04| MwZm~Î ‡gv: kvn& Rvgvj

(Laws Of Motion) mnKvix Aa¨vcK (c`v_©weÁvb wefvM )

we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR XvKv
‡dvb: 01670 856105, 9125630, 9115369
RoZv (Inertia):
c`v_© †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q †mB Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z PvIqvi †h cÖeYZv ev †mB Ae¯’v ivL‡Z PvIqvi †h ag© Zv‡K RoZv e‡j|
RoZv `yB cÖKvi: h_v (1) w¯’wZ RoZv (2) MwZ RoZv

(1) w¯’wZ RoZv (Inertia of rest) t w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq e¯‘i GB ¸b‡K e¯‘i w¯’wZ RoZv e‡j|
D`vniYt w¯’i Mvwo nVvr †Q‡o w`‡j hvwÎiv wcQb w`‡K †n‡j c‡o| KviY Mvwo Pvjy nIqvi ms‡M ms‡M hvw·`i

om
kix‡ii wb‡Pi Ask Mvwoi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvq mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask w¯’wZ RoZvi Rb¨
wcwQ‡q c‡o|

.c
24
(2) MwZ RoZv (Inertia of motion) t MwZkxj e¯‘ MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq e¯‘i GB ¸b‡K e¯‘i MwZ RoZv e‡j|
D`vniYt PjšÍ Mvwo nVvr †eªK Ki‡j hvwÎiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡K c‡o| KviY Mvwo ‡eªK Kivi Kvi‡Y Mvwo †_‡g

bd
|e
al
m
hvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ hvw·`i kix‡ii wb‡Pi Ask Mvwoi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvq ‡_‡g hvq wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask MwZ
Ja

RoZvi Rb¨ mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq|

ej (Force):
ah

hv w¯’i e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i e¯‘‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq A_ev MwZkxj e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i MwZi cwieZ©b K‡i ev
Sh

Ki‡Z Pvq Zv‡K ej e‡j| ej‡K F Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| m f‡ii e¯‘i Z¡iY a n‡j ej F=ma n‡e| ej GKwU †f±i
ivwk|
d
M

‡gŠwjK ej (Fundamental Forces) t

r

‡h mKj ej ¯^vaxb A_©vr ‡h mKj ej Ab¨ †Kvb ej †_‡K Drcbœ nq bv Zv‡K eis Ab¨vb¨ ej GB mKj e‡ji †Kvb bv
so

†Kvb iƒ‡ci cÖKvk Zv‡`i‡K †gŠwjK ej e‡j| †gŠwjK ej Pvi cÖKvi, h_v: (1) gnvKl© ej (2) ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ej (3)
es

mej wbDwK¬q ej I (4) `~e©j wbDwK¬q ej

of

(1) gnvKl© ej t gnvwe‡k¦i †h †Kvb `ywU e¯‘i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK AvKl©b ej‡K gnvKl© ej e‡j|
Pr

(2) ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ej t `ywU PvwR©Z KYv Zv‡`i Pv‡R©i Kvi‡Y G‡K Ac‡ii Dci †h AvKl©Y ev weKl©b ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Zv‡K ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ej e‡j|

(3) mej wbDwK¬q ej t cigvbyi wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDwK¬q Dcv`vb Z_v wbDwK¬qb¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î Ave× iv‡L †h kw³kvjx ej
Zv‡K mej wbDwK¬q ej e‡j|

(4) `~e©j wbDwK¬q ej t †h ¯^í cvjøvi I ¯^í gv‡bi ej wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK KYv¸wji g‡a¨ wµqv K‡i A‡bK
wbDwK¬qv‡m Aw¯’wZkxjZvi D™¢e NUvq Zv‡K `~e©j wbDwK¬q ej e‡j|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 04| MwZm~Î (Laws Of Motion) 2

‡gŠwjK ej mg~n Av‡cwÿK wZeªZv cvjøv

1) gnvKl© ej 1 Amxg
2) ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K ej 1039 Amxg
3) mej wbDwK¬q ej 1041 10-15 m
4) `~e©j wbDwK¬q ej 1030 10-16 m

fi‡eM (Momentum) t fi I †e‡Mi ¸bdj‡K fi‡eM e‡j| fi‡eM‡K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| m f‡ii †Kvb e¯‘i †eM
v n‡j fi‡eM P = mv n‡e| fi‡e‡Mi GKK kg-ms-1| Gi gvÎv [MLT-1]

wbDU‡bi MwZi 1g m~Î (Newton's 1st Law of Motion) t

om
eY©bvt evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ mg‡e‡M mij c‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
e¨L¨vt evB‡i †_‡K ej cÖhy³ bv n‡j (1) w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡e Ges

