Abbreviations & Acronyms PDF

accessibility
There is currently no way tag either abbreviations or acronyms in InDesign.

Having spent an entire day entering expansion text for the phrase "Title IX" in Acrobat
because I couldn't properly prep the document in InDesign, I'm now dreading and future
revisions.

Please beef up the accessibility options in InDesign, including the ability to tag both
abbreviations and acronyms.

Similar to Alt-Text, Expansion text is an attribute on a <Span> tag that indicates to

screen readers how to voice the abbreviation/acronym.

Examples:

MoMA = "mo mah", the Museum of Modern Art in NYC

USDA = U S D A, the US Department of Agriculture, not "uzdah"

St. Louis = "saint louis", not "street Louis."

Louis St = Louis Street.

1600 PA Ave NW = "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest", not 1600 pah aave nwah

It would be very helpful to be able to have an option the character style definition to
automatically add expansion text to a word or acronym.

Example: the character style could have a field Expansion Text that the designer could
select and fill in. Then, whenever the character style was used, the PDF would have the
expansion text built into it for that text.

Add an alt text in Adobe InDesign

1. Click on the image.
2. Select “Object” → “Object Export Options”.
3. The “Alternative text” tab is displayed.
4. Select the option “Custom” in the dropdown “Alt Text Source” if you have not
already stored the alt text in an XML structure or in metadata of the image.

Note: If multiple images need to be edited, you can leave the “Object Export Options”
window open and click from one to another image. The contents of the “Object Export
Options” window will change depending on which image is clicked.
The alt text is added to a <Figure> tag. Therefore the points in “Defining PDF tags in
InDesign” must be observed.

Add an alt text in Adobe InDesign with MadeToTag

Using the MadeToTag plugin, you can view all the images in one window and give
them an alt text. Click on “Show overview” in task 3 called “Alternative text”.

In addition, an overview of all metadata and alt texts can be generated in a new
InDesign document.

Add an alt text in Adobe Acrobat

As it is generally the case for tagging documents, the process of adding alt texts is better
done in the source document. The reason for this is that all work in Acrobat must be
repeated when the PDF is created again.

The following solutions assume that the images have already been tagged. If you need
more information about this, have a look at the following articles:

 Defining PDF tags in Word

 Defining PDF tags in InDesign
 Create and modify PDF tags in Acrobat

Solution 1

1. Open the navigation pane “Tags”.

2. Navigate to the affected <Figure> tag.
3. Right click on this tag and select “Properties”.
4. Add the alt text in the tab “Tag” and the column “Alternate text”.

Solution 2

1. Click on “Reading Order” within the “Accessibility” tools.

2. A new window “Reading Order” opens and the contents are displayed in
different grey areas.
3. Right-click on the grey area in which your image is located.
4. Select “Edit Alternate Text” and write your alt text into the newly opened
“Alternate Text” window.

Defining PDF tags in InDesign

written by Stefan Brechbühl
last updated on 12/20/2019

In InDesign you can define heading tags manually through the paragraph style settings.
For tables, lists and footnotes you’ll automatically get the appropriate tags if you use the
available tools correctly.
Export tags
One of the key structure elements are nested multi-level headings, see also “Structure
with the help of multi-level headings”. For setting the export tag for each paragraph
style,

1. right click on the paragraph style you want to change and choose “Edit”;
2. open the last section called “Export Tagging”;
3. and choose the appropriate tag in the last dropdown field, labeled as “PDF” →
“Tag”.

You’re able to assign any heading tag to a paragraph style. There is also the possibility
to select “Artifact” if the text has not relevant information, read more about this in
“Defining artifacts in InDesign”.

Set all tags at once

In the flyout menu on the top right of the panel “Paragraph Styles” you’ll find the
command “Edit all export tags”. In the opening window you need to change to “PDF”.
After that you’re able to adjust the export tags all at once.

Tables, lists and footnotes

For creating tables use the menu item “Table” and don’t cheat by just using tabulators.
This wouldn’t semantically be correct and causes issues with the logical reading order.
Inside the table options you can choose how many header and footer rows the table
should have.

You need to create lists the right way as well. You mustn’t only type a hyphen sign or
number to create a list. Within the paragraph style options you’re able to create a correct
numbered or unordered lists.

Correct footnotes or endnotes can be added within the menu item “Type”.

Export
As soon as your document is ready, there is an important export setting you need to
check. The option “Create Tagged PDF” has to be activated. You’ll find it either you
choose the format “Adobe PDF (Print)”
or “Adobe PDF (Interactive)”.
If your document is interactive and includes hyperlinks or form fields you have to
choose “Adobe PDF (Interactive)” and check the option “Use Structure for Tab Order”
as well.

Role mapping of tags

You’ll realise that the document has been tagged by looking into the ”Tags” navigation
pane. However, the tags are named by the paragraph style and not by the export tag you
chose in InDesign.

So, why the extra work? InDesign has assigned the correct tags with the help of the role
mapping. In the article “General working with PDF tags in Acrobat” you can learn more
about this role mapping.

Defining logical reading order in

InDesign
written by Stefan Brechbühl
last updated on 12/6/2020
PDF tags are not only needed to give content a semantic meaning, but also to determine
the logical reading order. In InDesign, the order of the tags can be defined so that the
logical reading order is already correct for the generated PDF.

What does logical reading order mean? Find out more in the glossary.

Articles panel
In order to define the logical reading order already in InDesign, the “Articles” panel is
required. All relevant content must be packed into an article.

1. Select a text frame (or another object) first.

2. If no articles exist yet, a new article can be created directly with the selected
object. Click on the small page symbol in the bottom right corner of the panel.
Then you will be asked to give the article a name. The best is to use one
descriptive word.
3. If an article already exists, it can be added to an article by clicking on the plus
symbol in the bottom right corner of the panel.

Before the document can be exported, the option “Use for reading order in Tagged
PDF” must be activated in the Articles panel options.

Later adjustments

If an object has to be moved, this can be done simply by “Drag&Drop”. Click and drag
an object to the correct position in the same or another article.

Threading text
If text frames are linked together, the text flows dynamically from one frame to the
next. This is not only practical, but also makes sense from a technical point of view.
They are tagged in a common container.

In the “Articles” panel, linked text frames are treated as one object. If you add the first
text frame, all threading text are included and follow the defined order.

More about threading text you can read in Adobe’s online manual.

Anchored objects

Images or other objects can also be integrated into an article in order to tag them in the
correct order.

In order to place an image at a certain position in the logical order, it usually has to be
anchored within a text frame. If this is done, the image can be considered as part of the
text frame. It no longer appears separately in the “Articles” panel.

To anchor an object, click on the filled, small square in the frame at the top edge. Keep
the mouse button pressed and move the pointer to the desired position within a text
frame and release it.

More about anchored objects you can read in Adobe’s online manual.

Since images are non-text content, an alternative text must be provided if they are
relevant to the content. If they are not relevant, they do not belong in an article. For
further information, see also alt text in the glossary or “Add an alt text”.

Form fields and tab order

Form fields are also objects that are best anchored within a text frame as well. When
exporting PDF as “Adobe PDF (Interactive)”, the option “Use Structure for Tab Order”
can be activated and the tab order is adopted correctly according to the logical reading
order.
Additional features with MadeToTag
The paid InDesign plugin MadeToTag from Axaio can help you work with the
“Articles” panel.

In the second task step of the plugin, all contents of an article or all articles can be
shown or hidden. This helps to find missing content which has to be added to an article.
On the other hand, objects that should not be tagged can be better identified as well.
Similar to what is described in “Check semantics and logical reading order”, the plugin
can be used to preview tags and their order within InDesign.

Add an alt text in InDesign

written by Stefan Brechbühl
last updated on 6/7/2021

An alt text (short for alternative text) describes a non-text element, such as a photo or
graphic. The invisible text can be read and rendered by software, especially assistive
technology (AT).

In the glossary you can learn more about what an alt text is and how it should look like.
In this tutorial, we’ll look how to add an alt text in InDesign.

Add an alt text in InDesign

1. Click on the image.
2. Select “Object” → “Object Export Options”.
3. The “Alternative text” tab is displayed.
4. Select the option “Custom” in the dropdown “Alt Text Source” if you have not
already stored the alt text in an XML structure or in metadata of the image.

If multiple images need to be edited, you can leave the “Object Export Options”
window open and click from one to another image. The contents of the “Object Export
Options” window will change depending on which image is clicked.

Der Alt-Text wird einem <Figure> Tag hinzufügt. Deshalb müssen die Punkte in
„PDF-Tags in InDesign festlegen“ unbedingt beachtet werden.
Add an alt text in Adobe InDesign with MadeToTag
Using the MadeToTag plugin, you can view all the images in one window and give
them an alt text. Click on “Show overview” in task 3 called “Alternative text”.

