‘Test 110) 1. Suppose that P and @ are true statements and R and S| are false statements. Which of the following are given a ‘truth value of TRUE? (a) Ro P. (b) (Por R) and S (0) Q4(P 4-8) (@) “(Ror Q) os 2. You are given the following information: (a) If Als P, Cis not R (b) IfBis Por R, AisQ. (0) Ais Q or R, Bis P. Determine the correspondence between the symbols (A,B,C) and the symbols (P,Q, R) 3. Find the flaw in the following false proof, and give a counter-example to the claim Claim. Suppase is a relation on A. If R is symmetric and transitive, then R is reflexive False Proof. Let x be an arbitrary element of A. QD syanmettic, it lows that yi wen since 2Ry and yRex, we conclude by transitivity that ez. Since x was arbitrary, we have shown that Vr € A (rRx), 0 R is reflexive. 4, Let R be an equivalence relation on the set A. For an clement a € A, let [a] denote the set {b ¢ A: Rb}. This sot is the equivalence class of a under R and we call a a representative of the set (a) Prove that the sets [a] for all a € A constitute a partition of A. In other words, prove that for every a,b € A, either [al = (8) oF (a) 0 = 0. Consider the proposition R = “For all x € S, P(x) implies Q(x).” For each statement below: © IER implies that statement, then circle =. ¢ IER is implied by that statement, then circle <= ‘Thus, you might circle zero, one or two arrows next to each statement. (Circle only implications that hold for all sets § and all predicates P and Q.) > & Forallz€ S$, Q(x) implies P(e) > © Porall e€ S, Q(z) implies ~P(z). = © Forall re S, P(x) and Q(z). = & There does not exist an x € $ such that not(P(2) implies Q(z) > = Pigs fly. omic, Sets and Relations, Contact: econschoo} gmail.com 6. 7. 9%. 10. Let P and Q be mathematical statements. Use a truth table to show that +(P VQ) is logically equivalent to PAQ. Give the negation, contrapositive, and converse of the fol- Jowing statement avoiding the word ‘not’ in your final an- nine which statement is true (no proof “For all a,b € Z, if a® + 62 is odd, then a is even or b is A choice funetion for X is a funetion C : P(X) + P(X) such that for all A € P(X), C(A) CA where C(A) is nonempty whenever A is nonempty. Consider the follow- ing Axioms: Sen's a. Ifx € BC A and x € C(A), then x € O(B). Sen's 3. If zy €-C(A), AC Band y € C(B) then re C(B). WARP. (Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference) If and y are both in A and B and ifr € C(A) and y € C(B), then x € C(B) and y € C(A), (a) Suppose X = {a,b,c}. Consider the choice fune- tion with C({x}) = {x} ve € X, C({a,6}) = {a}, C({a,¢}) = {a}, C({b,e}) = {0}, and C(fa, 6,c}) {a,b}. Which of the above Sen's axioms does this ‘choice function violate? (b) Show that if a choice function is consistent with WARP, then itis also consistent with property a and property 9. (6) Show that property a is not equivalent to WARP by giving an example of a choice function that satisfies property a, but not the WARP. (@) Show that property 3 is not equivalent to WARP by giving an example of a choice function that satisfies property 8, but not the WARP. (©) Show that a choice function has both properties a and 3 if and only if it satisfies WARP. Consider a parameter of an economic model. The null hy- pothesis (Hp) is a statement about the parameter’s true value. A decision rule to accept of reject the null hypoth- sis is called a statistical test ‘Type I Error: ‘Type I Exror: Rejecting Ho when it is true. Accepting Ho when it is false. Consider an economet: ns preferences over Type I and ‘Type I Enror. Denote that probabilities of Type I and ‘Type II error (pi,p2). Suppose that (pi,p2) is weakly preferred to (yp) if ther pa < ph ot {px = ph and py < 14). Determine if this trician’s proference relat is complet, transitive, reflexive. Let a},02,..., dy be an arbitrary permutation of the mum- bers 1,2,...,7, where n isan odd number. Prove that the product, (ay ~ 1)(az ~2)--- (an ~n)‘Test 12] Note: Qs I- 11 are MCQs. 1. IA, B, C, D are statements such that if at least one of A and B is true then at least one of C and D must be true. Further, both A and C are false. Then (a) If Dis false then B is false (b) both B and D are false (0) both B and D are true (d) if D is true then Bis true 104 2 ag = OO” for n = 1,2,3,..., then the sequence {aq} (a) does not have a maximum (c) attains maximum at exactly two values of n (@) attains maximum for infinitely many values of + a0] 1 a twat otin[ 2s (b) lies between 50 and 98 (o) is 100 (@) is different from values specified in the foregoing statements 4. Let plz) be a continuous function which is positive for all rand {2 pla)dz =e J? p (24) dz, Then falc c= 1 (0) e= 1/4 (d) e=2 5. Let dysda,.. including 1 and n. Suppose di + dz + the value of dy be all the factors of a positive integer n +k = 72. Then (a) 8 2 3 =] ws B a2 owe, (@) cannot be computed. 6. Let [z] denote the largest integer less than or equal to 2 Then [ie + naz equals, "Contacts econschooligmal.com (a) None of these (ay +24)", 7. Consider the sequence ay = 245, nyt n> 1. Then the integer part of ayqo equals aap (b) 10 (o) 100 (@) 24 8. Lat ay = Wand ay = 20 and define ay 1 = ana ~ 2 for n> 1. The smallest k for which a, = 0 (a) does not exist, (b), is 200 (o) is 50 10, Ifthe sum, J2 is divided by 36, the remainder is (3 ) 6 (a) None of these 11. Consider the following two statements about a positive integer n and choose the correct option below 1. nisa perfect square. 2. The number of pasitive integer divisors of n is odd. (a) Land 2 are equivalent (b) 1 implies 2 but not conversely (9) 2 (a) neither statement iplies 1 but not conversely plies the otherTest 17) 1 Given A CR, let 14 be the function defined on by La(z) = 1 if € A, and Ig(z) = Oifa ¢ A With this notation, consider the infinite sequence of funo- tions fa, where u(r) = "ljpa/qi(2) (ee, mkiplied ty Ijpayn(a)) for all real minibers 2 and for each m 12,30. then (a) For every 2, the sequence of numbers (fy(2))%, has limit in B. () tims fn(2) does not exist (in R), for any 2 (©) When litny-sx fo(t) exists (in R), the actual lit depends on the 2 in question 2 = (2) 08 (0 8) for a bat a te set of unbers 2 2 Continuing with the sequence of functions above, we con sider the sequence of real numbers (Jf) >, (that is, the sequence of their integrals). This sequene® of integrals is (a) an increasing sequence (b) a decreasing sequence EBD. cons:a1t sequence (d) an oscillating sequence 3. For each positive integer a = 1,2,3,..., let Sq be the set of points lying on the curve y = (1/2*), for all positive real numbers 2. ‘Then the intersection of these sets over alla, (that is, AS, Sa) is (a) a set with infinitely man GED «et having a single point (6) aset having exactly 2 points points (a) « set having more than 2, but a finite number of points A. There are 3 items of choice, 2, y, and z, and Ms. A has 4 possible choice situations: in 3 of them, she is asked to choose one or more items from the 3 possible pairs of items {2,y}, {y.2}, and {2, =}. She chooses the items 2, 1, and 2, respectively, in these three situations. In the 4th situation she must choose ane or more items from the set {2,y,2}; we are not told directly what her choice Which of the following is correct? (a) Ms. A's choices violate the weak axiom of revealed preference. (b) Ms. A's choices are consistent with the weak axio of revealed preference. (6) We can’t say (a) oF (b) because we don't know her choice from the set (2, y=] (€) We can't say (a) of (b), even though we can deduce her choice from the set {2, ys) "Contact: amit kr govaldgmall.com 5. Three cards, say I, IL, IIL, are lying on a table (see Figure below). A number or a letter is printed on each side of every card. Consider the statement If an even number is printed on one side of a card, then the letter A is printed on the other side. B 2 A 1 1 1 Which cards would one have to tum over to check the truth ofthe statemont? (o) Hand U () Manat (©) Tand (@) 1, Wand 10 6. Which ne ofthe follow (af timate tat Tings Yo Oxia (b) 1 Biya tate lnny se Yn GD be ee and ia ezn exist thon Tig oa exis (d) If lim,soc tn + Yn exists ther Tim, sac Un exist staten and nts is true? lity stn exist then exists then lim, stn and img ty and 7. About the dolls in a shop a customer said “It is not that some dolls have neither black hair nor blue eyes" ‘The customer means that (@) some dolls have both black hair and blue eyes. (b) all dolls have both black hair and blue eyes. (6) some dolls have either black hair or blue eyes. (@) all dolls have either black hair or blue eves. 8. Consider an array of m rows and n columns obtained by arranging the first mn non-nogative integers in some order. Let 8, be the maximum of the mumbers in the i-th row and be the minimum of the numbers in the j-th column. If then which of the following statements are necessarily true? 9, Let f bea fanetion from a set X to X such that f(f(2)) = # for all x € X, then10, ML. 2 13, Mw 16. 1. (a) J is oneto-one but need not be onto (0) fis onto but need not be one-to-one (@) none of the foregoing statements is necessarily true ‘The average of scores of 10 students in a test is 25. The lowest score is 20. ‘Then, the highest score is at most (a) 100 (6) 30 (©) 7 @% vt F\ (a1+4) Let A= {1,1/2,1/3, it bounded? Whieh is larger: x ore? EY Find the supremum, inf s/n, } U {0}. Is A closed? Is (x Suppose AC R?, and let B CR be defined by 2 € [0, x] : sin > 1/2} B= {ER :(2,y) €A for some yeR} Prove, or provide a counterexample to, the statement: “If Ais a closed set in R?, then B is a closed set in R” For each set $ below, d and determine sup $ and inf S. e whether S is bounded, (a) S=(reR: 2? < 52} (b) $= {eeR: 22? < a5 a} (-) $={2eR:d2* > 2" +2} Consider a rational preference relation = on X C R? ic. it is reflexive, transitive and complete. This relation is sald to be weakly monotonic if (21 > 2A m1 > ya) ime plies that (21.1) (raya). It is strongly monotonic (cy > taht S ye A (eu) A (easy) implies (21,41) > (22,42). It is monotonic if (x1 > 22 Ayn > ya) implies (21,3n) > (22,2). Monotonicity is a natural as sumption for the consumer preference relation, embody the presumption that “more is better.” It implies that the consumer is never fully satisfied or sated. is a wealer assumption on preferences. A best element (2*,y") in aset X weakly ordered by a preference relation is called a bliss point. ((2°,y") € X is a best element (4°) E (x,y) for every (x,y) € X.) Typically the set X has no best element, in which ease we say that the preference relation = is nonsatiated. A stronger assump- tion, which relies on the geometric structure of X, is often 20. imposed in practice. A preference relation i locally non- satiated if given any element (x,y) € X and neighborhood S around (x,y), there always exists some neighboring ele- ment (2/,y’) € § that is preferred, that is, (2/,y/) > (¢,) Show the following: (a) Strong monotonicity ~> weak monotonicity. (b) Strong monotonicity + local nousatiation. (€) Monotonicity + local nonsatiation (@) Local nonsatiation > nonsatiation. (c) Show that if preference relation satisfy local nonsa- tiation then the consumer will spend all her income, so every optimal choice lies on the boundary of the budget set Another desirable property of a preference relation is eon- nity. A preference relation = on a commodity space is continuous if, whenever (x, 0) > (21,41), neighbor ing points of (0,09) are also preferred to (21,11). More formally, a preference relation = on a metric space X is continuous if, whenever (ro, yo) > (#1, 1)> there ex: ist neighborhoods N(z0,yo)) and N’((¢1.u1)) of (20; wo) and (x1,yi) such that (x,y) > (2',y') for every (x,y) € N((zo,m)) and (x’,¥) © N((r1,y1)) « In effect, ~ is con ‘tinuons provided that small changes in x and y do not lead toa reversal of preference. Show that the lexicographic or dering lexicographic ordering on RZ. is not continuous. 11 > 22 or ). We define the sequence of functions f,, on the interval [0,2] by nr if € [0,1/n] Sala) = 4 2n—nPx if-x € [I/n,2/n] 0 otherwise (a) Draw the graph of fy. What is [ * lade? (b) Show that i Ja(2) = 0 for all 2 € (0,2 Imagine a society consisting of a finite number n of indi- Viduals, each of whom has a rational preference relation Ry defined over the set of alternatives A consisting of fintely’ many elements, Le. [A] =m < oo. Recall that a pref erence relation is rational if it is complete, transitive and reflexive. Let P; be the corresponding strict preference relation. Define a social preference relation = as hy [vi Rix) A (Bi: yP.x)) (a) Show that © is reflexive and complete. (b) Show that 2 is quas (0) Show that © may -transitive. not be transitiveTest 144) 1. Let R and S be transitive relations on a set, A. Consider the following relations © Ax {y € Al(z,y) € S for some x € A} * Rus How many of the above throe relations are necessarily transitive? (a) One (b) Two (©) Three (a) None 2. The relation R defined on the set N of natural numbers by Ry ¢ 22? — Bey + y? = 0 is: (2) symmetric but not reflexive (0) only symmetric (6) not symmetric but reflexive (@) transitive & Let f(c) = max{x? + ys 2 > Oy > 0,22 + y =e}. For > 0, the derivative of fat es (a) ¢ 0 (2 - @) 26 4. Let {aq} be a sequence of real numbers. Then ext if and only if (6) im. aay andi any ex (b) im aay and im any ext (CORR saa seed alee (€) None of the above. 5. The mumber of time GEER intersects the a-axis (a) 0 (2 @s 6. Let A and B be bounded non-empty sets. Which of the following statements would be equivalent to saying that (A) < inf(B)? © For every 6 in B and € > 0 there exists ana in A uch that a 0 such that every element of A is, Jess than L — (A) @ 0, there exists an a in A such that L—e Z, where R is the set of all real numbers and Z is the set of all integers. A(z) = [2] where [r] is the smallest integer that is larger than 2. Now, define a new function as follows. For any 2 € R, ale) = |f(e)] — f(j2|), where [2] gives the absolute value ‘of, What is the range of g? () (0. ) 1a) (© (1.0.1) @ (1.0) 3. The value of tims. 8h i (®t ») 4 @o (a) None of the above A. Let f: R +R be a function such that f(x) = 2 if2 <2 and f(x) = a? ~ 3a if x > 2, where a is a positive integer. Which of the following is true? (a) f is continuous everywhere for some value of a (b) f is not con (0) fis differentiable at x = 2 (d) None of the above 5. For what value of a does the equation (r—1)(2?7—7r+a) O have exactly two unique roots? (a) 6 (b) 10 (QQ 2 (a) None of the above 6. What is the value of the following infinite series? (a) log.2 "Contacts econschoolgmailcom 8 © (b) log, 20g, 3 (©) log, 6 (@) og. 5 Let f(z) a¢-lis (1 (b) x (2 @: Lot n be a positive integer and 0 0. Then the equation f(2) = g(x) has (a) to solutions (b) all points in (0,1] as solutions (0) at least one solution (a) mone of the above Let f be an onto and differentiable function defined on (0,1) to (0,7), such that f(0) = 0. Which of the following statements is necessarily t (a) s'(2) is greater than or equal to T for all x. (b) (2) is smaller than T for all z. (c) f'(x) is greater than or equal to T for some wx. (d) f(z) is smaller than T for some 2. ‘The number of continuous fimetions f : [=1,1] -» R such that (f(2))? = 22 for all x € [-1,1] is (a) 4 2 1 (@) infinitely many Define the function f:R-R by Ja) = {°: 2°, if'x is irrational if x is rational ‘Then only one of the following statements is true. Which, one is it (a) fis differentiable at 2 = 0 but not continuous at any other point (b) f is not continuous anywhere (6) fis continuous but not differentiable at x = 0.(4) none of the foreg 43, The fmetion 22 is (a) discontinuous at 2 = 0 (b) continuous but not differentiable at 2 = 0 (0) differentiable at x =0 (2) contimous everywhere but not differentiable any. where 1. Give examples of the following: (a) A continous function f : $+ R, where $ is a closed subset of R, that attains neither a maximum nor a minimum on S: A continuous function f : $+ R, where 5 is a closed and unbounded subset of R, that attains both a max- imum and a minimum on S; ion f : S + B, where Sis a bounded subset of R, that attains neither a maxi- ) (© @ us funetion f : $+ R, where Sis a bounded but not closed subset of R, that attains both maximum and a minimum on S: (©) A discontimous fimetion f : $+ R, where S is a closed and bounded subsot of R, that attains neither A discontinuous funetion f : $+ R, where $ is, closed and bounded subset of R, that attains both a ‘maximum and @ minimum on S. ) 15, There are two commodities. We are given two budget sets Byosuo and By gx described, respectively, by p? = (1.1), wh sand pl = (11), w! 26. The observed choice at OP, w) is 2 = (4,4). At (Pw), we have a choice 2! sch that ph sx (a) Determine the region of permissible choices 2" if the choices 2” and 2! are consistent with maximization of preferences Determine the region of permissible choices 2" if the choices 2” and 2" are consistent with maximization of preferences that are quasilinear with respect to the {first good (b) Determine the region of permissible choices 2 if the choices 2” and 2" are consistent with maximization of preferences that are quasilinear with respect to the ‘second good. © (a) Determine the region of permissible choices 2! if the choices 2° and x are consistent with maximization of preferences for which both goods are normal. Determine the region of permissible choices 2 if the choices + and 2 are consistent with maximization of homothetie preferences. © (Hint: The ideal way to answer this exercise relies on (good) pictures as much as possible.) 16. 17 1B 1, », A teacher passes those students whose exam grade is not below average. Formally, let X be a finite set of at least 3 students, g : X — {0,1,...,100} the function that specifies each student’s exam grade, B the collection of nonempty subsets of X: For each B € B, the set of pass- ing students is a Ew} fen C(B) = {o« Br g(b)> (a) Show that for each grade function g and each Be B:C(B) 40. (b) Does the choice structure (B,C(:)), for each grade function 9, satisiy WARP? For any positive integer k, let Sz denote the sum of the infinite geometric progression whose first term is 2" and common ratio is }. ‘The value of the expression Dy Sk @e (0) 1+e (24 (a). Cotsider the optimization problem below: max ty subject to 2r-+y <4 —2+2y <8 Qe-ysld wy 2d ‘The value of the objective function at optimal solution of this optimization problem: (a) does not exist. (b) is 8. (©) is 10. (@) is unbounded, For a € (0,1) and f(z) = 2% + (1 — 2)" for all x € (0,1) ‘Then the maximun value of f is @ (b) greater than 2 (©) im (1,2) @2 Let G(x) = What is the value of lim, 9 derivative of G at X. (0 1 @e (a) None of the above {telat for all non-negative real number 2. f(x), where G'(2) is the‘Test 14) 10. uw 12 "Ca Let f:Rs4 + Rs+ be such that f(1) = 3 and f’(1) = 9, where Ry; is the positive part of the real line, ‘Then (45°) : sats Consider the finetion Jim, 4 VATE cayatend eM D dy S(e,t2) with the property that f(0,0) = 6 is homogeneous of degree 1 0, Show that the function Suppose that f :R R satisfies fim f(a +h) = f(z h) =0 for every x € R. Does this imply that f is continuous? Consider the sequence (2,) such that 2) = 1 and vneN 16. Show that the above sequence converges and evaluate its limit. Let f + (a,0] > [a,b] be a continuous funetion on (a, Prove that there exists some ¢ € (a, such that J() Hint: Use Intermediate Value Theorem Show that there exist a quasiconcave function, no mono- tonic transformation of which is concave. Assume that f and g are differentiable at a. Find (2) tim PEO) = 22) (a) = sa W. ©) Bm Suppose |f(z) - f(a)| < elx—a| for some cand all x. Is f necessarily continuous at a? Suppose | f(x) < g(x), where g(x) > 0 for x and g'(0) = (0) = 0. Is f necessarily differentiable at 0? If yes, find £0). Suppose that g is a bounded fanetion and that f(x) = (e~a)%4(2) for all x Is f differentiable at a? Let f(z) = ‘The value which should so that it is continuous be assigned to f(z) at x everywhere is? Let f(2) be a funetion satisfying |f(2)] <2? for —1 <2 < 1. Show that f is differentiable at x = 0 and find f'(2). "= econschool gmail.com 18. ‘A function f :R + R defined as: evs Sa) = {i Prove that the derivative of f at 0 is equal to 0. for 2>0 otherwise If x > y are positive integers such that 3x + 1y leaves fa remainder 2 when divided by 7 and 9r + 5y leaves a remainder 3 when divided by 7, then the remainder when 2r~y is divided by 7, equals? Given that the derivative f"(a) exists, State which of the following statements are true and which are false. reason for your decision in each case. / £0) = fla) () £0) = fn ne = tim LO He =h) 0) F(a) = Jim AOS . 04 2) —f0 (0) Foy jin 12429 =L0) : 02) — fla (a) Fe) jm S022 = Slee ‘The first term of an arithmetic progression is a and com- son difeence isd © (01) Suppowe the Ath term of thi oritetie progression equals the at ofthe ite tance rogenion whine iat tr aad canton tats ied. a> 2a pri mabe, thon which ofthe flowing is apse rae of (a) 0) © (a) Let RR be a function defined as follows: 1 F(z) = \2-1)+@-1) Which ofthe following is not true for $2 (a) f(x) = f(a’) for all x2" <1 () Se) = 241) for all 2 > 1 (c) fis not differentiable at 1 (d) The derivative of f at x = 2 is 2 “The value ofthe expression Ele Zur (@) 0) as 1 @‘Test 17] 1. True or False. Explain. If true provide a proof. If false, provide a counterexample. (a) A strictly concave function eannot be convex, but strictly quasi-concave function can be convex. (b) If X is a convex set and f : X + R is a strictly ‘quasi-concave funetion, then there is at most one 2" that maximizes f. (©) Alincarly homogeneous (homogencous of degree one) funetion is always a concave function. 2 Let C(q,w) denote the value of the cost minimization problem minzexs w+ subject to f(x) > q which has a solution (a, w) for each (9,1) € Ry, x R2.,.. Determine which of the following statements are true or false. If true, provide a proof. If false, provide a counterexample. (a) Cis a concave function of w. (b) Cis linearly homogeneous in w (©) If fis a concave function, then C is a convex function ofg. 3 Define the function f : R, + ® by f(z) max {x ~ V%,—}}. Which of the following is true? (a) f is concave but not convex (b) fis convex but not concave (0) fis both convex (a) Fis neither convex nor concave 4. Define the fimetion f : #2 > R by f(2,y) = |e — yl Which of the following is true? (a) J is quasiconcave but not quasiconvex. (b) Fis quasiconvex but not quasiconcave (0) J is both quasiconvex and quasiconcave (4) Fis neither quasiconves nor quasiconcave 5. Consider the functions f, : {a,1] +R, where a < 0, de fined by 1, ifz=0 fae {' ite 40 Which of the following statements is true? (9) fe is 0 convex function for all a <0. (b) fa is not a convex funetion for any a < 0. (©) fais a.convex fimetion for all a < 0 and is not convex fora =0. (@) fa is not a convex function for any a < 0 and is ‘convex for a = 0. 6. Ann xn chessboard is coloured in the following way: the (4) square (that is, the square on the ith row and jth column) is coloured white if (i+ j) is even and black if (+3) is odd. A coin placed on the (i,j) square can be noved to (i’,j') square if (i — i’)? + Gj")? is an even umber. "Contact: econschool gmail.com 10. a . Consider the utility fu (i) if a coin can be moved from one square to another, then the squares must be of the same colour. (i) For n even, it is passible for a coin to travel frou the square (1,1) to the square (1,n) by a sequence of Which of the following statements is true? (9) Both (i) and (ii) are true. (b) (is tue and (ji) is false. (6) (i) is false and (ii) is true, (@) Both (i) and (i) are false. . Prove the following results: (a) A function f is quasi-concave if h(x) = g(f(2)) is a concave function for some strictly inereasing funetion 4g from R to R. Let J be a non-decreasing, non-negative real-valued function defined on R’ (the nonnegative orthant in Euclidean n-space) and suppose that f is quast- concave and homogeneous of degree 1. Then f is a coneave function. (b) (6) Let f be a real-valued concave function defined on a convex set X in” and let g be an increasing concave function from the R to R. Let h(x) = 9(f(«))- Then (2) is a concave function. . Show that the following utility funetion is quasiconeave but not concave u(z,y) = (2-1) + [ay +4e@+y)]! ion: u(r,y) = rymaxtz,y}. Show these preferences are not quasi-concave. Find the demand eurves for these preferences. Define a function f : R?-+ R by f(ayy) = max{|e + ule} (a) Is the fanetio (b) Is the function quasiconvex? Is it quasiconcave? injective? Is the function surjective? The three curves in the figure below are the sets of points for which the value of the function f (of two variables, and y) is equal to 1, 2, and 4. Are these curves consistent or inconsistent with the function's being (2) quasiconeave? (b) concave?