Solar Saturn gas turbine standby generator set Solar Gas TurbinesTo convert from English “To Metric ENGLISH TO METRIC MEASURES CONVERSION CHART Matiply by inches tin) inehes tin feet Ie) wards ube Feet (eu 8) sauce Feet is fe) aon al pounds (1) Bea) Fits ‘Thermal Unit/pound (itu /tb) centimeter em) teters in Cabie meters (m Square meters m2) liters Kira da tila foe kilogram thax si 400, 304s nga 0288 Doge 3 as 3856 Rritish Thermal Unit (eu Kilo calories tkeal) 0352 ‘sie Feet min ete) tube meters min (m/min) 02s Sd, cube fee tin [sem arma bie meters/ hr (nm8he) 16 punds/sq in gage (psa) stmospheres abs (ta) 0.0708 pouinds/sq in absolute ipsia) hare ovis horsepnvver (np kilowatts (kw) 0.1457 Falhrenbeit (°F) Comtigeade (°C) Re 5/9 ‘he wor Soar, Conca an Sore soning rdemarks of Ioteratonsl Harvester” All ight reserved Harvester Company he contents Cover Photo: Essentis Ser By Se be of edn ‘ole or in prt without cna ofthe cor cwnet power requirements and protection for long range res provided by a Saturn generator set at a medical research facility operated by the State of New York. HH. SOLAR 138/875ef INTRODUCTION ‘This proposal deseribes the Saturn gas turbine generator set manufactured for standby power applications by the Solar Division of International Harvester Company. ‘Major emphasis in design and packaging of the generator set has been placed on application flexibility. The basic set, with its wide range of available voltages and control syster arrangements, can satisfy the majority of eustomer installa tion and operating requirements. The system design is hhased on years of experience in the gas turbine generator sot business and is produced with standard hardware mant- aetured for industrial service. Prime consideration has been iven to reliability of the set and the simplicity required in ‘operation and maintenance activities for emergeney power applications In comparing the Saturn gas turbine generator set with generator sots of comparable rating, the following factors Should be considered: Weight of the Saturn gas turbine generator set is approximately 11,500 pounds and it can be installed in a Tesquare foot area. The compact size and light: weight permit more efficent use of building space and a considerable reduetion in building cost. ‘The continuous-burning combustion eyele and con- tinuous rotary motion of the turbine virtually elim- inate the need for vibration absorption equipment and make rooftop installation practical, Cost of installation (such as transporting, rigging, foundation, piping connections, ete.) and support equipment is minimal. ‘Turbine lubricating oil doos not enter the com: ustion area and, therefore, is not subject to con. tamination. Lube oil replacement is required only at sufficient intervals to prevent chemical breakdown caused by aging. The quantity of oil consumed during ‘operation is negligible Performance of the gos turbine generator set is Superior to most reciprocating engines in frequency control, voltage regulation, transient response, and bbehavior in parallel operation as established by exist- ing test data. Motor starting characteristics are excellent. Starting time is fast and warmup is not required, The sas turbine driven generator set can accept full load immediately upon reaching rated speed. ‘The set may be operated at zero load during “exercis- ing” periods without the usual detrimental effects experienced in reciprocating engines, Sound emitted from the set during operation is reduced to comfortable levels through proper selec: tion of standard silencing components, ‘The turbine exhaust contains a high percentage (17 10 19 percent by volume) of oxygen, and is relatively free of pollutants because of the continuous. burning com Dustion evel. ‘The generator set is a completely packaged and fac- tory tested system, requiring only fuel, starting and control power, and component interconnection to make it operative. It roquires no cooling water. ‘The set is offered with a variety of proven control sys tem arrangements to mect specific customer req ments, ‘The product is designed and applied by engineers spe. citieally trained and experienced in gas turbines, elec trical systems, and standby power applications, It is ‘manufactured in accordance with the best industrial standards and is thoroughly tested in modern facilities, Personnel specializing in. equipment installation review customer plans and specifications to assure proper system integration. Qualified field service per sonnel are available throughout the world to provide startup supervision, maintenance assistance, and operator training. ‘This proposal describes the hasic configuration, available modifications, ancillary equipment, system performance, installation requirements, and service support for the Saturn Gas Turbine Standby Generator SetSECTION 1 CONTENTS GAS TURBINE GENERATOR SET General Deseription Modifications SATURN GAS TURBINE ENGINE Design Concept Saturn Gas Turbine Specifications GENERATOR AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Generator Deseription Generator Construction Rating Generator Selection Performance Characteristics Voltage Regulator Exeiter STANDARD OPERATING SYSTEMS Fuel Systems: Liquid Fuel System Natural Gas Puel System Governor Systems Model SG Governor Model PSG Governor Model EGB-2C Governor Lubrication System Starting Systems DC Electric Starting System Air/Gas Starting System Controls and Instrumentation Start Sequence Running Sequence Stop Sequence Protective Devices Control System Components Control System Modifications Control Console Automatie Control Systems PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS Performance ‘Typical Performance Curve Performance Correction for Altitude Effect of Inlet and Exhaust Pressure Loss Curve Motor Starting Capability Approximate Exhaust Gas Composition Examples of Use of Curves INSTALLATION Installation Advantages ‘Mounting ‘Turbine Air Intake System Exhaust System Ventilation Electrical Interconnect AC Power System Additional Services Solar Installation Capabilities ‘Modular Concept ‘TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL Testing Standard Testing Optional TestingCONTENTS (Cont) SECTION PAGE Certified Test Reports a Quality Control 12 Product Improvement Program, 7 8 POWER SUPPORT. 8 Worldwide Technical Support 8 Operation and Maintenance Manuals 8 Replacement Paris, 8 Contract Maintenance 8 Overhaul 52 Overhaul Warranty 84 Training Ba ILLUSTRATIONS roe 1 Gomponents Included in Basie et 1 Star Satu ingle St Gas Trine 23 Crow Seton Slr Satur Gs Trine 4a Relator Shemati $1 Laud Fuel Siem Shenae $2 Natu Gas Foe Sate Schematic 13 onward Model PSC Governor Seematc {4 BGB-2C Governor Sytem Schematic 15 Labneatng il Sater sehen ® $8 DC HleciSoring Stem $7 Alves Stating Stem Schematic $3 Taine Control Pane! Loca $30 Taine Cnt! Panel — Rema us $1 Blea etrng Pal 3 Conte! Cone ts Sint Automat Paral Stem + Oat Pover )Varus Engine st i Tempertane 32 Altitude Correction Factor Inlet and Exhaust Pressure Loss Curve Voltage Transients for Starting Large Motors Approximate Exhaust Gas Composition Curve Generator Set Components (Sheet 1 of 2) (Sheet 2 of 2) 62 Generator Set Installation Details 63 Generator Set Enclosure ot ‘Typical Ventilation Requirements. 