.c
(2) MwZkxj e¯‘ mg‡e‡M mij c‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e|

24
myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, MwZi cÖ_g m~‡Îi `ywU Ask| cÖ_g Ask †_‡K w¯’i e¯‘i w¯’wZkxj _vKvi cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© ¯úó

bd
aviYv cvIqv hvq| GB cÖeYZv‡K w¯’wZ RoZv e‡j| Avevi wØZxq As‡k MwZkxj e¯‘i MwZkxj _vKvi cÖeYZv jÿbxq |
GB cÖeYZv‡K MwZ RoZv e‡j| G Kvi‡Y wbDU‡bi MwZi 1g m~·K RoZvi m~Î I ejv nq| G m~Î †_‡K e‡ji msÁv I

|e
cvIqv hvq|

wbDU‡bi MwZi 2q m~Î (NewtonÕs 2nd Law of Motion)t al

m
eY©bvt e¯‘i fi †eM cwieZ©‡bi nvi e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †h w`‡K wµqv K‡i e¯‘i fi †e‡Mi
Ja

cwieZ©b I †mB w`‡K N‡U|

 
e¨L¨vt G m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v nj  F  ma cÖwZcv`b|
ah

 
 F  ma cÖwZcv`b t
Sh

 
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb MwZkxj e¯‘KYvi fi‡eM P | F e‡ji wµqvq ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª mgq e¨eavb dt AeKv‡k KYvi fi‡e‡Mi

d

 dP
cwieZ©b dP n‡j fi‡eM cwieZ©‡bi nvi n‡e| MwZi 2q m~Îvbymv‡i, fi‡eM cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖhy³ e‡ji
M

 dt
dP 
r
so

mgvbycvwZK| A_©vr, F
dt
 
es

e¯‘KYvi fi m Ges †eM v n‡j fi‡eM P  mv ewm‡q cvB,


d ( m v) 
of

F
dt

Pr

dv 
m F
dt
 
  dv 
 ma  F  Z¡ iY a 
dt 

 ma  kF ... ... ... .... ... (1) GLv‡b k GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK; hvi gvb GKK e‡ji
msÁv Øviv wba©viY Kiv hvq| ‡h ej GKK f‡ii Dci wµqv K‡i GKK Z¡iY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K GKK ej e‡j|
 
A_©vr F  1 , m=1 Ges a  1 nq Z‡e mgxKiY (1) n‡Z cvB|
 
1×1=k×1  k=1 mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, ma  F

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 04| MwZm~Î (Laws Of Motion) 3
    
A_©vr F  ma †Kvb e¯‘i Dci ¯^Zš¿ ej¸wj hw` nq h_vµ‡g F1 , F2 , F3 ,..Fn BZ¨vw` wµqviZ _vK‡j Avgiv cvB,
  
F1  F2  F3  ....  Fn  ma
      
  F  ma GLv‡b,  F n‡”Q jwä ej ev bxU ej †hLv‡b,  F  F1  F2  F3  ....  Fn (cÖgvwbZ)
e‡ji GKK wbDUb t †h ej 1kg f‡ii Dci wµqv K‡i 1ms -1 Z¡iY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K 1 wbDUb ej e‡j|
A_©vr 1 wbDUb = 1kg ×1ms -2 |

wØZxq m~Î †_‡K cÖ_g m~Î cÖwZcv`b t

 
wbDU‡bi MwZi 1g I 2q m~Î Zzjbv K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, 1g m~Î n‡”Q 2q m~‡Îi GKwU iƒc|  F  ma †_‡K †`Lv hvq
  
†h, e¯‘i Dci wbU ej k~b¨ n‡j A_©vr hLb  F  0 ZLb ma  0 ,wKš‘ m  0,  a  0 nq| myZivs hLb evB‡i †_‡K

om
ej cÖ‡qvM bv nq A_©vr wbU ej k~b¨ nq ZLb,

a0


.c
dv
 0

24
dt
 
v Gi wWdv‡iw݇qmvb k~b¨  v = aªæeK|

bd
myZivs evB‡i †_‡K e¯‘i Dci ej wbU ej k~b¨ n‡j e¯‘i †eM AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K A_©vr e¯‘ †h Ae¯’vq wQj †mB Ae¯’vqB

|e
_v‡K| A_©vr evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qv‡M e¯‘ Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’i Ges MwZkxj e¯‘ wPiKvj
mg‡e‡M mij c‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e| GwUB wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î|
al
m
NvZej (Impulsive Force) t
Ja

