‫المحاضرة األولى‬

……. We call it Devotion (‫ )إخالص‬the carpenter has a profession everyone has a profession, but I
think that the engineer has something more devotion something more gives all his sol to his work
not just his knowledge, gives his full activity his full knowledge and I think we can call engineering
as devotional not only a profession, if anyone say it is a profession I think against him of course, I
think of instance the solider has devotion because he ready to give his life for his country and
physical doctor has deviation because he give all his life because the health of the people, so I
think these are more than profession, we will speak about the engineering devotion, I will speak
about a very clever person who works as an engineer for all his life and he is a very successful and
then he became active in the society or a chairman of the American society then became a
politician then in 1928 he was elected to the president of the US, his name was Herbert Hover,
there is a dam who called after him then in US, and this one when he became an old man he wrote
his memo wars (‫ )مذكرة حربية‬and there was a great part about his engineering work so he wrote
about engineer and he had experience and he was a successful engineer, so he knew what is the
really engineering in his memo wars he wrote that it is a beautiful devotional beautiful profession
when you can find really delight (‫ )بهجة حقيقية‬in a small idea coming out from your head with a help
of a science with a help of a pencil and a piece of paper becomes knowledge becomes something
useful for people and make people happy and make life easier, the idea becomes true something
you can touch you can feel you can use, it work to other people it gives you housing heating clean
water pleasant life, it is a privilege (‫ )امتي از‬not everybody not ever profession is in the same
situation, carpenter's tailor's work is very useful it makes to help to your life, but we as engineers
can give to the people it is much more, it is a pleasant and healthy life it is something what you all
want something, and this is what you can thank for the engineers, but of course the responsibility
is also very important, and since you can do a lot of good things you can do harmful things also, so
our responsibility is great because we can have a great effect on the life of people, if we are
working well engineer you are living well, if you working not properly then the house well collapse
over your head and the bus will not stop at the bus station and so on, but if we are working prober
well then we will make the life of the people around us easier and pleasant, it is a great
responsibility, everybody can see what we are doing, we can't that I am not responsible, the house
if I designed it and then it collapses it is my responsibility, you can't denied it is your responsibility,
if 2000000 cars come back to the company because of break fail it is responsibility of the engineer,
it is nice that we can do beautiful things but we shouldn't forget that behind that it is our
responsibility also, so useful things we can do and harmful things we can do, but we do more
useful things than harmful things.
So in 19 century the engineer was a man working in a shade and alone in order to find new things,
he had a little tools and little idea and he tried to make them working, now a days the engineer is
not working alone he is working in a small or big group, in 19 th century like wright brothers who
made an airplane and they worked alone, but now a days if you go to a factory to make an
airplane you will see 100 or 1000 of people and engineers are working to make it they working in a
group, it is nice that we are working together in a group, there was a 2016 Rio Olympic game and
there is a marathon runners and I admire (‫ )معجب‬the marathon runner who is a man running alone,
I admired him but I don't want to such a think, and then he reached the final he will be happy
alone, and his happiness will be for him alone and even he is an Olympic champion but he is
lonely, but if you were in a football team then you are happy with the others and you can share
your happiness with your teammates and you are happy together and it is much happy together
than to be happy alone, on the other hand if you lose a match then you can solve the problem
with the others and then your sadness is distributed between your teammates and it will getting
smaller, the success will become bigger and the sadness will become smaller, so I say it is nice to
working in a group as an engineer because one of the happiness which our profession gives us is
working in a group, then the question as I mentioned you that working as an engineer is a great
responsibility why we choose and why we want to be an engineer if it is such a big
responsibility? Why they didn't go to work as carpenter or any profession? I think you chose
engineering because it is a good profession because it is generally good paid and you can find work
all over the world, and when you say that I want to be an engineer because it is a well-paid I
understand you and nothing wrong with it and we are working for our living for our family and to
make money and it is not a shame, but I think it is not the only reason, there is another reason
that you want to make or manage new and good things, things which make people around you
happy, so you have a feeling that you want to give people something like new machines making
the life better or clean drinking water or good communication or want to make their life better
and easier and healthier and maybe you don't think on it but this is what you do, if you don't think
on it every day the engineer with his work make the life of the society around him better and you
inherit a kind of society when you start your work and with your work you make this society
always better and maybe you will not notice it but you add something positive to the society, the
society around you will be better than it was when you start to work, maybe it is big words but it is
true, this is the engineer works making the life around us better, and this probably is something is
motivating you when you chose this profession, there was one motivation which is money, and the
other one is making the other life better, maybe you don't think on it but this is what you really do,
and maybe third motivating one is kind of creativity, you as a young engineers are a creative
people which means that you are ready to find new things and good things and you have a kind of
creativity to makes things which never ever excited before, so the most characteristic is for and
engineer is creativity and finding out new things and new ideas, I don't know if you have heard
about Albert Einstein who was clever person and he said "the creativity is more important than
knowledge" and now this is something which is very dangerous to say it in a university because if
you heard for an engineer "the creativity is more important than knowledge" then you may say I
creative of course, I don't like to learn to much but I am creative one, but there was another clever
person Tomas Edison who has more than 2000 inventions he said "the creation of an engineer the
idea is 1% but sweating to make it true is 99%" this is something which against Einstein and so I
don't know the answer but I can say idea is very important and creativity in your opinion is most
important feature of the engineer, and so we engineers we don't know who to find our place in
the world but I am sure creativity will be very important and I am sure that without hard working
we will never be successful, so we have to put together these two things, don't be a shamed if you
want to find out new things and you are not successful , you can't be always successful you don't
have to be afraid that you are not successful in every work, sometimes you make failures but it is
not a tragedy then you start it again and next time you will be successful and you shouldn't give up
and then If you have a good idea and the people around you let to work then you put your hard
work to it and then it will be realize and it will be something which make people happier which
make life easier and when you leave this work at the end of your leave you will leave a better
word than you inhabitant. it makes your life very difficult because if you are optimistic then your
life will be easier if you are not optimistic at the very beginning you may say I will not be successful
maybe I will not make it, so to be optimistic it is very important and it is 25% of successful is
optimism and creativity.
And without knowledge you can be creative by having an idea maybe it is not prove good because
you don't have a knowledge but you can have creativity and good idea without knowledge, and it
is better if it is supported by knowledge, but if you are afraid of finding new things because I don't
have knowledge and I am sure and … you will never find out new things, and create a new things
may do not need a long time maybe it can be sometime like a spark, but of course you have to
elaborate (‫ )توضح‬it and this takes time but the idea can be just like a spark, if you want to make
something out of it you have to work a lot after that to make it work, but with a lot of knowledge
without any idea without any creativity you can scientist but not an engineer which makes bi
different and you can choose, you can be a scientist and you will be a professor in the university
and write a lot of papers and book but you will never makes new things which are work to make
people happy and so on, but if you really want to make what people will remember and make
them happy and change their life then you have to be creative and then you can put the
knowledge behind you.
So creativity is more important and knowledge support it.
Sometimes I felt that the engineer with his work changing the world around him is partner of GOD
in creation because GOD created this world and GOD maintenance it and in his creative work the
engineer is helping to him because if the world is running out of fuel energy and we will not have
power, then an engineer come and made a nuclear power and anther engineer came and made
water power plant and so on, and of course not GOD comes down and made it but he put and
engineer who make instead of him in this world and he makes, so the engineer is realizing the well
of GOD and this is who it works, and we as engineers are all in a small way partners of the GOD in
creation and maintaining the world, or you can say that we are tool in the hand of GOD, with a
good tool you can realize your ideas and we engineer we know who important good tools are, and
we all know that good tools are very important in our hand to make very good things or repair
things and so on.
So we should understand and learn that you have a big power in your hand and with this power
goes with responsibility, responsibility to make people in the society better and of course in the
other hand you can do a lot of wrong things with this knowledge and this not a beauty of our
profession, house is collapses in Cairo it is very important thing that knowledge should be there
and material and …. We are everywhere we are in the design and building and maintaining and so
on, so our responsibility is continuous.
