen, reduce,
sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of alleviate…
this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and
unsupportive government policies. Intervention= involvement.
D Fund= sponsor, subsidise, back

On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face,
most essayists called for greater state intervention. In Significantly= much, a lot…
his essay, Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the
International Fund for Agricultural Development,
argued that governments can significantly reduce
risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads

to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water Storage= the process of keeping or
and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia putting something in a special place
Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture while it is not being used.
and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement
and holding of stocks by governments can also help Facilities= rooms, equipment, or
mitigate wild swings in food prices by alleviating services that are provided for a
uncertainties about market supply. particular purpose.
E Senior= higher-ranking.
Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International
Food Policy Research Institute, held up social safety Procurement= the act of ordering
nets and public welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and buying the equipment, supplies,
and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty services etc needed by a company
among farming families and reduce their vulnerability or other organization.
to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators
responded that cash transfers to poor families do not Alleviate= lessen.
necessarily translate into increased food security, as
these programmes do not always strengthen food Poverty= the situation or
production or raise incomes. experience of being poor.
Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya
Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Subsidy= financial support,
Sangha, commented in her essay that these ‘have not financial assistance, grant, aid
compensated for the stranglehold exercised by
private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty percent Compensate= give back, pay
of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich compensation…
landowners and non-farmer traders.
Scheme= plan.
F
Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk Adoption= the act of starting to use
management tools, like private insurance, commodity a particular plan, method, way of
futures markets, and rural finance can help small-scale speaking etc.
producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in
improvements. Kabir warned that financial support Excessively= extremely, greatly…
schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input
agricultural practices, which in the medium term may Transparency= clearness,
raise production costs beyond the value of their simplicity…
harvests.
Murphy noted that when futures markets become Adequate= Sufficient, enough…
excessively financialised they can contribute to short-
term price volatility, which increases farmers’ food
insecurity. Many participants and commentators
emphasised that greater transparency in markets is
needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make
evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are
available. Others contended that agribusiness
companies should be held responsible for paying for
negative side effects.
G
Many essayists mentioned climate change and its Consequence= outcome, result,
consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan effect…
explained that in addition to reducing crop yields,
climate change increases the magnitude and the Magnitude= scale, size…
frequency of extreme weather events, which increase
smallholder vulnerability. The growing unpredictability Frequency= rate, regularity,
of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty in occurrence
managing weather-related risks.
According to this author, one solution would be to Solution= key, answer, resolution
develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new
climate trends and extreme weather patterns. Resilient= strong.
Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive
director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if we are to Executive= senior manager,
survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let decision-maker…
peasants diversify the plant and animal species and
varieties/breeds that make up our menus. Peasant= a poor farmer.
Diversify= expand, spread,
H
Some participating authors and commentators argued Strategy= plan.
in favour of community- based and autonomous risk
management strategies through collective action Enhance= improve, boost…
groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such
groups enhance market opportunities for small-scale Synchronise= to happen at exactly
producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise the same time, or to arrange for two
buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. or more actions to happen at exactly
According to Murphy, ‘collective action offers an the same time.
important way for farmers to strengthen their political
and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their Bargaining= dealing.
business risks. One commentator, Giel Ton, warned
that collective action does not come as a free good. It Dictate= to control or influence
takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust something.
and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and
Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to ‘apply
what we already know’, all stakeholders, including
business, government, scientists and civil society,
must work together, starting at the beginning of the
value chain.
I
Some participants explained that market price volatility
is often worsened by the presence of intermediary
purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers’
vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator
suggested farmers can gain greater control over prices
and minimise price volatility by selling directly to
consumers.
Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the
Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and
Education (INHERE), India, wrote that copipunity-
supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local

farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a Subscription= an amount of money
fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. you pay regularly to be a member of an
Direct food distribution systems not only encourage organization or to help its work, or the
small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more act of paying money for this.
control over the food they consume, she wrote.
Distribution= allocation, spreading…
Consume= eat, use…
READING PASSAGE 2
Ruin= damage, destroy, devastate…
Civilization= society.
The Lost City
Exploration= discovery.
An explorer’s encounter with the ruined city of Machu
Remote= far-off, distant…
Picchu, the most famous icon of the Inca civilization
Empire= a group of countries that are
A When the US explorer and academic Hiram all controlled by one ruler or
Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was government.
ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of
his life: the exploration of the remote hinterland to the Plateau= a large area of flat land that is
west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the higher than the land around it.
Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the
remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Elevation= height, distance from the
Inca civilisation. ground…
Cusco lies on a high plateau at an elevation of more
Descend= go down, move down…
than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was to
descend from this plateau along the valley of the Canyon= a deep valley with very steep
Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route down to sides of rock that usually has a river
the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic running through it.
canyons and mountain ranges.
Set off= get going, start out…
B When Bingham and his team set off down the
Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over Precede = to go somewhere before
travellers who had preceded them: a track had someone else.
recently been blasted down the valley canyon to
Valley canyon= a deep valley with very
enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the
steep sides of rock that usually has a
jungle. Almost all previous travellers had left the river river running through it.
at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the
mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby Bring up= raise, care, look after…
cutting a substantial corner, but also therefore never
passing through the area around Machu Picchu. Substantial= significant, important…
Trek= hike, walk…
C On 24 July they were a few days into their descent
of the valley. The day began slowly, with Bingham Companion= friend, buddy…
trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of
the trek. His companions showed no interest in Accompany= go with, come with…
accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some
ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told

