‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT ONE ‫شادي الرمحي‬

REPORTED SPEECH
1. We change the following words as follows:
‫ماضي‬ before
‫مستقبل‬ after
‫قريب‬ ‫بعيد‬
Direct Reported Speech Direct Reported Speech
Yesterday The day before This That
Last (week) The week before These Those
Ago Before Here There
Tomorrow The day after Now Then
Next (month) The month after Soon Later
At the moment At that moment Today On that day
Tonight At that night
2. We change the following pronouns:
.‫ يتم تحويل ضمير المتكلم الى ضمير الغائب‬: ‫مالحظة‬
I He, She We They
Me him, her Us them
My his, her Our their
Mine his, hers Ours theirs
Myself himself, herself Ourselves themselves
3. We change the tense of the verb as follows:

V.1 V.2
write wrote
V.2 had + V.3
wrote had written

had + V.3 had + V.3

had written had written

.‫ نحول الكلمة األولى فقط أما باقي الكلمات فتبقى كما هي‬,‫ اذا كان الفعل يتكون من كلمتين أو أكثر‬: ‫مالحظة‬

23
write: wrote will have written: would have written
wrote: had written will be writing: would be writing
is writing: was writing have been writing: had been writing
am writing: was writing has been writing: had been writing
are writing: were writing was writing: had been writing
don't write: didn’t write were writing: had been writing
doesn't write: didn’t write had written: had written
have written: had written would write: would write
has written: had written didn't write: hadn’t written
can write: could write must write: had to write

Statements:
1. Report the following statements.
a. I have some questions for you, Badria.
Nora told Badria …………………………………………………………………………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

b. I've lived in Amman for six years.

Sami said …………………………………………………………………………..................................................................................................................................……………………………….………………

c. Yesterday I bought all the ingredients for a chocolate cake.

Huda told me …………………………………………………………………...............………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

d. I really enjoyed the book that I finished this morning.

Tareq said ………………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................……………………………….………………

e. My favourite subject this year is Chemistry.

Hussein told me …………………………………………………………………………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

2. Report what these people are saying. Pay attention to the time phrases.
a. Farida : Our teacher told us about the dangers of the Internet yesterday. I have to write an
essay about it tonight. I think I'm going to need some help.
Farida said that …………………………………………………………………………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

…………………………………………………………………......................................................................………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

…………………………………………………………………......................................................................………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

b. Saleem: We have to give a talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet
next week, so I'll need to prepare it this week.
Saleem said that …………………………………………………………………………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

…………………………………………………………………......................................................................………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

…………………………………………………………………......................................................................………...................................................................................................……………………………….………………

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• Complete each of the following items so that the new item has a similar meaning to
the one before it.

1. “We will prepare a presentation about the usage of solar power in the area.”

The students said …………………………………………………………………

2. “Schools provide children with basic education.”

Safwan said .……………………..…..……………………………………………

3. “Some parents take their children to the city park weekly.”

Mr Asmar said .…………………..…..……………………………………………

4. “Many parents have passwords to monitor their children’s surfing certain websites.”

Mr. Khaled said that ………………………………………….……………………..

5. “We are visiting the museum today.”

The correct reported speech of the sentence above is:
A) Marwan said that they are visiting the museum that day.
B) Marwan said that we were visiting the museum this day.
C) Marwan said that they were visiting the museum that day.
D) Marwan said that we are visiting the museum today.

6. “I went to the theatre with my friends.”

The correct reported speech of the sentence above is:
A) Ibraheem said that he had gone to the theatre with his friends.
B) Ibraheem said that he have gone to the theatre with my friends.
C) Ibraheem said that he went to the theatre with her friends.
D) Ibraheem said that he has gone to the theatre with his friends.

25
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT ONE ‫شادي الرمحي‬

PASSIVE VOICE
Sub + Verb + Obj
Obj + verb to be + p.p
.‫ يتم تحويله الى ضمير فاعل في بداية جملة المبني للمجهول‬، ‫إذا كان المفعول به في جملة المبني للمعلوم ضمير‬
(me: I) , (him: He) , (her: She) , (them: They) , (us: We) , (you: You) , (it: It)

Verb to be:

1. V.1: is, are, am

2. V.2: was, were
3. V-ing: being
4. V.3: been
5. Base: be

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 :‫ال يوجد فعل مساعد‬
V.1

V.2
:‫يوجد فعل مساعد‬
V-ing
auxiliary + V.3
base

Modal Verbs:
(will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, used to,
have to, has to, had to, am to, are to, is to, was to, were to, be going to)

1. Ahmad attends extensive English classes to improve his language skills.

Extensive English classes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

2. Mary founded this company in 2013.

This company ………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

3. My sister did not wash my clothes.

My clothes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….

