we Advanced English Grammar MODULE 1 NSES: Thi Tieng Anh cd mot hé thng gdm 12 thi durge diing dé dign ta cing lic hai khai nigm: (i) thoi gan (time): thir diém hanh dng duoe chi thé tién hanh (quai kh, hign tai, tome lai), (ii) thé (aspect): dign t cée ¥ nig dom (simple), rip didn (continuous), hodn thanh (perfect) va hoan thank tiép dién (perfect continuous) Cac thi trong tigng Anh duge diing ty theo cdch thie va the gian thy hign hanh dong’ LI Hanh dong lip di lip lai (repeated actions a) trong hign tai_ 4 Simple Present Ftravel fo work by car. John sometimes goes to school late. b) trong qué khi A: Simple Past When her husband was in Irag, she wrote to him twice a week. c) tir qua khit dén hign tai hoge tuong lai: Present Perfect We have read her stories several times. : Cie pho tr chi st Kip Iai (always, usually, never, twice a week...) déng vai tr rit quan trong trong each ding nay. “a)trong hign tai Present Continuous + always / constantly Jane is always lasing things. b) trong quai khit 4: Past Continuous + always /constantly (ett mai) Tom was always poking his nose into everybody else's affairs. 1.3 Hanh dong viy ra tam thai (temporary actions), khng thuring xuyén: "John often gets up at 7 o'clock but this month he is on holiday and so he is getting up later. 1.4 Hanh déng dang xiv ra thi mt hanh dong khie xy dén:4) trong hign tai AE Present Continuous + Simple Present Tusually phone her when I am driving. ) trong qua khit E Past Continuous + Simple Past The car crashed when it was crossing a crowded placa ©) trong tuong lai 2 Future Continuous + Simple Present The band will be playing when the Queen arrives a) biet 9 thoi gian 42 Simple Past The Second World War started in 1939, ») khdng biét 10 thoi gian A Present Perfect The Mayas have made so many beaniful houses: 1.6 Hinh dong kéo dai (actions extended for a period of time): a) nhurng da cham ditt trong qua khir /E Simple Past Tom left for Japan this morning. He stayed here for two weeks. ») nhung da chim ditt ngay truiée mot hinh dng khde trong qua khir A Past Perfect Continuous | He had been working in my department for a year when he decided to take a new job. echo dén hign tai va con e6 the tiép tue 6 tuong lai AZ Present Perfect Tom has stayed here for two weeks. He still has many things to do before he leaves tomorrow. @ ® 0 (ow) Foe Past (oon) Future Past en) Fue Past T can’t go to school because I have broken my leg. (I have a broken leg] Someone has opened the door. (The door is open} =. chua? / da 18i / chua (thug v6i yer / alread /not yer) Have you done all the housework? T haven't spoken to the boss yet. =... 66 bao gid? (thudng vai ever) Have you seen ‘Romeo and Juliet’? Have you ever seen a ghost? L8 Hanh Ong vira méi xiiy ra (recent action): A Present Perfect + justlately/recently There have been a lot of motor accidents lately. We have just finished our tour around France. 1.9 Hanh dong kéo dai tir qua khet dén hién ) tinh lign tue cua hanh dong durge nhén manh A: Present Perfect Continuous feel very tired. I have been gardening all afternoon. ») Két qua eiia hanh dong duge nhin manh 4: Present Perfeet Thave planted several new rose bushes.Jong vay ra true mot thii diém hode mot hanh dng khéec (action happening before a point of time ‘or another action): 4) & quai khir AE Past Perfect By this time last month, we had worked for NASA for twenty years. [Hanh dong “worked” xay ra trude “this time last week”) I wondered who had left the letter on my desk. [Hanh dng “left” xay ra true hanh dong “wondered”] ) tong lai 4 Future Perfect By Tuesday next week the spaceship will have stayed in orbit for 30 days. [Hanh dong “stayed” xdy ra trude "Tuesday next week”] (Chi $2 “by” trong nhimg cau trén c6 nghia nhu “before”. MODULE 2 2, VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES (Dang tie + dank dng tie va ding tie nguyén n 24 hon: oh admit (chap nhdn) ‘The man admitted having stolen a car. : : ‘We'd advise packing up your suitcases at least six hours advise (khuvén) before tho departure allow (cho phép) ‘We never allow smoking in this restaurant avoid (trdinh) ‘You should avoid mentioning the death of her son, ant face (king chin dieae) {can’t face working with him, n't help (khéng trdinh koi) When I see him, I can’t help laughing.consider (xem xét) delay (iri hodn) deny (tie chai) detest (gitén) ‘John has considered going to America again. We delay paying the rent until next week ‘The boy denied having stolen the bag. | detest working with such an arrogant, self satisfied man, discuss (thao ludn) ‘We'll discuss building a new school for this town next week dislike (ghé) enjoy (thich) fancy (mong tic) finish (kc thie) sive up (tr ba) Many people dislike living in high buildings. We enjoy walking together for hours on the beach, Do you fancy going out somewhere? Linda finished writing the annual report for her company yesterday. Many people gain weight after they give up smoking. imagine (cing nryng) He imagined living with her in a beautiful villa by the sea involve (bao gém) |justify (bdo chita) The exam involves writing two essays and answering five questions He can’t justify neglecting his wife and children, keep (on) (tiép tue) mind (hén tm den) miss (ho) postpone (fod lai) practise (layén tdp) put off (hodn lai) uit (tie 5) recollect (nlc lai) recommend (khuy report (bdo cdo) Iesist (ching lai) ‘We Kept (on) walking for hours under the sun, T don’t mind walking if it’s fine ‘The goalkeeper just missed stopping the ball. The company postponed signing the contract due to lack of information. ‘She practises playing the piano two hours a day. He put off going to the doctor. The doctor advised him to quit smoking, T don’t recollect meeting him before. ‘We recommend checking the battery at least once a month, The witnesses reported seeing the aircraft burst into flames. ‘The parliament resisted increasing income tax. resent (bue ti) resume (beit dau lai) risk (lieu) ‘They resented being treated as criminals. He resumed reading after a while He risked being arrested when he stayed in his house, suggest (48 nghi) They suggest going by train because of safety reasons. 2.2 Cée dng tir thong dung duge theo sau bai déng tir nguyén miu 6 to (to-infinitives) gm e6: afford (ed itd) can’t afford to buy the car. agree (dong J) aim (nhém mue dich) appear (hinh mln) arrange (sap x4p) ask (peu can) autempt (6 ging) beg (van xin) He agreed to pay half the cost ‘They are aiming to increase income tax by 20%. The police appeared not to know about the accident. We arranged to meet him tomorrow morning. ‘The customer asked to see the manager. ‘Our staff will attempt to send you the latest models as soon as possible. He begged to be told the truth.choose (chon) claim (tuyén b6) come (rot cude) decide (quyét dinh) demand (doi hoi) expect (rang di) fail (that bai) We choose to stay at a cheap hotel {don’t claim to be an expert in network security. ‘They came to accept the death of their daughter [They finally accepted...) He decided to see her this aflernoon | demanded to read the document before I signed it She expects to finish everything before the departure. Mary failed to pass her final test. happen (tinh c6) ‘We happened to meet in the street. (We met by chanee...] help (sip) ‘They all helped to put up the tents for the vietims. hesitate (ledng le) Please do not hesitate to ask me if you have any questions. hope (hy vong) We hope to finish the project this month learn (hoe) ‘The children are learning to swim. long (mong msi) ‘manage (tim dre cach) need (cain) offer (48 nghi) plan (de dink) prepare (sta soan) pretend (gid wi) am longing to open this pareel, [can’t wait. ‘We managed to cross the river before dark. ‘You need to send us a copy of your passport John offered to do the washing-up, The general planned to attack at midnight. We are preparing to make a boat for the ti ‘The soldiers pretended to withdraw. promise (hua hen) prove (ching 16) refuse (tie choi) seek (c0 tim exich) seem (hinh nhue) tend (6 khuynh hued) threaten (de dea) tum out (hod ra la) My godfather promised to send me some money. His theory proves to be right. The director refused to discuss the problem with the workers. They sought to bring the conflict to an end. ‘The ship scemed to be sinking Many people tend to think that water pollution is not a global issue. ‘The terrorists threatened to kill a hostage if their demands were not met ‘The prize they promised turned out to be a small one. volunteer (tinh nguyén) ‘want (muon) wish (mong wie) ‘The young man volunteered to help us. Does anyone want to say anything? We all wish to live a longer life. a) voi nghia hau nhw khong: Degin (bit dé) [The president began bother (bin sém) Don't bother hode gerund to speak. speaking, to knock at the door while Tam working, knocking at the door while I am working, can’t bear/ stand (hing chia dieoc) | 62" Bear to see her ery. seeing her cry. 10 get safety insurranee. getting safety insurrance.continue (dp tue) slowly. [The traffic continued to move ‘moving slowly. hate (ghet) intend (dinh) ‘to leave everything to the last minute. leaving everything to the last minute. to take immediate action after the ‘demonstration. taking immediate action after the demonstration. ‘to ride my bike to school every da: I hate [The government intends pike hich) Uke riding my bike to school every day. a 7 10 eat sandwiches. abel are eating sandwiches. {to stay indoors on Sunday. Peete canada Pei Pre staying indoors on Sunday. aan i 10 stay for two more da (eeeheereseetaete eee staying for two more days. jj to rain heavily. start (hit du) It suddenly started ce ) véi nghta khie nhau: s absent-minded. He always forgets to lock the door. [quén lim mot forget (quén) c gi) il never forget falling off the horse last year. [quén mot vige di qual] Soe ‘Thope I ean get to speak to the President. [tim eéch] abner ieee W's halfpast seven. We'd better get going. [bat dau] ia fier receiving the prize, the winner went on to thank all the people reas reset. chusen gua] it ‘The band went on playing even after everyone had lef. ‘T'm sorry. I didn’t mean 1o step on your foot. [ dinh ‘mean (dinh, e6 nghta) his new order will mean working overtime. [e6 ng ail] |We need/want to use the computer. [rmbn] need/want (mudn, can) ‘he room needs/wants cleaning. [edn - cha ¥ gerund 6 day mang nghia regret (tiéc) hy dong] Ve regret to inform you that the meeting has been cancelled, [tiée Khi hai Kam mot vige gi] We regret having wasted so much time last week, [tiée vé mot vige da qua] remember (nh) stop (ngig) ‘Please remember to turn off the light. [nhé lim mt vige gi] ie remember walking with her on the beach. [hdi turéng lai mot vige 14 qua] {the newsagent she stopped to buy a newspaper. [diing Iai dé Kim mot ige gi] ‘ou'd better stop talking and get on with some work. [ngimg lam mot vige gi) ies trying to light a fire, but the wood won’t burn. [cd gang kim mot vige gi] You could try pouring some petrol on to make it burn [thir Kam mot ige gi]2.4 Nhimg dong tir theo sau béi tin ngir (O) + dng tir nguyén mau €6 to (to-infinitive): advise (kinryén) ‘They advised me to go to the doctor immediately. allow (cho phép) John allowed me to use his motorbike. ask (yeu cd) |Lasked him to post the letter this morning. bbeg (cau xin) He begged her to come and stay with him, ‘cause (gay ra) ‘Inflation caused prices to rise