Jason T.

Hortelano
SHS Faculty
Banaba West Integrated School
 An earthquake (also known as a quake,
tremor or temblor) is the perceptible
shaking of the surface of the Earth,
resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
 Geologist explains that an earthquake
is a type of hazard that depends on the
strength of seismic activity, along with such
factors as local topographic and built
features, subsurface geology and
groundwater. A large earthquake will always
be followed by a sequence of aftershocks
that normally aggravates its effect on human
and material elements like buildings and
infrastructure.
1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion
 The earth shakes with the passage of earthquake
waves, which radiate energy that had been “stored” in
stressed rocks, and were released when a fault broke
and the rocks slipped to relieve the pent – up stress

 If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking

intensity, structures like buildings, bridges, and dams
can be severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping
ground destabilized. Perched or stacked object may
fall and injure or bury anyone close by.

https://youtu.be/qqzj8er01hI
2. Ground or Surface Rupture
 Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface
when fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface.
Any structure built across the fault is at risk of
being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip
past each other.

 Normal – and reverse – (collectively called dip –

slip) faulting surface ruptures feature vertical
offsets while strike – slip faulting produces lateral
offsets. Many earthquake surface ruptures are
combinations of both. Structures that span a
surface fault are likely to suffer great damage
surface ruptures
3. Liquefaction
 Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength
and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake
shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occur in
saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space
between the individual particles is completely filled with
water.
 Prior to an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively
low – the weight of the buried soil rests on the
framework of grain contacts that comprise it.
 However, earthquake shaking can disrupt the
structure, the soil particles no longer support and all
the weight, and the groundwater pressure begins to
rise.
 The soil particles can move farther, and
become entrained in the water – the soil
flows.
 Liquefied soil will force open ground
cracks in order to escape to the surface.
 The ejected material often results in
flooding and may leave cavities in the soil
4. Earthquake – induced ground subsidence and lateral
spreading
 Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often
occurs during earthquakes. This may be due to
downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault,
and can sometimes affect a huge area of land.
 Coastal areas can become permanently flooded as a
result. Subsidence can also occur as ground shaking
causes loose sediments to ‘settle’and to lose their load
bearing strength or to slump down sloping grounds.
 Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to
move downhill, causing cracks to open up, that are often
seen along hill crest and river banks.
5. Tsunami
 A tsunami also known as a seismic sea wave,
is a series of waves in a water body caused
by the displacement of a large volume of
water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.

 Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other

underwater explosions, landslides, glacier
cavings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances above or below water all have
the potential to generate a tsunami.
6. Earthquake – induced landslides
 Landslides are frequently triggered by strong ground
motions. They are important secondary earthquake
hazards.

 The term landslide includes a wide range of ground

movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and
shallow debris flows. However, gravity acting on a steep
slope is the primary reason for all landslides.
 Strong earthquake- induced ground shaking greatly
increases the likelihood of landslides where landscape is
susceptible to these types of ground failure.
 Two ways of describing the strength of an earthquake

1. Intensity 2. Magnitude
perceived strength of an based on instrumentally
earthquake based on derived information and
relative effect to people correlates strength with the
and structures; generally amount of total energy
released at the earthquake’s
higher near the epicenter
point of origin
 RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
1 magnitude below 1 are only detectable when an ultra sensitive seismometer is
operated under favorable conditions.

2 M below 3 are "hardly perceptible shocks" and are not felt.

3 M 3 to 4 are "very feeble shocks" and only felt near the epicenter.

4 M 4 to 5 are "feeble shocks" where damages are not usually reported.

5 M 5 to 6 are "earthquakes with moderate strength“; felt over the wide areas; some
of them cause small local damages near the epicenter.

6 M 6 to 7 are "strong earthquakes“; accompanied by local damages near epicenters.

7 M 7 to 8 are the "major earthquakes“; can cause considerable damages near

epicenters; may generate tsunamis.

8 M 8 to 9 are the "great earthquakes" occurring once or twice a year. When in land
areas, damages affect wide areas. When under the sea, considerable tsunamis are
produced. Many aftershocks occur in areas approximately 100 to 1,000 kilometers in
diameter.
M over 9 have never occurred since the data based on the seismographic
9 observations became available.

10 Earthquakes with M over 9 have never occurred since the data based on
the seismographic observations became available.
Most commonly used methods of reducing earthquake risks

1. Effective recording and interpretation of ground motion

2. Constructing seismic hazard maps

3. Developing resistant structures

PROGRAMS (dost.gov.ph)
PHIVOLCS has the knowledge, it is their mission to
prepare the public.
Some of their information and earthquake campaigns:
➢ Nationwide lectures and seminars
➢ Earthquake drills
➢ Tsunami warning systems
➢ Tsunami warning signage
➢ Tsunami drills
 Performance Task for Module 11 - Week 6
Instruction:
Create a 12-box comic strip which encourages people to appreciate
the value of knowing earthquake hazards and risk reduction.
Rubric for comic strip making
Traits 4 3 2 1
Some actions Actions never
Actions make sense Most actions make
Action make sense from make sense from
from one panel to sense from one
one panel to one panel to
another panel to another
another another
Landscape Relate to the Relate to the Never relate to
Relate to the action
and props action and action and the action and
and characters in all
characters in most characters in some characters in all
panels
panels panels panels
Well-written, Well-written,
Textboxes Not well-written,
Well-written, edited edited for edited for
not edited for
and bubbles for punctuations, punctuations, punctuations,
punctuations,
grammar and usage in grammar and grammar and
grammar and
all panels usage in most usage in some
usage in all panels
panels panels

Excitement Somewhat Not interesting at

Very interesting Interesting
and interest interesting all
Suggessted titles/themes
1. Disaster Resilience and Preparedness
2. The Philippines: Its Ability to Respond to the Big One
3. BWIS SHS Student: A Disaster Strong and Resilient
4. Earthquake Risk Reduction

To gain more insights you may watch this:

Earthquake and Its Hazards AVP from DOST PHIVOLCS

https://youtu.be/Py9k7dacoKo