 ‫المحاضرة الثانية‬
We are very proud because we engineers, we have capacity, we can do a lot of good things, and
people can be thankful to us because we change the world, all of us we can change the world, we in
general we can contribute to a better world, but we have to be careful because if a think we are very
capable of doing good things, we can do harmful things also, and we have to be careful that we
shouldn't make too many problem to the society around us, one topical mistake is too much
confidence, since we know that we are powerful we can do a very good thing and we can effect on
the society after a while we may think that we can do everything, and this too much confidence can
be dangerous, so this is something which we have to avoid, I should tell you an example about too
much confidence engineers commit it, and it led to a catastrophe, engineers were too confidence,
they thought that they can do everything, like what happen to Titanic that was 14th April 1912, when
the Titanic left the harbor of Southampton to New York, that was that time the most beautiful ship,
it was also the most admirable, wonderful, engineering, design, construction, it 280 meter long, 28
meter wide, 53000 tons, and high speed 43 km/hour like now a days, it was full of luxury, but the
problem was that the engineering designed the boat said "it is unsinkable ship" because the ship was
distributed to 16 cells, and if theoretically one cell break through because of the iceberg the water
will goes to the next cell because they are 16 separated cells, but engineers says let's suppose 2 cells
because of the iceberg, even then the water will not sink, maybe it will not reach to NY but it can
wait till other boat coming and safe the people, and then you can trail it to the nearest harbor, so the
captain Mr. Smith believed it, believed that he has unsinkable boat, and he choosed a rout which
was that time a little bit dangerous, the rout went through a part of ocean where could iceberg
happen it this time of the year, it wasn't typical but it could happen, but the captain was very
confident even if there is iceberg we will survive, the that was the shortest route and he wanted to
make a record, I went to NY harbor where everyone was waiting the boat, and what happen is the
boat hit an iceberg and the water come through 4 cells, the engineer didn't predicted it, and they
said 2 as maximum, but it was 4 but even then they could have avoid the catastrophe but the
couldn't because there weren't enough life boats on the ship, there were life boats but it can save 800
people, but on the boat there were more than 2227 people together, with passengers and servant,
what kind of thinking it was, what about the rest, it is irresponsible, the could use all the life boats
and could save 800 but the rest not, so if had been enough boats, they could save the life of
everybody, not only the boat was not safe but even the number of life boats wasn't enough, so 1522
people died out of 2227 person, so why did it happen, because the engineering who designed the
boat were too much self-confidence, so that was a catastrophe which was a result of too much self-
confidence, this is a mistake what we can do as an engineer, we do not always designing cruzers of
150 ton capacity, we are making generally small things, but even smaller things contain a risk what
we have to avoid.
So what is important that the boat wasn't unsinkable, and this a serious mistake we can do as
engineer every now and then, we are not in generally in such serious position makes us design boat,
we will never designing about like this probably but we should learn from this mistake, you can find
same problems in small things, even smaller things you can make the same problem, there will be
no catastrophe on it, there will an accident on it, if you make a mistake like this but not a
catastrophe, because we are not designing always a cruzers, but designing small tools.
We shouldn't be ready for the catastrophe we should avoid it.
What the story of Titanic is an example of engineering irresponsibility, or too much confidence or
over confidence.
But now I should like to give another example or another story about engineering irresponsibility as
an engineer is not responsible, not working in responsible way, if there is an engineering in position
you should expect from hi a certain level of responsibility, because we as an engineer we are
powerful, we can do good and bad things, and it our responsibility to choose the that way which
will not lead to problems and catastrophe, we are in a position where we can decide between good
and worse, this story is about Egypt we all know that Egyptian history ,math, structures, building,
knowledge, these are all as result of the Nile, because if you look at the map and you find Egypt,
there is a big yellow sand, except on the middle of it running a green line which is the Nile and a
narrow bank on the both side of the Nile, but it product enough for the people, to have a secure food
and life. The Nile run of the Uganda to the rally with fertile material then slow down the fertile
material on the side, and made the sand productive, that was working for thousands of years, it was
quite reliable, sometime the rain was less or more, if its less it is a heavy year, if its more rain more
agricultural product, but that was not a per-calculable some years were rich some years were poor,
and it came the year of 1960 when NASSER wanted to regulate the flow of the Nile, and the
solution is to build a dam somewhere in a suitable in Aswan, and he decided to build a dam where
there is a dam you can regulate the flow of the Nile, if there is much water you can hold it up, if
there not enough we can let it down from the dam, that can constant reliable quantity of water flow
through the Nile, it seems to be a good idea, he was not able to make it alone he needed some help
from USSR, and the USSR engineers and Egyptian engineers worked to designed the Aswan High
Dam, and they started working and it was a huge and admirable work, the dam was ready by 1970 it
is 111 meters length 3.6 km and the surface of the lake behind the dam is more than 5000 km 2, the
average depth is a hundred meters, of course there were some problems because they had to change
the living of 60000 people to go somewhere else and the during the construction more than 400
died, but finally it was ready, Nasser was very proud and so the dam its work, but what happen after
a while?, after a while there discovered that the water is behind the dam properly but as the water
slow down it could not down the fertile material, so over the dam only clean water flow, all fertile
material what is necessary of agriculture production remain behind the dam, it is a regulated as a
quantity of water but it is always without fertile material, and the clean water is more than nothing
but it is not enough for agriculture production, so now how could they solve the problem that in the
dam there are turbines and with the turbines the produce electric energy and with the electric energy
they produce artificial fertilizers, but artificial fertilizers is never as good as natural fertilizers, and it
cost much money because it need big factory to utilizing electrical energy and so on, so nowadays it
is clear it is not a big business, and the next problem is behind the dam there is a big lake but it
always bet bigger and bigger but it evaporating the water is evaporating because of the high
temperature and open water surface, 17 meters evaporate every year, so if you put a tube 17 meters
high in one year it will evaporate, so there is a big lost of water also, but one can say it is not a lost
because it will become rain somewhere, but it will fell down in the pacific ocean or somewhere else
so it definitely a lost, so we lose a lot of water we lose the fertilize material and we don't know what
will be the end of the dam because the material which is sedimenting getting higher and higher, and
it will fill up the lake after years.
I said this story because it is an engineering construction, it was designed and constructed by
engineers, by several hundred of engineers, it is not true that was not a single engineer knew that
there will be a problem I can't imagine, there were several hundred but none of them was brave
enough to say "sorry it will not work, we have to consider it", maybe it is not a good idea, none of
them, everybody was happy that he is work.
This story is an example for irresponsibility, some body have to be responsible, it is a sensitive
problem.
So we are as an engineer we can't be proud of it, we are not specialize but we have to know more
we have to think more and have a vision what will happen if we make it, what will happen in 50
year.
That was a great sensation of course, it was a great engineering achievement, they used more
material than the three pyramids.
But we as engineer we should look to over for the future? Yes we should we have to know that it is
a part of bigger thing, something for the future and it is important that little think of your
responsibility should work, but you should see a little bit more, what will it be, who will use it, what
purpose we need, what will be the future of it, that what is people expecting from us.
.
 ‫المحاضرة الثالثة‬
Today we will take about the beauty of engineering profession, how nice it is, how powerful,
almighty, how useful thing we do, how we help humanity to have a better life, so we can be proud
of our profession.
Are you proud of our profession? Sure, that's why our choosed this profession, because you
expecting much of it.
But we can make mistake and a serious mistake, what is the reason, where are this mistake coming,
I think I said about one reason of making mistake, it is over confidence, like what happened with
Titanic.
Another reason or another bad example of what we as engineers commit, which can be dangerous
and can have bad consequences, this is the opportunists behavior, when you are not following your
engineering principles, when you five up your engineering principles for some reasons, when an
engineer doesn't behave like an engineer. He gives it up for some reason. When you how to behave
in different circumstances but you don't behave like that for certain reason, you give up your
engineering principles. This isn't carelessness, it is when you know what should you do but don't do
it for some reasons, because you are lazy or you don't care or you forget it.