sharply. ‘challenge (thach dé) ‘He challenged me to swim across the river. convince (thuyet phuc) ‘They convinced him to give up the project. dare (theich dé) Fle dared me to do better than he had done. ‘encourage (khuyén khich) ‘My father encouraged me to study harder. lexpeet (trong dei) 'We expect you to come on time. forbid (cam) ‘They forbid him to leave. force (ép busc) ‘The investigator forced him to speak the truth. hire (thué maeém) ‘The owner hired him to clean the toilet every afternoon, instruct (chi dao) ‘The director instructed him to keep the door locked. invite (mov) ‘We'd like to invite you all to the party this afternoon. ‘need (edn) We need you to help us. order (ra lénh) ‘The judge ordered the man to pay fine. ‘permit (cho phép) ‘They permitted the workers to leave early, persuade (thuyét phuc) | persuaded her fo come and see me. ‘remind (mide) “Mother reminded me to turn off the ight. equie (4 bap Th eater equal he salt ‘submit their annual teach (day) ‘He taught me to dance. tell (bdo) ‘The policeman told me to show him my driving license. urge (thie gic) ‘urged him to apply for the job. ‘want (mudn) ‘We all want you to be happy. swam (cainh bio) ‘I warned him not to drink so much,Ding sai gerund h nghia: *1°Il never forget fo break down on the motorway. It was awful, [phai thay forget to break down bang forget breaking down: quén mot vige 43 qua] *At the services John stopped buying a newspaper. [phai thay stopped buying (ngimg mua) bang stopped to buy (ngimg xe dé mua)] ‘him Hin do anh hudng cia miu cau twong ty: "They don't allow to smoke here [Phai ding allow smoking thay cho allow to smoke. “in chs ma edu 10 allow sb to do sth) 3, INFINITIVES & MODAL VERBS (Ding tie nguyén mau va dng te tinh thai) CAC HINH THUC CUA BONG TU NGUYEN MAU Cc dong tir nguyén miu Iudn theo sau cc dng tir tinh thai (can, may, must...). Higu r8 hinh thie va cach ding ctia cée dng tir nguyén mau s® gidp ngudi hye niim duge eéch sir dung eée eum dng tir nhu “may be going” , “shouldn't have done”, ‘needn't have cut” vv. a) Simple infinitive (Dong tir nguyén mau don): diing dé dign ta hinh dng xay ra sau hinh ding duge din ti bi dong tir di trade: We planned to meet in the Town Hall They will decide to delay the test. : b) Present infinitive (Dong tir nguyén mau tigp dién): dign ta hanh dng dang xay ra vao théi gian durge dé cap t6i 6 dong tir di trud We're lucky to be living in such a beautiful house. The plane seemed to be losing height. ©) Perfect infinitive (Dong tir nguyén mau hodn thanh): dign ta hanh dong xay ra trude hanh dong 6 d6ng tir di tude: T seem to have left my briefease behind. ‘The pilot was believed to have survived the crash. DONG TU TINH THAL ; Cac dng tir tinh thai ludn tuén ¢6 ciing hinh thite cho tit ca ede ngdi. Ching duge ding 48 chi phuung thie, thai hanh dong cia chit nit 3.2 ign ta sw xin phép (asking permission can, may, could Can I take your umbrella? Of course you can. we come in? Yes, of course. Could 1 borrow this dictionary, please? Well, I need it actually. 3.3 Dién ta sw cho phép (giving permission} A can, may ‘You ean stay here if you like. May Tread the leter? Yes, of course you may. AL must (chae 1a, han 14), will (han la), can’t (khong thé néo li) You talked to her yesterday, so you must know her name. ‘There's someone at the door. IH be the postman. The bill canbe so much. There must be a mistake. _ Must, will vd can’t c6 thé ding « hinh thie tiép dim va hodn than The tran is late. It must be coming soon, John isn’t here. He'll be sitting somewhere in the canteen.This glass is cracked. Someone must have dropped it Tean’t have gone to the wrong house. I checked the address. Khi mite d6 chic chin khdng cao, ching ta diing may, might va could (cé Ie) The shop may/might/could be closed today. May, might