Linux For Beginners All you need to get started with Linux ©@ Jargon-free Tips & Advice @ Step-by-step Tutorials @ Clear Full Colour Guides— w — = Photoshop [| Android) Mac __ | Biac«&white For Beginners For Beginners For Beginners For Beginner Cloud Python. Coding C++ & Python For Beginners Computing For Beginners For Beginners For Beginners hy ox| Google | GoPro. Photography FRITZ!Box oogie Orro For Beginners For Beginners For 908 For Beginners OD = = . = = Instagram iPad iPhone Landscape For Beginners For Beginners For Beginners Photography For BeginnersLinux For Beginners le ee Aneel Pree eM se Kea eT Bolt Uae ge) Eb WMa eee RON Meee CR nen) Neel Rell eng enol el Ae er aes Oa uate) manual decreases or in some cases it simply disappears. At numerous times in our lives we have all been “beginners”, there is no shame in that fact and rightly so. How many times have MTEC cok elem eee R cholate rama NAS Uae PV cam Tae UNi ae ean aOR eae Vay EOE OU ee ee Ce CS sanet is fortunately for you we are here to stand beside you at every stage. Om tcc ese = Kem tl RMT ed ele) aya ace ey Si eee eae eRe ea oleae MMU EU ce RE Clo Ve Roll ania) -#-|e-cyla cy i acreneeyaRUrla UWA Ds sae yee | aid eeu a atest eM NM accelTsy Te eure mL a ROE el eer Keele (cm Etec ares Over the page our journey begins. We would wish you luck but we're sure with our support you won't need it.rent CCR eee cue SP ens ony Install Apps via the Terminal - Part 1 Cece? eels tiep acum ea Which Distro? Pee ace Creating a File Using the Terminal el eee ea eae cog PG AMA rege ea se gcn ee ere Pe a eae Pee enn arene Pe eee Installing Linux in a Virtual Environment Pre cee ec eee ga (eee eee Cee eee eae eee ease t ede) Reena emu ec) Cee ae! eee easy 10 Things to do After Installing Linux Mint Gre U ial sxer een Pree eee eeeis eae eae Customising the Desktop Cee Pee exe te Se Se ae Pacem ne Mem cy Coe ae aefeels lag ones Reece CePY saytettototinux =Say Hello to Linux PNM Rn cara etea teks OTe ed PTE ORCA ior aC Oy aed Cy De enue feta eters eee eure are and powerful operating system but PRE MCU Os Cole) CD ae ed aun uk neo but you need to know where to start; we're here to help you out. In this section you can learn what Linuxis, what a distro isand what a desktop environments. You canalso begin to explore how Linux Pee ee ese eeemy Say Hello to Linux) Why Linux? elm Aeg Tew) a= 6(oL ieee Ker 1Ke(a) Pee ei rcm ies Mraene Cente kesee cy Pie MOE mea cuso eae eee Cauericae arn) you may think though. FREE AND OPEN Linux isa Fantastic fit for those who want something different. The efficiency of the system, the availability of applications and stability are just a few good reasons. “The first thing you need to know i that there is no such operating system called Linux. Linuxis in Fact the operating system kernel, the ‘core component of an OS. When talking about Linux what we, and ‘thers, are referring to are one of the many distributions o distros, that use the Linux kernel. No doubt you've heard of atleast one of the current popular distros: Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, openSUSE, Debian, Raspbian, thelist goes on. Each one of these distros offer ‘something alittle different For the user. While each has the Linux keel at its core, they provide the user with a different looking ‘desktop environment, different preloaded applications, different ‘ways in which to update the system and get more apps installed and a slightly cifferent look and Feel throughout the entire system, However, at the centre lies Linux, which is why we say Linux. Linux is a great operating system on which to start coding. OB * on Linux works considerably afferent to Windows or macOS. k's Free Forastart: Free to download, Fee to install on as many computers as yu lke, Free to use for an unlimited amount of time and Free to Upgrade and extend with, equally, free programs and applications. This ree to use element is one of the biggest draws for the developer, While a Windows license can cost up to £100, and a Mac considerably more, a user, be they a developer, gamer or someone who wants to put an older computer to use, can quickly download a distro and get to work in a matter of minutes. Alongside the free to use aspect comes a level of freedom to customise and mould the system to your own uses. Each of the available distros available on the Internet have acertain’spin,“There are thousands of free packages