APPENDICES

532
 APPENDIX A
REFERENCES OF PRODUCT
AND RAW MATERIAL
DESCRIPTION

533
 “Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a
lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,
Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,
pp. 391-396.

534
 “Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution using rambutan peel-
based activated carbon: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies.” by
Ahmad, M., & Alrozi, R. (2011). Chemical Engineering Journa, pp. 510-516.

535
“Antioxidant activities of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) peel in vitro.” by
Mistriyani, Riyanto, S., & Rohman, A. (2018) Food Research, 119-123.

536
“Vanillin PubChem”. (2017). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
[Online] Retrieved from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Vanillin

537
“Safety Data Sheet: Vanillin”. By Carl Roth (2015, August 28). Retrieved from
https://www.carlroth.com/downloads/sdb/en/5/SDB_5108_MT_EN.pdf

538
“An integrated process to produce vanillin and lignin-based polyurethanes from
Kraft lignin.” by Borges, D., Zabkova, M., J.D., A., Cateto, C., Barreiro, M.,
Belgacem, M., & Rodrigues, A. (2009). Chemical Engineering Research and
Design, 700-706.

539
Vanillin Uses. Retrieved from Greener Industry: http://www.greener-
industry.org.uk/pages/vanillin/2Vanillin_uses.htm

540
“Applications and Uses of Vanillin”. Newseed Chemical Co., Limited. (2015, July
9). Retrieved https://www.foodsweeteners.com/applications-and-uses-of-vanillin/

541
“Purification of vanillin by a molecular imprinting polymer technique.” by
Mohamad Ibrahim, M., Sipaut, C., & Mohamad Yusof, N. (2009) Separation and
Purification Technology, pp. 450-456.

542
APPENDIX B
REFERENCE FOR PROCESS
DESCRIPTION

543
Rambutan Peel Storage Tank
F-1

544
(“Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a

lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,

Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,

pp. 391-396. )

545
HAMMER MILL
K-1

(https://www.feedmachinery.com/glossary/equipment/hammer_mill/)

546
Mixing Tank
F-2

547
(“Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a

lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,

Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,

pp. 391-396. )

548
COOLER
D-1

549
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim)

550
THICKENER
K-2

551
(http://thermopedia.com/content/1198/)

552
ACIDIFICATION TANK
F-3

553
(“Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a

lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,

Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,

pp. 391-396. )

554
LEAF FILTER
K-3

(http://www.solidliquid-separation.com/pressurefilters/pressure.htm)

555
AUTOCLAVE REACTOR / COOLERJ-1/ D-2

556
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim(2014).)

557
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTOR
F-4

558
(“Recovery of Vanillin and Syringaldehyde from lignin oxidation: A review of

Separation and Purification Processes” by Maria Ines F. Mota, Paula C. Rodrigues

Pinto, Jose Miguel Loureiro and Alirio E. Rodrigues (2015). Separation and

Purification Reviews.)

559
VACUUM EVAPORATOR
D-3

560
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim(2014).)

561
COOLING CRYSTALLIZER and CENTRIFUGAL FILTER
J-2 and K-4

(The use of sugar beet pulp lignin for the production of vanillin by Aazam Arabi,

Maryam Mizani and Masoud Honarvar (2016). International Journal of Biological

Macromolecules)

562
563
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim(2014).)

564
ROTARY DRYER
D-4

(https://feeco.com/rotary-dryers/)

565
BALL MILL AND SCREENER
K-5 AND K-6

(Ball Mills What Are These Machines and How Do They Work?,” Mine-Engineer,

2012. Available Online:http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/ballmill.htm)

566
APPENDIX C
PLANT CAPACITY
DETERMINATION

567
 Exhibit A

Annual importation Data of Vanillin in the Philippines

(Source: Bureau of Import Services – Import Policy and Monitoring

Division (BIS-IPMD) of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI))

