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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 82 2013
Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.)
Extract for Effervescent Tablet
Wahyu Widowati, Djaja Rusmana, Heddy Herdiman, Hartini Tiono, Teresa Liliana Wargasetia,
Dwiyati Pujimulyani, Yelliantty Yelliantty
Abstract—Background: Mangosteen peels are huge waste and
unuseful material but have biological activity for human health.
Preparing mangosteen peels with bitter taste require processing to
produce the tasteful beverage, one of the processing is effervescence
product. Effervescence has proved its utility as an oral delivery
system in the pharmaceutical. The objectives: This research was done
to find out the best quality of effervescent tablet formula and to
evaluate the antioxidant activities changes compared to mangosteen
peel extract. Methods: Efferfescence formula comprised sodium
carbonate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, aerosil, aspartame, magnesium
stearate and various concentrations of mangosteen peel extract. Six
effervescent tablet formula and mangosteen peel extract were
measured the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
scavenging activity, Superoxide Demutase (SOD) activity and total
of phenolic compound using garcinone C, garcinone D, α- mangostin
and γ- mangostin as standard. Results: The DPPH scavenging activity
and phenolic compound total of all effervescence product from
mangosteen peel extract were lower compared to magosteen peel
aqueous extract, but effervescence formula had SOD activity higher
than magosteen peel aqueous extract. Based on the quality standard
of effervescent tablet showed that six formula of mangosteen extract
produced good effervescent tablet. Conclusions: Mangosteen peel
aqueous extract could be used as ingredient effervescent tablet. The
DPPH scavenging acitivity and the phenolic compound of
mangosteen peel effervescent tablet were lower than mangosteen
peel extract, SOD activity of efferevescence were higher than
mangosteen extract.
Keywords—Antioxidant, effervescent
mangostana L, DPPH, SOD.
I. INTRODUCTION
U TILIZATION of natural resource as medicine become
interesting scientists concern. It may reduce the negative
effects by using of synthetic medicineof possible toxic or
carcinogenic components during their degradation.
Consequently, the search for endogenous protective
ingredients for food formulations, beverages, pharmaceutical
preparation. Identification of polyphenolic compounds of fruit
waste and unuseful material but have biological activity for
human health including apple peel, grape pomace, citrus
                                                            
Wahyu Widowati, Djaja Rusmana, Heddy Herdiman, Hartini Tiono,
Teresa Liliana Wargasetia are at Medical Research Center, Faculty of
Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia
(Corresponding author: +6281910040010, Bandung, Indonesia,
wahyu_w60@yahoo.com).
Dwiyati Pujimulyani is at Faculty of Food Technology, Mercu
BuanaUniversity, Yogyakarta,Indonesia.
YellianttyYelliantty is at Aretha Medika Utama Biomolecular and
Biomedical Research Center, Bandung, Indonesia.  palatability [15], improve the taste, a more gentle action on a
seeds and peels, carrot pulp waste, old tea leaves, cocoa by-
products, sunflower hull, non-volatile residues from orange
essential oil, soybean molasses [1].The extracts of fruit peels
such as rambutan, mangosteen, coconut and grape, citrus,
apple peels were reported to possess biological activities
including high antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial potential
[1]-[3].
Antioxidants protect the cells against tissue damage
associated or oxidative stress plays a major part in the
development of chronic and degenerative ailments such as
cancer,arthritis, aging, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular
and neurodegenerative diseases [1], [4].
The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia) has been used in
Indonesia indigenous medicine for many diseases therapy.
Garciniahas demonstrated to be an interesting source of active
compounds witha great biological activities, it is well known
to be a rich source of oxygenated and prenylated xanthones
[5]-[7]. Numerous researchs have demonstrated their
antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumoral activities [8].
Mangosteen peel extract using High performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) method contained xathones such as
γ-mangostin 6.144%, α-mangostin 0.064%, Garcinone C
0.02%, Garcinone D 0.004% [7]. Mangosteen pericarp has
many benefits for human health but has bad taste or bitter, so
to increase the bad taste and useful material, it is required to
tablet, Garcinia modify pharmaceutical preparation of mangosteen extract.
The oral route of drug administration is the most convenient
and commonly used method of drug delivery [9]. Fast
dissolving tablets are continuously gaining great success in the
pharmaceutical market. Many patients have difficulty in
swallowing tablets and hard gelatin capsules, so that they do
not take medications as prescribed [10]. Effervescent
technology provides a novel dosage form for nutritional
supplements and pharmaceuticals. The ability to incorporate
large dosages of a wide variety of active ingredients in an
easy-to-swallow liquid, plus increased absorption ofthe active
ingredient, offers advantages over conventional tablets [11].
The tablet is quickly broken apart by internal liberation of
CO2 in water due to interaction between tartaric acid and citric
acid with alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in presence
of water [12].
The bioavailability of effervescent tablet are greater than
conventional tablet, interesting for pharmaceutical industries
[13], [14]. Effervescent tablet are also known as fast
disintegrating, fast dispersing, rapid dissolving, and rapid
melting, easeof administration, patient compliance and
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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 82 2013