65 Electrical Interconnection Requirements (Sheet 1 of 2) (Sheet 2 of 2) 66 AC Power System 1 Quality Control Surveillance 12 e 72 Product Improvement Research 72 BL Solar's Power Support Facilities (Sheet 1 of 2} 83 (Sheet 2 of 2) 84Reliable backup power for the radio “Hot Line” which makes possible instantaneous communication between the United States and 200 countries, including the Soviet Union.. GENERAL DESCRIPTION ‘The basie generator set consists of a Solar Saturn indus: trial gas turbine engine mounted on a rigid base with the reduction gearbox, generator, and operating systems, Addi- @ VOLTAGE ADJUST RHEOSTAT we SEARBOX ccc TRANSFORMER Ol COOLER o00 | oe : 1 TURBINE - CONTROL got BANEL hoo? Start ConTacToR/oc TURBINE CIRCUIT BREAKER RELAY ASSEMBLY PANEL Figure 1-1. Components Included in Basic Set 1 Gas Turbine Generator Set tional system components are identified in Figure 1-1. De- pending on the tinal configuration selected, some of these components may require separate mounting. The Saturn gas turbine generator set is a compact, light- weight unit, requiring minimum floor space and inst lation effort, Overall dimensions and component weights are shown in Figure 1-2 The Saturn gas turbine generator set is @ standard pro- duction unit specifically designed far standby applications. A wide choice of standard and optional equipment is avail. able to meet varying installation and operating require ments. A brief description of this equipment is presented in subsequent paragraphs Power Plant. Solar Saturn single-shalt industrial gas turbine engine with antifrievion bearings and integral, speed-reducing gearbox to 1800 rpm. (4 1500 rpin eazbox is supplied with 50 Hz sets.) The nominal engine rating is 1200 horsepower, based on standard conditions of 59°F at sea level, with zero inlet and exhaust losses. A flexible drive coupling connects the ‘output shaft of the gearbox to the generator shalt Generator. A 900-kw, 1125-kva, 480-volt, 8-phase, 60 Ha, openstype standby duty ie voltage regulator and antifriction bearings. Other generators are available with the following frequen: cies and voltages. 60 He Frequeney | (800) pm) Voltage 4160 2400 600 240 208 Governor. A Woodward Model SG, speed sensing hy. raulic governor. Other available governors include:TOTAL WEIGHT 11,500 LB (5215 KILOGRAMS) "APPROXIMATE WEIGHT IN POUNDS ENGINE 1250 GEAREOX 400 (GENERATOR 7000 BASE ee 2200 LUBRICATION OIL RESERVOIR “400 = 13 FT4 In, (Low voLtace sers) —_____| @10 cM 4 FTOIN, (HIGH VOLTAGE SETS) ‘430 cM LUBRICATION OIL COOLER - 1 500 LUBRICATION SYSTEM 300 STARTER a ace m= 150 FUEL SYSTEM mere Figure 1-2. Basic Generator Set — Weights and Dimensions Woodward Model PSG, spoed-sensing hydraulic governor with speed trim motor. Woodward Model EGB-2C electric load-sensing governor with mechanieal baekup. Fuel System. Complete liquid fuel system including all necessary components to meter and contral the fuel according to load requirements. A duplex filter arrangement is available to permit filter change-out ‘during operation of the set. (Solar Specification 9-251 ‘contains speeifie guid fuel requirements.) Also available: Natural gas fuel system with all necessary compo. nents to meter and control the fuel according to load requirements. (Solar Specification ES 1211 contains natural gas fuel requirements.) Lubrication System. Complete lubrication system ineluding a 50-gallon storage tank with sight level indicator, gear-driven main lube oil pump, cil filter, oil temperature and pressure gages; and an air-to-oil heat exchanger with a 440/220-volt, ac motor-driven cooling fan for remote mounting. (Solar Specification 9.251 contains specific lube oil requirements.) Other items available inelude: ‘Hydraulically driven cooling fan with the air-to-oil heat exchanger for on-set mounting. Starting System. A 24-volt, de, non-disengaging start Also system including the main start contactor. available: Pneumatic start system operating on 150 psig natural gas or compressed air; includes the lub- ricator, filter, and controls. Base. A structural steel base supports the turbine, generator, and standard operating systems. Control System. A 24-volt, de, turbine relay control systom operates on the’ starting and/or control battery systems. The basic control system includes: ‘Turbine relay panel including all starting, operat- ing, and protective relays: speed and temperature ‘monitoring devices; hourmeter; and generator vot age regulator. Starting contactor and de breaker assembly, circuit ‘Turbine control panel including the following turbine instruments and controls Exhaust tomperature meter ‘Turbine temperature meter Percent speed meter Oil/Local/Auto-Remote switch Start button Stop button Reset buttonsnciator lights High turbine temperature High oil temperature Low oil pressure Overspeed Start failure Ready-to-load MODIFICATIONS ‘The generator set is a complete unit in its basic con: figuration: however, preengineered standard modifications, are available to make the set adaptable to existing systems and 10 meet special installation requirements. Generator Gulf Coast Treatment — Protects internal com: ponents of the generator against humid environ ment, Generator Space Heaters — Protects the gen- erator against condensation when not operating, Liquid Fuel System Fuel Boost Pump — Equivalent lift eapability of 20 feet. Supplies fuel to the filter inlet at a rate of 2.5 gpm and 20 psig (minimum). Lubrication Oil System Lubrication Tank Heater — For starting at low ambient temperatures below 40°F. DC Power Supply. Two de power supply systems are available for the generator set; one supplies power for both start and control systems. The other supplies power for the control system when the pneumatic start system is used. Starting and Control Battery System — Lead-acid batteries of adequate capacity for five consecutive starts, battery charger with a 30-ampere charge rate, and a battery rack, Starting and Control Battery System — Nickel cadmium batteries of adequate capacity for five consecutive starts, battery charger with a 20. ampere charge rate, and a battery rack, Control Battery System — Lead-acid batteries with 55-ampere-hour eapacity, battery’ charger with a 20-ampere charge rate, and a battery rack, Control Battery System — Nickel-cadmium bat. teries of 55-ampere-hour capacity, battery charger with a 20-ampere charge rate, and a battery rack Control System Remote Turbine Control Panel — Provides re- mote capability and consists of: Exhaust temperature meter Percent speed meter Governor motor switch Start button Stop button Pa Reset bution ‘Turbine malfunction light Ready to load light, Remote status light Control power on/off switch Electrical Metering Panel — Monitors the gen: erator output (recommended for single-unit