available for programmers under Linux. in that some offer increased security a Fancy looking desktop, _agaming specific spin, or something directed toward students. ‘This extensibility makes Linux a more desirable platform to us, _as you can quickly mould the system into a development base, including many different kinds of IDEs For the likes of Python, web development, C++, Java and so on; or create a base for online ‘anonymity, perhaps as a Minecraft server, media centre and much more, ‘Another remarkable advantage for those looking to learn how toccade,is that Linux comes with most ofthe popular coding enviconments built in. Both Python and C++ are preinstalled ina high percentage of Linux distros avaliable, which means you can, start to program almost as soon as you install the system and boot it up for the First time, Generally speaking, Linux doesn’t take up as many system resources. ‘as Windows or macOS; by system resources we mean memory, hard rive space and CPU load. The Linux code has been streamlined ands Free from third-party ‘bloatware which hogs those systems resources, A more efficient system of course means more available resources forthe coding and testing environment and the programs ‘you eventually create, Less use of resourcesalso means you can Use Linux on alder hardware that would normally struggle or even © Why Linux? Vv 9 Oa Je Mandriva elackware sD @ & Each distro offers something unique to the user butall have Linux atthe core. refuse to run the latest versions oF Windows or macOS;so rather than throwing away an old computer, it can be reused with a Linux distr. Ie'snotall about C++, Python or any of the other more popular programming languages though. Using the command line of Linux, also called the Terminal, you're able to create Shel scripts, which are programs that are designed to run from the command line and made up of scripting languages. They are used mainly to automate tasks or offer the user some Form of input and output for a certain operation, Final, although there are many more advantages we can list, there are thousands and thousands of Free programs and apps available that cover nearly every aspect of computing. Known as packages, there are (atthe time of writing) over 8,700 spectic programming applications just on Linux Mint alone and an incredible 62,000+ ‘overall packages catering for everything from Amateur Radio to WWW tools Linux then, isa great resource and environment for programming in. l’s perfectly suited For developers andis continually improving and evolving. you're serious about getting into coding, or you just want to try something new, give Linuxa try and see how it works, Foryou. {A Linux programming environment can be as simple or as complex as you need it tobe.my Say Hello to Linux. ) The Best Linux Distributions BUTE ols elm (oa ol ane) EPL aes (oS different ethos and approach. Here are five great distributions to try and where you can get them. GOING LINUX ‘The installation process for most distributions i similar. You download a disk image From the website and bur it to an optical disk or create a USB Flash Drive installer. Just be careful to get the right distribution For your hardware and read the instructions carefully. eae 8 Far the most popular Linux distro (distribution) is Linux Mint Mint began life back in 2006, as an alternative to the then most popular distro, Ubuntu. Although based on Ubuntu's Long Term ‘Support bul, Linux Mint tooka different direction and offered the user a better overall experience. Linux Mint has three main desktop versions available wth ‘each new version of the core OSikreleases. This may sound confusing at ist but it’s quite simple. Currentiy, Linux Mint uses the Cinnamon Desktop Environment asits flagship madet there's MATE and xfce models available too. ‘Cinnamon a graphically rch desktop environment, MATE uses less ancy graphics, and is more stable on a wider variety oF desktop systems, and Xfce san extremely streamlined desktop ‘environment thatsbuil for speed and ultimate stably, Throughout this title we'llbe using the Cinnamon version; however, you can try out any ofthe other desktop environments ‘as you wish. n Fact its recommended that you do spend some time trying ifferent environments, and even different distros, tosee which suits you and your computer best. wwwslinuxmint:com “The second most popula stro available is Ubuntu, which isan ancient