them about the night before. The morning was dull Dull= boring, uninteresting…
and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been
less than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In Damp= moist, wet…
his book Lost City of the Incas, he relates that he
Ascent= climb, rise…
made the ascent without having the least expectation
that he would find anything at the top. Vivid= vivid memories, dreams,
descriptions, etc are so clear that they
D Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in seem real.
his book. First, as he climbs up the hill, he describes
the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, ‘capable Pursuit= chase, hunt…
of making considerable springs when in pursuit of
their prey’; not that he sees any. Then there’s a sense Prey= an animal, bird etc that is hunted
of mounting discovery as he comes across great and eaten by another animal.
sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by
monumental staircases and, finally, the grand Mounting= gradually increasing.
ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. 'It seemed like Come across= find.
an unbelievable dream the sight held me spellbound
’, he wrote. Mausoleum= a large stone building
made specially to contain the body of a
E We should remember, however, that Lost City of the dead person, or the dead bodies of an
Incas is a work of hindsight, not written until 1948, important family.
many years after his journey. His journal entries of the
time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his Monumental= historic, classic…
achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins
noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings, Spellbound= extremely interested in.
then descended and rejoined his companions, to
Hindsight= the ability to understand a
whom he seems to have said little about his discovery. situation only after it has happened.
At this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the
importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he Dimension= aspect, feature, factor…
could make of the discovery.
Wonder= self-ask.
F However, soon after returning it occurred to him that
he could make a name for himself from this discovery. Chronicler= storyteller.
When he came to write the National Geographic
magazine article that broke the story to the world in Flee= run away, escape…
April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea.
Invader= attacker, soldier…
He wondered whether it could have been the
birthplace of the very first Inca, Manco the Great, and Desperate= a desperate action is
whether it could also have been what chroniclers something that you only do because
described as ‘the last city of the Incas’. This term you are in a very bad situation.
refers to Vilcabamba the settlement where the Incas
had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s. Magnificent= good, beautiful,
Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief impressive, brilliant…
for nearly 40 years. Sadly, his vision of the site as both
the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a Inaccurate= wrong, incorrect…
magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know, that
Vilcabamba actually lies 65 kilometres away in the
depths of the jungle.
G One question that has perplexed visitors, historians

and archaeologists alike ever since Bingham, is why Perplex= confuse.
the site seems to have been abandoned before the
Spanish Conquest. There are no references to it by Archaeologist= the person studying
any of the Spanish chroniclers - and if they had known about ancient societies by
of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly examining what remains of their
have come in search of gold. buildings, graves, tools etc.
An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the
past few years is that Machu Picchu was a moya, a Abandon= leave behind.
country estate built by an Inca emperor to escape the
cold winters of Cusco, where the elite could enjoy Conquest= take-over, invasion,
monumental architecture and spectacular views. control…
Furthermore, the particular architecture of Machu
Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of Emperor= ruler, royal leader…
the greatest of all the Incas, the emperor Pachacuti
(1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built Elite= a group of people who have a
other similar estates for their own use, and so Machu lot of power and influence because
Picchu would have been abandoned after his death, they have money, knowledge, or
some 50 years before the Spanish Conquest. special skills.
Monumental= historic, classic…
Spectacular= stunning, fantastic,

impressive
Bilingual= able to speak two

READING PASSAGE 3 languages equally well.
Multilingual= using, speaking, or

written in several different languages.
Monolingual= speaking or using only

The Benefits of Being one language.
Bilingual Peers= the people who are the same
age as you, or who have the same type
A of job, social class etc.
According to the latest figures, the majority of the
world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, Cognitive= related to the process of
having grown up speaking two or more languages. In knowing, understanding, and learning
the past, such children were considered to be at a something.
disadvantage compared with their monolingual
peers. Over the past few decades, however, Neurological= the scientific study of
technological advances have allowed researchers to the nervous system and its diseases.
look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with
Identify= recognize, discover, find,
and changes the cognitive and neurological
detect…
systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of
being bilingual.
B
Research shows that when a bilingual person uses Sequential= happening in a fixed
one language, the other is active at the same time. order, where a series of related
When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word actions, events etc lead to a
all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. particular result.
Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language
system begins to guess what that word might be. If you Activate= make active.
hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’
and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages Corresponding= matching,
of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation equivalent, related…
is not limited to a single language; auditory input
activates corresponding words regardless of the Compelling= persuasive,
language to which they belong. Some of the most convincing, undeniable…
compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called
‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye Phenomenon= something that
movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick happens or exists in society,
up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a science, or nature, especially
stamp than someone who doesn’t know Russian, something that is studied because it
because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds is difficult to understand.
like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In
cases like this, language co-activation occurs because Deal with= cope with, handle…
what the listener hears could map onto words in either
language. Persistent= lasting, remaining…
C Juggle= if you juggle two jobs or

Having to deal with this persistent linguistic activities, you try to fit them both into
competition can result in difficulties, however. For your life.
instance, knowing more than one language can cause
speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can Access= get into, approach…
increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can
almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, Conflict= differ.
the constant juggling of two languages creates a need
to control how much a person accesses a language at Excel= do extremely well.
any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often
perform better on tasks that require conflict Competing= opposing.
management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a
word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s Switch= change.
font. When the colour and the word match (i., the word
‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour
more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t
match (i., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs
because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue)
conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as
this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing
perceptual information and focus on the relevant
aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at
switching between two tasks; for example, when
bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by
colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape
(circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than
monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive

control when having to make rapid changes of Reflect= be a sign of, signal, show,
strategy. indicate…
D Rapid= fast, quick…

It also seems that the neurological roots of the
bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more Strategy= plan.
traditionally associated with sensory processing.
When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to Associate with= join with, merge
simple speech sounds without any intervening with, combine with…
background noise, they show highly similar brain stem
responses. When researchers play the same sound to Adolescent= a young person,
both groups in the presence of background noise, usually between the ages of 12 and
however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is 18, who is developing into an adult.
considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the
sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound Intervene= to interrupt someone
closely related to pitch perception. when they are speaking.
E Stem= the part of a word that stays

Such improvements in cognitive and sensory the same when different endings are
processing may help a bilingual person to process added to it, for example ‘driv-’ in
information in the environment, and help explain why ‘driving’.
bilingual adults acquire a third language better than
monolingual adults master a second language. This Encode= program, instruct…
advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on
information about the new language while reducing Pitch= tone.
interference from the languages they already know.
Sensory= relating to or using your
F senses of sight, hearing, smell,
Research also indicates that bilingual experience may taste, or touch.
help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by
recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for Interference=an act of interfering(to
those that become damaged during aging. Older deliberately get involved in a
bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to situation where you are not wanted
monolingual people, which can lead to real-world or needed).
health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with
Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, Alternate= substitute, different…
bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of
the disease an average of five years later than Degenerative= a degenerative
monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers illness gradually gets worse and
compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual cannot be stopped.
patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer’s
symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had Symptom= warning sign.
more physical signs of disease than their monolingual
counterparts, even though their outward behaviour Counterpart= matching part,
and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, corresponding item…
bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same
amount of fuel.
Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual

experience seem to start very early. In one study, Reward= Gift.
researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing
up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they Infant= very young baby, newborn
heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side baby.
of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet
began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In Navigate= to understand or deal
order to get a reward, the infants with something complicated.
had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual
babies were able to successfully learn the new rule.
This suggests that for very young children, as well as
for older people, navigating a multilingual
environment imparts advantages that transfer far
beyond language.
Reintroduce= Bring back.