opera tion} and consists of: Voltmeter and six-position selector switch Ammetor and three-pesition selector switeh Frequency meter Voltage adjusting rheostat Circuit breaker control switch and position lights All instrument transformers required to operate these meters are to be furnished by others. Solar recommends this equipment be located in the cireuit breaker cubicle. Deluxe Electrical Metering Panel — Monitors the seenerator output and has synchronizing lights and. controls for paralleling with other units. The panel consists of: Voltmeter and six-pesition selector switch Ammeter and three-position selector switch Frequency meter Voltage adjusting rheostat Cireuit breaker control switeh snd_ position lights Synchronizing lights with switch KW-KVAR meter with selector switch All instrument transformers required to operate these meters are to be furnished by others. Solar recommends this equipment be located in the cir- cuit breaker cubicle. Control Console — Fabricated to meet NEMA I Standards; free-standing, with front access suit: able for mounting the turbine relay panel and either of the following standard assemblies ‘Turbine control panel ‘Turbine control panel/Electrical metering panel Remote turbine control panel/Eleetrical me- tering panel ichage Sound Attenuating Enclosure — Bncases the ‘entire generator set. (An air inlet flex ection, ex haust slip joint, and a set-mounted oil cooler with a hydraulically driven fan are required with the en- closure.)Air Inlet Flex Section — Isolates the turbine from loads imposed by the inlet ducting. Connects to the turbine air inlet and terminates in a 36-inch square flange. Supplied with the gasket. Exhaust Section (Bellows assembly) — Ter- minates in an 18-inch ASA flange and is supplied with gaskets and attaching hardware, Used to iso. late the turbine from loads imposed by the exhaust, ducting Air Inlet Plenum — Conneets the ai section and a 36-inch square silencer duct; fan aecess panel to the turbine inlet. Solar Saturn Gas Turbine Generator Set 14DESIGN CONCEPT ‘The Saturn industrial gas turbine engine has a nominal rating of 1200 horsepower at standard conditions of 38°F at sea level with zero inlet and exhaust duct losses. From the criteria included Tundamental principles of long life, low maintenance, and conservative ‘operating temperatures. Unlike aircraft designs, there were ro extreme requirements for a high power-to-weight ratio; therefore, the Saturn engine reflects a design philosophy which combines the outstanding performance traits of the turbine with the rugged construction best suited for indus trial use, The growing number of Saturn engine instal: lations and the millions of operating hours in industrial applications are substantiation of this philosophy. One of the foremost design parameters of the Saturn engine sas that it operate at conservative gas temperatures and stress levels to extend the operating life of major rotat ing and stationary components. Another prime design objective was dependability. While other factors contribute to the dependability of the basie engine, the selection of simplified controls and engine accessories was a major Factor. ‘The structural coneept of the Saturn engine is an innova- tion in the engineering of gas turbines. With a few excep tions, contemporary machines have been designed to two extremes; either they are designed specifially to aireraft practices of highly sophisticated construction for light ‘weight but short life, or they are designed with the rmassivenoss of industrial steam turbines to ensure long life. Although a gas turbine of aireraft design can be modified and derated to extend the operating life, it is inherently Gelicate. On the other hand, detailed consideration of fac- tors affecting life (e.g., creep, relaxation, fatigue, and corrosion) does not indicate that exeessive size js the only solution for long life. In keeping with an optimum philosophy, the Saturn turbine construction is between the ‘two extremes, Although designed for long life, it utilizes ‘nly enough material in its components to satisfy struc- tural and thermal requirements. As shown in Figure 2-1, the layout of the engine is simple and straightforward. An eight-stage axial compressor, lully annular combustion chamber, and three-stage axial-flow turbine are arranged with a straight-through flow path that rot only minimizes law losses but also affords the engine 2 21 2 Saturn Gas Turbine Engine cylindrical structure of considerable rigidity and stability An accessory drive gearbox with starter mounting pad is located behind the air inlet to shorten the overall length of the engine, The air inlet housing, compressor case, compressor dif fuser, combustion chamber ease, turbine case, exhaust dif- fuser, and turbine output housing are interconnected to form the main structural shell of the engine. Flanges with piloting surfaces maintain aceurate alignment af the engine tunder all operating conditions, Rolled steel construction and castings are used whenever practical. ‘The reduction drive assembly consists of a owo-stage planetary gear train which reduces the turbine output shaft speed from 22,900 rpm to 6000 rpm in the first-stage and to 1800 (or 1500) rpm in the second-stage, The primary stage (Pig. 2-2) consists of the turbine-connected sun gear, sta tionary planets, and a rotating ring gear. The second stage is 1 true planetary system comprised of a sun gear, rotating planet gears, and a stationary ring gear. ‘The final output is {transmitted through the rotating gear earrier to the output shalt. ‘The gas turbine has a marked advantage over the other types of heat engines in that it has a continuous com: hustion power cycle. In addition, major moving parts have a continuous rotating motion as opposed to the reciprocating ‘motion of diesel and gas engines. In the Saturn engine (shown in Figure 2-3), aie is drawn into the air inlet and compressed by the eight-stage axial flow compressor. The compressed air is directed into the combustion chamber in a steady flow, Within the annular combustion chamber, fuel is injected into the pressurized air. During the engine starting cycle, this fuel-air mixture is ignited by’ a high-voltage spark from the ignitor plug and continuous burning is maintained as long as there is ade- {quate flow of pressurized air and fuel, The hot, pressurized gas from the combustion chamber expands through the turbine, dropping in pressure and temperature as it drives, the turbine, In this way, the energy of the fuel is trans- formed into the rotating power of the turbine output shaft. ‘The turbine drives the compressor and the external load (generator) through a common shaft. During the starting cevele, the starter supplies the driving power for the gas turbine up to approximately 15 percent rated speed, atExHausT COLLECTOR FIRST-STAGE, = REDUCTION GEARS. fy secono-sTace REDUCTION GEARS FUEL MANIFOLD COMPRESSOR case ACCESSORY ND STATORS. AND STATORS COMBUSTION CHAMBER DIFFUSER “ ‘COMPRESSOR ROTOR AIR INLET