patient’s stomach, marketing aspects (consumer prefer than A. Extract Preparation

traditional dosage forms) [13]. The disadvantages of G. mangostana was collected from Cisalak- Subang, west
effervescent tablet are larger size of tablets, a complex Java, Indonesia. The plants were identified by staff of
production process and, very often, teh require for specialist herbarium of the Department of Biology, School of Life
packaging materials [13]. Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology,
Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The peels were separated
contain acid substances and carbonates or bicarbonates from the others part of plant, the peels were colleted, chopped
and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing and kept in drier tunnel device (40-450 C) until the stable
carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or water level of peels reached 10.31% . One kg of mangosteen
dispersed in water before use [13], [16]. peels were extracted with aquadest by maceration method
This research, we conducted to obtain the best for,ula of for 5 days, filtered and evaporated to produce aqueous extract
effervescent tablet from mangosteen peel extract based on of mangosteen peels yielded 101.3 g or 10.13%, the aqueous
quality and organoleptic assay as well as to evaluate the extract was kept in refrigerator (40C).
changes of antioxidant activities including DPPH scavenging Aqueous extract of mangosteen peel was dried in oven at
activity, total phenolic compound, SOD activity of 500C for 1-h to constant weight and triturated in a mortar to
mangosteen peel extract and various effervescent tablets. make powder then mixed with calculated amount of the other
component, by mixing in geometrical order.and formed into a
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD paste and granulated using mesh 20. The granules were
The effervescent tablet was prepared as follows : aqueous transferred to the tabletting machine (Korch type Eko). The
extract of G. mangostana peel as the main ingridient, sodium treatment were six formula based on various concentration of
bicarbonate 1,455 mg, citric acid 970 mg, ascorbic acid 7 mg, mangosteen peel extract, the various dose of aqueos
aerosil 35 mg, aspartame 500 mg, magnesium stearate 35 mg. mangosteen extract and the other components can be seen at
Table I.
TABLE I
THE VARIOUS OF COMPONENT FOR EFFERVESCENT TABLET
Ingridient Comparison ingridient of effervescent tablet (mg)
Formula-1 Formula-2 Formula-3 Formula-4 Formula-5 Formula-6
G. mangostana extract 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200
Sodium bicarbonate 1,455 1,455 1,455 1,455 1,455 1,455
Citric acid 970 970 970 970 970 970
Ascorbic acid 7 7 7 7 7 7
Aerosil 35 35 35 35 35 35
Aspartame 500 500 500 500 500 500
Mg stearate 35 35 35 35 35 35
Total 4,202 4,602 5,002 5,402 5,802 6,202

The quality of effervescent tablet were measured including
hardness, dispersion time, flow time and organoleptic assay.
B. Hardness
Hardness of ten tablets (as replication) were measured
using the Monsanto Hardness Tester [17].
C. In vitro Dispersion Time
One tablet was placed in a beakercontaining 10 ml aquadest
at room temperature and the time required for complete
dispersion was determined, the dispersion time assay were ten
replications [17], [18].
D. Flow Time
All ingridient of effervescent tablet after granulation were
measured the flow time using flow meter and total time to
flow all ingridient (25g) were determined, flow time assay
was replicated ten time [16], [19].
E. Sensory Quality Test
Six formula of effervescent tablets were tested using
sensory assay, twenty trained tester assayed the delight level
of effervescent tablets. The score wsa categorized : (1) : no
delight, (2) : less delight, (3) : delight, (4) : more delight, (5):
most delight. The delight score based on the colour, smell,
taste, delight [17]
F. DPPH Scavenging Activity Assay
To obtain the DPPH scavenging activity , a range of various
final concentrations was used e.g. 100, 50, 25, 12.5; 6.25,
3.125, 1.563, 0.781, 0.391 and 0.195 μg/ml, 50 μl of G.
mangostana aqueous extracts, effervescent tablets (formula 1-
6) introduced at the microplate and then were added 200 μL of
0.077 mmol/l DPPH (Sigma Aldrich) in methanol and the
reaction mixture was shaken vigorously and kept in the dark
for 30 min at room temperature, furthermore DPPH
scavenging activity was determined by microplate reader at
517 nm [20]-[ 22].
Ac - As
scavenging % = x 100
Ac
As : absorbance of samples
Ac : negative control absorbance (without sample, only DPPH
and methanol)

