536 Engineering Mathematics Matrices - definitions A matrix isa set of real or complex numbers (or elements) arranged in rows and, columns to form a rectangular array. ‘A matrix having m rows and 1 columns is called an mx 1 (Le. ‘m by n') matrix and is referred to as having order m x n. ‘A matrix is indicated by writing the array within brackets a ‘2 by 3 matrix, where S72 nei (52 2) ena amity 5, 7, 2,6, 3, 8 are the elements of the matrix. Note that, in describing the matrix, the number of rows is stated first and the number of columns second. 8 64 2 3 Fg 7 | isa matrix of order 4 x3, Le. 4 rows and 3 columns. 675 6 4 So the matrix | 0 1 | is of order 2a anime mane (2 § 3 4) sofa 3x2 2d A matrix is simply an array of numbers: there is no arithmetical connection between the elements and it therefore differs from a determinant in that the elements cannot be multiplied together in any way to find a numerical value of the matrix. A matrix has no numerical value. Also, in general, rows and columns cannot be interchanged as was the case with determinants. Row matrix: A row matrix consists of 1 row only. eg. (4 3.7 2)isa row matrix of order 14 Column matrix: A column matrix consists of 1 column only. 6 e (3) isa column matix of onder» 1 3 ‘To conserve space in printing, a column matrix is sometimes written on one line but with ‘curly’ brackets, e.g. | 6 3 8 | 1s the same column matrix of order 3% 1. Move on to the next frameMatrices 537 So, from what we have already said: 3 (5) mati of order O94 07-3). man of onder (O12 6 Misa . matrix of order (@) column, 2x1 (b) row, 1x4 (6) column, 3x1 We use a simple row matrix in stating the x- and y-coordinates of a point relative to the x and y-axes. For example, if P is the point (3, 5) then the 3 is the 4-coordinate and the 5 the y-coordinate. In matrices generally, however, ‘no commas ate used to separate the elements, Single element matrix: A single number may be regarded as a 1 x 1 matrix, Le, having 1 row and 1 column. Double suffix notation: Each element in a matrix has its own particular ‘address’ or location which can be defined by a system of double suffixes, the first indicating the row, the second the column, thus: " @23 indicates the element in the second row and third column. ‘Therefore, in the matrix 6-5 1-3 2-4 8 4-7 ~6 29 7-44 the location of (a) the element 3 can be stated as (b) the clement — 1 can be stated as (© the clement 9 can be stated as (@) ae) as (©) an B Move on538 Engineering Mathematics Matrix notation Where there is no ambiguity, a whole matrix can be denoted by @ single general element enclosed in brackets, or by a single letter printed in bold type. ‘This is a very neat shorthand and saves much space and writing, For example: ay a2 m3 on ‘az1 az a25 daa } can be denoted by (aj) oF (a) oF by A. Sita ( 2) can be denote by (x) ora) o imply by x Foran (mx) mattis we usea bold capital eter, eg. A or a ow or coum ints sea fowerease bola letter ee la haat wor, we ean irae olaace ype bya way ne plated under te letter ef or 8) Sov Brepeesenva 2 8 matin te out the elements By ihe may using the ube ufc notation. This pss ON a (i ba bs) ~ (ba dar Daa Next frame Equal matrices CS) by aeinition, two matrices are sad to be equal if corresponding elements throughout are equal. Thus, the two matrices must also be ofthe same order. so u(r gz ae)=($ $5) then ay =4 az=6: ag=S: dy =2: ete. Therefore, if (aj) = (a4) then ay ~ xy for all values of i and j. abe S$ -73 soit[d e f)=(1 26 ghk 0 48, then d= so eseceeeiMatrices 539 Addition and subtraction of matrices added or subtracted, two matrices must be of the same order. The sum or difference is then determined by adding or subtracting corresponding elements. e av 2S) (Ht 85) sa(aeeinze 2 37) (55 6) (3 5 a)“ (Sh3 74s ora _(s 10 2 =(s 12 1) 652) (3 7 1) (6-3 8-7 1 wt (55 's)-G wo -5)- G2 ato ss) G13) + a)*(6 1 05)~ 65 Zz 3 836 527 104 50, (( “ Multiplication of matrices 1 Scalar multiplication 12 ‘To multiply a matrix by a single number (i.e. a scalar), each individual element of the matrix is multiplied by that factor: 3.25)_(12 8 20 ees (S 1 7)- (2 4 x) Le. in general, k(a) = (Kay). It also means that, in reverse, we can take a common factor out of every element ~ not just one row or one column as in determinants. 