Figure 2-1. Solar Saturn Single-Shaft Gas Turbine ourPur D FIRST-STAGE wy SECOND-STAGE Figure 2-2. Reduction Drive 22which time the gas turbine “lights off" and accelerates to 100 percent rated speed. The starter remains engaged after light-off and assists in the acceleration from 13 10 60 per- ‘cent speed, (= stare paars ROTATING PARTS Approximately 20 percent of the available air mass is, required for combustion; the remainder is used to cool the combustion chamber and reduce the temperature of the ‘combustion gases to less than 1550°F at the inlet to the first turbine stage. The exhaust cemperature varies with the gen- erator load and has @ maximum value of 935°F. Laboratory tests of the exhaust products classify them as nontoxie and show a 17 0 19 percent oxygen content. SsraToR LADES: ‘COMPRESSOR BLADES sim ance COMBUSTOR Figure 2-3. Cross Section of Solar Saturn Gas Turbine SATURN GAS TURBINE SPECIFICATIONS Compressor Type ee Axial Number of Stages ‘| ee 8 Compression Ratio ove eee teens ree 621 Flow sae cee 12.8 Ihisee Speed 100 rpm, Combustion Chamber Type ose e eee eee eee teen e eee Annular Ignition ©. coer. : + Single igniter plug Number of Fuel Nozzies | one 9 Turbine Numbor of Stagee aig eh G20 fitiireweu le ietie steele tins eae eaters Speed (Design) 7 a 22/900 rpm Bearings Antifrietion Materials of Construction Air Intake Housing 2.26.60 2 6s ce eens eee pene cae Aluminum Compressor Case... ‘| 17-4 PH stainless steel Compressor Blades 1201. DUDDLELIDL DDD LI LTT LL 1 Lai cast stainless steel Combustor Liner 1155 high-temperature alloy Combustor Case 6122.2: Roearetr esas 1221.1 INIS6 high-temperature alloy Turbine Case 422 AIST stainless steel ‘Turbine Nozzles, First: and Second-Stage |... fic 202 12 .NIS6 high-temperature alloy Turbine Nozzles, Third-Stage . . 347 stainless steel Turbine Discs : ae : ‘A286 stainless steel Turbine Blades, First- and Second-Stage 3816 alloy steel Turbine Blades, Third-Stage : - 713 cast alloy steel Exhaust Diffuser... « ee ‘ ‘| [17-4 PH stainless steel Exhaust Collector 21 stainless steel Accessory Gear Housing <6... eed : ‘AluminumLastant protection against commercial powor tallur. Tree Satur enerator sets proving standby power ora aaphono exchange ia f Avera, Canad® GENERATOR DESCRIPTION ‘The Saturn Gas Turbine Generator Set was designed to accept a wide range of generators for maximum flexibility Generator procurement is based on a system in which the generator, exeiter, and voltage regulator are from a single source, ensuring ‘a preengineered system for optimum performanee, GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION ‘The construction characteristics of the generator compo- nents are Rotor. The rotor is dynamically balanced; the degree of dynamic unbalance does not exceed 6.5 inch-ounces in any plane of correction. Efficiont blowers move air through the generator and around the rotor for cool: ing. Cage (amortisseur) winding is complete with eon- nections between poles for superior rotor damping. All cage connections are brazed for best mechanical con struction and permanent electrical characteristics. The rotors have layer-wound field windings cemented with a high-strength resin and baked. Stotor. The stator is built with high grade silicon steel laminations, precision punched, and individually insulated, Low voltage windings are random-wound coils in lined, semi-closed slots, High-voltage wind ings are form-wound in lined slots, Wound cores are repeatedly impregnated with thermosetting syn- thetic varnish, and baked for maximum moisture resistance high dielectric strength and high bonding dualities Shaft, The shaft is of extra-large diameter to provide necessary stiffness as a practical solution to torsional problems, Frame. The frame is heavy-duty steel, fabricated with ‘deep welds and internal reinforcing for extra rigidity and strength, Insulation Insulation materials conform to NEMA Class F. The generator rating is based on Class F temperature rise in accordance with NEMA MGI 1972 for standby duty. 3 Generator and Associated Equipment 3.1 RATING ‘The generator is 1125 kva, 900 kw, standby rated assum. ing a 0.8 power factor (pf It isa S:phase, brushless, self-ventilating unit suitable for standby duty within its ‘MGI standby rating. GENERATOR SELECTION Frequency 60 Hertz 50 Herz Volare “4160 3500) 2au 380 60 415 80 240 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Standard performance generator characteristies are summarized as follows: Voltage Regulation (Steady-State). ‘The generator exciter and regulator package provide steady-state voltage regulation within +1 percent of rated voltage ‘when the load is varied from no load to rated kva, and all transients have decayed to zero, Voltage Regulation (Transient Response). Sudden application of rated kva at 0.8 power factor (pf) when the generator, exciter, and regulator are operating at no load, rated voltage, and frequeney: or sudden removal of rated kva at 0.8 pf when the machine is operating at rated voltage and frequency, results in less than 30 pereent exeursion from rated voltage, Recovery is within #5 percent of rated voltage, with no more than one undershoot or one overshoot in less ‘than one second. Voltage Drift. With the generator initially operating at rated voltage, and with a constant load berween ‘ere and 100 percent, the rate of the change in theregulated output will not exceed 1 percent of rated voltage for any 30-minute period at @ constant speed and at a constant ambient temperature, Efficiency, ‘The combined generator, exciter, and regulator efficiency at full load is 95 percent or better. Wave Form Deviation factor 10 percent maximum RMS harmonic 5 percent maximum content Telephone infu: 125 ence factor Overload Capacity. The generator is capable of carry: ing @ one-minute overload of 33 percent of normal rated current with the field set for normal rated load excitation, Short-Cireuit Capability. The generator, regulator, and exeiter system will sustain at least 250 percent of rated generator current for 10 soconds when a 3-phase, symmetrical short circuit is applied at the generator terminals, This provision provides adequate time for selective tripping of circuit breakers under short cir- cuit conditions. VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘The voltage regulator (Fig. 3-1) is completely static, of the silicon-eontrolied rectifier type, employing a Zener ref- BRUSHLESS GENERATOR EXCITER 7 AC GENERATOR OUTPUT foros. IcuRReNT EXCITER FIELD power | [ComPensarion| of Ph stace . t SUSTAIN GATING 1 SHORT CIRCUIT ney PRE- AMPLIFIER voLTace REFERENCE STABILIZING CIRCUIT VOLTAGE REGULATOR Figure 3-1. Voltage Regulator Schematic erence, and arranged for single-phase sensing. All rectifiers are silicon and are hermeticaly sealed. Regulators include tross-current-compensation (CCC) for parallel operation. ‘The regulator has a -£5 percent voltage adjustment range by means of a rheostat which can be mounted up to 100 feet, from the generator. A single-phase potential transformer