So it is one small opportunists behavior, the story it happened in 28 th of January 1986, a secondary
school teacher and 6 astronauts stepped to the board of challenger space craft, (one of them was a
teacher to show you that in that time it didn't need a special training and knowledge), everything
seems to in order, but next morning when the launching was supposed to take time, the weather was
exceptionally cold in Florida, and the young engineer who took part in the project sent warning to
the project manager that it is too dangerous because of the cold weather the sealing of some parts
will become rigid it may happen they will not seal properly because of losing the flexibility, where
was the sealing, between the fuel tank because the fuel tank made of two parts, and put together on
the side of launching place in Florida, but they in between the two parts there was a o ring sealing,
so this o ring sealing will become rigid so it will not seal properly, it will leak and the gas will take
fire and explosion, so the young engineers sent an e-mail warning to the project manager, the
project manager didn't like this warnings because it can danger the whole project, so went with this
problem to the head manager saying it was necessary to postpone the launching to a better weather,
but the head manager didn't like this, he said it's impossible to postpone it because we postponed it
4 times and the financial company will stop finance the project and we will lose our job and the
project will finish if we postpone it, and U.S president is waiting for the launching, and relatives
and friends are all in Florida for launching, and 7 million people is sitting in front of their TV to see
the launching, so it was a great responsibility to postpone it and the project manager wasn't afraid,
so he said to the chief engineer that "don't be so strict and let this launching, nothing will happen,
you shouldn't behave in this time like an engineer you should behave like a manager", because for
an engineer the most important thing is the safety, but for the manager the most important thing is
the proper working of the project. So the poor chief engineer was in a big trouble because he as
engineer he understood it is dangerous but he is not sure that it will happen as a catastrophe, but felt
there is a certain dangerous and for him, he was in a big trouble because the decision was in his
hand, if he postpone it maybe the financial company will stop the project, if he lets it go on it may
happen a catastrophe, so finally a poor man gave up his principles as an engineer and give
instruction to continue the launch of the challenger space craft, but I think that he really made a
serious mistake, and what happen is the launching happened and the very one was there (engineers,
chief engineer, manager, relative,…) the space craft was launched and after 76 second the sealing
went wrong, the fuel tank started to leak and took fire and it reached 12000 meter the cabinet where
the astronauts setting exploded and fallen to the sea in speed of 200 g, all astronauts died
immediately, now we as clever engineers knowing the story we can ask who made a mistake? Who
is responsible? The chief engineer not the project manager, because the project manager is a person
who wants information and then make decision, and the most important information was from the
chief engineer, and chief engineer was not strong enough, he didn't follow the principles of an
engineer, because for an engineer the most important thing is the safety, and so I think he was
responsible and they stopped the challenger project, and it took long time till a similar project was
started, so that is a sad story but we can learn a lot of it, what we can learn is the engineer has his
principles and for an engineer the most important thing is the safety, safety is on the first place.

New chapter
Ethics
Unfortunately we should speak about ethics, because when we started engineering ethics we have to
what is ethics, what I presume I don't know, because ethics is some things far of our profession, we
don't care about ethics in our everyday life, even most of us we don't know what is ethics, so we
have to make it clear.
Ethics: is a branch of philosophy, so it is a philosophical science and it is practical branch of
philosophy, it is good because we are as an engineer, we are a practical thinking people, and ethics
is not poorly theoretical, it is a practical branch of philosophy, if we study engineering ethics we
can't avoid speaking about ethics, ethics helps us to make good discoing in delicate situations, we
get into a difficult situations every now and then and not easy to make the right decision, like the
chief engineer he was in a delicate situation, he had to make a very serious decision, and he didn't
make the best one, but ethics can help us to find the correct way and the right decision if the
situation is problematic, if it's difficult to find the correct way, if it's difficult to choose good and
worse, and that's why we are dealing with ethics because the science of ethics help us to make
different between good and worse, and then it is easier to decide, but first we have to see the help of
ethics which is the correct and which is the good and which is the worse, so ethics helps us, ethics
not only helps us as engineers, but also help every profession and everybody.
The engineer has to make every now and then a serious decision, for instance it was a serious
decision to make a dam on the Nile or not, or to put a new brake system on a car or let the old brake
system in a car, there is a risk always with a new one, with old one we are not competitive more, so
the problem if we are standing on the ground of ethics and we are making ethical decision then we
can more easily choose the proper way and the good decision to make different between good and
worse, we have to make as an engineer a serious decision every now and then, we aren't planting
flowers which is not a dangerous profession, our profession is dangerous because we are planning
bridges, we are planning dams, we are planning cars, we are planning metro, we are planning
system, and everyone has its dangerous, it can work and it can't work, it can be good and it can be
bad, it is a decision in our head, so to make the proper decision ethics can help us.
The science of ethics deals with the our decisions, what kind of behavior we choose in different or
difficulty or delicate situations, the situations in our life in and the problem we face are different,
the problem can change, so it is not an easy thing to follow the proper way, because it is not easy to
find the proper way, or to make difference between different situations what behavior we will find,
it is interesting that we are speaking about ethical decisions in our behavior there is ethics, but not
every action has ethical content, in some difficult situation we have to go back to ethics to find the
proper decision, but not every behavior or did or action has ethical content, because if you decided
to come to Godollo by train or plan or car, it is a decision but there is not ethical content, because
you can recognize the ethical decision whose has effect on a single person or a certain part of the
society, those decision or action has ethical content, which have a consequence on the life of life of
single person or a certain part of the society, whether what you take for lunch or what you choose
from the menu card, it has not ethical content so it isn't an ethical decision, not every decision of
ours has ethical content, but there are which have and we have to deal with those.
So the human being from its birth is living in a society and the society gives him example, gives
him a values which we will find it important, we will something which I like I want to follow, I
want to live according to this values, and this values are growing together with little human being,
the child already can recognize some values which it is important, we will recognize and learn this
values in the family, how to behave in the family, and then he will continue it in the school, then
university, by the time you have to be ready, you have to have all your important values according
which values you want to live, you want to continue your life, and this vales are respecting the
family and poor, telling the truth, respecting the values of others, …, so we all know what are these
values and we try to live according to these values we recognize these values and every one
recognize these values, everybody knows that steeling and lie is not good, whoever there are many
people who are lying and steeling and quiet successful, but we all know that whoever they are
successful but it isn't correct it isn't how I want to live, it doesn't need explanations, it born with us,
and they became stronger as we are growing up, we understand this values and we try to follow this
values.
The society helps you to find proper values, because if you behave normally then you will be
rewarded, you will be a good student, you will get a good job, and …., if the child doesn't behave
normally he will be punished, so the society tries to help people to find the proper behavior with
rewarding and with punching, it's also important and we shouldn't forget it that while we grow up
we know all these values and we trying to live according to these values, but this is not enough we
have to demonstrate these values, to show these values to society that we are correct people, we are
behaving properly, we don't have to hid it, we can be proud of it, we can show it to the society, and
the follow these examples, we have to hand over these values to our children, it isn't enough that we
are living according to these values, but we have to hand it over that the society will live according
to these values, it is a heritage for us to the society.
When we are speaking about ethical values and I say that we all know when we born already the
basically the values and we can make different between good and worse, it is not always so simple,
there would be problematic situations when it is difficult to make difference good and worse,
correct and bad decision, it is not easy, and there are different philosophy ways or directions which
are helping to make difference between good and worse, I told we that we born like that and we
generally know that steeling is not correct, but the situation is always so simple, it can be more
complicated more delicate situations, when it is not easy to find the proper way, and there are
philosopher theories which helps us to make difference between good and worse decision,
philosopher are dealing with these problem from thousands years, it is a problem of human being.
Philosopher are working in these problem and who to find the ethical proper way to make the
ethical decision easier.
They are some philosophical theories which are using in the engineering practice, in the everyday
engineering practice we are using philosophical theories we don't know it but that's what we are
doing, we will deal with two theories.