10 25 45 maior, (29 25 $8) ane wnt540 Engineering Mathematics 2. Multiplication of two matrices “Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the number of columns in the first is equal to the number of rows in the second. a ; ~) a -»-(®) we (cage a) (")| __ (aiid + aiaba + anaby = (eabieoshat eae! eg. if A= (aj) = i.e. each element in the top row of A is multiplied by the corresponding element in the first column of b and the products added. Similarly, the second row of the product is found by multiplying each element in the second row of A by the corresponding element in the first column of b. . (23 (5) -Gastseeiss) - (aes) -( sims (2 3 5 2) ( )-@)| 7 toa 0463) ~ (99 , 368 Inposrtiesame ways ita~(3 6 8) ane () then Ab= ‘The same process is carried out for each row and column.‘Matrices 541 ) mameo-(8 42) Jess 1x84Sx2 1x445xS 1x345x8 sea) 2xB+7K2 2xA+7xS 2x347xB 2x1t7 XS 3xB44x2 3x444xS 3x344xB Ix 144 x6, 8410 4425 3440 8) 16414 8+35 6456 2442 2448 12420 9432 3424 18 29 43 31 =| 30 43 62 44 32 32 41 27 Note that multiplying a (3 x2) matrix and a (2x 4) matrix gives a product matrix of order (3 « 4) i.e. order (3x2) « order (2 x 4) -+ order (3 x 4) Ne (ame) In general then, the product of an (1x m) matrix and an (mx n) matrix has order (Ix 7). n wa-(2 4 S)anan- (3 9 7 43 then AB =. a 9 m1 snwaw- (2 46 sncan=(2 4 8) (2 :) +3 _[w-8428 2436418) _ (30 56 =(atte\an Stervas) (2s 5)542 Engineering Mathematics Example 3 It follows that a matrix can be squared only ifitis itself a square matrix, Le. the number of rows equals the number of columns. wa-(5 3) @(5 2) 2) ~ (8t8 ee @ ey “(20410 3s+4)~ (30 39 Remember that multiplication of matrices is defined only when 13 Gee tratisconee (1 § §)-(2 3 $) nos no meaning If A isan (m xn) matrix Mian m8 Yen pods Aad BA se pose Example 7 10 ua-(12 des on s 3 10 “G3aE at ase) \o 7416427 por 38), -( 50. ) 28440454 40455472) ~ \122 167 710 onewa-(6}(! 2 2) 21 i 014480 =) van then A.B = 8444 16455 24466 92 71 90 9448 18460 27+72 57 78 99 Note that, in matrix multiplication, AB B.A, ie. multiplication is not commutative. The order of the factors is important! In the product A.B, Bis pre-multiplied by A and Ais post-multiplied by B.Matrices 543 soane(? 2) men(2 2) 31 then AB= and BA = aw an(8 % “) na-(2 3) 28 9 18 eo Transpose of a matrix (3) If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged! i.e. the first row becomes the first column, ‘the second row becomes the second column, the third row becomes the third column, etc., then the new matrix so formed is called the transpose of the original matrix. If ‘Ais the original matrix, its transpose is denoted by A or AT. We shall use the latter. 46 wa=(75),menat(4 2 2) 28 ‘Therefore, given that 40 a=(3 7 Sanam (39 se 13 then AB and (A.B)" =544 Engineering Mathematics Special matrices (De Stuare matrix is 2 mate of order mx. 125 eg. [6 8 9] isa 3x3 matrix 174 1 Asquse nave (a) 8 mmc = 08 (: 5 = Le. it is symmetrical about the leading diagonal. Note that A= AT, ‘A square matrix (ay) Is skew-symmetric if a 0 258 ea! (6 9) -§ -9 0 (b) Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all elements zero except those on In that case, A = -AT. 007 (© Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which the elements on the leading 50 0 the leading diagonal, thus {0 2 0 100) diagonal are all unity, ie. (0 1 0 001 ‘The unit matrix is denoted by 1 S24 100 wa=(1 3 8) andi=(0 1 0} thenar= 796 001Matrices 545 algebra and arithmetic. (@) Null matrix: A null matrix is one whose elements are all zero. +h like the unit factor in ordinary 000 Le. {0 0 0} andis denoted by 0. 00 0, If AB =0, we cannot say that therefore A=0 or B=0 1 213 orta-(2 3 s)e-(' -) ba 19 wen ana(2 12) (4 24 244-6 ‘I8-6-12)_/0 0 ~(6Ft2-t8 seis s6) “(0 0) Thats, AB =0, but clearly AZ 0 and BO Nowa short eion excise. Do these without looking back 4657) san (28 3-1 ruan(S 5 Z)mom-(F 3 3) determine @) A+: Band () A~B. 43 2ua=(2 7) aam-(5 2 2) et determine) 5A; (0) AB; () BA 26 3 2 a naq(8 7) man~(0 7) nen am at 23 4 owen nat a=(4 2 §) ceteine (AT and 0) AAT When you have completed them, check your results with the next frame