approximately 1.5-kva) must be supplied by the user to provide power to the voltage regulator on high-voltage systems (above 600 volts). EXCITER ‘The exciter unit consists essentially of two separate assemblies A S:phase, rotating armature type, altemating eur: rent generator A S-phase, full wave bridge rectifier ‘The rotating armature and the rotating rectifier assembly fare mounted on the generator rotor shalt and are elec- tically interconnected with each other and with the gen: trator field windings. The stator for the exciter consists of a wound-laminated core installed in a flange ring which forms lan integral part of the generator front bearing bracket. The complete exciter is enclosed and protected by a removable ‘The exciter system (Fig. 9-2) has sufficient capacity to provide excitation when the generator is carrying 150 per cent rated eurrent for one minute. GENERATOR FIELD EXCITER, FIELD EXCITER, ARMATURE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ROTATING RECTIFIER Figure 3-2. Exciter System iyFUEL SYSTEMS LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM Liquid fuel is normally used for standby power applica tons because of ease in storing quantities of fuel inexpen sively, Grades 1 and 2 fuel oil, Grades 1 and 2 diesel fuel, and keronene (JP-4 or JP-5) in the temperature range of minus 65°F to plus 130°F, permit gas turbine operation providing the viscosity of the fuel is maintained at 12 centistokes (or less) kinematic viscosity and does not contain excessive ‘amounts of damaging elements. Solar's liquid hydrocarbon fuel specification, 9-251, is available for more detailed information. ‘The system funetions properly with fuels having @ lower heating value (LITV) of 18,000 to 20,000 Buus. 4 Standard Operating Systems The turbine liquid fuel system is completely integrated within the generator package. As shown in Figure 4-1. the order in which the fuel passes from the supply connection and through the major part of the fuel system is: 5-tniezon, low-pressure, fuel filter (replaceable-element type); main turhine-criven fuel pump; high-pressure filter (10 miczons) main fuel control (combines function of an acceleration com: tol, fuel metoring valve, fuel shut-off valve, and. flow divider); and into the annular fuel manifold to the nine fuel nozzles equally spaced in the tubular manifold ‘The fuel pressure required at the 5-micron fuel filter inlet is 20 psig. A 24-volt, de, motor-driven fuel boost pump with 4 75-micron suction strainer can be supplied with the set. ‘The pump supplies fuel at 2.5 gpm and has a 20 feet equiva. lent lift capacity A duplex, low-pressure (S-mieron) filter arrangement is available to facilitate filter servicing during operation compae ssor Fuel, DIFFERENTIAL GOVERNOR —_GISCHARGE INLET PRESSURE PRESSURE INDICATOR, 75-t41cRON —| I BOOST PUMP. (Interest Relief STRAINER S-MICRON FILTERS, poy = — soLeno1D Sa SHUTOPE 10-MIGRON FUEL ConTROL' FILTER Py Le Fi REL ig 4 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE INDICATOR MODIFICATIONS An IGNITER PLUG TEF LINE (Seater Figure 4-1. Liquid Fuel System SchematicNATURAL GAS FUEL SYSTEM ‘The natural gas fuel system (Fig. 4-2) ineludes all com. ponents necessary to moter fuel at the proper sehedule dur ing starting and operation from no load to full load. The System requires a natural gas supply al a regulated pres sure of 140 to 150 psig. (Gas supply must conform to Solar Specification ES 1211) ‘The system consists of a solenoid-operated main fuel valve, fuel control valve which controls acceleration and metering, and the fuel manifold with nine nozzles. A torch igniter is used to ensure reliable starting. COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE wameuer / FueL contrat GOVERNOR vent VALVE vaLve L is tog I Linkage sn: fh [RELIEF L ‘ vate iW (175 PSI) FUEL GAS SUPPLY 140 T0250 PSIG Torch IenITERS*" Figure 4-2, Natural Gas Fuel System Schematic GOVERNOR SYSTEMS Three goveming systems are available for the standhy generator set, and selection of a particular system is die tated by the present and/or anticipated operating require ments. Variables to consider in making the selection in- clude single unit versus multi-unit operation, isochronous, versie droop frequeney control, Lansient response charac- teristics, and load:-sharing versus load-swing unit operation when operating in parallel MODEL SG GOVERNOR The Woodward Model SG is a speed.sensing governor suitable for single-unit installation when there is no require ment for paralleling with another source of power, Type — Hydraulically actuated/mechanieal linkage Operation — Droop range 0.5 to4 percent Droop Adjustment — Internal Characteristics Steady state 0.25 percent Full load deviation — 4 percent Pull lond recovery time — 4 seconds MODEL PSG GOVERNOR ‘The Woodward Model PSG (Fig. 4-3) is a speed-sensing governor equipped with a speed trim motor; @ speed adjust switch is mounted on the turbine control panel. This gov- fernor increases flexibility of the unit by allowing parallel ‘multi-unit operation. paralleling with other sources of power, and either isochronous or droop type frequency control Type — Hydraulically actuated/mechanical linkage Operation — Isochronous or droop range 0 to 4 per- cent Droop Adjustment — External Characteristics — Steady state 0.25 percent Full load deviation —4 percent Full load reeovery time — 4 seconds SPEED. SPEEDER TERMINAL ADJUSTING Spring /LEVER ScREW. FLYWEIGHTS: POWER PISTON RELIEF VALVE. BUFFER SPRINGS aurrer PISTON Power CYLINDER on. suPPLY INET FRO ENGINE PILOT VALVE PLUNGER Figure 4-3. Woodward Model PSG Governor Sche- matic MODEL EGB-2C GOVERNOR ‘The Woodward Model EGB.2C (Fig. 4-4) consists of an cloctrical load sensing governor for primary frequency and a mechanical speed.-sensing governor for back: lp. This model is always used when the automatic paral leling system is employed. Potential and current inputs necessaty for EGB-2C governor operation must he provided by others,Type — Essentially two governors; a load sensing electric governor and a mechanical governor for back- up. Operation — Isochronous or droop — Range 0 to 4 percent Droop Adjustment — External Charaetoristies — Electric Steady state 40.25 percent Full load deviation —3 percent Full load recovery time —3 seconds Mechanical Steady state 0.25 percent Full load deviation —4 seconds Full load recovery time —4 seconds ‘Tho advantages of an electric governor for frequency control inelude! Iochtonous control in multi-unit operation Automatic load sharing capability in multi-unit ‘operation (will maintain load division within #5 per- cent of unit rating) Improved frequency response characteristics under transient conditions LUBRICATION SYSTEM ‘The turbine lubrication system (Pig. 45) is an integral, A ese seem ih Seon ese which eliminates the need for an external supply tank. Al, bearings and gears in the engine and accessory drive are lubrieated and cooled by the lube oll from the system whieh ‘operates at a pressure of 60 to 65 psig and at a