African word meaning humanity to others: UUbuntu's popularity has Fluctuated over its Fourteen year life. systemin the world but some wrong choices along the way ‘ith regards to its presentation, and some unfavourable, controversial elements involving privacy, sadly saw it topple From the number one spot “That aid, Ubuntu has since made amends andi slowing crawling its way back up the Linux leader board. The latest impressive environment, although it can be aitie confusing For Former Windows users and ia litle heavy on system resources, especially if youre planning on installing it on an older computer: Ubuntu, Forallits Faults, isa good Linux distr to start and offers the user a complete Linux experience ‘wwwubuntu.com ‘Atone time, it was easily the most used Linux-based operating versions ofthe OS use the GNOME 3 desktop environment, an experimenting with. Isa clean interface, easy to use and install‘Arch is one of longest running Linux distributions and forms the basis oF many other versions of Linux. Why install Mint or Ubuntu when you can install ‘Arch? Many users do exactly that but it's not ideal for beginners. Ubuntu and Mint both offer an easier installation path and ‘come with software packages to help you get started. ‘arch on the other hand, isa more ‘bare bones’ affair. rch is committed to Free software and its repositories contain over 50,000 apastt install, including with any other distro. Leah rel No doubt you've heard of the Raspberry Pi. Is hard notte have, asthis remarkable, tiny computer has taken the technology ‘world by storm forthe lasts vars since it was introduced There are several aspects to the Raspberry Pithat makeit such asought after piece ofthe computing world. For one its cheap, costing around £25 For whats essentially afully working computer. t's smal, measuring nat much bigger than a creditcard. You can build electronics with it, using a Fully ‘programmable interface; andit comes with Raspbian its own custom-made, Debian-based operating system that includes an Office suite alongside many different programming languages ‘and educational resources. Raspblan is exclusive ta the Pi hardware, since the Raspberry ruses an ARM processor to power it. However, the Raspberry i Foundation has since released aPC version of Raspbian: Raspberry Pi Desktop. ust like the Pi version, Raspberry i Desktop comes with the allthe coding, educational and other apps you will ever need W's quick, stable and works superbly. you're interested in stretching your Linux experience, then thsi certainly one of the top distros to consider. www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop ‘means your Arch dstra wor't came with ll the unnecessary Files and appsthat others have preinstalled it’s custom made for you, by you. multiple different Desktop environments, and use as you would wwwarehlinuxorg (The Best Linux Distributions om ‘Arch isa distro for when you're more experienced with Linux. You start with nothing but the command lin and from there you have to manually partition your hard drive, et where the installation Files go, create a user, set the OS locale and Finally installa desktop environment along with the apps you want. ‘The advantage though forallthishard work, isa cst that you have created. This Most Linux distributions fall into two camps. There are ones, with the latest Features and technology tke Ubuntu and Mint and those with Few new Features but rock solid reliability, lke Debian, Mearubile, openSUSE attempts to cover both bases OpenSUSE Leap isthe rock solid system. I's developed openly bya community along with SUSE employees, who develop ~anenterpriselevel operating system, SUSE; this powers the London Stock Exchange amonastother thing. tis designed for mission critical environments where ‘there is no scope For instability. If you find ll that too sensible, openSUSE Tumbleweed sa rolling release with all the latest features, and the occasional crash. ‘openSUSE isa highly respected Linux distribution and many ofits core contributors work on the Linux Kernel, LibreOffce, Gnome and other key Linux reas. short, openSUSE is where you'l Find the pros hanging out ‘wwwopensUSE.orgmy Say Hello to Linux. ) Equipment You Will Need The system requirements for successfully installing Linux Mint on to a PC are surprisingly low, so even a computer that’s several years old will happily run this distro. However, it’s worth checking you have everything in place before proceeding. MINTY INGREDIENTS Before we start working our way through this book, here's what you need to install and run Linux Mint. You have several choices available, so take your time and see which works best For you. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS. ‘The minimum system requirements For Linux Mint are asfollows cPU-700MHz RAM/Memory—512MB Hard Drive space - 9GB (20GB recommended) Display - 1024 x 768 resolution Obviously the better the system you have, the better the experience will be and quicker too. 7 USB INSTALLATION ‘You can install Linux Mint onto your computer via USB or DVD. \We look into each alittle later on but iFyou're already Familiar with the process, or thinking oF USB and just gathering the hardware you need, then you're going to need a minimum 4GB USB flash drive 0 stare the Linux Mint ISO. DD installation of Linux Minesimply need an optical rive (a DVD Writer rive) beFore youre ble to transfer or burn the IsO image othe disc( Equipment You Will Need om Mai eso Installation toa virtual environment isa favourite method of testing and using Linux distros. Linux Mint works exceedinaly well \when used ina virtual environment but more on that later. There are many different virtual environment apps available; however, VirtualBox, from Oracle, is one of the easiest to into. You can find the latest version at www. virtualbox.org. VirtualBox INTERNET CONNECTION le goes without saying really, that an internet connection is vital For making sure that Linux Mint is up to date with the latest updates and patches, as wellas the installation of Further software. although you don't need an internet connection to use Linux Mint, you'll miss out on world offree software avallable For the distro. MAC HARDWARE Although Linux Mint can be installed ‘onto a Mac, there's a school of thought that recommends Mac ‘owners use a virtual environment, such as Virtualbox or Parallels and why not, macOS is already a splendid operating system. If you're wanting to breathe new life into an ‘older Mac, make sure t's an intel CPU model and not the Power PC ‘models, Beware though, it's not as pain Freeas installing on to aPC.PY sey Hello tovinux Desktop Environments WHICH MINT? ADesktop Environment is the graphical interface which you use to interact with the core Linux system. Just as the graphical desktop for Windows 10 is also called Fluent Design. Linux Mint offers the user a choice of versions ofthe distro: Cinnamon, MATE and Xfce. While that may sound alittle confusing For the newcomer, essentially each of the versions avaliable contains the same core Linux structure and kemel, the kernelis the core oF the operating syster, that handles all he instructions between the software and hardware Each versions simply a diferent desktop environment, the Graphical User interface (GU!) that you use to interact with the ‘operating system. Each of the desktop environments uses different ‘apps to access or use the system, such as the file manager to browse the operating system's file structure or the way it launches other ‘apps. Again though, the core available productivity, video and ‘raphicsuites are the same, and Function in the sare way. \Why bother then with afferent desktop environment? Simply put, its ‘down to personal taste. Some users prefer MATE, as MATE sa Fork oF the classic GNOME 2 environment andi litte more menu-centrc and performs well on older computers. Others prefer Cinnamon, which is more modem environment that works better on recent hardware and features some cutting edge desktop code. Xfce, on the other hand, is lightweight desktop environment that works well on older hardware due to is extremely low use ofthe avaiable system resources In short, Cinnamon i the Flagship desktop environment For Linux Mint. MATE is more compatible with a wider variety of hardware, Where Windows, For example, only offers one desktop environment towork in, Linux offers mary. Linux Mint has therefore opted to bring the user a wealth of choiceDesktop Environments é BEST MATE MATE is a simple to use and intuitive DE that's fast and stable. In comparison to Cinnamon it looks a litle antiquated but that's only on the surface. There's plenty to like with MATE. FAB FEATURE 1 MATE isan excellent desktop vironment for older computers. It ‘works better with alarger number of hardware components that Cinnamon generally does but