Lye Aí mgq †h ej cÖhy³ nq Zv‡K NvZ ej e‡j| nvZzwo Øviv Kv‡V †c‡iK †cvZv, e¨vU Øviv wµ‡KU e‡j AvNvr Kiv,
BZ¨vw` NvZ e‡ji D`vniY|
ah
Sh

e‡ji NvZ (Impulse of Force) t


‡Kvb ej I e‡ji wµqv Kv‡ji ¸b dj‡K e‡ji NvZ e‡j| †Kvb ej F hw` †Kvb e¯‘i Dci t i mgq †_‡K t f mgq ch©šÍ
d

 tf 
M

wµqv K‡i, Zvn‡j e‡ji NvZ n‡e, J   Fdt

r

ti
so

 tf 
 J  F  dt [ F  aª æe ]
es

ti
  tf 
of

 J  Ft   F [t f - t i ]
ti
Pr

 
 J  Ft

e‡ji Nv‡Zi mv‡_ fi‡e‡Mi m¤úK© (Relation with Impulse of Force and Momentum ) t
  tf

cÖhy³ ej F n‡j e‡ji NvZ J   Fdt
ti
 
 dP
tf
  dP 
J dt  F  
ti
dt  dt 

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 04| MwZm~Î (Laws Of Motion) 4
 
 Pf
  Pf



 J   dP  P 
Pi
pi
  
 J  Pf  Pi
 
 J  P A_©vr, e‡ji NvZ fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mgvb|

wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (Newton's 3rd Law of Motion) t

eY©bv: cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q|
wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i hw` GKwU e¯‘ A, Aci e¯‘ B Gi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i, Z‡e B e¯‘I A e¯‘i Dci mgvb
I wecixZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| awi A e¯‘ B e¯‘i Dci F1 ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges B e¯‘ A e¯‘i Dci F2 ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
m~Îvbymv‡i, F1 = F2 , A_©vr ej ؇qi gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZgywL| G `ywU e‡ji †h †Kvb GKwU‡K wµqv Ges

om
Ab¨wU‡K cÖwZwµqv e‡j| Dc‡ii `„óv‡šÍÍ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv mgvb I wecixZ|

.c
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿb m~Î (Law of Conservation of Momentum) t

24
GKvwaK e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqv cÖwZwµqv ej Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb ej wµqv bv Ki‡j, H e¯‘ mg~‡ni †gvU fi‡e‡Mi mgwó aªæe _v‡K|


bd
MvwbwZK fv‡e,  P  aª æeK

|e
cÖwZcv`b: 1 I 2 `ywU e¯‘ we‡ePbv Kwi| awi †Kvb GK mgq e¯‘Øq
msN‡l© wjß nj| aiv hvK, GB msN‡l© F1 n‡”Q cÖ_g e¯‘i Dci wØZxq
al 
e¯‘ KZ…K cÖhy³ ej Ges F2 n‡”Q wØZxq e¯‘i Dci cÖ_g e¯‘ KZ…K cÖhy³ ej| †Kvb GK mgq t †Z cÖ_g e¯‘i fi‡eM P1
m

Ges wØZxq e¯‘i fi‡eM P2 | Avgiv cÖwZwU e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î wbDU‡bi 2q m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvB,
Ja

 
 dP1  dP2
F1  Ges F2 
ah

dt dt
 
wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î †_‡K cvB,
Sh

F1   F2
 
dP1 dP2
 
d

dt  dt
M

dP dP
 1  2 0
dt dt
r
so

d  

dt
 
P1  P2  0
es


dP   
 0 [ P1  P2 n‡”Q e¨e¯’vi †gvU fi‡eM ev P]
of

dt
    
Pr

‡h‡nZz mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ †gvU fi‡eM P  P1  P2 , P Gi cwieZ©‡bi nvi k~b¨, ZvB †gvU fi‡eM P aªæe _v‡K, A_©vr
  
P  P1  P2 = aªæe
 
 Pi  Pf
   
 P1i  P2i  P1f  P2f myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, msN‡l©i Av‡M †Kvb e¨e¯’vi fi‡e‡Mi
†f±i mgwó Avi msN‡l©i c‡i fi‡e‡Mi †f±i mgwó me©`v mgvb _v‡K| GwUB fi‡e‡Mi msiÿb m~Î|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 04| MwZm~Î (Laws Of Motion) 5
i‡K‡Ui MwZ (Motion of Rocket) t
awi i‡KUwU AwfK‡l©i AvIZvgy³ gnvk~‡b¨ MwZkxj| hLb i‡K‡Ui BwÄb KZ…K M¨vmwbM©Z nq
ZLb †mB M¨v‡mi GKwU fi‡eM _v‡K| ZLb fi‡eM msiwÿZ _v‡K e‡j i‡KU wecixZ w`‡K
MwZkxj nq| i‡KU ‡_‡K M¨vm hLb GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i wbM©Z n‡Z _v‡K, ZLb M¨v‡mi MwZi
wecixZ w`‡K i‡KUwU GKwU w¯’i ej jvf K‡i| GB ej‡K av°v e‡j|
wnmve: g‡bKwi i‡KU ‡_‡K R¡vjvwb Z_v M¨vm v †e‡M wbM©Z n‡”Q| t mg‡q wbM©Z M¨v‡mi
fi m n‡j, wbM©Z M¨v‡mi fi‡eM n‡e,
P=(m)v
wbM©Z M¨v‡mi GB fi‡eM i‡KU¯’ R¡vjvwbi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mgvb| fi‡e‡Mi msiÿb
m~Îvbymv‡i R¡vjvwbi fi‡e‡Mi GB cwieZ©b i‡KUwUi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mgvb| Avgiv Rvwb,

om
‡Kvb e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Zvi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji Nv‡Zi mgvb| myZivs i‡K‡Ui Dci
cÖhy³ av°v F n‡j P = Ft

.c
(m)v = Ft 

24
m  m
 ev , F    v GLv‡b n‡”Q R¡vjvwb e¨env‡ii nvi|
 t  t

bd
‡Kvb gyn‡~ Z© i‡K‡Ui fi M n‡j Ges H gyn~‡Z© Zvi Z¡iY a n‡j, F Gi gvb F= Ma ewm‡q cvB,

|e
 m 
Ma   v
 t 
 Z¡ iY, a  
1  m  al
m
v
M  t 
Ja

e‡ji fvimvg¨ (Equilibrium of Force) t

ah


e¯‘i Dci e‡ji jwä k~b¨ nIqv‡K A_©vr,  F  0 nIqv‡K e‡ji fvimvg¨ e‡j| fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq e¯‘i Dci Z¡iY k~b¨
Sh

nq| fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq e¯‘i †eM aªæe _v‡K| A_©vr †e‡Mi gv‡bi ev w`‡Ki †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| fvimvg¨ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(1) w¯’i fvimvg¨ (2) MwZq fvimvg¨
d
M

jvwgi Dccv`¨ (Lami's Theorem) t

r

†Kvb e¯‘i Dci wZbwU AmgvšÍivj ej wµqv K‡i fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi m„wó Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU ej Aci `ywU e‡ji AšÍÍ©fy³
so

†Kv‡bi mvB‡bi mgvbycvwZK|

    
es

g‡bKwi, P, Q I R wZbwU ej O we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i fvimvg¨ m„wó K‡i| Q I R Gi

   
of

AšÍ©Ífy³ †KvY , R I P Gi AšÍ©Ífy³ †KvY , P I Q Gi AšÍ©Ífy³ †KvY | 

P Q R
Pr

myZivs jvwgi Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i,   n‡e|

Sin  Sin  Sin 

Nl©Y (Friction) t
`ywU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K hw` G‡Ki Dci w`‡q AciwU Pj‡Z †Póv Ki‡j e¯‘ ؇qi
¯úk© Z‡j GB MwZi weiæ‡× †h evavi DrcwË nq Zv‡K Nl©Y e‡j| Nl©Y mvaviYZ Pvi cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡Kt
(1) w¯’wZ Nl©Y (Static Friction),
(2) MZxq Nl©Y (Kinetic Friction),
(3) AveZ© Nl©Y (Rolling Friction),
(4) cÖevwn Nl©Y (Fluid Friction),
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 04| MwZm~Î (Laws Of Motion) 6
Nl©Y ej t
`ywU e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K hw` G‡Ki Dci w`‡q AciwU Pj‡Z †Póv Ki‡j e¯‘ ؇qi ¯úk© Z‡j GB MwZi weiæ‡×
†h e‡ji m„wó nq Zv‡K Nl©Y ej e‡j|

w¯’wZNl©Y ev mxgvwšÍK Nl©Y (Static Friction) t

cÖhy³ e‡ji m‡e©v”P †h gv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU w¯’wZkxj e¯‘ MwZi Dcµg nq, Zv‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y ev mxgvwšÍK Nl©Y e‡j&|
w¯’wZ Nl©‡bi gvb k~b¨ †_‡K mxgvwšÍK gvb ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

w¯’wZNl©Y ej t
‡h Nl©b ej Øviv †Kvb e¯‘ cÖh³
y ej‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i w¯’i _vK‡Z cÖqvm cvq Zv‡K w¯’wZNl©b ej e‡j|

om
Nl©Y †KvY I w¯’wZ †Kv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© t

.c
24
w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ t w¯’wZ Nl©‡Yi mxgvwšÍK gvb Ges Awfj¤^ cÖwZwµqvi AbycvZ‡K w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ e‡j| G‡K s Øviv

bd
cÖKvk Kiv nq| w¯’wZ Nl©‡Yi mxgvwšÍK gvb fs Ges Awfj¤^ cÖwZwµqv R n‡j w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ n‡e
fs
... ... ... ... ... ... (2) fs I R Gi GKK GKB| Kv‡RB s Gi †Kvb GKK †bB|

|e
s 
R

Nl©Y †KvY (Angle of Friction) t al

m
w¯’wZ Nl©‡Yi mxgvwšÍK gvb fs Ges Awfj¤^ cÖwZwµqv R †K mgš^q K‡i
Ja

†h jwä cvIqv hvq Zv‡K jä cÖwZwµqv S e‡j| GB jä cÖwZwµqv Awfj¤^

cÖwZwµqvi mv‡_ †h †KvY K‡i Zv‡K Nl©Y †KvY ev w¯’wZ Nl©Y †KvY
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e‡j| Nl©Y †KvY‡K  Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Wvbcv‡k¦©i wP‡Î 

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Gi Ae¯’vb †`Lvb n‡q‡Q| wPÎvbymv‡i cvB,

R  S cos  ... ... ... ... ... ... (3)
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f s  S sin  ... ... ... ... ... ... (4)

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fs
(4) bs mgxKiY‡K (3) bs mgxKiY Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,  tan λ ... ... ... ... (5)
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so

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Avevi, (2) bs mgxKiY  s  †K (5) bs Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB,  s  tan  ... ... ... (6) A_©vr Nl©Y †Kv‡Yi
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U¨vb‡R›U -Gi gvb w¯’wZ Nl©b ¸bv‡¼i mgvb| BnvB Nl©Y †KvY I w¯’wZ Nl©Y ¸Yv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK©|
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Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 04| MwZm~Î (Laws Of Motion) 7
w¯’wZ †KvY ev wbðj †Kvb (Angle of Repose) t
‡Kvb AvYZ Zjw¯’Z e¯‘ Z‡ji †h AvbwZi Rb¨ MwZi Dcµg nq Zv‡K w¯’wZ †KvY ev wbðj †KvY e‡j| G‡K Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| wPÎvbymv‡i, OY Z‡ji Dcwiw¯’Z e¯‘ Z‡ji  AvbwZi Rb¨ MwZi Dcµg nq| myZivs n‡e w¯’wZ †KvY|
GB Ae¯’vq W Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e Ges Z‡ji Awfj¤^ cÖwZwµqv R-Gi wµqv †iLvi mv‡_  †Kv‡Y bZ _vK‡e|
wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z †f±i e¨e¯’v Abymv‡i, R  W Cos
f s  W Sin 
fs
 tan   ... ... ... ... (7)
R
f
wKš‘ (2) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,  s  s ...(2) Avevi (7) I (2) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB,
R
 s  tan  ... ... ... (8)

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Avevi,  s  tan  ... ... ... ... (6) d‡j (6) I (8) †_‡K cvB,
tan   tan 

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    AZGe, Nl©Y ‡KvY Ges wbðj †Kv‡Yi gvb mgvb| Z‡e Nl©Y †KvY me©‡ÿ‡Î

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cÖ‡hvR¨; wKš‘ wbðj †KvY ïaygvÎ AvbZ Z‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|

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MwZq Nl©Y (Kinetic Friction) t

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‡Kvb Z‡ji Dci w`‡q MwZkxj e¯‘ MwZi weiæ‡× †h evav Abyfe K‡i Zv‡K MwZq Nl©Y ¸bv¼ e‡j Ges †h ej MwZ‡Z
evavi m„wó K‡i, Zv‡K MwZq Nl©Y ej e‡j|
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MwZq Nl©Y ¸bv¼ t
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MwZq Nl©Y ej Ges Awfj¤^ cÖwZwµqvi AbycvZ‡K MwZq Nl©Y¸bv¼ e‡j| G‡K Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|  k 
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R
GLv‡b, fk = MwZq Nl©Y ej I R Awfj¤^ cÖwZwµqv|
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Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com