temperature of approximately 150°F. Lubrieating oils must comply with Solar Specification ES 9.924 ‘The system includes a storage tank (50-gallon working capacity}, an engine-driven main pump, an sir-to-cil heat exchanger (oil cooler) with thermestatically contzolled mix ing valve, oil filter, pressure reli valve, pressure and tem perature gages, and instrumentation for sensing oil. pres sure and temperature. An optional duplex fiker arrange ment is available to facilitate servicing during operation, Oil is drawn from the storage tank and pumped by the engine-driven pump to the oil cooler. Flow through the oil cooler is controlled by a three-way, thermostatically eon trolled, mixing valve. From the cooler, the oil. passes through a 10-mieron filter to the engine supply header: pres sure is maintained on the header by a pressure relief valve ‘The engine supply header routes the oil to the accessory drive housing, the diffuser ease, and to the reduction drive. Seavenged elements on the main pump return the oll from the engine to the tank, ‘The oll cooler uses a 7000 cfm fan to reject approximately 160,000 Btu/hr. The fan may be deiven by either a 440/220- volt, ac, motor or a hydraulic motor powered by an engine. deiven hydraulie pump. ‘The lube oil storage tank is vented to the atmosphere. ‘The maximum allowable back pressure on the tank is two inches of water. Proper installation of the vent line is out- lined in Section 6, Le HYDRAULIC |_ ACTUATOR | ENGINE GENERATOR Loao - ‘Nornal Wiring ‘Single uni soelvonous contol or pacallal wath other EG governors Droop Wiring Parallel wth infinite bus br dissimilar governors 'socuRonous. [——— | proop WO 5 ¥ Sel clRcuIT BREAKER AUXILIARY CONTACT, RESISTOR BOX PARALLELING LINE TO OTHER UNITS | i I | T (GAIN ADJUSTABLE! | I ‘STABILIZER SECTION ee ec eee H i PARALLELING ROO SECTION Loa seeTION | NETWORK (ADJUSTABLE) (LOAD GAIN'ADJUSTABLED [e—~ 1 _J AMPLIFIER SECTION { SPEED SECTION ;_—+—_____ SPEED REFERENCE | LE raster aowisréBLe = — contre 80x — — = = SECTION ‘SPEED SETTING POTENTIOMETER Figure 4-4. EGB-2C Governor System Schematic 43440/220 AC AVAILABLE MODIFICATIONS ELECTRIC ES AL INPUT (5 HP, PRESSURE GAGES 20-MIcRON FILTERS THERMOSTATIC | =] tive Valve c=} OIL onl coocer—-j[L} =r} 7 Pressure = LH Le Shick Cs peessune = : = GAGE Luee GH MANIFOLD a OL TeiapeRaTURE| | gy, cueck SHITCH 2. HT Teuuperaruse SALE press Rec vate A coh COMPRESSOR SEAL DRAIN. >] 1 Ft vent Prey | AS a Post PUP Hnorexror oeatn lt Tank IMMERSION HEATER Figure 4-5. Lubricating Oll System Schematic CONTROL, SYSTEM START contactor comBustoR ae TO BATTERY Figure 4-6. DC Electric Starting System STARTER MOTOR 44 [= s Pstg ma, armas suPpLy 1 ‘600 SCFM 140 to 150 PSIG asian) 600 ScM IT |Pesraeter 9 por STARTER CLUTCH SOLENOID 4 ih i} FILTER t it [| 7 PiLay soLen0i0[ ; jedtAcToR = I 4 2 co MOTOR INTROL T_busricaTor SYSTEM STARTER MOTOR VALVE Figure 4-7. Air/Gas Starting System ‘SchematicSTARTING SYSTEMS ‘Two basic starting systems are available for the gen- DC Blectrie Starting Syste Air/Gas Starting System DC ELECTRIC STARTING SYSTEM The electric starting system shown schematically in Figure 4-6 incorporates @ 24-volt, de, shunt-wound, starting moter mounted on the turbine’ accessory drive pad. The start contactor for this motar is supplied as a separate item, and is mounted on a panel with the de power control circuit breakers, Standard battery systems are available for star ting and control service. AIR/GAS STARTING SYSTEM ‘The air/gas expansion starting system (Fig. 47) is espe cially suited for gas turbine requirements and can use either compressed air or natural gas as the power souree. ‘The starter motor is mounted on a drive adapter attached to the rear face of the accessory drive assembly. Starter ‘motor torque is transmitted to the engine through a pneu tnatically operated jaw-type cluteh, When start is initiated, ‘pneumatie pressure causes the starter jaw to engage the mating jaw on the accessory drive shaft. Once engaged, pneumatic pressure is admitted to the starter motor. AL Starter dropout speed, the pneumatic valves close, eausing the starter to stop motoring and the clutch jaws to disen gage. The starter requires a supply of natural gas or eom- pressed air to 150 psig through a 1.5-inch diameter line ‘The total amount of gas used by the starter during a start sequence is approximately 400 sef, with a maximum demand rate of approximately 600 scfm. ‘The discharge should be suitably vented to atmosphere, CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION In keeping with the total package concept, the generator sets come completely equipped with a 24-volt, de, electrical control system that includes all sensing devices, relays, cir- cit breakers, and indicating instruments required for tur bine operation. ‘The system functions primarily to sequence ‘operating systems during starting, running, and shutdown; to provide necessary protection during all phases of oper tion; and to provide indication of eritieal parameters during fperation START SEQUENCE ‘The generator set control system ean be energized locally by pushbutton, remotely by pushbutton, or by automatic contact closure of a remote device, Assuming that mal- Function eireuits are reset and the operation selector switch is positioned properly, a start signal will initiate the following: Immediately, all start and control relays are ener sized, the start contactor is closed, the engine begins to crank, and signals are sent to auxiliary equipment ie., fuel boost pump ete.) At 15 percent engine speed, the ignition system and Fuel valve solenoid are energized. Fuel is admitted to the combustor, ignition takes place, and the engine continues to accelerate, ‘At 60 percent speed, the start contactor and ignition exeiter are deenergized and the engine hecomes sel: sustaining, At this point, the field is applied to the generator and the voltage regulator control eizeuit is energized ‘At 90 peroent engine speed, the hourmeter is ener sized and a ready-to-load indicator illuminates. ‘At 100 percent speed, the governor assumes control of the set RUNNING SEQUENCE During norma] operation turbine speed is automatically controlled by the governor and the generator is auto matically controlled by the voltage regulator; however, speed and voltage may be manually adjusted as required, STOP SEQUENCE Unit shutdown can be accomplished by local or remote pushbutton contral, by automatic contact opening from a emote device, of by @ unit malfunction. The shutdown se quence is 2s follows: When all engine-run circuits are deenergized, the main fuel valve closes and fuel flow to the engine ‘ceases, A signal is initiated to trip the main power ci cuit breaker and the generator field is removed as the engine begins to decelerate. Engine speed decreases below 60 percent and the hhourmeter is deenergized. Engine speed drops below 15 percent and the restart time delay relay is deener. gized and begins to time out, ensuring that the engine ‘will coast to a complete stop before a