is also just as capable of delivering a creat looking desktop as well as advanced customisation. FAB FEATURE 2 Due to its highly configurable nature, MATE can be customised to a Fine degree, There ae plenty of options available to the user who ddemandsa litle more from their desktop environment, including Compiz Settings, where you're able to configure all manner oF desktop effects, even a 3D desktop cube.ry Say Hello to Linux Which Distro? DISTRO HOPPING Distro hopping is aterm used by the community for people who never sticktoa single distribution. Instead, they hop From one to the other and back again, testing each, using them, then moving on to another oranewly rel There'snathing 39, as i's 8 good way to get to ‘rips with what's out there and discaver the elements of one distro cover another that may or may not appeal to your tastes. cof course is which one do you use overall? While distro hopping sa good thing, 'snat exactly a stable way to enjoy Linux and get the most From i. We're not saying you should stick tone dstroand never laok elsewhere, as you would be missing alot oF great content outthere, but instead we recommend you find a handful and slowly progress through them based on your increasing Lnuxstil For example, Linux Minti an ideal starting place t's an easy to install and use distro, has althe software you would normally use on a dayto-day gently eases you into the unique’ performs, sis already installed out of-the-box a yorid of Linux and how it w Ubuntu offers much the same experience but it does this in aslightly diferent way. There's generally less preinstalled with Ubuntuthan with Linux Mint, so you would need to manually install it yourself Another point worth considering isthe sheer volume of content and help pages dedicated to Ubuntu users when using Linux. IFyou get stuck, you're never too far froma solution to the "Moving on, asyou begin to grow more confident wt teston Linux, you may Fedora or Debian, These ae al lent distros and each offers the user a slightly different perspective on how the system runs, Some are more demanding, in terms of Linuxskils, than others, ut essentially they each have some valuable lessons to learn forthe user. the likes oF open You may Find yourself moving toa particular distro because it offers something radically different from the norm, Tals Linux, For example, Isa dlstro that’s designed purely for online anonymity. It contains complexand military grade eniyption tools as wel as tools and browsers designedto help you browse the web without ever being detected, traced or monitored, Kal Linux is designed for security professionals and contains many different kinds of ethical hackingWhich Distro? QI tools preinstalled, that a user can run for penetration testing against their network. There was once even a Hannah Montana Linux distribution but the less we tak about thatthe better. The point being, there's astro out therefor you. Needless to say, once you've mastered Linuxto arelatively high degree, probably a power user ability, then you will want to expand your sks and begin to build your awn Linux distro based on Arch, Debian or one of the many other distros avalable. Doing so involves a lot of command line knowledge, as well asknowiedge on how the Linuxsystem works and interacts with the hardware in the computer. You will need to Partition your own hard drive, install a desktop environment and eventually install the apps and programs you want. Doing so takes time and again there are a lot of skills you're going to need to learn. Eventually you can consider yourself technical Linux user but never consider yourself an expert, after all we're always learning something ‘new. Youccan build your own distro from scratch, help other Linux Users out with problems, maybe even contribute tothe improvement of distro during itstesting phase or build. Where next then? (Oddly enough, most higher-end technical users find themselves back at square one, using a distro like Linux Mint. The main reasons Usually because i's an easy option, and i's a stable environment Just because you know the system inside and out, doesn’t mean you always want to be Fixing potential issues. Most of us would prefer the easy life, especialy where technology is concerned, so the logical choice would be to choose astro that's simple, yet still powerful enough to do everything you want it ta do, hence Linux Mint. However, inthe