Course Project

Course:

 Ethics

Question:

Research about types of justice, egoism, and altruism. Based on your understanding, answer the
following questions listed below.

Answer the following:

1. Define distributive justice and procedural justice
2. Explain the characteristics of egoism and its impact on the human being
3. Discuss egoism through the philosophical point of view
4. Elaborate on the different types of egoism
5. Analyze and discuss altruism according to Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer
Answer:

Procedural justice is the study of people's subjective evaluations of the justice of decision
making of conflict resolution procedures—whether they are fair or unfair, ethical, or unethical, and
otherwise accord with people's standards of adequate processes for interaction and decision making.
In comparison, distributive justice perceives the fairness of how (distributed across) group
members share rewards and costs. For example, when some workers work more hours but receive
the same pay, group members may feel that distributive justice has not occurred. 

Egoism's characteristic nature and feature identify the self with one's physicality, mentality, and the
produced emotionality consistently and strongly. Thus, the whole process of thoughts is
fundamentally aligned and oriented. 

From a philosophical point of view, egoism is the theory that oneself is, or should be, the motivation
and the goal of one's action. 

Psychological egoism claims that the aim is self-benefit, whatever a human being does. If
psychological egoism is correct, it means that even when people appear to act for others' benefit, with
no concern for themselves—which is called altruism—they're doing it for their own sake. 

The second type of egoism is normative in that it stipulates the agent ought to promote the self above
other values. The acts required for continued self-preservation, including the enjoyments of benefits
achieved by such arts, are the first requisites to universal welfare. 

Rational egoism claims that the promotion of one's interests is always following reason. 

Ethical egoism is the normative theory that promotes one's good is following morality. The robust
version holds that it is always moral to promote one's interest, and it is never moral not to enable it. 

Auguste Comte, who proposed the term altruism, considered it part of his ideal for humans to
enhance themselves. In conjunction with other social notions, Comte wanted people assisting each
other to result in humans rising above their self-centered, primitive past. For Comte, altruism involved
doing practical actions for other members of society as the primary determinant of what makes
behavior appropriate.

Herbert Spencer had a somewhat more practical notion of altruism. Instead of seeing it as part of his
ideal society, as did Comte, Spencer considered altruism a desirable outcome that can only result
when people look after themselves. When people fail to maintain themselves, they become incapable
of assisting others.