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 82 2013
G. The Total Phenolic Content
Phenolic compounds were assayed, according to the Folin–
Ciocalteu method [21], [23]. Samples (15 μL) were introduced
into microplate; 75 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent (2.0M)
and 60 μL of sodium carbonate (7.5%) were added. The
samples were mixed and incubated at 450 C for 15 min.
Absorption at 760 nm was measured. The total phenolic
content was expressed as Garcinone-C, Garcinone-D, α-
mangostin, γ-mangostin equivalent was calculated by the
following formula :
c ×V
C=
m was affected by extract component in effervescent formula.
C = total phenolic content (µg/mg) of mangosteen peel
extract; c : the concentration of Garcinone-C, Garcinone-D, α-
mangostin, γ-mangostinestablished from the calibration curve
( μg/ml); V : the volume of extract (ml); m : the weight of pure
plant extract (mg). Total phenolic content was obtained from
the regression equation : y = 0.0011X+0.028, R2 = 0.9933
(garcinone-C), y = 0.0004X+0.0184, R2 = 0.9948 (garcinone-
D), y =0.0003X+0.0392, R2 = 0.9109 (α-mangostin), y
=0.0011X+0.0375, R2 = 0.9857 (γ-mangostin)
H. Superoxide Dismutase Activity Assay
The SOD assay was performed with a SOD assay kit
(Randox) comprising mixed substrate, buffer, xanthine
oxidase, standard. The absorbance was read at 505 nm [24].
I. Statistical Analysis
The data including hardness, dispersion time, flow time,
organoleptic test, DPPH scavenging activity, SOD value were
analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with
confidence interval 0.01, to know the differences among
treatment continuing by Duncan’s post hoc test using SPSS 20
program.
TABLE II
EFFECT VARIOUS DOSE OF MANGOSTEEN PEEL EXTRACT TOWARDS EFFERVESCENT QUALITY
Effervescent tablet
Formula Dispertion time
(minute)
Formula-1 1.97±0.05 c
Formula-2 1.99±0.07 c
Formula-3 1.88±0.08 b
Formula-4 1.98±0.07 c
b
Formula-5 1.86±0.06
a
Formula-6 1.74±0.06
The data expressed mean and standard deviation. The same small letters at teh same column show no significant at the 5 % (Duncan’s Posthoc test)
The organoleptic assay of effervescent tablet including
colour, smell, taste, delight can be seen at Table III.
Based on Table III, showed that the smell of effervescent
tablets among formula were not difference significantly but
based on the data that formula -5 was the highest value 3.10 as
delight category. The colour assay of effervescent tablets
among formula were not difference significantly, but based
192
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The quality of effervescent tablets including hardness,
dispersion time, flow time can be seen at Table II.
Based on the Table II, showed that the best dispertion time
of effervescent was formula-6, followed by formula -5 and
formula-3. The best hardness of effervescent tablet was
formula-1 follwed by formula-6. The best flow time of
effervescent tablet was formula-2. An overall of quality assay
showed that formula-6 was the best effervescent tablet.
The good hardness of effervescent tablet are 4-8 kg, all
effervescent formula were categorized as good hardness [25].
The best hardness of was effervescent formula-1, this hardness
Formula-1 was the lowest concentration of mangosteen peel
extract further produced hard effervescent.
The faster of dispertion time was effervescent formula-6,
this result was affected by concentration of mangosteen peel
extract, the highest concentration of aqueous peel extract
would accelerate dispertion time. Mangosteen extract using
aquadest as solvent led mangosteen extract would be
dispersed easily in water, this result was consistent with
previous research that effervescent reaction is only started if
the materials come into contact with water one possibility is
to use such solvents as a granulation fluid [13]. The dispertion
time of all effervescent formula were fast, this result were
affected ingridient of effervescent. This formula using citric
acid and sodium bicarbonate is as follows :
3NaHCO3 (aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) 3H2O(aq) +CO2(g) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
The tablet is quickly broken apart by internal liberation of
CO2 in water due tointeraction between citric acid with alkali
bicarbonates in presence of water [11], [12].
The fastest flow time of effervescent tablets was formula-
2, the flow time of mixture of effervescent ingridient was
determined by size and homogeneity of effervescent
component.
Quality test
Hardness Flow time
(kg) (second)
6.50± 0.33d 6.32±0.09 f
5.10±0.16 bc 4.15±0.03 a
4.91±0.30b 4.32±0.03 c
4.87±0.19b 4.43±0.03 d
4.50±0.15a 4.25±0.03 b
5.30±0.32c 4.58±0.03 e
on the data that formula-1 was the highest value 3.30 as
delight category. The delight value of effervescent tablets
among formula was formula-5 with score 3.75. An overall
sensory assay showed that formula-5 was the best with delight
category.
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 82 2013

TABLE III
EFFECT VARIOUS DOSE OF MANGOSTEEN PEEL EXTRACT TOWARDS SENSORY QUALITY OF EFFERVESCENT TABLET
Effervescent tablet Sensory test
Formula Smell Colour Taste Delight
Formula-1 2.60±0.82 a 3.30±0.80 a 2.15±0.59 a 2.45±0.69 a
Formula-2 3.00±0.79 a 3.25±0.72 a 3.15±0.81 b 3.05±0.69 b
a a b
Formula-3 2.80±0.77 3.10±1.02 2.90±1.02 3.05±0.76 b
a a a
Formula-4 2.55±0.69 2.65±01.27 1.85±0.59 2.30±0.66 a
Formula-5 3.10±1.02 a 3.20±1.06 a 3.70±0.86 c 3.75±1.02 c
Formula-6 2.95±0.76 a 3.00±0.92 a 2.90±0.85 b 3.05±0.83 b
The data expressed mean and standard deviation. The same small letters at the same column show no significant at the 5 % (Duncan’s Posthoc test)

Total phenolic content of mangosteen peel extract and six including garcinone-C, garcinone-D, α-mangostin and γ-
formula of effervescent tablet can be seen using standard mangostin, this result was validated with previous reserach
Garcinone-D, Garcinone-C, α-mangostin, γ-mangostinat Table that mangosteen peel extract using High performance liquid
IV. chromatography (HPLC) method contained xathones such
Based on Table IV, showed that mangosteen peel extract garcinone-C, garcinone-D, α-mangostin and γ-mangostin. All
contained garcinone-C, garcinone-D, α-mangostin and γ- effervescent formula decreased total phenolic compound
mangostin. All effervescent formula contained garcinone-D moreover it didn’t contain garcinone-D, α-mangostin and γ-
but had no garcinone-C, α-mangostin, γ-mangostin content. mangostin, this research results were affected a little part of
The highest garcinone-D content was effervescent formula-6. extract concentration in effervescent. The process to produce
Effervescent tablet process decreased total phenolic content. effervescent tablet would reduce the phenolic content.
Mangosteen peel extract contained xanthones standard
TABLE IV
TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUND OF MANGOSTEEN PEEL EXTRACT AND EFFERVESCENT TABLET (µG/MG)
Garcinone D Garcinone C α-mangostin γ-mangostin
Sample
(μg/mg) (μg/mg) (μg/mg) (μg/mg)
Mangosteen peel extract 401.33 301.33 44.67 325.33
Formula-1 54.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Formula-2 36.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Formula-3 65.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
Formula-4 57.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
Formula-5 50.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Formula-6 84.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity of Antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity of
mangosteen extract and six formula of effervescent tablet can mangosteen extract and six formula of effervescent tablet can
be seen at Table V and Fig.1. be seen at Table V and Fig. 1.
Based on Table V and Fig. 1., showed that the highest
antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity was
mangosteen extract, all formula of effervescent tablet were
lower than mangosteen extract. The highest antioxidant
activity among effervescent formula were formual-4 followed
by formula-3. The antioxidant activity was concentration
depended-manner, the higher concentration ould increase the
antioxidant activity. Effervescent tablet decreased antioxidant
activity. Mangosteen peel extract had high antioxidant
activity, this data was validated with previous study that
mangosteen peel extract and its xanthones contribute on
antioxidant potency [26], mangosteen juice has antioxidant
activity by total antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging and
ion chelating assays [27]. High polyphenols and high
flavonoid contribute on high antioxidant activity [21]. The
producing process of effervescent decreased DPPH
scavenging activity, this data was affected by a little part of
mangosteen peel extract in effervescent formula lead
decreasing DPPH scavenging activity

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 82 2013

TABLE V
DPPH SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF MANGOSTEEN EXTRACT AND SIX FORMULA OF EFFERVESCENT TABLET WERE MEASURED
TRIPLICATE FOR EACH SAMPLE
Samples
Cocen tration
Aqueous Effervescent Effervescent Effervescent Effervescent Effervescent Effervescent
(µg/ml)
extract Formula-1 Formula-2 Formula-3 Formula-4 Formula-5 Formula-6
100 90.22±2.18 20.67±1.32 25.11±2.23 29.11±5.63 32.42±2.83 16.78±0.79 14.29±1.36
eF d BC d CD c DE dE f AB eA
91.30±1.09 19.62±1.68 23.41±1.10 28.90±5.53 25.17±1.36 14.29±2.97 12.02±6.32
50
eE d BC d CD cD c CD e AB eA
92.57±1.57 18.78±0.37 19.41±1.32 27.22±2.54 25.40±1.04 10.66±2.08 10.66±2.39
25
eD cd B cB c C cC de A de A
73.55±4.08 16.46±0.64 19.20±1.60 27.00±0.37 24.72±3.49 10.88±0.68 7.03±2.08
12.5
dD bc B cB cC cC de A cd A
38.05±2.49 16.46±0.00 17.93±1.59 26.37±2.63 24.26±0.79 8.39±2.39 6.80±2.45
6.25
cD bc B cB cC cC cd A cd A
36.78±0.32 15.40±1.32 17.93±1.46 14.56±8.86 23.81±3.12 7.93±2.08 6.12±0.68
3.125
cD ab B c BC bB cC cd A cd A
7.43±1.13 14.98±0.97 17.51±0.36 10.34±3.49 14.06±3.22 6.57±2.75 4.76±2.04
1.563
b AB ab CD cD b BC b CD bc AB bc A
4.35±1.96 14.56±1.68 14.56±2.28 8.65±1,83 12.47±1.72 6.12±2.45 2.04±2.45
0.781
b AB ab D bD bC ab D bc AB bc A
-1.99±1.13 14.77±3.12 14.56±1.2 6.96±1.10 10.43±2.75 3.17±1.04 1.13±0.79
0.391
aA ab E bE bC ab D bB b AB
-4.53±0.31 13.50±1.32 8.56±1.93 -0.63±0.64 8..39±2.08 2.04±2.45 -6.80±1.18
0.19
aA aD aC aB aC aB aA

Data are presented mean and standard deviation. The same significant at the 5 % (Duncan’s Post Hoc test) Antioxidant
small letters at the same column (concentrations) and capital activity using SOD activity of mangosteen extract and six
letters at the same row (among effervescent formula) show no formula of effervescent tablet can be seen at Table VI.

Effect concentrtions toward DPPH scavenging activity

100.00
Mangosteen
extract
80.00
DPPH scavening activity (%)

Formula-1
60.00
Formula-2
40.00
Formula-3
20.00
Formula-5
0.00
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Formula-6
‐20.00
Concentration (μg/ml)

Fig. 1 DPPH scavenging activity of mangosteen peel extract and six formula of effervescent tablet diluted inmethanol to 100, 50, 25, 12.5,
6.25, 3.125, 1.563, 0.781, 0.391, and 0.195 μg/ml

TABLE VI
SOD ACTIVITY OF MANGOSTEEN EXTRACT AND SIX FORMULA OF EFFERVESCENT TABLET (U/ML) (LINEAR EQUATION, COEFFICIENT OF REGRESSION (R2) OF
SOD STANDARD AND SOD ACTIVITY OF SAMPLES WERE CALCULATED)
Concentrations (µg/ml)
Samples
500 250
Mangosteen peel extract 0.52±0.03 a 0.64±0.25 a
Formula-1 2.60±0.33 bc 2.67±0.29 c
Formula-2 2.52±0.21 bc 2.46±0.22 bc
Formula-3 2.39±0.18 bc 2.41±0.30 bc
bc
Formula-4 2.31±0.47 2.16±0.28 bc
Formula-5 2.10±0.22 bc 2.24±0.82 bc
Formula-6 2.23±0.27 bc 2.20±0.24 bc
Data presented mean and standard deviation. Different letters are significant at the 5 % (Duncan’s Post Hoc test)

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 82 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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