Test 3
Spiny= a spiny animal or plant has
READING PASSAGE 1 lots of stiff sharp points.
Cacti= a desert plant with sharp

points instead of leaves.
Flying tortoises Uneven= not smooth, flat, or level.
An airborne reintroduction programme has helped
conservationists take significant steps to protect the Lava= hot liquid rock that flows from
endangered Galapagos tortoise. a volcano, or this rock when it has
become solid.
A
Forests of spiny cacti cover much of the uneven lava Interior= inner part, heart, center…
plains that separate the interior of the Galapagos
island of Isabela from the Pacific Ocean. With its five Resemble= look like, be similar to…
distinct volcanoes, the island resembles a lunar
landscape. Only the thick vegetation at the skirt of the Lunar= relating to moon.
often cloud-covered peak of Sierra Negra offers
respite from the barren terrain below. Respite= a short time when
This inhospitable environment is home to the giant something bad stops happening, so
Galapagos tortoise. Some time after the Galapagos’s that the situation is temporarily
birth, around five million years ago, the islands were better.
colonised by one or more tortoises from mainland
South America. As these ancestral tortoises settled on Vegetation= plants.
the individual islands, the different populations adapted
to their unique environments, giving rise to at least 14 Inhospitable= unfriendly.
different subspecies. Island life agreed with them. In
the absence of significant predators, they grew to Predator= an animal that kills and
become the largest and longest-living tortoises on the eats other animals.
planet, weighing more than 400 kilograms,

occasionally exceeding 1,8 metres in length and living Pirate= someone who sails on the
for more than a century. seas, attacking other boats and
stealing things from them.
B
Before human arrival, the archipelago's tortoises Exponentially= exponential growth,
numbered in the hundreds of thousands. From the increase etc becomes faster as the
17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for amount of the thing that is growing
food, but the arrival of whaling ships in the 1790s saw increases.
this exploitation grow exponentially. Relatively
immobile and capable of surviving for months without Relatively= quite, comparatively,
food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these fairly, rather…
ships to act as food supplies during long ocean
passages. Sometimes, their bodies were processed Immobile= motionless.
into high- grade oil.
In total, an estimated 200,000 animals were taken from Supply= source.
the archipelago before the 20th century. This historical
exploitation was then exacerbated when settlers Exploitation= mistreatment.
came to the islands. They hunted the tortoises and
destroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture. Exacerbate= worsen.
They also introduced alien species - ranging from
cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plants and ants - Destroy= damage, spoil, ruin…
that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or
damage or destroy their habitat. Habitat= the natural home of a plant
or animal.
C
Today, only 11 of the original subspecies survive and Endangered= in danger of
of these, several are highly endangered. In 1989, extinction.
work began on a tortoise-breeding centre just outside
the town of Puerto Villamil on Isabela, dedicated to Dedicate= to give all your attention
protecting the island’s tortoise populations. The and effort to one particular thing.
centre’s captive-breeding programme proved to be
extremely successful, and it eventually had to deal Deal with= cope with, tackle,
with an overpopulation problem. solve…
D Pressing= urgent.
The problem was also a pressing one. Captive-bred
tortoises can’t be reintroduced into the wild until they’re Repatriation= to send someone
at least five years old and weigh at least 4,5 kilograms, back to their own country.
at which point their size and weight - and their
hardened shells - are sufficient to protect them from Carry out= do.
predators. But if people wait too long after that point,
the tortoises eventually become too large to transport.
E
For years, repatriation efforts were carried out in
small numbers, with the tortoises carried on the backs
of men over weeks of long, treacherous hikes along
narrow trails. But in November 2010, the
environmentalist and Galapagos National Park liaison
officer Godfrey Merlin, a visiting private motor yacht

captain and a helicopter pilot gathered around a table Yacht= a large boat with a sail,
in a small cafe in Puerto Ayora on the island of Santa used for pleasure or sport,
Cruz to work out more ambitious reintroduction. The especially one that has a place
aim was to use a helicopter to move 300 of the where you can sleep.
breeding centre’s tortoises to various locations close
to Sierra Negra. Helicopter= a type of aircraft with
large metal blades on top which turn
F around very quickly to make it fly.
This unprecedented effort was made possible by the
owners of the 67-metre yacht White Cloud, who Aim= goal, target, purpose…
provided the Galapagos National Park with free use of
their helicopter and its experienced pilot, as well as the Breeding= reproduction.
logistical support of the yacht, its captain and crew.
Originally an air ambulance, the yacht’s helicopter has Unprecedented= exceptional, first-
a rear double door and a large internal space that’s time, unique…
well suited for cargo, so a custom crate was designed
to hold up to 33 tortoises with a total weight of about Logistical= relating to the logistics
150 kilograms. This weight, together with that of the of doing something(the business of
fuel, pilot and four crew, approached the helicopter’s transporting things such as goods to
maximum payload, and there were times when it was the place where they are needed).
clearly right on the edge of the helicopter’s capabilities.
During a period of three days, a group of volunteers Crew= team, group..
from the breeding centre worked around the clock to
prepare the young tortoises for transport. Meanwhile, Cargo= the goods that are being
park wardens, dropped off ahead of time in remote carried in a ship or plane.
locations, cleared landing sites within the thick brush,
cacti and lava rocks. Crate= a large box made of wood or
plastic that is used for carrying fruit,
G bottles etc.
Upon their release, the juvenile tortoises quickly
spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating Payload= the amount of goods or
their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation. passengers that can be carried by a
Eventually, one tiny tortoise came across a fully vehicle, or the goods that a vehicle
grown giant who had been lumbering around the is carrying.
island for around a hundred years. The two stood side
by side, a powerful symbol of the regeneration of an Warden= Supervisor, guardian…
ancient species.
Juvenile= young.
Territory= the area that an animal,

bird etc regards as its own and will
defend against other animals.
Come across= find, meet…
Lumber= to move in a slow

awkward way.
Ancient= very old.
READING PASSAGE 2 Eradicate= eliminate, get rid of,

wipe out, destroy, remove…
Vaccination= immunization= to
The Intersection of Health protect a person or animal from a
disease by giving them a vaccine.
Sciences and Geography
Prevalent= common.
A While many diseases that affect humans have been Infection= disease, illness, virus…
eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and
the availability of healthcare, there are still areas Resistant to= unaffected by.
around the world where certain health issues are more
prevalent. In a world that is far more globalised than Tropical= hot.
ever before, people come into contact with one
another through travel and living closer and closer to Foster= promote.
each other. As a result, super-viruses and other
infections resistant to antibiotics are becoming more Damp= moist, wet.
and more common.
Desert= a large area of land where
B Geography can often play a very large role in the it is always very dry, there are few
health concerns of certain populations. For instance, plants, and there is a lot of sand or
depending on where you live, you will not have the rocks.
same health concerns as someone who lives in a
different geographical region. Perhaps one of the most Mosquito= a small flying insect that
obvious examples of this idea is malaria-prone areas, sucks the blood of people and
which are usually tropical regions that foster a warm animals, sometimes spreading the
and damp environment in which the mosquitos that disease malaria.
can give people this disease can grew. Malaria is
much less of a problem in high-altitude deserts, for Well-being= a feeling of being
instance. comfortable, healthy, and happy.
C In some countries, geographical factors influence Smog= dirty air, air pollution…
the health and well-being of the population in very
obvious ways. In many large cities, the wind is not Massive= huge, enormous, very
strong enough to clear the air of the massive amounts big…
of smog and pollution that cause asthma, lung
problems, eyesight issues and more in the people who
live there. Part of the problem is, of course, the
massive number of cars being driven, in addition to
factories that run on coal power. The rapid
industrialisation of some countries in recent years has
also led to the cutting down of forests to allow for the
expansion of big cities, which makes it even harder to
fight the pollution with the fresh air that is produced by
plants.
D It is in situations like these that the field of health

geography comes into its own. It is an increasingly Re-emerge= come back.
important area of study in a world where diseases like
polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue Respiratory diseases= diseases
to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to relating to breathing or your lungs.
find a better cure. Health geography is the
combination of, on the one hand, knowledge Cure= treatment.
regarding geography and methods used to analyse
and interpret geographical information, and on the Combination= mixture.
other, the study of health, diseases and healthcare
practices around the world. The aim of this hybrid Aim= goal, target, purpose…
science is to create solutions for common geography-
based health problems. While people will always be Solution= key, answer…
prone to illness, the study of how geography affects
our health could lead to the eradication of certain Prone to= likely to do something or
illnesses, and the prevention of others in the future. suffer from something, especially
By understanding why and how we get sick, we can something bad or harmful.
change the way we treat illness and disease specific to
certain geographical locations. Prevent= stop.
Frequency= rate of recurrence.

E The geography of disease and ill health analyses the
frequency with which certain diseases appear in Overlay= cover.
different parts of the world, and overlays the data with
the geography of the region, to see if there could be a Correlation= association,
correlation between the two. Health geographers also connection, relationship, link…
study factors that could make certain individuals or a
population more likely to be taken ill with a specific Spread= increase, broaden,
health concern or disease, as compared with the expand…
population of another area. Health geographers in this
field are usually trained as healthcare workers, and Interactions= relations,
have an understanding of basic epidemiology as it connections…
relates to the spread of diseases among the
population. Lead to= bring about, cause…
F Researchers study the interactions between Vulnerable= defenseless, weak…

humans and their environment that could lead to
illness (such as asthma in places with high levels of Provision= when you provide
pollution) and work to create a clear way of something that someone needs now
categorising illnesses, diseases and epidemics into or in the future.
local and global scales. Health geographers can map
the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the
reasons behind an increase or decrease in illnesses,
as they work to find a way to halt the further spread or
re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations.
G The second subcategory of health geography is the

geography of healthcare provision. This group studies
the availability (of lack thereof) of healthcare resources
to individuals and populations around the world. In
both developed and developing nations there is often

a very large discrepancy between the options Developed= a developed country is
available to people in different social classes, income one of the rich countries of the world
brackets, and levels of education. Individuals working with many industries, comfortable
in the area of the geography of healthcare provision living for most people, and usually
attempt to assess the levels of healthcare in the area an elected government.
(for instance, it may be very difficult for people to get
medical attention because there is a mountain Developing= a developing country
between their village and the nearest hospital). These is a poor country that is trying to
researchers are on the frontline of making increase its industry and trade and
recommendations regarding policy to international improve life for its people.
organisations, local government bodies and others.
Discrepancy= difference,
H The field of health geography is often overlooked, inconsistency…
but it constitutes a huge area of need in the fields of
geography and healthcare. If we can understand how Bracket= group, range, rank…
geography affects our health no matter where in the
world we are located, we can better treat disease, Overlook= ignore, fail to notice…
prevent illness, and keep people safe and well.
Constitute= Set up, establish,
create, found…
READING PASSAGE 3
Music and the emotions

Neuroscientist Jonah Lehrer considers the emotional
power of music
Why does music make us feel? On the one hand, Devoid= to be completely lacking in
music is a purely abstract art form, devoid of language something.
or explicit ideas. And yet, even though music says
little, it still manages to touch us deeply. When Betray= show accidentally, leak.
listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays all
Symptom= sign.
the symptoms of emotional arousal. The pupils in our
eyes dilate, our pulse and blood pressure rise, the Arousal= excitement, especially sexual
electrical conductance of our skin is lowered, and the excitement.
cerebellum, a brain region associated with bodily
movement, becomes strangely active. Blood is even Dilate= open, widen, expand…
re-directed to the muscles in our legs. In other words,
sound stirs us at our biological roots. Repeal= Cancel, abolish, end…
A recent paper in Neuroscience by a research team in Precise= exact, accurate…

Montreal, Canada, marks an important step in
Underpin= to give strength or support
repealing the precise underpinnings of ‘the potent
to something and to help it succeed.
pleasurable stimulus’ that is music. Although the
study involves plenty of fancy technology, including Potent=strong, powerful…
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and
ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) Stimulus= something that helps a
scanning, the experiment itself was rather process to develop more quickly or
straightforward. After screening 217 individuals who more strongly.
responded to advertisements requesting people who
experience ‘chills’ to instrumental music, the scientists Involve= include, contain…
narrowed down the subject pool to ten. They then
asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite Experiment= Test, research…
songs - virtually every genre was represented, from
Straightforward= easy to understand,
techno to tango - and played them the music while simple…
their brain activity was monitored. Because the
scientists were combining methodologies (PET and Narrow down= restrict, limit, reduce…
fMRI), they were able to obtain an impressively exact
and detailed portrait of music in the brain. The first Genre= a particular type of art, writing,
thing they discovered is that music triggers the music etc, which has certain features
production of dopamine - a chemical with a key role in that all examples of this type share.
setting people’s moods - by the neurons (nerve cells)
in both the dorsal and ventral regions of the brain. As Monitor= check, examine…
these two regions have long been linked with the
Combine= mix.
experience of pleasure, this finding isn’t particularly
surprising. Trigger= activate, generate, cause…
What is rather more significant is the finding that the Mood= temper, feel…
dopamine neurons in the caudate - a region of the
brain involved in learning stimulus-response Anticipating= expecting.
associations, and in anticipating food and other
‘reward’ stimuli - were at their most active around 15 Purpose=aim, object, target…
seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in
the music. The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory
phase’ and argue that the purpose of this activity is to
help us predict the arrival of our favourite part. The
question, of course, is what all these dopamine

neurons are up to. Why are they so active in the period Climax= the most exciting or important
preceding the acoustic climax? After all, we typically part of a story or experience, which
associate surges of dopamine with pleasure, with the usually comes near the end.
processing of actual rewards. And yet, this cluster of
Surge= if a large amount of a liquid,
cells is most active when the ‘chills’ have yet to arrive,
electricity, chemical etc surges, it
when the melodic pattern is still unresolved. moves very quickly and suddenly.
One way to answer the question is to look at the music Intricate= complicated, complex…
and not the neurons. While music can often seem (at
least to the outsider) like a labyrinth of intricate Symphony= a long piece of music
patterns, it turns out that the most important part of usually in four parts, written for an
every song or symphony is when the patterns break orchestra.
down, when the sound becomes unpredictable. If the
music is too obvious, it is annoyingly boring, like an Demonstrate= show, prove…
alarm clock. Numerous studies, after all, have
Pattern= a regularly repeated
demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to
arrangement of sounds or words.
predictable rewards. If we know what’s going to
happen next, then we don’t get excited. This is why Principle= rule, theory…
composers often introduce a key note in the beginning
of a song, spend most of the rest of the piece in the Analyze= examine, study, investigate…
studious avoidance of the pattern, and then finally
repeat it only at the end. The longer we are denied the Flirtation= a short period of time during
pattern we expect, the greater the emotional release which you are interested in something.
when the pattern returns, safe and sound.
Preserve= protect, maintain…
To demonstrate this psychological principle, the
Beg= ask for, request…
musicologist Leonard Meyer, in his classic book
Emotion and Meaning in Music (1956), analysed the Chord= a combination of several
5th movement of Beethoven’s String Quartet in C- musical notes that are played at the
sharp minor, Op. 131. Meyer wanted to show how same time and sound pleasant
music is defined by its flirtation with - but not together.
submission to - our expectations of order. Meyer
dissected 50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece, Suspenseful= a feeling of excitement
showing how Beethoven begins with the clear or anxiety when you do not know what
statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and will happen next.
then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off
Tension= worry, nervousness,
repeating it. What Beethoven does instead is suggest
anxiety…
variations of the pattern. Me wants to preserve an
element of uncertainty in his music, making our brains Unfulfilled= displeased.
beg for the one chord he refuses to give us.
Beethoven saves that chord for the end. Emotion= feeling, sensation…
According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of Unfolding event= if a series of events

music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations, that unfolds, they happen.
is the source of the music’s feeling. While earlier
theories of music focused on the way a sound can
refer to the real world of images and experiences - its
‘connotative’ meaning - Meyer argued that the
emotions we find in music come from the unfolding
events of the music itself. This ‘embodied meaning’

arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and Surge= to increase suddenly.
then ignores. It is this uncertainty that triggers the
surge of dopamine in the caudate, as we struggle to
figure out what will happen next. We can predict some
of the notes, but we can’t predict them all, and that is
what keeps us listening, waiting expectantly for our
reward, for the pattern to be completed.
Test 4 Eruption= if a volcano erupts, it

explodes and sends smoke, fire,
READING PASSAGE 1 and rock into the sky.
Spear=a pole with a sharp pointed

blade at one end, used as a weapon
in the past
The History of Glass
Evidence= proof.
From our earliest origins, man has been making use of
glass. Historians have discovered that a type of natural Glaze= a liquid that is used to cover
glass - obsidian - formed in places such as the mouth plates, cups etc made of clay to give
of a volcano as a result of the intense heat of an them a shiny surface.
eruption melting sand - was first used as tips for
spears. Archaeologists have even found evidence of Container= bottle.
man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC; this
took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads. Impurity= a substance of a low
It was not until 1500 BC, however, that the first hollow quality that is contained in or mixed
glass container was made by covering a sand core with something else, making it less
with a layer of molten glass. pure.
Glass blowing became the most common way to make Raw= unprocessed, unrefined,
glass containers from the first century BC. The glass untreated…
made during this time was highly coloured due to the
impurities of the raw material. In the first century AD, Tint= to slightly change the colour of
methods of creating colourless glass were developed, something, especially hair.
which was then tinted by the addition of colouring
materials. The secret of glass making was taken Guard= protect.
across Europe by the Romans during this century.
However, they guarded the skills and technology Collapse= fall down, end…
required to make glass very closely, and it was not
until their empire collapsed in 476 AD that glass- Reputation= standing.
making knowledge became widespread throughout
Europe and the Middle East. From the 10th century
onwards, the Venetians gained a reputation for
technical skill and artistic ability in the making of glass
bottles, and many of the city’s craftsmen left Italy to set