va could 06 thé ding 6 binh thite tiép din va hoan thanh: Mary hasn’t come home yet. She may/might/could be working late. I don’t know where Tom is. He may/might/could have left. (= It is possible he left] 3.5. Dién ta su bat budc (obligation) E must (phdi) You must 20 now. People must eat in order to live. (Chi ¥/hinh thite phir dinh mustn't (khong duge) ding dé chi sired doin, Khi mudn néi khong phai, ching ta phai dng don’t have to hoge needn't ‘You mustn’t drive so fast. It is against the law. ‘You do not have to drive so fast. We have plenty of time. “Must vi have to thing duge xem la twong durong véi nhau. Have to thug durge ding thay must ¢ thi hign tai (have 10, don't have to), twang, lai (will have to) va qua khit (had 10). Tuy nhién, gitta must va have to ¢6 sw khac bit nho: “Must dign ta su bit bude dén ti pha ngudi ndi, have fo digm ta su bit bude do tinh thé, quy dinh hay ludt Ie: We have to take an exam at the end of the course. [Quy dinh cia ky thi] ‘You must take off your shoes. [Yéu céu ctia ngudi n6i] 3.6 Dién ta sw khuyén bio (advisability ‘B. should, ought to (nen) You broke Jane’s bike, so you should buy her a new one, ‘You shouldn’t leave your car here. Students ought to revise before the exam. 3.7 Dign ta ming Iwe (ability AE can (c5 thé) Little Jack ean play the piano. [taught him. He could play the piano when he was nine. Can c6 thé duge thay thé bdi be able to trong cae cd trén vi dge bigt & ede thi hodn thanh va twang ai Little Jack ean/is able to play the piano. I taught him. He could/was able to play the piano when he was nine My father has been ill, He hasn’t been able to work for some time. Take this course and you will be able to swim well. 3.8 Dién td su clin thiét (necessity) A, need (chs yéu trong céu phi dinh va nghi vin) You needn't apologize. It’s not your fault. Ifit rains tomorrow you need not go out. Hin thire qué khit phi dinh cia mead li meedn"t + perfect infinitive hode didn’t need to (Ie ra khong Itwas a beautiful day yesterday. We needn’t have brought our umbrellas pha 3.9 Din tai loi d® nghi (request) will, would, shall Willwould you please pass the tea? Shall I open the window? 3B 10 Cac cum dong tir thong dung véi déng tir nguyén miu hodn than! a) Should + perfect infinitive: dang lé.. da phai, dién ta mot bon phan hode nghia vy khong duge thyc hign trong qua khit (unfulfilled past obligation).I've forgotten the address. I should have written it down. He's very selfish man, He should have helped her. b) Must + perfect infinitive: han la da... din ta su suy did deduction). ‘The streets are wet, it must have rained last night. This pen wont write; it must have run out of ink. ©) Could + perfect infinitive: /é ra. o6 the, dign ta mot kha nang khong durge the hign trong qua Khir (an unused ability) They eould have lent me some money (but they didn’t). Teould have finished the work (but I didn’t) tl Could + perfect infinitive cbn c6 nghia “ed thé da..", ding dé dién ta mot sur vige ngurdi ndi khong biét ¢6 nay ra trong qua khit hay khong: ‘My umbrella has disappeared! Who could have taken it? John could have taken my wallet; he was in my room yesterday. 4) Can’ t/couldn’t + perfect infinitive: khdng thé ndo di... dién ta sy suy dign phi dinh vé mot sir vige trong qué his (negative past deduction). Ching durge xem la hinh thire phi dinh eta must ~ perfect infinitive: He ean'tcouldn't have moved the piano himself. t takes two men to Iift it We know he couldn't have crossed the river, because the bridge was broken and there was no boat €) Were/was to + perfect infinitive: 18 ra da... dién ta mot ké hoach khong duge thye hign trong qua kit (an unfulfilled plan) ‘There were to have been motor-cyele races on the sands but as itis so wet they have been cancelled. ‘The harvest was to have been