In addition, an overview of all metadata and alt texts can be generated in a new
InDesign document.

PDF export
By taking the above measures and using the correct export settings, the alternative texts
will be included when exporting as PDF. The export settings are described in "Defining
PDF tags in InDesign".

Images and graphics are tagged with the <Figure> tag. The alt text defined in InDesign
is applied to this tag.

Defining artifacts in InDesign

written by Stefan Brechbühl
last updated on 12/8/2020

Decorative and unimportant information must be marked as artifact so that it can be

ignored by assistive technology (AT). The most efficient way is to determine artefacts
already in InDesign and include them in the PDF export.

Find out in the glossary what artifacts are and what examples of them are.

Page-related artifacts in InDesign

Page numbers, running titles, etc. are automatically marked as artifacts by InDesign
during export if they have been placed on a master page.

This also means that relevant content must not appear on a master page. For example, if
the title only exists on a master page, it won’t be output.

Alternatively, texts can also be marked as artifacts using a paragraph style set up for this
purpose. To do this, select “Artifact” in “Export Tagging” in the paragraph style
options, see also “Defining PDF tags in InDesign”.

Decorative artifacts in InDesign

Decorative objects can be marked as artifacts by clicking “Object” → “Object Export
Options“. In the window, switch to the tab “Tagged PDF” and select “Apply Tag:
Artefact”.
Any graphical shapes and strokes that do not contain alternative text are
automatically marked as artifacts. For such elements, it is therefore not necessary to use
the object export options.

Decorative artifacts using the MadeToTag plugin

If you have the InDesign plugin MadeToTag, you can save yourself the trouble of using
the object export options. All objects that are outside an article are automatically
marked as artifacts.

Check semantics and logical reading

order
written by Stefan Brechbühl
last updated on 12/6/2020

The semantics and the logical reading order can be checked in Adobe Acrobat using the
tag tree. However, this might not be very comfortable and clear, which is why further
possibilities are shown here.

PAC
In addition to checking the automatically testable criteria, the PDF Accessibility
Checker, short PAC, can also be used for the manual testing part.

Screenreader Preview

The semantics can be checked very well using the colored content blocks of the
“Screenreader Preview”. In particular, the headings that are important for structuring
can be perceived abstractly this way, see also “Structure with the help of multi-level
headings”.
The logical reading order can be checked with the “Screenreader Preview” as well. For
this purpose, the relevant PDF can be displayed on a larger screen on one side and the
screenreader preview on the other side at the same time. Thus the visual appearance and
the tags can be compared directly with each other and it’s easier to determine if
something is not logical about the order.

What also can be detected by this type of testing are tagged but irrelevant content, or the
opposite, relevant content marked as artifact. See also:

 Defining artifacts in InDesign

 Defining artifacts in Word
 Create and check artifacts in Acrobat

Logical Structure

Another tool in PAC is “Logical Structure”. It shows the tag tree as you already know it
from Adobe Acrobat. The main difference here is the additional information that is
displayed on the right-hand side without any further mouse click.

The tool is perfectly suited to check the logical reading order by displaying the “Page
View” tab. If you now navigate in the left structure tree with the arrow keys up and
down, you get a visual indication on the right where this part of the content is located.

pdfGoHTML (Acrobat Plugin)

With the Acrobat Plugin “pdfGoHTML” does what the name says – it converts a tagged
PDF into a HTML document. You can choose one of several themes. In this case the
option “Structure Tags” must be selected to check the correct semantics.
The logical reading order can be checked, as described in PAC’s Screenreader Preview.
On a large screen the PDF on one side and on the other the generated HTML document
can be compared with each other.

Create and check artifacts in Acrobat

written by Stefan Brechbühl
last updated on 12/5/2020

Decorative and unimportant information must be marked as artifact so that it can be

ignored by assistive technology (AT). If artefacts cannot be defined in the authoring
software, this must be done manually in Acrobat.

Find out in the glossary what artifacts are and what examples of them are.

The most efficient way is to determine the artifacts already in the creation program and
to include them in the PDF export. The following instructions are available for this
purpose:

 Defining Artifacts in InDesign

 Defining Artifacts in Word

In Acrobat, artifacts can be defined either in the tag tree or with “Reading Order” tool.
The contents marked as artifacts can be checked for each page in the navigation pane
“Content”.

Note: The free Adobe Acrobat Reader does not allow you to make any adjustments to
the tag structure neither to edit the artifacts. You’ll need Adobe Acrobat to do that.

Create artifact in navigation pane “Tags”

For this tutorial, the initial situation is a completely tagged document.

1. Open the navigation pane “Tags” The navigation pane “Tags” can be opened by
clicking on the icon with the name tag.

If it is not yet listed in the left bar, it can be added with a right click or
under “Display” → “Show/Hide” → “Navigation Pane” and the Navigation
Pane will be displayed.
2. Find the decorative content within the tags, see also “Find tagged text in the tag
tree” within “General working with PDF tags in Acrobat”.
3. Right-click on the content (with the small box icon) and select “Change Tag to
Artifact”.

4. The opening dialog allows you to describe the type of artifact and its page
position in more detail.

5. If this artifact was placed alone within a tag, the empty tag should be deleted.
Create artifact with “Reading Order” tool
With the “Reading Order” tool it goes faster. On the other hand, you can work less
precisely and cannot see exactly where what is happening.

1. Select the “Reading Order” tool. If you don’t have it in your “Quick Tools”, you
can find it within the Accessibility tools group.
2. Your mouse will change and a new window will open.
3. Select the area you want to mark as artifact. You can do this by clicking in the
upper left corner or by clicking and holding the mouse and dragging a selection
square.
4. Finally click on the button “Background/Artifact” in the window.

Check artifacts in navigation pane “Content”

If already tagged items are marked as artifacts, they disappear in the tag tree. However,
artifacts are still present in the “Content” navigation pane. They can be recognized by
the marking: “Container <Artifact> …”.

In the “Contents” navigation pane, the element that is at the top is at the lowest position.
The order of this listing and the display order is therefore reversed. In this context, the
following problem may occur: „Incorrect display order makes contents disappear“

Creating accessible links in PDFs

11 April 2010 | Ted Page
Summary
Creating accessible links in PDFs is a basic accessibility requirement. This article looks
at a selection of techniques for tagging links correctly to ensure that they are usable with
a screen reader. It also looks at, amongst other things, how to make URLs more
intelligible for screen reader users.

Tagging
Creating links that are accessible is a single A requirement under the Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0., and is vital in ensuring the accessibility of PDFs.

Figure 1

For a link to be accessible it must have a specific tag structure consisting of:

 a parent <Link> tag

 one or more child tag(s) containing the link text 
 a Link–OBJR tag which must also be a child of the <Link> tag

The Link–OBJR tag enables assistive technologies to properly recognise the link and
handle it correctly.

A complete, accessible link tag structure can be seen in Figure 1 above.

Word, InDesign and beyond

Provided that PDFs are tagged on creation, links originated in Microsoft Word
documents will have the required tag structure and will present no problems (provided
that they don’t span two or more lines). However, links currently authored in InDesign
will need fixing, as will those found in untagged PDFs.

InDesign originated links

 Figure 2

As of the date of writing, hyperlinks created in InDesign (CS4), when converted to

PDF, will produce inaccessible tag structures. An example can be seen in Figure 2.
[Update (May 2011): note that this problem was resolved in InDesign version CS5.5
and later.]

The problem is that the tag containing the link text will be created at the wrong level in
the tag tree hierarchy. The tag in question – in this case containing the word
“Hyphenation” – will be created at the same level as the <Link> tag, rather than being a
child of it.

Such links work with a mouse and appear normally in the tab order but don’t work with
screen readers.

However, the problem is easily solved. Just drag the link text tag (“Hyphenation”) and
drop it underneath (as child of) the <Link> tag, at the same level as the Link-OBJR tag.
Figure 3 shows the same tag tree corrected in this way.

Figure 3

Creating accessible links in Acrobat

Creating an accessible link from scratch in Acrobat Professional is (usually) relatively
straightforward. To do so, highlight the text in question, right-click and, from the
context menu, select Create Link. Choose Go to a page view.

Creating link tags by alternative means

In some PDFs the create link process outlined above won’t work (in some Quark-
generated documents, for example, or when links span across line breaks). In such a
case it may be necessary to create <Link> and Link–OBJR tags manually.

Creating a Link tag

To create a <Link> tag, in the tags panel select New Tag, either by right-clicking or
from the Options menu. In the Type input field, either type “Link” or select Link from
the dropdown.

Create a Link–OBJR tag

To create a Link-OBJR tag, in the tag tree, either right-click or open the Options menu
and select Find. From the Find dropdown select Unmarked Links. Click Find and
then Tag Element. A Link–OBJR tag will be created.

Making link text screen reader friendly

Because PDFs are often designed to be printed, link text frequently comes in the form
of raw URLs which are not particularly screen reader friendly. It is helpful to screen
reader users to provide a text alternative for such links in order to make them easier to
understand. (In terms of WCAG 2.0 compliance this is a triple A requirement but fixing
it is arguably more beneficial than this would imply).

Again, the solution is simple. Highlight the URL and press Ctrl + C to copy it. In the
tag tree, right-click the <Link> tag and select Properties. In the Alternative Text field
of the TouchUp Properties dialogue box, paste the previously copied URL.

Then, for a URL such as www.ecdp.org, type “www.e c d p.org” (with spaces between
the “e”, “c”, “d” and “p”), or for www.bbc.co.uk, type “www.bbc.co.u k” with a space
between the “u” and the “k”.

Following these simple techniques will ensure that your links are accessible to a wide
range of readers.

Add Alternate Text and Supplementary Information to

Tags
Some tagged PDFs might not contain all the information necessary to make the
document contents fully accessible. For example, to make a non-text document content
available to a screen reader, the PDF should contain alternate text for figures and
replacement (actual) text for some links, formulas and abbreviations.

There are several ways to add alternative text to images and figures

 The “Set Alternative Text” command in the Accessibility tool

 The “Set Alternative Text” command in the Make Accessible Actions wizard
  The Touch Up Reading Order tool (refer to “Add Alternate Text with the Touch Up
Reading Order Tool”).
 The alternative text field of the Object Properties dialog in the Tags panel

Note: Alternate/Actual text should be short and concise. The Alternative Text field should be
used to set alternative text for figure elements. The Alternative Text field is not announced by
screen readers for non-image element. The Actual Text field is announced instead when it is
present on a text element.

Add Alternate Text to a Figure

To add alternative text to a figure using the Set Alternative Text command:

1. Activate the “Set Alternative Text” command from the Accessibility tool pane or from
the Make Accessible wizard.
2. Enter short but descriptive alternative text for each image.
o Decorative images can be marked as decorative in this wizard, which will make
the image an artifact.

Note: The “Set Alternative Text” command in the Accessibility tools will display the alternative
text, if any, for all images. The same command in the Make Accessible Actions wizard will also
allow the entry of alternative text for images that are missing alternative text.

To add alternative text to a figure using the Tags panel:

1. Choose View > Show/Hide > Navigation Panels > Tags.

2. Expand the logical structure tree to find and select the desired <Figure> tag element
for the image.
3. Choose Properties from the Options menu in the Tags panel.
4. In the Object Properties dialog box, click the Tag panel.
5. Type text in the alternative text field that describes the figure.

Add Actual/Alternate Text to Links

When a link contains a URL, screen reader will announce the URLs of web links.
However, meaningful alternate text for links can be much more useful. Alternative text
is also useful for links that have the same link text and or link text that is not descriptive
when taken out of context. For example, a link with text of
“http://www.whitehouse.gov” could be presented using an Actual Text property of
“White House web site”.
Note: Actual text must be added only to tags that do not have child tags. Adding actual text to
text links or alternate text to an image link’s parent tag prevents a screen reader from reading
any of that tag’s child tags.

Add alternate/actual text to the <Link> tag of a link.

1. In the Tag panel, select the <Link> (<Figure> for image link) tag for the link to add
actual text to and choose Options > Properties.
2. In the Object Properties dialog box, activate the Tag tab.
3. Type the text in the “actual text” field for the text links, or type text in the “alerntaive
text” field for image links.
4. Activate the Close button.

Add Actual Text for an Abbreviated Term, Forumla, or Non-Unicode

Symbol

It may be useful to provide expansion text for some abbreviations, particularly when
assistive technologies may mispronounce an abbreviation, or where formulas or non-
Unicode symbols are used.

In the Tags panel:

1. Locate the term to provide actual text for by performing one of the following:
o Expand the tag tree as needed to see the elements that contain the
abbreviation.
o Use the Touch Up Text tool or the Move to or Make Changes to Object tool to
select the item in the document.
2. Choose Find Tag From Selection from the Options menu to locate the text in the tag
tree.
3. If the abbreviation includes additional text, cut the additional text and place it in a new
<Span> child tag within the same <Span> parent tag.
4. Choose Properties from the Options menu of the Tag tab.
5. Type the actual text for the item in the Actual Text field.
6. Activate the Close button.

Correcting the "Other elements alternate

text- Failed" issue
This error usually occurs with older pdfs or ones that were produced from a scan of a
paper copy. There are a few different ways of correcting this issue so I will try and
cover the common ones below. If you use this wiki and find it does not correct your
issue(s), please contact web services to troubleshoot your specific issue.

There are two terms used in this wiki that need to be clarified:

Reading Order Pane: This is the popup window that appears when you select
"Reading Order" from the right-side options of the Accessibility menu in Acrobat.
Reading Order Panel: This is the list of items shown on the left hand side of the screen

with the icon that is used to re-order the items on a given page.
Steps to Correct this Error
In this example, I will be covering step from a document that was scanned in and the
elements from this error are picked up by Acrobat from the ink marks on the page.
These instruction assume you have your document open in Acrobat, have run the
accessibility check, and have this error shown in the accessibility errors list.

1. Open the list of elements erroring out. Use the small arrow to the left of the
"Other elements alternate text" error.

 
2. Click on the first element. the page should scroll down to and highlight the
errored item. If it scrolls but you dont see a highlight, it could be because the
item has a zero width and height.
 3. Now comes the part where we have to fork out the possible corrective actions.
Start with the first one and if it does not work move to the next.
a. Right click on the item and choose "Show in Tags Panel". If you get the
error "The selection was not found in the Tags panel." then try the next
step.
b. Right click on the item and choose "Show in Content Panel". If you get
the error "The selection was not found in the Content panel." then try the
next step.
c. Select the errored item in the "Other elements alternate test" list. Open
the Reading Order Pane. The item should be shown with a box around it
and a number in the upper-left corner. then, on the Reading Order Pane,
select the button "Show Order Panel". The order panel shows on the left
and the number of the item should be listed there.

Now, based on the step above that worked for you, follow the appropriate set of
steps below for that solution.

Shown in Tags Panel (a)

With this solution, when you selected "Show in Tags Panel", the tags panel was opened
and the item was highlighted in it.

1. Determine if the item shown is a figure you need to keep. Is it an actual image or
is it a figure derived from some random scan ink mark on the page?
2. If you can delete it, right click on the tag and select "Delete Tag". The item
should be removed and you can re-check the Accessibility error list to see if the
total items in the list drops by 1.
3. If you need to keep the item, right click and select "Properties". In the popup,
add in the item's alternate text in the the Alternate Text field then close the
popup. You can now re-check the Accessibility error list to see if the total items
in the list drops by 1.

Shown in Content Panel (b)

With this solution, when you selected "Show in Content Panel", the content panel was
opened and the item was highlighted in it.

1. Determine if the item shown is a figure you need to keep. Is it an actual image or
is it a figure derived from some random scan ink mark on the page?
2. If you can delete it, right click on the content item and select "Delete". The item
should be removed and you can re-check the Accessibility error list to see if the
total items in the list drops by 1.
3. If you need to keep the item, right click and select "Properties". In the
popup, select the "Tag" tab and add in the item's alternate text in the the
Alternate Text field then close the popup. You can now re-check the
Accessibility error list to see if the total items in the list drops by 1.
4. If the item is still shown in the error list, you may need to Recreate the item with
the Reading Order Pane.

Correcting Item with Reading Order Pane (c)

NOTE: These are NOT the instructions for Re-creating an item using the Reading
Order Pane as described in step 4 of "Shown in Content Panel" above.
If your last resort to step "C" above was to use the Reading Order Pane to identify the
errored item, then follow the steps below.

1. With the Reading Order Panel shown and the list of items within it, find the one
numbered with the same number as found in step "C" above. This is the culprit
item.
2. Determine if the item shown is a figure you need to keep or delete.
3. To delete the item, right click on the item in the Reading Order Panel list and
select "Delete selected Item Structure". The item should be removed and you
can re-check the Accessibility error list to see if the total items in the list drops
by 1.
4. If you want to keeop the item, you will need to Recreate the item with the
Reading Order Pane. Once these steps are completed, re-check the Accessibility
error list to see if the total items in the list drops by 1.

What's the difference between title,

actual text & alternative text in the
figure-properties of an image?
What's the difference between title, actual text & alternative text in the figure-properties
of an image?
If there a difference in support for screenreaders?

In the tag tree, right-click a figure tag and choose properties to open the dialog.