subsequent start ‘ean be initiated After engine rotation has stopped, the restart relay times out to arm the electrical system for restart When shutdown is initiated by a malfunction, the start sequence is blocked until the reset button is de- pressed, PROTECTIVE DEVICES Protective devices for the generator set are divided into tivo categories: Protection While Starting Protection While Ronning Protection While Starting Protection includes: provided during the starting sequence Fail to Crank. If the engine fails to reach 13 percentspeed within a preset time, the engine will shut down, fand the Start Fail bght will illuminate Fail to Light. I the turbine inlet temperature fails to reach 400° within a preset limit, the engine will shut down and the Start Fail light will illuminate. This feature prevents excessive fuel accumulation in the combustor prior to light off Fail to Start. If the engine fails to reach $0 percent ‘speed within a preset limit, the engine will shut down ‘and the Scart Ful light will illuminate. This isto pre- vent excessive cranking in case the engine stalls be- cause of weak batteries ar an improper fuel schedule In addition to the preceding protective features, a fuel top: ping eincuit in the control system provides a signal to reduce the fuel input if the turhine temperature exceeds a preset limit and the engine is below 60 percent speed. If this tem: perature exceeds a second preset limit, the engine will shut down and. the High Turbine Temperature light will illuminate Protection While Running Protection provided during the running sequence includes: Turbine Qverspeed. If the turbine speed exceeds a preset limit, the unit will shut down and the Over- Speed light wil illuminate, High Turbine Temperature. If the turbine exhaust ‘temperature or the turbine temperature exceed preset limits, the unit will shut down and the High Turbine Temperature light will illuminate, Low Oi! Pressure. If the oil pressure in the engine supply header drops below a preset limit, the unit will shut down and the Low Oil Pressure light will illum: nate, High Oit Temperature. I the oil temperature in the supply header exceeds preset limit, the unit will Shut down and the Lube Oil Temperature light will illuminate. Turbine Underspeed, Ifthe turbine speed drops below fa preset limit because of governor malfunction or a turbine flameout, the unit will shut down. This shut- down is initiated by the circuitry provided for start/failure protection; therefore, the Fail ‘To Start Tight will be illuminated by the underspeed con: ition, Contact points are provided to interlock with the main power circuit breaker tripping circuit to trip the breaker tehen the unit is shut down for any reason, removing the xenerator set from the bus, In addition to the preceding protective features, a normal requirement for operating a generator set in parallel with ther units is to protect against motoring the unit in the event of a malfunction, Protection against motoring should be provided by a reverse power relay in the switchgear, CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS ‘Three hasie components make up the turbine control system: Relay Panel ‘Turbine Control Panel Start Contactor/DC Circuit Breaker Assembly ‘These components are normally shipped loose for install tion by others; however, the relay panel and turbine control panel may’ be mounted in the control console and the con- tactor assembly may be mounted on the available battery: rack, Relay Panel ‘As shown in Figure 4-8, all imets, relays, and solid-state weed and temperature monitoring devices are mounted and interconnected on the relay panel. In addition, the engine hhourmeter and generator voltage regulator are on this panel Turbine Control! Panel — Local ‘The control panel shown in Figure 4-9 includes all instrumentation and control switches necessary for opera- tion of the turbine. The following switches and instrumen+ tation are mounted on the face of the panel Exhaust Temperature Meter. A slimline type meter indieating exhaust temperature in degrees Fahrenheit displays an input signal from thermocouple probes located in the turbine exhaust collector. Turbine Temperature Meter. A slimline meter indi- ‘eating Lurbine temperature in degrees Fahrenheit dis plays an input signal from thermocouple probes lo- fated in the turbine ease between the second-stage rotor and third-stage nozzle. Engine Speed Indicator. A slim-line meter indicating turbine speed in percent. The speed is sensed by a ‘magnetic pickup on the compressor case. Indicating Lights. Six lights indicate the following parameters: High Turbine Temperature (red) Low Oil Pressure (red Lube Oil Temperature High (red) Overspeed (red) Start Failure (red) Ready. To-Load (green) Operation Selector Switch, A three-position switch to select the mode of operation — Oft/Local/Auto. Remote. Speed Adjust Switch, A three-position, spring-loaded switeh to raise or lower the turbine speed as required, 46 ~TIMERS RELAYS MALFUNCTION PANEL. SPEED MONITOR Ts TEMPERATURE MONITOR Ty TEMPERATURE MONITOR ENGINE HOURMIETER | VOLTAGE REGULATOR 6a IN, FRONT CLEARANCE REQUIRED - 12 INCHES al — Figure 4: . Relay Panel “This switeh is furnished with PSG and BGB-2C gov- errs only, Reset Button. A reset pushbutton to reactivate the controls following a malfumetion. Start Button. A pushbutton to initiate a start se- ‘quence when the Operation Selector Switeh is in Local position Stop Button, A pushbutton to initiate a stop se quence. Functions regardless of Operation Selector Switch position Start Contactor/DC Circuit Breaker Assembly ‘This assembly consists of a panel; the 24-volt, de, control cireuit breakers; and the main start contactor. Ifthe lead id starting and/or control battery assembly or the nickel- ‘cadmium control battery assembly is supplied, the panel is mounted on the battery rack: ifthe nickel-cadmium start ing and conteol batteries are supplied or the batteries are supplied by others, the panel is a Toose-shipped item CONTROL SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS wveral modifications are available to adapt the gen- ‘erator system to the customer's requirements, ‘Turbine Control Panel — Remote ‘The remote turbine control panel shown in Figure 4-10 controls generator set operation from a remote location, ‘Only those controls and meters necessary are duplicated on the remote panel. A remote status light on the local pane! 47 EXHAUST TEMPERATURE METER + TURBINE TEMPERATURE METER 1 ENGINE SPEED INDICATCR| ‘TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURE LIGHT READY-TO-LOAD LIGHT Low oiL Pressure LicuT}” Luericarton ol TEMPERATURE LICHT START FAILURE OvERSPEED |. OFF/LOCAL/AUTO™ REMOTE SWITCH ‘SPEED ADJUST SWITCH RESET BUTTON START BUTTON STOP BUTTON ®®o 1® ® ® n. oH a3. 1, REAR CLEARANCE TZINCHES -—11.5 nw, -/ 28.25 m, Figure 4-9. Turbine Control Panel — Local indicates when the Operation Selector Switch is in the Ato. Remote position permitting operation from the remote panel. Individual Tights discriminating between malfunc tions are included on the local panel only. TURBINE TEMPERATURE METER ENGINE SPEED METER TURBINE MALFUNCTION aja UicHT READY-TO-LOAD LIGHT DC CONTROL SWITCH REMOTE STATUS LIGHT SPEED ADJUST SWITCH RESET BUTTON START BUTTON STOP BUTTON ®o® © @O@ ®O® u -— ins, —— Figure 4-10. Turbine Control Panel — Remote‘The electrical metering panel shown in Figure 4-11 moni- tors the ac power output from the generator. It is com patible in all respects with the turbine control panel, includ- Ing the use of slim-line metering. ‘The metering panel is available in both Standard and Deluxe configurations, and ’s based on the preference of the user or the requirements of the particular application, A synchronizing relay is in cluded as part of the deluxe panel for protection against ‘out-of phase breaker closure when paralleling. ‘The electrical metering panel can be shipped loose for mounting by others or mounted in the eontrol console. All instrument transformers required for input to the meters are to be furnished by others and mounted, preferably, in the main power circuit breaker cubicle. ‘The requirements (transformer quantities, ratios, burdens, ete.) wil vary with the equipment and voltage selected and will be specified by Solar. AMMETER KOV/AVAR METER f 3. FREQUENCY METER 4, VOLTMETER 5, ANMETER SELECTOR | SWITCH KW/KVAR SELECTOR G SWITCH 7, VOLTMETER SELECTOR SWITCH SYNCHRONIZING SWITCH SvucHRoNtziNG LiclTs BREAKER STATUS LIGHTS /coNTROL, SWITCH VOLTAGE ADJUST RHEOSTAT Deluxe Panel Only - Recommend formal installations, or mien Duralleloperdtion with anather Shires of power ts requ +9. e 10, n mit [> — 2.25 in, Figure 4-11. Electrical Metering Panel CONTROL CONSOLE ‘The free-standing, NEMA 1 control console, shown in Figure 4-12, is furnished complete with front access door and provides # means of integrating several control modules into one convenient unit, Intercomnecting wiring between control modules is accommodated within the console, 48 Final configuration of the module will vary depending on the equipment purchased. Some of the equipment com tions which can be installed in the module include: Loca! Turbine Control Panel — Electrical Metering Panel. Includes the Relay Panel and the Electrical Governor Panel, if applicable Remote Turbine Control Panel. With ot without Blee: trical Metering Panel. AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS In standby. power applications, completely automatic operation is often desirable, and the basic control system for the Saturn turbine generator set is compatible with auto- matic systems, Equipment available from Solar to adapt the generator set for automatic operation is discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. ‘Auto Start/Auto Restore ‘The system is for use with single unit applications where paralleling capability is not required. The system accom- plishes the following Senses failure of normal power source Alter time delay, signals turbine to start Signals main normal source breaker to open Closos unit to bus whon ready to load Senses return of normal power source After time delay, opens standby unit breaker and ‘loses main normal souree bresker After time delay, shuts down standby unit and returns to standby status Automatic Parall ling System Systems are available with either a three-unit eapability, or a six-unit maximum eapability (Fig. 4-13), and consist of a NEMA I control console whic accomplishes the follow: ings Senses failure of normal power source After time delay, signals all turbines to start Signals main normal source and load breakers to open and main standby breaker to elose Closes first unit to bus when ready to Toad Parallels additional units sequentially to the standby bus Signals load breakers to close as units are closed to standby bus Senses return of normal power source After time delay, opens main standby breaker and unit breakers and closes main normal source breaker After time delay shuts down standby units and returns to standby statusFigure 4-13. Six-Unit Automatic Paralleling System 495 Performance Calculations PERFORMANCE ‘The curves in Figures 5-1 through 5-3 show performance for the single-shaft Saturn gas turbine, While the curves cover the majority of gas turbine applications, special con ditions may arise that are not covered by these data and the manufacturer should be consulted, Three parameters affect the performance of a gas turbine: Inlet aic temperature to the engine Ambient pressure ofthe inlet air (altitude) ‘Turbine inlet and exhaust pressure losses ‘The effect of the first parameter is shown in Figure 5-1. The effect of the second parameter is shown in Figure 5-2 and the third parameter is shown in Figure 5-3, TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVE Typical performance of a Saturn gas turbine generator set is shown in Figure 5-1. ‘The power cutput of the set in kilo- watts is shown as a function of ambient air inlet tem: erature at a constant ambient air inlet pressure of 14.7 sia For standby duty, the rating is limited maximum turbine inlet temperature of 1950°F. The per formance rating assumes 2er0 inlet and exhaust pressure losses. Power losses of the standard reduction gear and standard accessories are accounted for in the rating. ‘The calculations also inelude generator efficiency which varies with load as follows: Lod 100 % 50 (percent) ciency 9% 945 935 (percent) oa PERFORMANCE CORRECTION FOR ALTITUDE ‘The curve in Figure 5.2 is the correction factor, ambient pressure divided by sea level pressure (14.7 psia) as a func: tion of altitude EFFECT OF INLET AND EXHAUST PRESSURE LOSS CURVE ‘The effect of duct pressure losses on engine performance compared with the engine performance with zero duct losses is shown in Figure 5-3. Enter on the bottom of the curve with the output power parameter for zero duct losses and read the power loss per inch of water inlet and exhaust pres sure loss value across, These values are multiplied by the respective pressure losses. The otal power los is then stm mated and subtracted from the initial zero loss power value. ‘The sum of inlet and exhaust pressure losses must not exceed twenty inches of water. If operation is requized with ducting pressure losses exceeding this sum, consult the manufacturer. The normal gas turbine installation has from zero to two inches of water inlet prossure losses and from two to six inches of water pressure loss in the exhaust system, MOTOR STARTING CAPABILITY Figure 5-4 shows the motor starting capability of the standby gas turbine generator set using either the standard or the special performance generator. APPROXIMATE EXHAUST GAS, COMPOSITION ‘The curves in Pigure 4.5 show the exhaust composition assuming 100 percent combustion efficiency. ‘The exhaust from the turbine has a high percentage of oxygen (17 to 19 percent) and therefore has no unburned products of com: hustion such as carbon monoxide EXAMPLES OF USE OF CURVES EXAMPLE 1 Determine maximum ko at inlet air temperatures of 40, 60, 80, and 100°F as follows: