Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary

Disease
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDER

TOPIC OUTLINE → a disease of airways, defined as the presence of

(1) Definition cough and sputum production for at least 3 months
(2) Pathophysiology in each of 2 consecutive years.
(3) Risk Factors → smoke and other environmental pollutants
(4) Signs and Symptoms irritate the airways, resulting in inflammation and
(5) Assessment & Diagnostic Procedure hypersecretion of mucus.
(6) Medical Management
(7) Surgical Management
(8) Nsg Management

DEFINITON
→ a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage
and breathing-related problems. It includes
emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
→ preventable and treatable disease with some
significant extrapulmonary effects that may
contribute to the severity in individual patients.

EMPHYSEMA
→ a pathologic term that describes an abnormal
distention of the airspaces beyond the terminal
bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the
alveoli.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

RISK FACTORS
 Exposure to tobacco smoke accounts for an
estimated 80% to 90% of cases of COPD
 Passive smoking (i.e., secondhand smoke)
 Increased age
 Occupational exposure- dust, chemicals
 Indoor and outdoor air pollution
 Genetic abnormalities, including alpha1-
antitrypsin

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDER

• Lung Transplantation
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation

NSG MANAGEMENT
• Assessing the patient which includes the
obtaining of the information about the current
symptoms as well as the previous manifestation.
• Monitor respiratory system which include the
lung sound, sputum production and oxygen
saturation.
• Achieving airway clearance by doing Chest
physiotherapy and teaching patient about proper
coughing.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS • Improve patient’s breathing pattern by teaching
 Dyspnea them the breathing exercise.
 Wheezing • Hydration
 Chest tightness • Advice to have small frequent meals. Take high
 Frequent respiratory infections protein meals and avoid high carbs foods.
 Lack of energy • Improving activity tolerance which may include
 Unintended weight loss (in later stages) pacing activities throughout the day or using
 Swelling in ankles, feet or legs supportive devices to decrease energy
expenditure.
ASSESSMENT & DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE • Also encourage patient self-care activities and
 Health history physical conditioning.
 Physical examination • Promote smoking cessation
 Pulmonary function study • Oxygen therapy
 Spirometry • Instruct patient to report any signs of infections
 ABG (fever or change in sputum color, character,
 Chest x-ray consistency, or amount)
• Encourage the patient with COPD to be
 CT scan
immunized against influenza and pneumococcal
 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin screening
pneumonia
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Risk Reduction
• Smoking cessation
• Nicotine replacement (gum, inhaler, nasal spray,
transdermal patch, sublingual tablet or lozenge)
• Bupropion SR or Nortriptyline
• Clonidine
• Varenicline

Pharmacologic Therapy
• Bronchodilators
• Corticosteroids
• Oxygen Therapy

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Bullectomy
• Lung Volume Reduction Surgery