up glassworks throughout Europe. Counter= answer.
A major milestone in the history of glass occurred with Astronomical= relating to the
the invention of lead crystal glass by the English glass scientific study of the stars.
manufacturer George Ravenscroft (1632 - 1683). He
attempted to counter the effect of clouding that Repeal= cancel.
sometimes occurred in blown glass by introducing lead
to the raw materials used in the process. The new Levi= charge, tax…
glass he created was softer and easier to decorate,
and had a higher refractive index, adding to its Method= technique.
brilliance and beauty, and it proved invaluable to the
optical industry. It is thanks to Ravenscroft’s invention Automated= mechanized,
that optical lenses, astronomical telescopes, programmed…
microscopes and the like became possible.
Install= establish.
In Britain, the modem glass industry only really started
to develop after the repeal of the Excise Act in 1845. Impressive= remarkable,
Before that time, heavy taxes had been placed on the extraordinary…
amount of glass melted in a glasshouse, and were
levied continuously from 1745 to 1845. Joseph Rapid= fast, quick…
Paxton’s Crystal Palace at London’s Great Exhibition
of 1851 marked the beginning of glass as a material Supplier= provider
used in the building industry. This revolutionary new
building encouraged the use of glass in public, Craft= a job or activity in which you
domestic and horticultural architecture. Glass make things with your hands, and
manufacturing techniques also improved with the that you usually need skill to do.
advancement of science and the development of better
technology. Fiercely= strongly or severely.
From 1887 onwards, glass making developed from

traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic process,
after factory- owner HM Ashley introduced a machine
capable of producing 200 bottles per hour in
Castleford, Yorkshire, England - more than three times
quicker than any previous production method. Then in
1907, the first fully automated machine was
developed in the USA by Michael Owens - founder of
the Owens Bottle Machine Company (later the major
manufacturers Owens- Illinois) - and installed in its
factory. Owens’ invention could produce an
impressive 2,500 bottles per hour Other
developments followed rapidly, but it was not until the
First World War when Britain became cut off from
essential glass suppliers, that glass became part of
the scientific sector. Previous to this, glass had been
seen as a craft rather than a precise science.
Today, glass making is big business. It has become a

modem, hi-tech industry operating in a fiercely
competitive global market where quality, design and

service levels are critical to maintaining market share. Critical= significant, important, vital,
Modem glass plants are capable of making millions of crucial, essential…
glass containers a day in many different colours, with
green, brown and clear remaining the most popular. Beverage= drink.
Few of us can imagine modem life without glass. It
features in almost every aspect of our lives - in our Cosmetics= makeup, eye shadow,
homes, our cars and whenever we sit down to eat or mascara, lipstick, perfume…
drink. Glass packaging is used for many products,
many beverages are sold in glass, as are numerous Ideal= perfect.
foodstuffs, as well as medicines and cosmetics.
Green= environmentally friendly
Glass is an ideal material for recycling, and with
growing consumer concern for green issues, glass Landfill= a place where waste is
bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular. buried under the ground.
Glass recycling is good news for the environment. It
saves used glass containers being sent to landfill. As Precious= valuable.
less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to
melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and
production costs. Recycling also reduces the need for
raw materials to be quarried, thus saving precious
resources.
Vanished= missing.
READING PASSAGE 2
Mystery= unknown, unidentified…
Presume= assume, guess,

suppose…
Bring back the big cats
Die out= become extinct,
It's time to start returning vanished native animals to disappear…
Britain, says John Vesty There is a poem, written
around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery Inhabitant= resident, citizen…
animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing
seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating Take up= start, adopt…
from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey
Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx Compelling= forceful, convincing,
- a large spotted cat with tassel led ears - was persuasive, undeniable…
presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000
years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands Evidence= proof, data…
took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three
others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling Extinction= disappearance.
evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were
in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would Roughly= approximately, around,
bring forward the tassel-eared cat's estimated about, nearly, almost…
extinction date by roughly 5,000 years.
However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the Glimpse= sight.
animal in British culture. A 9th- century stone cross
from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar Seabed= sea floor (the land at the
and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled bottom of the sea).
cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal's
backside having worn away with time, we could have Predator= an animal that kills and
been certain, as the lynx's stubby tail is unmistakable. eats other animals.
But even without this key feature, it's hard to see what
else the creature could have been. The lynx is now Drive=force, make….
becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is
transforming British environmentalism: rewilding. Resonate= if something such as an
Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged event or a message resonates, it
ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places seems important or good to people,
that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed or continues to do this.
to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers
to flow freely again. Above all, it means bringing back Chain= series.
missing species. One of the most striking findings of
modern ecology is that ecosystems without large Struggle= make a great effort, work
predators behave in completely different ways from hard…
those that retain them Some of them drive dynamic
processes that resonate through the whole food Conservation= protection.
chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that
might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn Assemblage= a group of things
out to be bringers of life. collected together.
Such findings present a big challenge to British Expense= cost.

conservation, which has often selected arbitrary
assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at Prevent= avoid, stop…
great effort and expense, to prevent them from
changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it Merely= just, only, simply…
were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out,
keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But Depend on= rely on.
ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they
are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships Commercial= marketable, money-
between them. And this dynamism often depends on making, profit-making…
large predators.
Chase= hunt.
At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large
areas from commercial fishing, we could once more Insistence= when you demand that
see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals something should happen and
of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within refuse to let anyone say no.
sight of the English shore. This policy would also
greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the Articulate= speak out.
fishing industry's insistence on scouring every inch of
seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be
more damaging to its own interests.
Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental

movement in which campaigners articulate what they
are for rather than only what they are against. One of
the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is Enthusiasm= interest.
spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create
a more inspiring vision than the green movement's Threat= danger.
usual promise of 'Follow us and the world will be
slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been. Exotic= unusual, out of the
ordinary…
The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is
no known instance of one preying on people. It is a Livestock= farm animals.
specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has
exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by Extraordinary= strange, unusual,
intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It surprising…
will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is
almost impossible for human beings to control, as it Proposal= plan, suggestion,
hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The scheme…
attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with
the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare Triple= three time more than a
and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and particular number.
as such presents little risk to sheep and other
livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm Roughly= approximately.
subsidies, to be kept out of the woods.
Lucrative= profitable, worthwhile,
On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard beneficial…
several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be
reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the Chance= opportunity.
bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon
follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these Except= but, not including, apart
proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere from…
else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to
the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern Hint= suggestion.
France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has
re-established itself in many more places. The
European population has tripled since 1970 to
roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar,
bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has
been able to spread as farming has,left the hills and
people discover that it is more lucrative to protect
charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay
for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is
happening almost everywhere - except Britain.
Here, attitudes are just beginning to change.

