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Results, Sorbed Soil Gas Analysis for Selected
Samples from Clipper Energy’s Hiseville Prospect Survey, Barren
County, Kentucky
June 23, 2006
This is a preliminary report summarizing the results of the sorbed soil gas
analysis of 37 samples from the Hiseville survey area in Kentucky.
Sorbed Soil Gas (SSG) Method
The sorbed soil gas method used by GMT, first developed by Horvitz (1939,
1985) and later modified by Phillips Petroleum, is also known in the industry as
adsorbed gas, Horvitz adsorbed gas, acid‐extracted gas, bound gas, or
desorption gas. This exploration technology is based on the observation that light
hydrocarbon gases migrating upward from buried reservoirs become sorbed
onto clays or incorporated into carbonate cements in near‐surface soils and
sediments. Areas of microseepage are detected by observing the concentration
and composition of light hydrocarbons extracted from these soils and sediments.
There is often a direct relationship between the subsurface hydrocarbon
accumulation and the concentration of these sorbed soil gases in the near‐surface.
The SSG method is an integrative method; it is a measure of hydrocarbon
microseepage over a time frame of years to centuries.
When hydrocarbon concentrations in the sample are high enough, it is also
possible to determine the carbon isotopic composition of methane and sometimes
even ethane and propane. Such isotopic data enable one to (1) discriminate
biogenic from thermogenic hydrocarbons, (2) differentiate between associated
and non‐associated gases, (3) estimate thermal maturity of migrating
hydrocarbons, and (4) correlate near‐surface hydrocarbons with reservoired
hydrocarbons (Stahl et al., 1981; Abrams, 1992).
The modified Phillips Petroleum/Horvitz method is a quantitative determination
of methane (C1), ethane (C2), propane (C3), butane (C4), and heavy components
(C5+) sorbed to soil particles or within soil cements. In processing the samples,
fifty (50) grams of sample are placed under partial vacuum to remove any free
gases, which would dilute the extracted light hydrocarbons. The sample is then
digested with heated 2N hydrochloric acid for 30 minutes. All liberated gases
pass through a 30% potassium hydroxide solution to scrub any carbon dioxide
generated during digestion. The scrubbed, liberated gases are collected and
analyzed by flame ionization detector (FID) gas chromatography to determine
light hydrocarbon concentrations in the parts per million (PPM) range.
Clipper’s Hiseville Sorbed Soil Gas Data
37 of the samples previously processed for microbial analysis were also
processed for sorbed soil gas analysis (Table 1).This was done to determine the
composition of the migrating hydrocarbons in the microseepage anomalies
previously defined on the basis of the microbial data.
Sorbed soil gas hydrocarbons are concentrated either in clay minerals in the soil,
or – more likely – found as inclusions in calcium carbonate cement formed in the
soil or coating sand grains. The elevated sorbed soil gas concentrations found in
such samples can be due to (1) high levels of hydrocarbon microseepage, and/or
(2) the presence of alkaline soils which preserves soil carbonate and the sorbed
soil gas anomalies. In contrast, acidic soils with pH values of 5‐6, or lower, are
not conducive to the formation or preservation of soil carbonates.
Sorbed soil gas methane values ranged from 0 to 919 ppm; the mean value for
methane is 51 ppm, however, this number is misleading since only 4 samples
contained more than 50 ppm. Ethane values range from 0 to 77 ppm.
The composition and concentration of the sorbed soil gas is summarized in
Table 1. Although individual hydrocarbon concentrations are important, the
ratios of various light hydrocarbons (Table 2) are also necessary for a thorough
soil gas evaluation. In environments where the sorbing mechanism is not as
strong (sand vs. clay; low pH vs. normal pH) the gases are usually sorbed in the
same ratio, but not necessarily in the same absolute quantity. Therefore, gases
with similar ratios, regardless of absolute value, can indicate genetically related
families of gases to help in microseepage trend analysis.
Table 2 lists the principal light hydrocarbon ratios that are used to determine the
composition of the migrating hydrocarbons and to correlate seepage anomalies
with each other and with reservoired oil and gas.
Figures 1 and 2 are crossplots of methane‐versus‐ethane and ethane‐versus‐
propane respectively. Both plots show a strong positive correlation, indicative of
a common genetic origin for these gases. The data also suggest that these gases
originated primarily as gases associated with light oil and/or condensate. None
of the samples represent biogenic gas.
Figure 3 represent another commonly used hydrocarbon composition crossplot in
which the ratio of C1/(C2+C3) is plotted against the ratio of C2/(C3+C4). This plot
shows some compositional scatter in the Hiseville data, however the majority of samples
appear to represent gases associated with oil, or possibly light oil/condensate.
How can we differentiate between dry biogenic gas and thermogenic dry gas?
We discriminate the two origins by looking at gas isotopes and by the presence
and abundance of ethane and higher light hydrocarbons in the gas. A pure
biogenic gas contains 99+% methane with very minor ethane, propane, etc. Its
methane–to‐ethane ratio for example is 100’s to >1000, as compared to 5‐50
typical of thermogenic gas. Isotopically, the carbon in biogenic methane is more
negative than –60, and –70’s are common; thermogenic methane typically is in
the range of –55 to –30. The ratio of ethane to ethylene is <1 in biogenic gas, >1 in
thermogenic gas. The ratio of isobutane to normal butane tends to be >1 in
biogenic gas and <1 in thermogenic gas. These are but a few of the criteria
available to discriminate biogenic from thermogenic gases, and these same
criteria are applicable to soil gas.
Composition of Soil Gas Hydrocarbons: The composition of migrating (or
reservoired) hydrocarbons can be inferred from selected light hydrocarbon ratios
and crossplots. Jones and Drozd (1983) published some empirical soil gas ratios
based on thousands of measurements from several areas in the United States and
Canada. These ratios are useful for establishing qualitative cutoffs between an
oil‐producing region (or prospect) and a mixed oil/gas region or a gas‐prone
region. Exact values of the qualitative boundaries will vary between regions due
to local geology, source type and maturity, reservoir pressures, etc. The
interpretation guidelines we recommend are listed below, along with the ratios
for the major microseepage anomalies in Clipper’s Hiseville survey, as well as for
a number of specific samples characterized by high soil gas concentrations.
As is evident from this table and Figures 1-3, sorbed soil gas data from the Hiseville area
document gas compositions that are characteristic of gases associated with oil, light
oil, and/or condensate. The composition of the migrating gases from samples 41/25,
13/46, and Microbial Anomaly E appears slightly “oilier” (82-85 % Methane) than
the gases from the other anomalies (87-88% Methane), but this may not be a
significant difference due to the small number of samples analyzed and the low gas
concentration in many of the samples.