 The Utilitarian: it is not so complicated, the Utilitarian philosopher says that "an action is
ethical if it has a good consequences", it sounds quite logic, what we are doing is correct if
the consequences are good, and this is what in the engineering practice we use very often
even if we don't know that we are using this philosophical theory. The action is more good
the more good consequences it will have, if it will have good consequences for people so it
is ethical decision. if it don't have good consequences it is not ethical decision. This
principles we practice for every engineering life, for instance if a town to buy 180 buses,
they put points for every parameter, then you get different offers from different factories and
then you compare the parameters and which get the highest number of points will get the
order from the town, this is a utilitarian thinking because it gives the most good for the most
people, you will get the best bus according to the comparing of the different parameter, and
then you will choose that one which give you the biggest value and this is a utilitarian
thinking of an engineer.
 The formalist: it is more simple, the formalist philosopher says that "we don't have to study
the consequences of our actions to find whether it good or not, but we know by our self as
we were born form the beginning we can make difference between good and worse with our
calculating the consequences of it", you know that steeling is not nice, even if you don't
know the consequences of it, and you know the lie is not correct even if you the
consequences can be good or worse for a short time, you know lie is not correct you don't
have to study the consequences of it.
 ‫المحاضرة الرابعة‬
Today we will speak about three different things which belong together:
Ethics – Law – Etiquette
1- Ethic: (we talked about it but as samurais)
It is a branch of philosophy which deal with the roles of the society living together, and it deals
with behavior and norms which the society find proper good and makes our life easier, when we
live together human being.
Ethical law:
Are dealing with the behavior of human beings with our **** (depth) (1:35) which can have
serious effect on the society or it can have serious effect on a single human being, so laws actions
which have serious effect on big group of people let's call them the society or a single person
these are ethical roles, not all our actions have ethical content, there are simple action which have
nothing to do with ethic, for instance when you take bus instead of train, it is a decision but it has
no ethical content because it has no serious effect on single person or of the society, it is your own
decision, it is an action has no ethical content.
Those action have ethical content which have a serious effect on single person of big group of
people or the society, so the engineer often has to make serious decision because of the building
is good, a car work properly, it has serious effect of the person who drive it, on the person who
lives in it, if the house collapses people will die and it was the result of the work of the engineer so
this action when he designed the building and the building was good or bad here the decision has
ethical content because if the building stands so it is ethically correct, if the building collapses
there is responsibly on the engineer and has serious ethical responsibility because people died
because of his wrong decision.
Not all our decision have an ethical effect. But if you take a part on design a bridge and the bridge
collapses and people die it is ethical responsibility, this action of the engineer who designed the
bridged which collapses has ethical responsibility because his action his designing work had a
serious effect on the live of the people who died because of his wrong decision and design.
2- Law:
Law is branch of roles which are prescribed by the state, the state prescribe a number of roles,
and these roles have serious effect on the life of the society, but it takes into consideration the life
of the single person, so the role is prescribed by the state it controls the life of people and it
controls the life of the single person also.
The role is different from ethics, it a way that it isn't a question of "I liked or I disliked" it is
compulsory, ethical role is up to you if you want to follow you can, if you don't want to follow you
can, it is your job and your own decision , but the role which are prescribed by the state are
compulsory for everybody.
The roles are open and understandable by everybody, and it must be clear and understandable
that everybody an follow it, because if you can't understand it nobody expect from you that you
should follow it, so the role must be not only compulsory but it must be understandable for
everyone to follow it.
The role are accepted by everybody, if there are a new roles in country those roles are accepted
by everybody, and you can't say "I dislike these roles it follow other roles", the roles are
compulsory and you have to follow the roles, because this is how the state works, the roles control
the life of the state.
These is a certain connection between the ethical roles and the roles of the state, generally ethical
roles and the roles of the state aren't in contradiction, if you follow your ethical roles you probably
follow the roles of the state, and if you behave as a person who respect the roles of the state you
probably follow your ethical roles also, there are no contradiction in generally.
is it good because it make your life easier, because you are a person who respect the roles of the
states you are follow your ethical roles.
But is may happen that there is a contradiction between your ethical roles and the roles of state,
and it can happen that you follow your ethical role and you get into the contradiction with the
roles of the state, or you follow the roles of the state but they are not going together with your
ethical roles, and it will be a quiet problem, which role would you follow your ethical roles of the
roles of the state? If you don't follow the role of the state you will be punished, it you don't follow
your ethical roles you will not sleep well, and there are several examples there are contradiction
between these specially on exceptional circumstances or sensitive situations, like what happened
in the WORLD WAR II, there was a prisons camps, and the imprisoned didn't get well eating and
don't wear a proper clothes and there was no heating it was cold, and they were hunger, and let's
say it happened that some of prisoners in the night get out in some way to agricultural field which
product a type of food, and they eat food bring the food back and eat it, the action was against the
roles, it is steal and it is forbidden, but it was according to his moral roles because he was in
hunger, he felt that if his is in hunger he can even steal, but steal is against the roles, but he thing
if he not steal the food he will be die by hunger, so he felt that he can do this. That was a
contradiction between his moral roles and the roles of the state. Another example that when the
Hungarians freedom fighters fought against the Austrian 150 years ago, at the beginning the
Hungarian did well battle after another but Austria asked for help from Russian Army and they
defeated the Hungarian freedom fighters, and then the soldiers were taken to the prison, so some
soldiers decided to hid somewhere as long as possible, but if a citizen found an ex-soldier who was
hiding he has to presented him to military police to take him to prison, but there were a very nice
people who risked their life when he found a hiding soldiers they helped him bring him to his
house, giving him food, he behaved against the role because the role was that if you find a soldier
like this you have to presented him to military police. So the person who help the ex-soldier he
behaved against the role of the state but he acted with his ethical roles.
So it is not easy decision because if you are against the role of the state you will be punished, if
you are acting against your moral roles that is not a good feeling and it won't makes you happy.
3- Etiquette:
It is the roles of personal behavior, who you behave, an etiquette is something which prescribes
your behavior in the society, have you good manners or you don't have good manners? A good
manners are important. Why do we speak as an engineer has a good manners? Because a good
manners is important for every person, but it is important for the engineer also because the
engineer has partners, business partners, if you behave in a way people can like you and they say
he is a nice person, I thing I can trust him, then you can be successful in the life, a good manners
are the problems of different things, like how you present yourself, how you dress, if an engineer
has his own small company and a business partners come to him and he is good looking probably
dressed, so his personality is good and the partners will come back to him because he said that he
is a nice person I trust him, if he doesn't behave in pleased way probably nobody will trust him
and will lose his business partners, and there are several book about this for instance protocol
which deals such a problem, and on the society you should learn how people around you behave
and it is good if you fit in the society in a proper way.
Ethics, Law and Etiquette All this things we can find it a certain booklet in very country the
engineering society puts together and write down and his ethical codex (law), codex (law) is a
small booklet which contain everything which expected form engineer, it is kind of a hand book.
And in the engineer codex (law) you find the basic roles of engineering. Every country every
engineering society has his own codex (law), ever bigger factory and company like ford, BMW also
make their codex (law) which are helpful for an engineer when he want to find his place in the
society on the engineers.
Not every profession has its own codex (law), but some profession like doctors, engineers, lawyers
has their codex (law), but some of them don't have like carpenters, barbers, but the question is
"What is the different?" the different is our profession and the profession of the doctors and
lawyers has a serious effect on the society, if he work properly the society will fell it, if he don’t
work properly the society will suffer from it, it the same from the doctor they expect form him to
follow the ethical roles which are in the doctor ethical codex (law), also for the engineer.
So there are different that hundred engineering codex (law) all over the world, but they are similar
in the content, in engineering codex (law) you will find principles, laws and directives.
 Principles: are speaking in general way, that say the engineer should preserve his
independence, he will work for the good of the society he should serve the society as an
employers, these are general principles, and they are understandable for everybody,
nobody can say they are not prove, very simple principles that you should work as an
engineer for the helps of human being, and the engineer should serve the society and his
employee.