ready but the heavy rain delayed it. 1) Needn’t + perfect infinitive: Ie ra khong cn phai, dign ta mt hinh déng khong hi We needn't have hurried. Now we are too carly. It’s a beautiful day. We needn't have brought this umbrella ) May/might + perfect infinitive: c6 thé da... chi sy suy don v ‘They all think that the plane might have been erashed. T don’t know where the letter is. | may have thrown it away -vé mot sy vige trong qué khit (affirmative past thigt phai thyc hign trong qué mot hanh dng trong qua khir (past speculation) [NHUNG LOI THUONG PHAM |Khéng ding dng tir nguyén mau phi hgp & noi cin thiét: It If John left London an hour ago, he may arrive in Paris now. |(phai ding he arriving thay cho arrive dé dign ta hanh dong dang xay ra] }* He was sorry to miss the show. i [(phai ding to have missed thay cho fo miss dé dign ti hanh dong da xay ra trade hinh déng 6 dong tit chinh J }* The young man was unsteady on his feet. He seemed fo he drinking. ltphai ding to have been drinking thay cho to be drinking] It The bike must he stolen while we were having lunch. |[Phai viét: The bike must have been stolen while We....] [Ding sai do nhAm nghia cia mustn’t va don’t have t }* Tomorrow is Saturday. I mustn't go to work. [(phai ndi don’t have to thay cho mustn't] [Dang hinh thie dng tir khong pha hgp véi thot gian: |" Tom can walk when he was only ten months old. [[Phai viet: Tom could walk when he was ...] [Ding hinh thire active/passive khing dang: |* The diamond ring must have stolen while we were out. [(phai ding must have been stolen thay cho must have stolen]4, USED TO & BE/GET USED TO 4. Used to: da thueing, din ta théi quen trong qua khit nay khong cén nia: Tused to come here when I was a child. Before we had television, people used to make their own entertainment, ‘What kind of books did you use to read as a child? Be used (0° quen thudc vii (+ gerund) (= be accustomed to) We're used to living in big citi We are from different cultures. You are used to having fish for breakfast. 1 am used to having cheese and bread for breakfast. 4.3 Get used to va get accustomed to + gerund: c6 nghia tuong ty nhu be used to, nhung get (= become) nhan manh ‘mite d6 ting dn cia th6i quen theo thi ian. My sister moved to Canada. After a while she got used to living in a cold climate 5. GET + PAST PARTICIPLE (Get + qua khut phan tit) 1. Get thi ng thay ch ng Idi vin thong dim: Luckily 1 gor accepted at music school Lots of people got killed in the demonstration yesterday. ‘The precious cup gor broken when we moved house. How often do children get injured during theit school age? : Nhung get + qué khir phan tir Ahdng duoc diing khi ndi vé nhiing ké hoach, su kign lon: ‘The oil industry was nationalized by the new government last year. *The oil industry got nationalized by the new government last year. They didn’t have enough time to get washed. She got undressed and jumped into the swimming pool. ‘They got divorced last year, but have still lived in the same house ever since. This book will tell you what to do if you ger ost inthe city He came home late because he got sfuck in a traffic jam. 5.3 Get (become) due diing véi mat sé tinh tir ¢6 ngudn géc qué khit phan tir: We soon got bored because of poor performance. She got tired and went to bed carly. ‘They all gor confused when they walked into the big hall with hundreds of peop 6. HAVE & GET +O+V (Have & Get + Tan ngit + d6ng tit) 6.1 Have + O + infinitive without 1: sai, bio a tam gi T had the garage service my car. We had the workers decorate the living-room.6.2 Get + O + to- infinitive: sai, Ado ai kam gi gor the garage to service my car. We got the workers fo decorate the living-room, ‘Tan ng (O) trong hai méu edu trén Kim ch hah dng din ta béi dong tir nguyén mau. 6.3 Have + O + past participle: khién cho edi gi dege thu hign Thad my eat serviced. John went to the embassy to Have his visa renewed, 6.4 Get + O + past participle: khién cho edi gi duage the hign | got my ear serviced. ‘Tom spilled some ink on his shirt, Now he needs to ger it cleaned. Tan ngtt (O) trong hai mau céu 6.3 va 6.4 nhan chiu hinh d6ng dign ta bdi dong tir MAKE & DO Do: hod thinh, thye hign (accomplish, carry out) mét dng vige. Make: lim ra, ché tgo ra (produce, manufacture) fake [Do iake advances [Do an assignment fake an announcement [Do business (with) lake an attempt [Do one’s best lake the bed [Do business fake a chair/a cup of coffee ete... [Do a course lake a choice [Do the cleaning lake a comment [Do the cooking lake a complaint [Do a duty fake a comparison [Do exercises lake a contribution [Do sb a favor fake a decision [Do sb good lake a difference [Do gymnastics lake a distinction [Do harm fake an effort [Do homework fake an excuse [Do housework lake a law [Do job lake a mistake [Do a lesson lake progress [Do research fake a plan [Do revision lake a phone call [Do a service lake a promise [Do shopping, fake a speech [Do atest lake a sound/a noi [Do the washing lake a start [Do wondersfake a suggestion lake use of [Do wrong HUNG LOI THUONG PHAM jing do thay cho make va ngurge Iai f*The carpenter did a chair in the style of the Ming Dynasty. [[phai ding made] You must make your duty before you leave. [phai dung do} ‘ing make thay cho do vi bj anh hung tra loi: + What are you making? -I am making a cup of coffee. [fphai ding doing] 8. ACTION VERBS & STATE VERBS (Cac d6ng tit chi hanh dong va trang thai) 8.1 Action verb ‘Action verbs li céc déng tir chi hanh déng nhur go, buy, eat, stop, realize... Cac dng tir chi hanh dong nay e6 thé bao g6m cic hoat dng cia tay chan nh swim, walk...; cia loi ndinhtr say, report. ; ogc cia nhgin thite nhur decide, expect, think... i Cé d6ng tir chi hanh dong cé thé két hop véi -ing dé tao thanh céc thi tiép dign (progressive tenses). 8.2 State verb State verbs li cac dng tir chi trang thai, sy khong bién di hode di chuyén nhur be, have, seem, consist, exist, possess, contain, belong...; cic hoat ding tinh cam nivr like, love, hate...; hoat dng tri thie nhur know, understand, believe. Ci d6ng tir chi trang thai khdng thé két hop véi -ing dé tao thanh cdc thi tiép din (progressive tenses). Nhimmg cau sau day sai vi cic d6ng tir thude loai state verbs: Lam seeing that lovely girl, *We are having a wonderful holiday. “Lam thinking that we should accept it Tuy nhién, mt sO dOng tir chi trang thai khi mang nghia Khéc lai tre thanh dong tir chi hinh dong, Khi 46, ching e6 ding [STATE VERBS [ACTION VERBS He is very witty. He is be Ve have a beautiful garden, I think we should go now. I expect so. [The picture looks beautiful, [This flower smells very strange. lic appeared excited, Il love holidays. ig very willy. (~ speaking ina very witty manner) lWe're having breakfast. (= eating) Ii am thinking about the new proposal. (~ considering) [They're expecting trouble. (= waiting for) |We are looking at the picture. (= directing our eyes at) Ii am smelling these new perfumes. (= sniff, use your nose) IHc’s appearing in a film. (= playing « part) Ii am loving every minute of this holiday. (= enjoying) Ii hope you don’t mind the noise. [Mary is minding the baby while we are out. (= taking care of) 8.3 Mot so dong tir ¢ dang phan tir (participle) ci gidng voi Thy dong cich nhung khdng thé chuyén d6i sang, (a) The boy elosed the door a moment ago. (b) The door was elosed by the boy a moment ago. (©) Now the door is closed. a) John broke the vase this morning, (b) The vase was broken by John this morning. (©) Now the vase is broken, “ung 1a dng tir chi trang thai. Day 1a ede d6ng tir vé mat hinh thie iu chii dng twong duong: