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    Field evaluation of energy expenditure in women using Tritrac accelerometers KRISTIN L. CAMPBULL, PETER R.E. CROCKER, and DONALD C. MCKENZIE Schoo! of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. CANADA ausTancr CAMPBELL, Kt PRE CROCKER, wal D.C. MCKENZIL Hel eauacn of eny pein io momen wing Time seeirnens Med St Sos Bre VoL, gp 166-16, 20. Papeses To venne aTone meses ‘nent ney epee (BL) ata aes er ven ld sett, skrun wh pbs mbtetakomony Methods Tasty woes ag 20-2) perme a caret’ mine of we wing gin. il cabin wale Incest cng. dao cpa) whe wow 4 Tre KGD™ slam eno Ies Mtn ote one Ki prabe meu a (Cosme Rete, Bab) Rests: Cipins ve se nt Koes "Team, Tes remote he FF kc") of wig (148) and ping (175), when eee Be EP of acon 1), sean eyeing 279 aarmerprne (20) Wales on mine sate vest 11) Fi srs er nose frag = D568, P< ogee OU, P= DOS) andes F090 POU etn oe tne ‘pel rr = 0290(F > 005) 105 = 080 (P= 048 Te a da she Fa sped o ery vce sea oe at rms nes the sa of woe omic. Ted Io solic gone ‘ae genet Hetveen tated Tha valiant Kafr whi, ping and wang ve mace 005) Cocos We snared with pre mira calosmeny fe Tens eins tel wana rete, whet uno a asi Boie sty cyclamens ef such mtu oa ne el Ti an oy sprarie be he ype a sty fe ane ea oe ier foe Te omer Ee Ay pate ‘pes cys a yon alt apne the meee of LE ag te Tem he ll Key Word PHYSICA ACTIVITY. MOTION SENSORS, WOMEN'S HEALTH (6). However, quanitying fre-living dtily physical activity levels is challenging, which im tum makes it dificult to establish strong causal associations (2.22.26) ‘The measurement of physical activity in women Teveals several specific challenges, Mos assessment instruments measure exercise, sports, and physically active leisure 2c tivities, which may not be representative of the (ype of actvigy that most women engage in on a regular bass, ‘ccopational, hawehold, transportation, ad family activ ties are seldom assessed (1), Women are more ofen in volved in unstructured physical aetiviie, rather than orca ‘ized sports or conditioning activities, and these structured activities may be intermitont or simellancous Jmnature (19). Research has shown tat when these types of Activities are cluded in the measurement of physical se- tivity, the perceatage of women who meet the Ameria College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations for regular moderate-intensity physical activity increases from 41 to 875), Miselasification of physical activity may be especialy tre of minority women, midlife women (40-75 yf), and older wooen (75 yr) (19), The potential postive Pe sctivty improves physical and mental health 19s avon. 16er3000 MEDICINE & SCIENCE DY SPORTS & EXERCISE Copygh 2012 hy be Amen Collegeof Spots Mie Suteited fr pula Sly 200 Accepled fe pli My 290 1 10124901 sonansens oH028 {impact of physical activity on various aspects of women's heath scents promising. However, a valid and accurate measurement tool is requited to assess women’s activity levels Because population health research often requites large samples, questiconaiees are often te tool of choive assess physical activity, However, these instruments often rely on self-report or reporting in an interview setting, an individ Lal’ recollection of past behavior. These procedures require accurate recall of physical activity by the participant, or comroct interpretation of the recorded information by the ‘searcher or interviewer, and reliance the equations wed to convent reported and interpreted physieal activity into ‘energy expenditue or other indiostors of physical activity (16). Surveys and questionnaires also tend to foeus on vigorous activity and are less accurate at assessing light ‘moderate setvities (4), Given these limitations, other mea surement tools fave been developed and assessed. for vali Doubly labeled water PH,"0] (DLW) is currently viewed! as the gold standard forthe measurement of physical sctivity ia field setng and in the vatidation of ether field methods. However, its an expensive method and does not allow forthe evaluation of duration or intensity of activities, ‘but rather supplies an overall picture of eneray expenditure ‘over the test period, Comparisons of DLW with other field methods for asessing. physical activity, namely activity ‘questionnaires, heart rate monitoring, and motion sensors, have been undertaken (10,12,15,17,18,27,28). A review of the erature found that a wiaxal accelerometer showed the best results, with the sungesteomelaton (¢ = O30, P = 6.001) to DLW (10). Indirect calorimetry also allows for real-time measurement of physical activity, but adds che imeasions of duration ain Satensity, and allows for the short-term measurement of energy expenditire and fusl ston (24). However, this technique has been limite stl to the Laboratory setting unl the receat introduction ‘of portable indirect metabolic cats. De soe accuracy and precision of indirect calorimetry, the advent ofthis portable technology hus opened up many avenues fer exploration of ‘energy expenditure in less contrived settings. Portable ich rect calorimetry has been used (0 assess physical activity in the field setting and also (0 validate other measurement tools, sue at motion sensors (5,14,29.30). However, the appearance ofthe apparatus, the expense of the equipment, and technical knowledge require for supervision of is use, lit the use of portable indirect calorimetry for tue felt settings of for its se in large populations ‘The strengths of accelerometers, as mesarement tol are the ability to secord movement i it occurs un the small Size of the unit From the raw data, equations have. bee veloped to allow for an estimation of energy expenditure However, the ability of accelerometers accurately mes sure physical aetvity remains in question, It has heen sug- ested that tran accelerometers underestimate tot a ‘ogy exporbiture for light intensity and redentary activities ‘compared with whale-room indizeet calorimetry (11). How ‘exer, the potential of such a tecimology that can be sed in the field without disrupting normal activites, and that is telatively affordable, makes i worthy of investigation ‘This investigation examined the ability of a triaxial a: celerimeter, namely the Tatra R3IY™ {Titre 0 mea sure energy expenditure (EE) in the field setting, by eom: ‘pang it with portable metabolic ealosimetry. Uo recently Title was known about how well accelerometers could anew sure such activity, especially activities across a range of Intensities, resistance, and during different uppee- and low erbody movements. The activities sed in this investigation ‘were chosen based am thes prevalence in everyday life uch as walking, jogging, and upper body activity? and on by: pothesizes of how well the accelerometer would measure the activity (.e, star climbing, walking on an incline, and stationary cycling). This investigation examined the ability Of the Teirae to measure BE of daly asks as well as to identity some potential Limitations of using an accelerame- ter, in order to forher our undestanding of the apprupe ateness of accelecometec use for estimating free-living en ergy expenditure in women METHODS Participants. Twenty women (age = 24.2 © 2.7 yn, weight 60.7 * 6.0 kg, height 168.6 * 48 em, BMT 21.3 = U7) volunteered to pustcipate in the investigation. after being ecmuted from the university and sucoxndling com: ‘munity, All participaats read and signed an informed con seat form, with opproval of Health Reseach Fihics Board of 1668 Ofc! Jura ol tha Ariens Colage of Sots Make the Universi of British Columbia, n conformance with the policy staterient of the American College of Sports Met cine. The participants also completed a physical wtvi readiness questionntire (PARQ), the results of whish did nat exclade any patiipants. AU participants were healthy, onemoking. and ative. Questions of cutent weight stabi iay and phase of menstral cycle were aot included im the analysis. Time of day of testing varied according to part ‘pant svaiabitity, and fasting and specific hydration status were not required, Procedure, Before testing. height and weight were smeasued (in light (shirt and short, without shoes) Each participant then performed a choreographed rowtine of ac Tivikes designed t simulale activities of daily living of ‘varying imtesity, resistance, or predominant limb of move- ‘meat, Participants completed $-min bouts of walking, jog- ing, siairelnbing, walking on an incline, stationary y= ‘ling, and arm ergometry at self-selected speeds. Walking and jogging were performed on a. 40M-m track with an asphalt surface. Staic climbing required climbiog and de- sconding a fight of 17 sits, without the ase of a ring. he incline was a 12 slope, measering 32-m long, and the puticipunts ascended and descended fr the specified tiene Incr. Stationary cycling (Excaltus, Groninges, The Netherlands} was competed io te Laboratory at SD W. The apparatus was sized to the participant before satiny the entre protocol, Arm ergometry (Morark Rehab Trainer Model 881, Varherg, Sweden) vas completed while siting, with ao existance, and participants were strates 1 Keep ‘heic arms moving but w not use excessive power. The foal time required ranged from 39:40 49 42:20, with he vacation elated fo tie spent walking between specified stv Ambient temperaare varied for outside setvities 0.05), except for walking on an incline P< 0.05), and tol BE for the entre routine (P= (0.05). The Tritac overestimated the FE {as measured by the Kab’) for walking, and jogging. and underestimated ste climbing stationary eyeing. and arm exsomeny ‘The Bland-Altman tchmigue (7) 98 vse 0 show agree iment between the measures (see Fig. 1. The plot for mest activities illustrates the discrepancy between the to mea sures of BE, with the plots for walking on an incline and total routine showing the best results Intraclass correlation coefficients (6) between the swe measures of BE are shown in Table 2."The strongest rla- tionships betscen the Kab? and Tritrac were seen for Jom ing, Saki, and star climbing. Simple lines regression using the raw Tritrae dats and subject characteisies was used to coablsh regression equatias which estimated EE as measured bythe Kab (see ‘Table 3). Toavaluate the stionges preicioes of BE tor ea:h tivity (as compired with the EE ax evaluated by the Kab), forward stepwise mul¥ple regressions were conducted using the individual Titra components. Tis revealed atleast one Statistically signiticam predictor of EE foreach atvity. For walking, 28% of the variance in EB was explained by the y-plane counts. Height andthe X- and y-planes were sigait: ‘cant predictors for EE during jogging (ie 19.28, and 17%, respectively), Height accounted for 43% of the BE dusing Suir climbing, and weight accounted for 25% of the vai ‘ince in EE during incline walking. For eyeling the zplane andthe x plane accounted for 38 and L1%, respectively, of ‘he variance in EB, During arm ergomety. the x plane and age accounted for $8 and 12%, rexpectvely of the variance in EE. ‘When raw x,y, 7 scores foreach activity were entered into the Chen and Sun (11) nonlinear mode! for enerey expenditire: ac) = aX x HAP +08 VIR and converted fiom Kinin! w Keakmin "the adjusted ‘Tite score underestimated the EE of all acts, except walking, when compared with the Ka portable metabolic cart soe Table in brackets), However, the estimate of EE fof walking was improved over the orginal Tritrac estate (aajused mean difference = =1.14, P< 0.05), bu this was 1670 fsa Jourat of he Amencan Colageo Spars Mase iil significanay ferent from zero, The estimate of FE ‘was also improved for jogging (adjosted mesn ditfereace 0126, P > 0.05) and watking on the ieline (adjusted mean Alifereace = 0.31, P > 005) and both were 90 siete ‘cantly different from ero. Itrclass corelation values were Similar for walking (= 0.562, P = 0.05) bat were lower ‘hun those Found with the original Tite values for al other ‘tvs ad the total routine. Bland-Altman plos (7) sere hat done forthe Kab! and the ajustedTritra values de 10 the similar pare ofthe results for most setvies, DISCUSSION ‘Thisinvestigationis one of the few stadies to compre the ‘continuous EE fora routine of different ife-syle hse field activities, and in doing $0 evalvated the appropriateness of using the Trae aocelerometerc record the BE of vay of Physical ative in women, a commared with potable ind rect calornety, The sven of portable indiext calorimetry has allowed for measurement of more realistic simultions oF ‘everyday activities. From our findings the Trirae overes ‘mate fo sme ais and underestimated BE for tes, when compared with poaable nee calorimetry, This woul! suggest that dere a discrepaney in the way the Tiiuae measures specific activities. Akhough a specific ear ia dhe ‘equation used in the conversion of the ra counts to energy ‘expondiure would supgest a consistent err, the dilerence ‘vais with octivity. This makes the use of accelerometers to measure a variety of activites more challenging. The ein issues are the ype of activity. the planes of movement in volved, the inability ofthe Thitac to restr energy expendi ture of actives thot requ litle or no moverteni, and the ‘equations use bythe Tira to calculate energy expert I has been suggested that Trtrac underestimates tos ‘energy expenditure for light intensity and sedentary activi ties compared with whole-roum indirect calorimetry (11). ‘Our findings are consistent with the Itersture, with the ‘Tritec greatly underestimating the energy expeadiiure re corded by the Kilby for nonweigh-baring activites (arm fergometcy and stationary cycling). Matthews and Freedson (20) found that, compared with a3-

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