 Law: Which contain the prescriptions on the behavior of the engineer like for instance the
prescriptions for the engineer the most important is the safety or the security of the
society. This is the law not the principles, it is more practical than principles. The low is
more definite than the principles.
 Directives: the more definite than the principles and law, for instance the engineer should
help the further learning of his colleges, for instance if your college wants get M.Sc. or
Ph.D. and you are as his boss, you should help him, and make it possible, you shouldn't say
no I don't want you to go, no it is your obligation to help him for his further studies. This is
directives which are more definite prescription, or for instance the engineer shouldn't use
the materials and tools of his office for his personal interest, so if there are printers you
shouldn't use the printer for your own purpose because it's not your printer, it's the printer
of the company,
So it is important we as an engineer we should follow the principles, laws and directives of the
ethical codex(law) but it is not enough you should teach the others how to use it if you know
already, young engineers bring the attention of the young engineer that there are ethical codex
where you can find the prescription of how you should behave and how the society expect you to
behave, so the ethical codex serve for education for young engineers, the ethical codex helps you
to make decision in delicate situation, if you don't agree with your boss in certain question, if he
says you should do this one but you don't agree with it, you say no it is not correct it is not ethical,
so you can take the book and find the proper part in the book and show him that this is prescribed
in the ethical codex of engineer, if there are a problematic question if there are a problem can't be
solve easily between two engineers, probably the engineering codex will give you an answer on a
certain part of this booklet.
Of codes this ethical codex are very important, and I should say "I would advise that every
engineer should have this ethical codex in between his books" but some where he can reach it
easily you can find it easily, I am sure if you go back you can find your engineer organization have
the ethical codex and you buy it to have it to help you in difficult situation
 ‫المحاضرة الخامسة‬
Today we will speak about environment protection and engineering ethics.
We will start with a case study , a story happened 60-70 years ago, there was a surface mine in
neighboring Romania where they mined gold and silver with special open air technology, it means
that mind soil mixed with water and they hold it in big reservoir (‫ )خزان‬and they add cyanide (‫)سيانيد‬
and heavy metal and when you mix this slurry (‫ )الطين‬then we will gain gold and silver, for this
technology you have to build a huge open air reservoir where the slurry constantly mixed, the wall
or the dam of the reservoir made of the slurry itself, not build from a special material but from the
soil which you are mixing with the heavy metals, the soil is built around as a dam of the reservoir,
it is a very cheap technology and not a safe technology because safe technology would be to build
a dam around the reservoir then probably to put inside plastic for instance and when the reservoir
is finish then you let in the slurry (water, heavy metal, cyanide) and then you work with it but it
expensive, but if you but the dam form the soil itself it will be cheaper, it is good idea but it is not
safe because the wall of reservoir is not really reliable and not very strong, this cheap technology
is safe if there is a constant control of the state of the wall, if there is a problem you have to fix it
immediately to prevent leak, because it leaks from the reservoir is highly poisons because it
contain cyanide and heavy metals, so it needs a constant control of the stat of the dam, and the
problem was not a reliable control of it, so theoretically somebody should go around every day
and check the dam who it looks like whether it still safe, if there is any problem they should repair
is immediately and so on, but it didn't happen (checking and repair) and what made the situation
more dangerous that the reservoir was 7 KM far from a big city which is a little bit near, and
another problem was that there was a small river, a small river but it was just around the wall of
the reservoir and if the reservoir breaks through the polluted material flows into the river, yes it is
a small river run to a big river and a big river run to much more bigger "TESA" in Hungary in the
east of Hungary, so what happen is the dam broke through and the poisons material ran to the
small river to bigger to "TESA" and it wasn't a small quantity that was 100000 m 3 toxic slurry which
contain 120 tons of cyanide which can kill 2 million people theoretically, the accident was reported
24 hours later which a big mistake, and then people started to repair the situation to stop it, but it
was too late and the toxic slurry crossed the Hungarian border after one day and it ran down
through Hungary to Serbia, and still contain poison material not so dangerous quantity but it still
poisons, what you could see immediately was 150 tons of fish died, fish had to be removed from
the river somehow, but it also has effect on some other animals feeding on fish like bird and fox,
so it was not only direct danger on fish but on the whole environment, fishing people who living
from fishing had to stop directly, tourism stopped immediately because this news which went
around the world with in a few hours and everyone knew what happened in Hungary, so the
tourist who want to come here and spend the holidays didn't come any more, so that was the end
tourism, it was a very sad story and of course the responsibility was interesting, the Hungarian
government tried to find who is responsible, it was not easy to find because the company who did
this mining work was joint venture (‫ )مشروع مشترك‬between Romanian and Australian company, so
the Romanian company and was private company called ESMERALDA, and so it was difficult to find
who was really responsible because the Hungarian part wanted to get compensation (‫ )تعويض‬but it
didn't work at all because there was no an agreement between Hungary and Romania, and
ESMERALDA the Australian company disappeared within hours, and Hungary don't know
ESMERALDA but we could discover that the Australian part of the joint venture is called
ESMERALDA then we could find where ESMERALDA is set, and the counsel general went to the
ESMERALDA office, but the company disappeared and then it was a company without money. So
that was the end of the story and the damage which cause is equal "eight hundred million $" and
Hungary get noting as compensation. So this is a case study which you can learn a lot, and what is
important to learn from this case study that:
  environmental pollution does not recognize borders, it went through Romania to Hungary
to Serbia, there was no border to stop it.
 Environmental catastrophe it is easier to prevent than remedy it, because you can't to
remedy, and nature is very strong and it remedies itself, at the beginning it was the
situation looks very bad but after a few years the situation changed and the fish life again
and tourist and fisher man, and it wasn't because of human being but because of the
nature.
 The compensation even if you get compensation it's never as much as the damage was
caused, the compensation is far from the damage, it is a long legal process between
countries maybe or companies and it never ends and if it end you will see that the
compensation is far away from the caused damage.
 Such environmental catastrophes can cause international conflicts (‫ )صراعات‬because one
country want compensation from the other one, and the other one don't want to pay, and
then it starts a long process which never ends, there is a nature living together between
the countries but such a legal activity damages it.
That was a case study and after this case study I should speak about environmental ethics
Environmental ethics: is a new branch of the applied ethics and it started about 25-30 years when
people concerned about environmental pollution, before 25-30 years nobody cares about what is
happening to the environment, but 25-30 years people noticed that we pollute the air, water, soil,
…, and we have to do something and then came the environmental ethics, and the people started
to feel responsibility for the world around him, he felt that he is responsible for what is happening
in our world. Some scientists think that the relationship of man and environment is in serious
crisis, Some scientists think that we exploit our nature resources we are irresponsible, we
consume more than that we produce, while the population of the world is increasing and at the
end the world will be too small and not healthy for this increasing population, Some scientists said
that the situation is not so bad because the human being was always in contact with environment
and there was always problem but the problem was always solved and the nature always changes
its face, so it was never the same, so where there where forest and now a day SAVANA for
instance, so the nature always changes its face without people doing any things, so the problems
was solved by itself, and it will be solved and we don't have to worry, and there is one thing wish is
sure only the engineer is the one who can intervene and solve the problem, only the engineer is
the one who can make our water or air clean, so even if we are irresponsible for the pollution we
are the only one who can solve the problems.
There is one thing we must be careful, there is engineering and there is environment protection,
these are two different things, if every now and then they have to do some things with each other
so we can solve problems of environment pollution, we can make the situation easier but still we
don't have to mix the two science (environment protection and engineering) these are two
different activities, we should be careful that we shouldn't make statements of environment
protection it isn't our job we can take part in environmental problems, but it is not our job to
make statements, it is not our profession, if we remember in the last lesson (engineering codex)
there was a sentence that "engineering can make statements only in engineering questions", we
don't have to go to the field of other scientist, it is dangerous because we didn't learn it.