Conservationists are starting to accept that the old
preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own
terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the
Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An
organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse
the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim
being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British
ecosystems: hope.
Governance= the act or process of

READING PASSAGE 3 governing.
Meltdown= a situation in which

prices fall by a very large amount or
an industry or economic situation
becomes much weaker.
UK companies need more
effective boards of directors Result in= cause, bring about…
Prolonged= expanded, stretched…

A After a number of serious failures of governance
(that is, how they are managed at the highest level),
Downturn= slump, decline…
companies in Britain, as well as elsewhere, should
consider radical changes to their directors’ roles. It is
Crisis= disaster.
clear that the role of a board director today is not an
easy one. Following the 2008 financial meltdown,
Auditor= someone whose job is to
which resulted in a deeper and more prolonged
officially examine a company’s
period of economic downturn than anyone expected,
financial records.
the search for explanations in the many post-mortems
of the crisis has meant blame has been spread far
Pick over= to examine a group of
and wide. Governments, regulators, central banks and
things very carefully in order to
auditors have all been in the frame. The role of bank
choose the ones you want.
directors and management and their widely publicised
failures have been extensively picked over and
Inquiry= question, investigation…
examined in reports, inquiries and commentaries.
Pressure= stress.
B The knock-on t of this scrutiny has been to make
the governance of companies in general an issue of
Scrutiny= examination.
intense public debate and has significantly increased
the pressures on, and the responsibilities of, directors.
Fulfill=satisfy, meet…
At the simplest and most practical level, the time
involved in fulfilling the demands of a board
Agenda= a list of problems or
directorship has increased significantly, calling into
subjects that a government,
question the effectiveness of the classic model of
organization etc is planning to deal
corporate governance by part-time, independent non-
with.
executive directors. Where once a board schedule
may have consisted of between eight and ten
meetings a year, in many companies the number of
events requiring board input and decisions has
dramatically risen. Furthermore, the amount of reading
and preparation required for each meeting is
increasing. Agendas can become overloaded and this
can mean the time for constructive debate must

necessarily be restricted in favour of getting through Constructive= positive, helpful,
beneficial…
the business.
Restrict= limit.
C Often, board business is devolved to committees in
order to cope with the workload, which may be more Devolve to= pass to, give to…
efficient but can mean that the board as a whole is less
Address= tackle, deal with…
involved in fully addressing some of the most
important issues. It is not uncommon for the audit Issue= problem, matter…
committee meeting to last longer than the main board
meeting itself. Process may take the place of Collaboration= teamwork.
discussion and be at the expense of real
Be at the expense of= if something is
collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than done at the expense of someone or
issues tackled. something else, it is only achieved by doing
something that could harm the other person
D A radical solution, which may work for some very or thing.
large companies whose businesses are extensive and
Recruitment= employment, staffing…
complex, is the professional board, whose members
would work up to three or four days a week, supported Executive= a manager in an organization
by their own dedicated staff and advisers. There are or company who helps make important
obvious risks to this and it would be important to decisions.
establish clear guidelines for such a board to ensure
Non-executive= someone who has a non-
that it did not step on the toes of management by executive role is not involved in the daily
becoming too engaged in the day-to-day running of the management of a company or other
company. Problems of recruitment, remuneration and organization but attends board meetings
independence could also arise and this structure would and gives advice.
not be appropriate for all companies. However, more
Latter= being the second of two people or
professional and better-informed boards would have things, or the last in a list just mentioned
been particularly appropriate for banks where the (>< former).
executives had access to information that part-time
non-executive directors lacked, leaving the latter Comprehend=understand, know…
unable to comprehend or anticipate the 2008 crash.
Criticism= remarks that say what you think
is bad about someone or something.
E One of the main criticisms of boards and their
directors is that they do not focus sufficiently on Strategy= plan.
longer-term matters of strategy, sustainability and
governance, but instead concentrate too much on Sustainability= able to continue for a long
time.
short-term financial metrics. Regulatory requirements
and the structure of the market encourage this Regulatory= having the purpose of
behaviour. The tyranny of quarterly reporting can controlling an activity, system, or industry,
distort board decision-making, as directors have to especially by rules.
‘make the numbers’ every four months to meet the
Insatiable= always wanting more and more
insatiable appetite of the market for more data. This of something.
serves to encourage the trading methodology of a
certain kind of investor who moves in and out of a Appetite= desire, liking…
stock without engaging in constructive dialogue with
the company about strategy or performance, and is Dialogue= conversation, discussion, talk…
simply seeking a short¬ term financial gain. This effect Capital= resources, fund, money…
has been made worse by the changing profile of
investors due to the globalisation of capital and the
increasing use of automated trading systems.

Corporate culture adapts and management teams are Compensation= money paid to
largely incentivised to meet financial goals. someone because they have
suffered injury or loss, or because
F Compensation for chief executives has become a something they own has been
combat zone where pitched battles between investors, damaged.
management and board members are fought, often
behind closed doors but increasingly frequently in the Chief executive= the person who
full glare of press attention. Many would argue that this has the highest position in a
is in the interest of transparency and good company or other organization and
governance as shareholders use their muscle in the who makes all the important
area of pay to pressure boards to remove decisions about how it is run.
underperforming chief executives. Their powers to vote
down executive remuneration policies increased Combat= battle, war.
when binding votes came into force. The chair of the
remuneration committee can be an exposed and lonely Transparency= clearness,
role, as Alison Carnwath, chair of Barclays Bank’s simplicity…
remuneration committee, found when she had to
resign, having been roundly criticised for trying to Remuneration= the pay you give
defend the enormous bonus to be paid to the chief someone for something they have
executive; the irony being that she was widely done for you.
understood to have spoken out against it in the privacy
of the committee. Morality= ethics.
G The financial crisis stimulated a debate about the Encompass= cover.

role and purpose of the company and a heightened
awareness of corporate ethics. Trust in the corporation
has been eroded and academics such as Michael
Sandel, in his thoughtful and bestselling book What
Money Can’t Buy, are questioning the morality of
capitalism and the market economy. Boards of
companies in all sectors will need to widen their
perspective to encompass these issues and this may
involve a realignment of corporate goals. We live in
challenging times.
TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
N ew Zealand is a small country of four million Inhabitant= resident = dweller
Long-haul= travelling a long distance

inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-
generating markets of the world. Tourism currently Gross domestic product (GDP)=
makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, the total value of goods and services
and is the country’s largest export sector. Unlike produced by a country in one year
other export sectors, which make products and then sell
Launch= start, begin, initiate
them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New
Zealand. The product is the country itself - the people, Scenic= picturesque, beautiful
the places and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New
Exhilarating= thrilling, exciting,
Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new
stimulating, energizing
brand position to the world. The campaign focused on
New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor Authentic= genuine, original, real # fake
activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the Potential= possible, likely, prospective,
world. probable
Tourism-related business= business

A key feature of the campaign was the based on travel to make money, such as
website www.newzealand.com, which provided hotel, tour guides, etc.
potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway
Access to= the right to enter a place, use
to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of
something, see someone etc
the website was a database of tourism services
operators, both those based in New Zealand and those On a regular basis= often, regularly,
based abroad which offered tourism services to the frequently
country. Any tourism-related business could be listed
Scheme= plan, project, programme,
by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the strategy
smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity
provider could gain a web presence with access to an Undergo= go through, experience,
engage in
audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because
participating businesses were able to update the details Evaluation= assessment
they gave on a regular basis, the information provided
remained accurate. And to maintain and Consider= think about, examine
improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a Interactive= involving communication
scheme whereby organisations appearing on the between people
website underwent an independent evaluation against
a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of Blockbuster film= a film that is very
successful
this, the effect of each business on the environment
was considered. tunning= impressive, amazing,
marvelous, breathtaking
To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site
Scenery= the general appearance of
also carried features relating to famous people and the natural environment, especially when it
is beautiful
places. One of the most popular was an interview with
former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Backdrop= the view behind something
Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention Devise= come up with, form, design,
was an interactive journey through a number of the invent, create, produce
locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made Customize= to make or change
something according to the buyer's or
use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as user's needs
a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features
Itinerary= a detailed plan or route of
were added to help independent travellers devise their a journey
own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan Catalogue= list
motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular
driving routes in the country, highlighting different Highlight= underline, stress, emphasize
routes according to the season and indicating distances Indicate= demonstrate, show
and times.
Accommodation= housing, lodging
Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which Register= enrol, enter, sign up
allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or
Inclusion= the act of including someone
attractions they were interested in, and then view the or something in a larger group or set, or
results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested the fact of being included in one
routes and public transport options between the chosen
locations. There were also links to accommodation in
Achievement= attainment,
the area. By registering with the website, users could accomplishment
save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out
to take on the visit. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ Innovation= revolution, transformation,
modernization
section where anyone could submit a blog of their New
Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website. Expenditure= spending, expenses
The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby Set up= start, establish
awards for online achievement and innovation. More Geographical= relating to a particular
importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New area or place
Zealand was impressive. Overall tourism expenditure Driver= something that has
increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 an important influence on other things
and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an Satisfaction= content, pleasure,
average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, fulfilment, happiness, enjoyment
#dissatisfaction, discontent
compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.
Contribute smt to sb/smt= give smt
The website was set up to allow both individuals and to sb/smt
travel organisations to create itineraries and travel Account for= make up = constitute
packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the
website, visitors can search for activities not solely by
geographical location, but also by the particular nature
of the activity. This is important as research shows that
activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction,
contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport
and accommodation account for the remaining 26%.
The more activities that visitors undertake, the more Undertake= engage in, be involved in,
take part in, participate in
satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors
enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, Typical= normal, average, ordinary,
standard #unusual, abnormal
such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about
Be composed of= consist of = comprise
traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travellers enjoy
such learning experiences, which provide them with Perceive= recognize, understand, see,
realize
stories to take home to their friends and family. In
addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t Reliable= dependable, trustworthy, good
#unreliable, untrustworthy
want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that
Infrastructure= the basic systems
involve only a few people more special and meaningful. and structures that a country or
organization needs in order to work
It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical properly, for example roads, railways,
banks etc
destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor
Once-in-a-lifetime= very special because
economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is you will probably only have it once
generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country
Underlying= real but not immediately
with a reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the obvious
long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 Comprehensive= thorough, in-depth,
days) and want to see as much of the country as complete #partial, limited
possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime

visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere
– the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based
on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-
friendly website.

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1. a work of art/a work of music/a work of literature

2. the aesthetic qualities of something

3. the portrayal of something/somebody

7. to commission a work of art

10. funding for the arts

11. a mixed funding model for the arts

12. the imposition of censorship

13. to stage a play

14. a talented playwright

15. to appeal to audiences

16. a literature festival/a book festival

17. literary and artistic heritage

18. to express oneself

19. works of literary fiction

20. a literary genius

21. street musicians

22. genres of music

23. to take up a musical instrument

24. live music

25. a concert venue

26. a resident orchestra

27. an opera house

28. folk songs

29. popular music

30. to sing in a choir

1. To take something into consideration/ account

2. To break into a market

3. To keep someone’s word

5. To make the most of something

10. To make a calculation

11. To pay in arrears

12. To buy at auction

13. To squander a chance/ savings

14. Overhead cost

17. A heavy workload

22. To run your own business

23. To earn a living

24. Enhance their public image

25. To grow a business

26. To gain a competitive edge

27. Maximize profits

28. To conduct a business

29. To be made redundant

30. Pension scheme

1. to hide one’s light under a bushel

3. to stamp one’s mark on sth

5. to have a superiority complex

6. to hear something through the grapevine

7. to act one’s age

10. to marshal facts

11. to be a team player

12. the downfall of communication

13. a breakdown in communication

14. to live in harmony with one another

15. to keep abreast of something

16. to accelerate the flow of information

17. behind the times

18. set in his or her ways

19. a social butterfly

20. a stickler for sth