568
 Exhibit B

Industries that Use Vanillin and their Average Annual Consumption

(Source: Bureau of Import Services – Import Policy and Monitoring Division

(BIS-IPMD) of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI))

569
Source: Bureau of Import Services – Import Policy and Monitoring Division (BIS-
IPMD) of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

570
 Exhibit C

Seasonal Production of Rambutan in the Philippines

(Source: National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) formerly known as Philippine

Seed Board (PSB))

571
 Exhibit D

Annual Production of Rambutan in the Philippines

(Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA))

572
 Exhibit E

Distribution of Rambutan in Zamboanga del Norte

(Source: Department of Agriculture)

573
 Exhibit F

Candidate Sites for Plant Location

(Source: Google Maps)

574
(Source: www.dipologwater.gov.ph)

575
 Exhibit G

Environmental Considerations

(Source: Abulencia, A. (2019). Biological Nutrient Removal – Ultimate Solution to

Comply with DAO 2016-08)

(Source: DENR (2016, May 24). Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent
Standards of 2016. Retrieved from Department of Environmental and Natural Resources:
https://server2.denr.gov.ph/uploads/rmdd/dao-2016-08.pdf)

576
 APPENDIX D
MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE

577
Rambutan Peel Storage Tank
F-1

578
(“Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a

lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,

Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,

pp. 391-396. )

579
HAMMER MILL
K-1

(https://www.feedmachinery.com/glossary/equipment/hammer_mill/)

580
Mixing Tank
F-2

581
(“Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a

lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,

Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,

pp. 391-396. )

582
COOLER
D-1
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim)

583
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim)

584
THICKENER
K-2

585
(http://thermopedia.com/content/1198/)

586
ACIDIFICATION TANK
F-3

587
(“Characterization of the rambutan peels fiber (nephelium lappaceum) as a

lignocellulosic material for technological applications.” by Oliveira, E., Santos, J.,

Gonclaves, A., Mattedi, S., & Jose, N. (2016). Chemical Engineering Transaction,

pp. 391-396. )

588
LEAF FILTER
K-3

(http://www.solidliquid-separation.com/pressurefilters/pressure.htm)

589
AUTOCLAVE REACTOR and COOLER
J-1 and D-2

590
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim(2014).)

591
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTOR
F-4

592
(“Recovery of Vanillin and Syringaldehyde from lignin oxidation: A review of

Separation and Purification Processes” by Maria Ines F. Mota, Paula C. Rodrigues

Pinto, Jose Miguel Loureiro and Alirio E. Rodrigues (2015). Separation and

Purification Reviews.)

593
VACUUM EVAPORATOR

D-3

594
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim(2014).)

595
COOLING CRYSTALLIZER/ CENTRIFUGAL FILTER
J-2/K-4

(The use of sugar beet pulp lignin for the production of vanillin by Aazam Arabi,

Maryam Mizani and Masoud Honarvar (2016). International Journal of Biological

Macromolecules)

596
597
(“Isolation and Characterization of Vanillin from Coconut Husk Lignin via

Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation” by Norzita Ngadi, Noor Amirah Abdul Halim

and Mohammad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim(2014).)

598
ROTARY DRYER
D-4

(https://feeco.com/rotary-dryers/)

599
BALL MILL AND SCREENER
K-5 AND K-6

(Ball Mills What Are These Machines and How Do They Work?,” Mine-Engineer,

2012. Available Online:http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/ballmill.htm)

600
D.2 ENERGY BALANCE

(Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 8th edition, Table 2-305)

601
(Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 8th edition, p 2-497)

602
 (http://www.endmemo.com/chem/specificheatsearch.php?q=Sulfuric%20Acid)

(http://www.endmemo.com/chem/specificheatsearch.php?q=Sodium%20Hydrate)

603
(https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-specific-heat-capacity-d_705.html)

604
(Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 8th edition, p 2-191)

605
(http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/entropies-inorganic)

606
Diethyl ether:

(https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C60297&Mask=4)

607
APPENDIX E
EQUIPMENT DESIGN

608