And on the other hand those who deal with environment protection shouldn't make statements
on engineering problems, these are two different science. There was a story which shows this
problem, we had a president who was very much interested in environment protection, and there
was another old gentleman who was an water management engineering and he 80 old, and he
had a very nice career as an engineer, and the Hungarian government wanted to compensate (
‫ )تعويض‬him for his long life and the sign of him was a medal, and the process was that he was
nominated by the prime minister but the medal had to be handed over by the president that was a
protocol and it happen in the parliament every year, and those who got these medals there was
seating in the first raw and other people behind them and the president call theme one after the
other by name, and we this old water management engineer came he handed over the medal but
he didn't shake hand with him, and I think it wasn't nice because the president job is to hand over
the medal but not to say whether if the person deserve it or not, it was already decided by the
proper police, he had no role of it, just as a protocol activity to hand it over, not to shake hand or
not to shake, if somebody dislikes he shouldn't show it by not shaking hand.
So everyone should stay on his field of activity, the engineer should work as an engineer, the
prime minister should work as a prime minister, and president should work as a president, and
shouldn't go to other fields, we are an engineering and we are not environmental experts, we can
help in solving environmental problems, we can take part environmental problems, but solve and
make statement of environmental problems is not our profession and not our responsibilities.
 ‫المحاضرة السادسة‬
Today we will speak about computer ethics and engineer.
Computer are spreading all over the world and they have a great effect on the society, science,
military, technique and business life, it has an effect on almost all and every part of the life, so the
computer are spreading and the use of computer are spreading, they become more and more
sophisticated (‫)معقد‬, they are able to solve the most different problems and you can find them all
over the world, they effect on the development of the humanity, that why computer ethics
became necessary, when something has a great effect on the a great number of people there is
always question of ethics, the decision and the activity in connection with computer these are
always ethical questions, there is a great responsibility of using computers, there is a great
responsibility of being the head of people using computers in company.
So why do we engineers are dealing with computer ethics since so many people all over the world,
so many professions are using computer not only engineers using computers, doctors …. are using
computers, every one using computers but why don't they are dealing with computer ethics, why
do we as engineers dealing with computer ethics? Because we not only use computers but we
design and develop and manufacture computer and operate computer also, so our responsibility is
bigger than the doctors and every one. So we will speak about computer ethics.
We will speak about Computers and unemployment, the questions of an unemployment and
computers:
The computer as a universe tool and solve a lot of problem instead of us as human being,
computers hardware break down every now and then and have to be repaired but they do not
become tired, they don't become ill, and can solve certain problem much more effective than us,
this is the case that it's reasonable to replace the man with a computer as it happens in industrial
countries where they are replacing lot of workers with computer in bank, stores of factories,
designing center, and ……, it is true that spreading of computers is dangerous lot of workplaces,
the computer can solve the problem in much shorter time and this why some work place become
unnecessary, we don't need them anymore, but on the other hand it preserving workplaces and
creating new workplaces so the situation is not so bad, you don't have to give up, because we can
solve a lot of problem, just think that using computer in industry created "hundred thousand" of
new workplaces, when there was no computer in industry there was no workplaces like design,
putting in the operation, so computer itself created "hundred thousand" of new workplaces, and
they are pleasant work and good and not dirty, and I think that this balance is positive, we are
creating more workplaces in computer industrial than certain factories banks lost, so "hundred
thousand" who lost the job but on the other hand a "hundred thousand" of people got a new jobs
intelligent jobs 'creating, designing, operating job', so the situation is not as bad as it looked like at
the beginning.
On other hand it is our responsibility as engineers that to solve the local problems, for instance 'Jo'
lost his job in the factory because of the computer but we can find him another job in the factory
for instance in the store or other place, so you can recycling them and finding them another job,
and computer creates new workplaces because computers make the operation of the factory
more effective and if the factory become more effective it can employ new employees because
there are new jobs and the factory produces more so it create new work places, and maybe 'Jo'
became unnecessary here but new created him a new workplace. So here is our responsibility to
solve local problems and not to solve all over problem of the humanity with computers, everyone
has to solve his own little problem and his own responsible workers, so when you see that
computers are arriving to the factory and the workers become superfluous (‫ )غير ضروري‬you don't
have to say I am sorry this is who it works, NO you can find other workplaces to workers who
became unnecessary here. And I think it is possible because using computers lead to increase the
production of the factory and this leads to create new workplaces, you have to move new
materials and you have to build new work size, so it is not hopeless and we don't have to accept
that the computer create unemployment, maybe for a certain time but for long time it create new
workplaces. And on the other hand who loses his job here maybe find another job there because
the activity of the activity is increasing so it creates more workplaces.
There is another field of responsibility for engineers when the computer arrive some where it's
kind of security and health, so the security doesn't mean that somebody shouldn't steal the
computers, it's internal security that nobody could break in the computer system, to make safe
computer or safe network in the computer workplace, and this is the responsibility of an engineer
who is responsible for the operating of the computers, to ensure the safety that hackers should
break in the computer system, not a computer operator will solve this problem, it is a
responsibility of the engineers.
The other responsibility is not always healthy to set 8 hours by the computer so the engineers
must solved that the workplace where the computers stand and keyboard stands who position of
the chair and the arm of the chair, these are important points and responsibility on the engineers
because you have to set in a comfortable chair, and you should give to the computer operator 10
minutes every 1 hour to stand up to walk and then set again, it is also your responsibility, not
anyone else.

Computer crime
Now a days computers are in distances of thousands kilometer from each other, computer
networks, companies using computers but distance doesn't means anything in case of computers,
if there is a hacker wants to break into your computer system it's doesn't make any different if the
distance is 2KM from you or 2000 KM from you, so it is very tempting (‫ )مغ ري‬to break into
computer system of somebody or of a bank, lets us say that someone is in 'Kuala lumpur' working
in 300 store of a building and it's 5 o'clock and everyone went home and he is stays there because
he is busy or he is hard working, and when he is alone with his knowledge and his creativity he
breaks into bank system where I have my money and choose a bank account of somebody and
takes of several million Forents from his account, and then he goes home and nobody knows, I
know because next morning when I go to the bank I find that there is no money in my bank
account, it is difficult to stop it and it very tempting activity and not a nice thing, it is a crime which
is civilize crime, not go to the park at the night and find an old woman walking and hit her to steel
her money, and what you will gain is maybe 2000 forents but if you do it in your office with this
civilize crime without risk and blood and you will get maybe 40 millions, so I understand that this
hackers activity is spreading and become stronger because it is temptation to do it, but the
engineer should makes a safe computer system or network to prevent thieves are not able to
break into the accounts system in the bank, and this only you who can solve this problem.
Some hackers say that 'they don't want to do any things longer' for instance they break into the
computer system of the 'Pentagon' but he does it because he wanted to show the weakness of the
safety system of the Pentagon, he doesn't want to do any wrong but he wanted to help the
Pentagon by show the weakness of the system, I don't believe him because makes a lot of harm
because of the computer system beaked up and if you want to restore it, it will take month, so it's
an irresponsible behavior, I don't say ever hacker is a criminal he may be irresponsible young who
don't understand the consequences of his irresponsible behavior, not everyone wants to break
into the system and not everyone wants to steel a money, just to show that he able to do it, it's
like a high jumping, it is a challenge and if he do it he will be happy, he doesn't care that he did a
lot of harm for hundreds thousands of people on the factory or company or…, So what we can do
is to prevent such these activities of irresponsible people.
 ‫المحاضرة السابعة‬
Today we will speak about the engineer who works as a research engineer who has to publish his
finding every now and then, the research work is not a privet enterprise (‫)مشروع‬, is not a privet
business, it is not that I do it for myself, I enjoy it, and if I get some result I am happy if I don't get I
am not happy, it is ethical activity which is not a private business or enterprise, the knowledge
what we gain what we collect at university and later from the books from other institution is
something you have to share it with the society with the open public, everyone wants to know
what are you doing as a researcher, research costs a lot of money not for you but for the society,
society who is the one who finance your research work and activity hoping that it will be useful
and it will be something from what the society will get some good results. To shear your result as a
researcher is preconditions of development, if you don't share it it's like tree without fruit. What
you do in your room will be accept only if it is positive and have positive result, why should the
society finance your activity if the society doesn't get something back from your research. So it's
an obligation to publish your findings and shear it with the society. But who to share it, it is not
simple, the society of the scientist has they own systems, accepted by everybody in the society of
scientist "Who you should shear your knowledge with the public", there are certain ways and
prescriptions (‫ )وص فات‬telling you how to do this shear, the reliability of your findings are
continuously controlled by the institutional system of the scientist, so you have to answer the
prescriptions of the scientific society how you share your findings with the public. Making public
the scientific findings or results it was not common thing or common practice in the past, the
scientist were in trouble because the scientist when he made a finding he hesitated to make it
public because he said "if I make it public, any one can say that it was his finding", I have a new
finding and I tell it to my colleges and maybe someone say "it didn't few years ago, it is my finding"
and you can't prove it, if you make it public everyone can pick it up and say it is his finding, so that
was a big problem for the scientist up to 17 th century, like Newton he didn't want to publish his
findings and it was very important findings but he was afraid that someone will steal it, also like
Hock and that time the language of scientist was Latin so his basic findings expressed in Latin
language "like the tension like the power" the power of force is proportional with tension, that
was his finding and it was a big finding and we using it every day, and poor Hock didn't know what
to do with this because he didn't want to make it open, and then he found out a way, he mixed up
the letters of the sentence "like the tension like the power" and it was written down what he
discovered but no one can steal it because no one can understand it, so that was a big problem,
but then a man came who's name was "Henry Oldenburg" and he worked in scientific society of
London, and he made a new system that he found a scientific journal on a very high level and
respectable and there every scientist who wanted a good publish found it in this journal, and
whenever he publish it he is the first because nobody has publish it earlier and then it was his
finding, and the trick (‫ )البراعة‬was in it that he has to publish it quickly, so when the scientist gave
him a new result then he hand it over to readers to control the level because Henry wasn't control
every things because he was scientist in one science, and then he published it in a very short time
and then when he published it then it was the ownership of the scientist because he published it
first and everybody who didn't publish it could came only after him, and it was a good trick and it
became very popular, and then I meant some of security for the scientist, and these this the
practice now a day, so to get a scientific result it is not more important than publish it, to publish it
is as important as finding it, because otherwise you can't be sure that it was your own publication.
Of course the scientist want to publish his findings and no one is happy with his research to put it
in the drawer of the table, it is not the proper place, I want to be proud of my work and how to be
proud? By publish it, so this is very natural that the scientist want to publish his results in a way
that it will be his own result, so if we will be a research and get a new result we should like to
make open and make it available for the whole society or who is interested in, so the result of the
research work have a great effect on the single person and whole society, it influences your life
and it influences the life of the society so there are ethical questions and it should stands on
ethical bases.
There are still researchers who are hesitating in shearing results with his colleges, but the colleges
will not like him, he will not be accepted by the scientific society, he will not make a career, so only
if you shear you knowledge with your colleges and everybody who is interest then you will have a
scientific career, other way you will seat on the side of the road.

The Publication
Who you can publish your findings out in a scientific journal first of all, but it can be presentation,
it can be a poster it can be an abstract, or it can the internet also, but before it's present or publish
it has to put under scientific control otherwise your colleges will not trust it, so it must go through
the control by your colleges of leaders who officially make this work, it is also obligation of the
researcher to work as a leader to read and to control the manuscript of other scientists, so in this
way it's also not a private business that I have my manuscript and it will be published, no, first
knowledgeable leader will control it, not one but two three independent readers.
So during the preparation of publication you can find that there are interest which are
contradictory (‫)مختلف متن اقض‬, the interest of the research is different from the interest of the
industry, the researchers work for instance in the industry in big factory and the factory has a
research and he is working there, his interest and the interest of the industry are not the same, his
interest is to publish his result, but the interest of the company is that the company doesn't want
to publish it, because if it's publish other company can use it, so the company wants to keep it
secret, but poor researcher wants to make it open because it is the result of his work, so there
must be a solution and this solution is not simple, for instance if the result is patent ( ‫)براءة اختراع‬
worse and if it can make a patent of it, then the ownership of the findings belongs to the one who
found it "the researcher", but the financial result of it belongs to the company or to the factory, so
you can be proud of it but you can't make profit of it. If the company wants to give the researcher
something to make him happy like giving him a hire salary for instance or hire position but nit a
share from financial result of his findings.
The same problem is with the military research work, it is a top secret, and the problem is that the
best engineers are working in military industry because this industry can paid most, so for instance
in US the best engineers are working in the military industry and they are very well paid, but the
scientific result will be never made open, and always remain top secret, if somebody goes to the
military industry and decides to work there he must it that he will never get a penny ( ‫ مبلغ‬،‫قرش‬
‫ )صغير‬of his scientific work, he will be very well paid and he will get high salary more than in the
private industry but he will make no profit of his work and no shear.
The writer when he make his publication he must answer the basic ethical principles, when you
are working on a serious thing which has serious effect on single person or a group of the society,
this activity must stand on ethical bases, and this the same in case of publication, the writer must
stand on the ethical basic principles like honesty and telling the truth and objectivity and reliability
and respecting the ownership of others and ……, these are such principles which you find in the
activity of the engineer everywhere not only as a publisher or as a writer but in any kind of the
industry, you have to answer these principles and you have to respect the basic ethical principles,
so you have to accept that if you published already your scientific result then it can used by
anybody because it is open already it is available and it is the condition of development of the
science, the results must be open and available for everybody, this makes the development of the
scientific world or the development of the industry, that the new results can be used by anybody
and it is not secret anymore, otherwise it will not help the society, but if you use somebody's
result in your publication you have to quote you have to say that this finding was written by this
person in this publication from where I got it and from where I use it, it is a kind of quotation, the
results of each other are respected by quotation, for instance in publication of scientific work you
cites (‫ اقتبس‬،‫ )استشهد‬a few sentences or algorithm then at the end of your publication you have to
write that this is form here, this is very important because it helps the other science in his work,
because citation (‫ )االقتباس‬is very important in your scientific career, if you have a lot of publications
this is good and even better if you have a lot of citations, it means that others are very interested
in it, and other found it important and good, and this proves that your scientific work is useful and
important, so if you have already published somewhere in high level scientific journal your findings
it’s mean that your sheared it with the society, and this can be in form of publication and
presentation and conferences and posters and so on. You can't avoid the scientific control, all
these publication will go through scientific control.
It is very important that the researcher should present his own findings not something what he
just mystification and selection(‫)الغموض واالنتقائية‬, the results which don't fit into my imagination as
a researcher then I forget it, we can't do such things, it is not fair, ever if it is not according to your
imagination and it is true so it has to be presented also, when you have something which is quite
different to whose which known on the field of scientific world then you have to be very careful, it
has to be presented with a lot of proves and you have to support it with a lot of data and so on, if
you present something very new which is not any similar thing know in the scientific world it is
some things socking for the scientific world then you have to prove it very much and very carefully
and you have to support data which is acceptable for those who never heard about such things, it
is not a nice thing to use the results of other without citation and quotation and it called beggary (
‫ )فقر أو ضعف‬which is like stealing, in this field honesty is very important because it will be very
available and open to the scientific world and recognition (‫ )تقدير أو تمي يز‬of the work of other
requires three conditions: (correct list of authors, recognition of all participants, and list of
quotation), this is preconditions of a fair publication, quotation is recognition of others, directing
the reader to new sources, supporting our results is interesting that you have a lot of quotation
then if you read the quotation you will find that some of quotation are coming from other
scientific field not from yours, so sometimes society fields are mixed together and if you read the
quotation then you can get a direction it was on other scientific work where which was not known
from you but it would interesting for you, so citation helps you to direct to understand new
scientific fields.
So about the quotation because the quotation is also is not simple and it has his own rules, in
literary work it is forbidden to take over a certain part of a literary work without a permission from
the originally writer, so literary work like short story or … you are not allowed to quote not a single
sentence of it without a previous permission of the writer, this is most strict part of this activity,
but in case of scientific book it is not so strict because it is interest of the scientific work to
disperse (‫ )نشر‬to knowledge, if you make it too strict that it will not reach each others, so it is no so
strict but the source what you quote any chart or part of text or… must be shown at the end of
your publication that this chart or this text from this book from this page …
And in case of university text books it is even less strict, there you can quote every thing without
quotation inside the text but at the end of the book you have to mention that you used the book
of this and that certain part, so using the findings of others is not a shame, this is what Newton
said because he used Kopornikous and Kepler findings and he said "he stood on the shoulders of
these scientists" so it is not a shame, it is like a stand on the shoulder of him to see far enough.
 ‫المحاضرة الثامنة‬
Today we will speak about the engineer who works as private entrepreneur (‫")متعهد‬private
business" small or big factory or workshop and so on…, so this engineer has a responsibility much
over average, his responsibility is much bigger than the employee, he has bigger freedom of
course because no one tells him what to do but with the bigger freedom goes together with a
bigger responsibility, he is responsible or his company, he is responsible for the employees and for
the family of the employees and so on, the private entrepreneur has a private praxes (‫)تطبيقات عملية‬
and from his client (‫ )زبون‬he gets certain price for his work and service, this price not a salary it is a
price about what did they agree, the engineer who works as an employee get his task independent
entrepreneur looks for seeks his work himself he doesn't get it he must look for it and seek it, the
private entrepreneur not only reacts on the circumstances but he takes in to his hand the initiative
(‫)المبادرة‬, he has a responsibility well over average and it means that he servers the society well
over average, he is learnt and qualified person who during his work he discovers new technique
solutions, he is confronting (‫ )يواجه‬with new problems and he has make very daring decision every
now and then, these are real engineering characteristics creativity and independent decision and
so on, but of course he rewarded when he successful and at the end he is a satisfied and happy
person, he is the one how ensures the living of his partners and his employees to success of his
company or work, he is continuous contact with his employees but with his client also and with
local administration, he is an independent person who takes part in the deformation (‫ )تعديل‬of the
society, but of course he must his work and his job and the task and in this the advertisement is
what helps him, the advertisement is a very practical tool because it helps to find entrepreneur
and the client, it helps to find each other, you may have a problem and you don't know how to
solve it and then what can you do you look for the advertisement, if you need a palmer ( ‫ )مسعف‬for
instance you need an electrician, who you find him, you find him if he put an advertisement in
special journal of paper or in the internet which is very useful tool, this is who we can find each
other, this is the tool how he can find his job, in advertisement the entrepreneur engineer
presents his skill and his practice and his knowledge and his references and so on, of course the
advertisement shouldn't go on a field which is already an exaggeration (‫)مبالغة‬, you should show
only knowledge and skill and references which you really have and what you able to do, it is not
nice to show up more than you are able to do, it is not correct, it's even harmful for the
profession, if you present reference works and projects about what you have done but haven't
done then it is harmful for the whole profession, but the honest advertisement is in the interest of
the entrepreneur and in the interest of the client, otherwise how could they find each other, the
advertisement shouldn't be misleading (‫)مضللة‬, it shouldn't show up more than you able to do, it
shouldn't present works and projects more than what really you done, it is also not ethical if you
present with it your references projects which are not yet ready which just are under going, this is
not ethical because you get advance what you don't deserve while the others show up only
projects and references what they have done already, so you get an advantage what you don't
deserve, of course it doesn't mean that the advertisement is necessarily not corrected it can be
correct of course and it should be correct, and it is inevitable (‫ )ال مف ر منه‬in the work of the
engineer.
Safety and quality
As to safety and quality, the entrepreneur engineer has not only certain freedom but huge and
bigger responsibility than the average, it happens quiet often that the entrepreneur engineer is
not only the designer but the contractor of the facility (‫)مقاول المنشأة‬, this can mean a problem
because he will be the most suitable to find the problems which may happen during the execution
(‫ )تنفيذ‬of the project, he is the one who knows the need of his client and as a consequence of this it
would be practical if he were present at the site of the project during the execution, it is not an
obligation but in a legal meaning of the word but it can be his ethical obligation to look after the
job as it is going on because he is the one who can find the problems the most easily and find he is
the one who can find solution to the problem, but of course there could be in spite of all these
complex could happen because the designer and the contractor and the client are different legal
entities (‫)كيانات‬, and they may have during the execution of the project different interest and this
may cause complex which can be solved in legal way and solving problem in legal way mean a lot
of complication (‫ )تعقيد‬and a lot of wasted time and a lot of money be expenses, it is not a very
good solution to solve a problem in a legal way, there is another solution which is not so well
known but it is a very effective solution which called arbitration (‫)التحكيم‬, arbitration is also a legal
solution but it is different, and is a special legal way when two parts present one and one each
representative (‫ )كل طرف يحضر ممثل عنه‬and two representative choose chairman of arbitration (
‫ )والممثلين يختارون شخص واحد ك رئيس تحكيم‬so arbitration stands from the chairman and two elected
members (‫)يعني لجنة التحكيم تتكون من رئيس وشخصين مختارين‬, the first elected member elected by the
client and the second elected by the entrepreneur, and the these two person choose third person
as a chairman of arbitration and it looks very fair to everybody because there is my representative
and his representative and the two representatives choose third person as a chairman of
arbitration, it is every effectively to solve the problem, there is only one sitting (‫ )جلسة واحدة‬then
they solve the problem they present the decision what they made and there is nothing you can do
against it, you have to accept it because you accepted it already when you presented you
representative and he accepted the decision already when presented his representative, so the
whole legal process is solved by one sitting, of course it is very effective and very fast, there is no
way to vote to a higher or second court (‫)جلسة أو قرار ثاني‬, there is only one sitting and one decision,
of course it is not very cheap, generally it is quite expensive because those people who I and he
chooses are very expensive people they are professors of university or chief engineer of big
company or …, big persons and very respected people, if they accepted to represent you they will
ask the price of it, so it is very effective and fast and very expensive, as advice you can it in case of
big project not in case of palmer came to your house to fix something because the whole business
is not worse for an arbitration.
Tenders ‫المناقصات‬
The entrepreneur engineer has very often his work by a tender, of course it is a gain if it is a big
project, you don't call for a tender in case you need an electretion to your house you just choose
one and you don't make a tender because no one will interest on it, but in case of big project to jet
a job the way to get is a tender like a big company, it is self understanding way of getting the most
competitive and highest level and best quality which is in the same time the less expensive, so it
means that you call for a tender different company which are able to do this work then you
compare their prices and their skillfulness and their quality of work and so on, and then you
choose the one who you interested in, but of course there is a problem it is the price of the work
is helps to defined the price of the work different norms and different standers which are used by
all the companies in the given country, the use the same norms they use the same tenders they
use the same prices for the same work, this you can use in case of company, but if there is a
special problem which big company do not want to do because it need a special skill and special
knowledge then they turn for a private entrepreneur or small company which has got skill and
experience in such special fields, but of course these special skill and experience has no official
price, while the norms and standards has official price, but to solve special problem it needs to
special skills and it will have a special price, so here the entrepreneur must be an ethical person
because he should ask a price which is correct, he shouldn't take advance of the position because
he is the only one who can solve a problem like this, if there is no competition around him he can
ask as much as he wants and you have to pay for him because your problem must be solved, and
there you must be an ethical person and you shouldn't ask more than what it really cost, you could
ask you are in the position to ask more because there is no competition with others and you are
the only one on the field but you have to be a correct ethical person and not to make advantage of
your special position but you should as for the correct price from your client, it is not easy, it needs
self-command that your control yourself, but of course on the other hand the price of the private
entrepreneur engineer what he ask should involve his special responsibility also, not only the price
of his manual work or the material involved in the project, but the special responsibility what he
has, so he deserves because of his special responsibility a little bit more the engineer who work as
an employee in a state company for instance, so he must be rewarded somewhat higher and we
have to understand it.