end, it's purely down to choice, your own personal choice. Youmay ind that after going through the tutorials inthis title you dont tke Linux Mint or the Cinnamon desktop. Fine, you may prefer Ubuntu, Debian or openSUSE: that's the beauty of Linux. The Freedom to change what you want, to distro hp from one to another without being penalised by cst or lack oF access, The answer to the question, which distro is any which one you like! It canbe as complex or easy as youneedit tobe, aslong asit does what youwantittodo, then ts perfect.ean (developer of the Linux kernel)Getting Started with Linux Tern Re eae Ets Reese tan Nt ed al Metre ea acy ent ORCA One Cee ee cea eeray rea ene une Le ea eRe tunes ole) operating system and even how to install Pees SOU User) Linux while still using your main operating urs Mu ue Intrigued? Read on and find out more. Cee ee_ my Getting Started with Linux.) Creating a Linux Installer on Windows You need to transfer the downloaded Linux ISO to either a DVD or a USB key before being able to install it onto a computer. This will be a live environment, which allows you to test the OS prior to installation, but first you need to create the bootable media. DVD BOOTABLE MEDIA ‘We're using a Windows 10 PC here to transfer the ISO to a DVD. If you're using a version of Windows from 7 onward the process is extremely easy. FATE ERD istlocate the ISO image of Linux you've already REESE Right-click the Linux ISO and from the menu select downloaded. You can usually findit in the Burn Disc image. Depending on the speed of the PC, Downloads Folder in Windows 7,8.1 and 10 computers, unless you it may take a few seconds before anything happens. Don't worry too spectied afferent location when saint. sich, unless takes mre than a minute, in whic case might be . vot starting your PC and tying again With ck, the Windows Name DiscImage Burner should launch. H Quick access . Se eee {8 Dropbox Team B04 |-cinnaren-6ébit © Mount ta onedine um dsc image Bare EB] Scan with Windows Defender. © co rive (E) Hisuite 2 Share @ Network Open with B Open with WinRAR B Adato archive. ESTEEM Next insert a recordable DVD disc into your FETED With the windows Discimage Burner dialogue box computer's optical drive. After a few seconds, while ‘open, click on the Verify dis after burning’ tick the discs read, Windows displays a pop-up message asking you —_box then the Burn button, The process should take a few minutes, ‘what to:do with the newly inserted disc Ignore this, as we're going depending on the speed of your PC's optical drive, Once i's to.use the built-in image burning Function. complete itruns through the verification stage and when done the optical drive should auto-ject the disc For you © Windows Disc Image Burner x Disc image ile: linuxmint-19.1-cinnamon-6tbitico Dise burner: BO-ROMDiive(D) Status Burning dice image to recordable dsc... 207 \ USB BOOTABLE MEDIA Creating a Linux Installer on Windows om USB media is Faster than a DVD and often more convenient, as most modern PCs don't have an optical drive installed. The process of transferring the image is easy but you need a third-party app First and a USB flash drive of 4GB or more. FER Fico Fm FEI nen youre ready click on the tarbkton atthe Chow pe bottom ofthe usp, Te may open up another browser and gotoWWW. — cee dialogue box asking you to download and use a new version of rufus.akeo.ie/. Scroll. (Ram RECS eTED ~ _ SysLinux. SysLinux is a selection of boot loaders, used to allow a ‘down the page alittle and tute Sc vue modern PCtoaccess and boot From a USB flash drive. tis necessary, Youcometoa Download mans ae soiFased chon esto contin, fang andere Il 3 Ss ithe testerson of aosvanaaverens eemanial Teshouldhaveatready Format pons =| 2 Thenapeyotue necado oha nope Tenant cme Per peel TREES ES Sop Dt gS Use ashe ot st = les --7 spammed remove andrenser — fecee spat ocean vec se ie Pte motte | @vien so mage mode Recormmende) a som awe | OventOmgene a | =n Een PETER First olance the Rufus interface can look alittle confusing but don't worry, its really quite simple. ‘To begin with, click on the SELECT button next to the ‘Disk or ISO Image (Please select’ pulldown menu. This launches a Windows Explorer window where you can locate and select the Linux SO. na EE the Linux IsOisnow Drive Properties transeredtothe USB fe : fiashdtive.Theprocess Sate shouidnttake oolong, asians ae agsindependingonthe temo ee speed of the USB device =| eee a and the PC. You may find ~ Swvstestsnercran Rufus auto-opensthe USB Format Options divein windowstxplorer Sucmnew ding the process; don't fam am worry you can minimise or close itifyou want. When the pracessis complete, click on the Close button, corm aenz Getting Started with Linux Installing Linux on aPC UEFI BIOS ‘The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is used to identify hardware and protect a PC during its boot-up process. It replaces the traditional BIOS but can cause issues when installing Linux. insert your DVD or USB flash drive into your PC and, Fyou haven't already, shutdown Windows. n this instance we're using the USB boot media but the process is virtually identical. Stare the PC and when prompted press the appropriate keys to enter the BIOS or SETUP, which could for example be: F2 Delor even F12. FETED There are different versions of a UEFI 8105, 0 covering them all would be impossible. What you're looking for is section that detail the Boot Sequence or Boot "Mode. Here you have the option to turn off UEFI and choose Legacy or disable Secure Booting, Most distros work with UEFI but it can be atrcky process to enable it to boot. ETS SE DD With UEF tuned to Legacy mode, there are now two ways of booting into the Live Environment, The First is via the BIOS you're already in. Locate the Boot Sequence and change the first boot device fram its original setting, usually Internal HDD or similar, to: USB Storage Device forthe USB media option o DVD Drive for the DVD mecia option. Sere ern ey Pierre arene First bet eves M1SBmb1 Tem teal > FETED Atematively use the Boot Option Menus With this ‘option you can press F12 (or something similar) to display list of boot media options; From there, you can choose the appropriate boot media. Ether way, you can now Save and Exit the 0S by navigating to the Save & Exit option and choosing ‘Save Changes and Exit 2. Aetunk oot frm 0 708 i esa bestess S.Returk bt Tro 0 ae7E8 2 ter SetupINSTALLING LINUX Installing Linux on a PC (Once the Live Environment has booted, you see the option to install the distro to your computer. Have a look around and when you're ready, look for the Install option on the desktop. during the installation, Generally, the questions aren't too ifficut, nothing very technical, but some suchas ‘nstlling third-party software...’ can be confusing n this case you can click Continue but iF you're unsure, have an Internet-connected device available to ask ‘any questions. ) with the new, When you reach this stage of the installation process, ensure the ‘Erase disk and install Linux. option is selected, NOTE: ‘This completely wipes Windows 10 fram your computer, somake sure you have backups ofall your personal files and data, FERED ®*0viding you're connected to the intemet (if not, then do so now) and you're inthe Live Environment, start the installation process by double-clicking on the Install Linux Minticon on the desktop. Other distros display their own name, oF course, but the process isthe same, Click Continue when you're ready. FETED wile the installation process is very similar across ‘most Linux distros, some offer different questions FETED Before the installation process begins, you're asked ifthe choice you made regarding the erasure of the hard drives correct. This is your last chance to back out. IFyou're certain you don’t mind wiping everything and starting again with Linux Mint, click Continue. Ifyou need to backup your files emove the Linux disc/USB, reboot, backup and start again, Eventually you ae asledto se up your ux SUES username and password. Enter your Name to begin vith then the Computer Name which the name sided onthe networkas Next chose Usemame, flowed by & good Pasnord. Youn kth Login tomatic option but ave the Encrypt Home Felder option for now BETSSEDD The installation process can be quick, and there may bemore questions to answer, or it may simply start. installing Linux based on your previous answers. Either way, you tend up being asked to Continue Testing the Live Environment or Restarting to use the newly installed OS. IF youre ready to use Linux, then click Restart Now. ‘Na ADC Laeee a providing you various content: brand new books, trending movies, ee Ey eae eae ecm Unlimited satisfaction one low price Cheap constant access to piping hot media Protect your downloadings from Big brother Safer, than torrent-trackers 18 years of seamless operation and our users' satisfaction PTR Ey tert Ie Tama Amel e Le oleic AvaxHome - Your End Place We have everything for all of your needs. Just open https://avxlive.icuZY Save, then File > Quit, Reboot Linux Mint and you should notice a sight hike in performance. EERE Security is alwaysa concern in this modern digital ‘While Linux Mints a secure system, it's advisable to always try and improve it. Click the Menu button and search For Firewall; click the Firewall Configuration icon and enter your password, n the Firewall window, click the Status slider to On,ting to Know Linux Apollo 11 aT PRE eeu pee een cuca mankind first stepped on the moon, The peers ee geen eee nan ee Selene ak cs at the time and had to be developed Teer ern ks eke ene eho MCL Cee gee anc cid econ ae aE) special version of assembly. DID U KNOW. Incredibly, that code is freely available xeon ce Ey Fete emu ee un easter Pi or eam Rasen Peon abridge ey Pree Tune amc otc 925 with the comment “Goodbye. Come Preece Deer dst eu eats you can find. Programmers sense humour See whateleeie inthere. Ey ae = een One giant leap for \ mankind, and coding.Getting to Know Linux.) ~s) ) Creating Users When you first install Linux Mint it is configured for use with a single user. While SPUR MU m-lecolt AUR MEUM MeN eon R eR a Role) need to create separate users with their own unique Home folders. NEW USERS Having different users means each user has access to his or h ‘on are separate, as with multiple users on other operating sy: Click on the Linux Mint Menu and type ‘users’ to Sia begin searching forthe relevant console, From the ‘search results, choose Users and Groups and enter your password, ‘The Users and Groups console is quite basiclooking, and thankfully ‘easy to use. At fist, you can just see your own username from when you installed Linux Mint. 1ers own areas on the system. Documents, pictures, videos and so stems. Enter the new user's Full Name, followed by the Username they need when logging nto Linux Mint. ‘Make sure the username isallin lower case, az and 0-9 characters tony. You can have Fullstops, underscores or hyphens if you wish, Click the Add button when you're ready to continue. I “man ante User you can create, Standard and Administrator. Unless the new User has need to install new apps or access parts ofthe file system beyond their Home Folder, then opt For the Standard account type. ‘Otherwise, use the Administrator account type. Toadd anew user, click the Add button atthe bottom of the console. There are two types of rs Ey Siar ‘The new user appears inthe ist of current Linux ‘Mint users, in alphabetical order. At present, there's, no password set so click the user in the list of current users, then lick the No Password Set option under the user's username. eran rns --0 sepmienteYou can now enter a password forthe new user a0 Password text box to generate a password for you, as well as, displaying it Naturally i's good idea to come up with as strong a password as possible. When you're done, clk the Change button. Creating Users om PEPE nce logged in the new user is requiredto set up their own desktop wallpaper, icons, Panel, Menu and so on, Depending on what Account Type you set up For them, Standard or Administrator, they won't be able toinstall any new apps. Thisscreenshot i from a Standard user account type. Youcan dos the Users and Groups console window SUES now, as the new user has been created. If you click the Mint Menu, followed by Logout, you are presented with the Mint Login Manage The new user show pesentin the is oF Current avalble users Cckon himfr tog them COMMAND LINE ACCOUNTS You can create as many new accounts as you Sues need and you're able to switch between them when required. I's best to have ust one account that's capable of installing new software, that way you can keep track of what's on yoursystem. Session Log out ofthis system now? Switch User Just as you'd expect, you can also create a new user within the command Line. Open up a Terminal session under the main Oye neers’ ‘The process for adding anew command line relatively simple. To begin Tyausername>) the new user's login name, You're then asked to create anew Pei tr tama eg ae Click yto confirm the details and create the user act STEP 1 (SfifJeudo“adduser y ae a eee ts Delete button in Users and Groups. eet the new user from within the Users and Groups Ie erate