4. The black cat is feeding the kittens.

The kittens ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….

5. Somebody has stolen my new laptop.

My new laptop …………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..……………………………….

6. She does not eat anything in the morning.

Nothing …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………….…….

7. The doctor had saved the life of the injured people.

The life of the injured people …………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………….…………………………….

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 8. Samah may purchase a new smartphone next week.

A new smartphone ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………..…………………………………….

9. Our teachers will have given us all the papers by next year.

We ……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………..…………….

10. She is going to fix my tablet.

My tablet ……………………………………………………………..………………………..…………………………………………………….…………………………………………..…………………………….

11. No one has invited me to the wedding party.

I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….….

A. Correct the verbs in brackets.

1. The ruins .......................…………………………….…...............................................…………… by thousands of tourists every day.
(view, is viewed, are viewed)
2. Last month, many students .......................…………………………….…............................…………… as members in the English club.
(is elected, were elected, are elected)
3. I’m afraid that my laptop .......................…………………………….…............................…………… by somebody else yesterday.
(was used, are used, will use)
4. Many Jordanian poems into English, and people all over
.......................…………………………….…............................……………

the world are able to read them.

(have translated, will translate, is translated, are translated)
5. The ruins by thousands of people every day.
.......................…………………………….…............................……………

(is viewed, are viewed, was viewed, were viewed)

6. Last month, many students .......................…………………………….…............................…………… as members in the English club.
(was elected, were elected, are elected)
7. Some medicine for my grandfather to treat migraine monthly.
...................…………………………….…............................……………

(prescribes, is prescribed, are prescribed, will prescribe)

8. Three of my articles last month in the local newspaper.
.......................…………………………….…............................……………

(have published, has been published, will be published, were published)

9. Many galloons of fresh milk .......................…………………………….…............................…………… every day.
(are drunk, is drinking, drank, are drinking)

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• Complete each of the following items so that the new item has a similar meaning to
the one before it.

1. Safwan usually discharges my laptop.

My laptop ……………………………………………………………………………………

2. My parents have saved enough money to fund our university courses.

Enough money……………………………………………………….……………………..

• Circle the correct words.

a. We're going to Aqaba again (in, on, at) the summer. I (have, had, has) been looking forward
to it since last year.

b. We had the computer (repaired, repairing, repair) because it had stopped (to work, working,
work).

c. Mahmoud was walking home when the rain (was starting, started, starts). It was very
heavy, so he (must, can't, might) have got very wet.

d. In the past, most letters (wrote, were written, was written) by hand, but these days they
(are typed, are typing, is typed).

e. I want (get, to get, getting) a tablet, but I can’t afford (buy, to buy, buying) one at the
moment.

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT ONE ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Explaining possibilities
1. must : sure, certain, certainly, definitely.
2. can’t: sure + ‫مجلة منفية‬, certain + ‫مجلة منفية‬, definitely + ‫مجلة منفية‬, impossible.
3. might: possible, possibly, probable, probably, likely, not sure, not certain, perhaps, may be

• Future or present = must, can’t, might + base

• Past = must, can’t, might + have + V.3

1. I’m sure that these people are Bedouin.

These people ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..…….……………………………………

2. It’s possible that Ammar will win the race.

Ammar ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..…….……………………………..………………………….

3. I’m sure that Heba doesn’t do such a mistake.

Heba ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….…………..…….……………………………………………………………….

4. Perhaps Issa’s phone is broken. ‫جملة الكتاب‬

Issa’s phone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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 Explaining prohibition
• not necessary: don't have to, does not have to
• not allowed: mustn't

1. It isn’t necessary to switch off the screen. ‫جملة الكتاب‬

You ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

2. You are not allowed to touch this machine. ‫جملة الكتاب‬

You ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

Having things done (causative have)

Sub + have + object + V.3

1. I am going to ask someone to paint my house.

I am …………………….........................................................……………………...........................………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….

2. Sami is asking the mechanic to repair his bus.

Sami ………..................………………………………………….…………………………………...................……….............……………………………………………………………………………….

3. I asked someone to fix my computer. ‫جملة الكتاب‬

I ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

a. I had my phone ……………. after I dropped it.

(repaired, had repaired, repair, repairing)
b. I had my new apartment ……………. Before my birthday party.
(had decorated, decorating, decorated, decorates)
c. I asked someone to send my text message.
The correct causative form of the sentence above is:
A) I have sent my message B) I had my text message sent
C) My text message was sent D) I had sent my text message

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 Consequence of time
- Mohammad checked his emails, and then he started work.

Before Mohammad ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

After Mohammad ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

- Tala took three English courses in the British Council and then she went to Britain
to study medicine.

Before ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

If-clause
● Type zero:

If + sub + V.1 ......, sub + V.1

● Type One:

If + sub + V.1 ....., sub + will + base

● Type Two:

If + sub + V.2 ....., sub + would + base

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1. If you ………………………………………………………… computer games all day, you won’t have time to study.
(play, played, plays)

2. If Ali had his own computer, he ………………………………………………………… need to use his friend’s computer.
(wouldn't, doesn't, won't)

3. If a city ……………………… everything and doesn’t throw anything away, it is zero waste.
(recycle, recycles, recycled, had recycled)

4. The bus is late. If it ……………………… soon, we will get a taxi.

(don’t arrive, didn’t arrive, doesn’t arrive, won’t arrive)

5. If one presses that button, the picture ………………………

(moved, moves, would move)

6. Press that button to make the picture move.

If you ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

7. I think you should send a text message.

If I were you, ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

8. I think I should see a doctor.

If I ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

9. I think you should look for a job in foreign countries.

If I were you, ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

10. I think you should look for a job in foreign countries.

If I were you, ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT TWO ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Used to
be used to
● We use be used to (noun, pronoun or verb in the -ing form)
to describe things that are familiar or customary.

a. We’ve lived in the city a long time, so we are used to the traffic.
b. I didn't like getting up early, but I am used to it now.
c. She’s lived in the UK for a year. She is used to speaking English now.

used to
● We use used to (infinitive)
to describe past habits or past states that have now changed.

a. My mother used to buy my clothes, but now I choose my own.

b. She used to be a teacher, but now she’s retired.

A. Choose the correct option in each sentence.

1. I didn’t use to / am used to understand English, but now I do.
2. My cousin has lived in Lebanon for a year. He says he is used to /didn’t use to living
there now.
3. My family and I are used to / used to go camping once a month, but we stopped doing
that when we moved to the city.
4. Joining a gym can be very tiring at first if you used to /aren’t used to doing much
exercise.
5. There didn’t use to / wasn’t used to be so much pollution, but these days it is a global
problem.
6. I think television used to / is used to be better than it is now. Most of the programmes
these days are just reality TV.
7. Most Jordanians are used to / used to the hot weather that we have in summer.
8. There was used to / used to be a lot more wild animals in the past, but they are becoming
rare nowadays.
9. Salma has been practising the oud really hard and she is now used to / now used to
playing it.

34
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. When I was a student, I very hard.
……………...............................................………

(used to work, is used to working, am used to working, didn’t used to drinking)

2. Are you in Jordan yet? You’ve only been here for two months.
……………...............................................………

(used to live, used to living, didn’t use to live, use to living)

3. When I was a child, my grandmother cakes for us all the time, and I
……………...............................................………

liked helping her a lot.

(used to making, use to make, is used to make, used to make)
4. My grandfather retired a month ago. He isn’t nothing to do all day. He ……………...............................................………

says he needs a project to concentrate on.

(use to having, used to having, used to have, use to have)
5. I just got glasses this week, and I’m not them yet, so I’m still having ……………...............................................………

difficulty.
(used to wearing, use to wearing, used to wear, use to wearing)
6. When I was young, I …………on foot to my school.
(are used to going, used to go, use to go, am used to going)
7. Rashed …………swimming every morning, but now he doesn’t.
(are used to going, used to go, use to go, am used to going)
8. Ali ……………….. the duck in the park with his father when he was young.
(is used to feeding, used to feed, am used to feeding, are used to feeding)
9. My friend has lived in Egypt for a year. She says she……………….. living there now.
(is used to, used to, didn’t use to, am not used to)

C. Rewrite the following sentences so that they have the same meaning as the above ones.

1. It is normal for me now to get up early to study.

I am ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

2. It is normal for my friend now to send emails.

My friend is ……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

3. It is not normal for American people to eat steak for lunch and dinner every day.
It is too expensive.
American people …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

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4. It is not normal for my grandfather to have nothing to do all day.

My grandfather ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

5. It is normal for my younger brother to use his electronic dictionary.

My younger brother …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

6. It is normal for my children now to eat fresh vegetables.

My children …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

7. It is normal for my children now to eat fresh vegetables.

My children …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......……………

8. I had difficulty in driving cars in the past, but now I can drive well.
The sentence above means that:
A) I am used to driving cars well now. B) I used to drive cars well in the past.
C) I am used to drive cars well now. D) I used to driving cars well in the past.

9. I am used to teaching my students through social media.

The sentence that has a similar meaning to the one above is:
A) It had been normal for me to teach my students through social media.
B) It was normal for me to teaching my students through social media.
C) It is normal for me now to teach my students through social media.
D) It isn’t normal for me now to teach my students through social media.

10. It is normal for me now to work from home.

The sentence which has a similar meaning to the one above is:
A) I used to working from home now.
B) I used to work from home.
C) I am used to working from home now.
D) I am not used to working from home now.

11. It is normal for me now to work from home.

The sentence which has a similar meaning to the one above is:
A) I am used to working from home now.
B) I used to work from home.
C) I used to working from home now.
D) I am not used to working from home now.

36
 Colour idioms

1. The green light: give the permission, agree, ok, say yes.
2. Red handed: in the act of doing something wrong.
3. Out of the blue: unexpectedly
4. White elephant: useless possession.
5. See red: get angry.
6. Feel a bit blue: feel sad.

- A lot of houses in the nearby village became white elephant as their owners left to live in the
city.
What does the underlined colour idiom mean? ……………………………………….……………………….…

- Have you heard the good news! We have got the permission to go ahead with our project.
Replace the underlined phrase with a suitable colour idiom. ……………………………………….……………………….…

- It's normal to feel a bit blue from time to time.

What feeling does the underlined colour idiom express? ……………………………………….……………………….…

- Luckily, the police arrived and caught the thief out of the blue.
Replace the misused colour idiom with the correct one. ……………………………………….……………………….…

37
‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT THREE ‫شادي الرمحي‬

• (intend, hope, plan) + to + base

1. He hopes a teacher one day.

…………….................................………

(become, to become, becoming)

2. I'm planning some work experience before I go to university.
…………….................................………

(get, to get, getting)

3. I intend medicine at university.
…………….................................………

(to study, studying, study)

 Ali intends to finish his project tonight.

Ali is ……………………………………………......................................................................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………… .

 Ali hopes to migrate to Canada.

Ali is ……………………………………………......................................................................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………… .
**************************************************************

• Choose the correct verb to complete the collocations.

a. (catch / take) someone's attention.

b. (get / catch) the idea.
c. (take / get) an interest in something or somebody
d. (spend / do) time doing something
e. (make / attend) a course.

- I like to attend time learning foreign languages.

Replace the underlined misused verb with the correct one. …………….................................………

38
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT FOUR ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Cleft sentences
 Rule One:

- The thing that/which ‫نكتب الجملة‬

- The person that/who ‫كاملة بدون‬ is ‫اإلســـــــــــــــــــــــــــــم‬
- The time when ‫اإلســــــــــــم‬ was ‫المعــــــــــــــــــــــــــــني‬
- The place where ‫المعـــــــــني‬

● The head teacher took our class to the museum on Thursday.

subject verb object prepositional phrase adverbial phrase of time

1. The person ..........................................................................................................................................…................................................................................................................................................... .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

2. The place ................................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................. .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

3. The place ................................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................. .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

4. The place ................................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................. .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

5. The day ..............................................................................................................................................…............................................................................................................................................................ .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

6. The day ..............................................................................................................................................…............................................................................................................................................................ .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

7. The day ..............................................................................................................................................…............................................................................................................................................................ .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

39
 Rule Two:

- It (is/was) + ‫ اإلسم المعني‬+ that + ‫نكتب الجملة كاملة بدون اإلسم المعني‬

● The head teacher took our class to the museum on Thursday.

subject verb object prepositional phrase adverbial phrase of time

1. It was ...................................................................................................................…............................................................................................................................................................................................... .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

2. It was ..............................................................................................................…............................................................................................................................................................................................... .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

3. It was ..............................................................................................................…............................................................................................................................................................................................... .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

 Rule Three:

(is/was the) (person who)

‫اإلســـم‬ (is/was the) (thing which) ‫نكتب الجملة كاملة بدون‬
‫المعـني‬ (is/was the) (time when) ‫اإلســـــــــــــم المعــــني‬
(is/was the) (place where)

● The head teacher took our class to the museum on Thursday.

subject verb object prepositional phrase adverbial phrase of time

1. The head teacher ….....................................................................................................……......................................................................................................................................................... .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

2. The museum ….........................................................................................................................……......................................................................................................................................................... .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

3. Thursday …....................................................................................................................................……......................................................................................................................................................... .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

40
A. Rewrite these sentences, emphasising the part in bold, and using the structure as shown.

1. Al-Kindi contributed to the invention of the oud.

The person who …………...........................................................................................................................................................................…........................................................................................………

2. Jabir ibn Hayyan did his research in a laboratory in Iraq.

The country where …………...........................................................................................................................................................................….............................................................................………

3. Ali ibn Nafi’ established the first music school in the world.

It was …………...........................................................................................................................................................................….......................................................................................................................................………

4. Al-Kindi is especially famous for his work in geometry.

It is his …………..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................………

5. Queen Rania opened the Children’s Museum of Jordan in 2007 CE.

It was the ….................................................................................................................................................................….........................................................................................................................................………

6. Petra was made a World Heritage Site in 1985 CE.

The year ………….............................................................................................................................................................….......................................................................................................................................………

7. My father has influenced me most.

The person …………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

8. I like Geography most of all.

The subject …………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

9. He has written many books, but his final book made him famous all over the world.

He has written many books, but it …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………

41
10. My neighbour’s generosity impresses more than anything else.

The thing that …………........................................................................................................................................….............................................................................................................................………

11. Meeting new people makes travelling an exciting experience.

The thing …………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

12. People think that success comes from hard work and learning from failure.

The thing …………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

13. The person …………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

A) Who invented Al-Jazari the mechanical clock was in the twelfth century.
B) Who invented in the twelfth century the mechanical clock was Al-Jazari.
C) Who invented the twelfth century in the mechanical clock was Al-Jazari.
D) Who invented in the twelfth century Al-Jazari was the mechanical clock.

14. The heat made the journey unpleasant.

- The thing …………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

A) Which made the journey unpleasant was the heat.

B) Where made the journey unpleasant was the heat.
C) Who made the journey unpleasant was the heat.
D) When made the journey unpleasant was the heat.

15. Ali ibn Nafi’ revolutionized the musical theory in the world.
The sentence which emphasizes the underlined word is:
A) The thing that Ali ibn Nafi’ revolutionised in the world was the musical theory.
B) The person who revolutionised the musical theory in the world is Ali ibn Nafi’.
C) It was Ali ibn Nafi’ who revolutionised the musical theory in the world.
D) The thing which revolutionised Ali ibn Nafi’ was the musical theory in the world.

16. The correct cleft sentence that stresses the information in bold in the following sentence
is
…………........................................................................................................................................….................................................................................................................................................………

Huda won the prize for Art last year.

A) The person who won the prize for Art last year was Huda.
B) The prize that Huda won last year was for Art.
C) It was last year that Huda won the prize for Art.
D) The prize which was won by Huda last year was for Art.

42
‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT FOUR ‫شادي الرمحي‬
Relative clauses
‫اسم عاقل فاعل‬ : Who : Verb
‫اسم غير عاقل‬ : Which : Verb / Sub +Verb
‫اسم مكان‬ : Where : Sub + verb
‫اسم زمان‬ : When : Sub + verb
‫اسم‬ : Whose : ‫اسم‬

1. We know a lot of people live in London.

……………………………………………………

( who, whom, which )

2. The clothes you left behind, are there.
……………………………………………………

( who, whom, which )

3. Where are the eggs were in the fridge?
……………………………………………………

( where, when, which )

4. I went back to the town I was born.
……………………………………………………

( which, where, when )

5. I still remember the year we met.
……………………………………………………

( where, when, why )

6. What's the name of the girl car you borrowed.
……………………………………………………

( who, whom, whose )

‫( على شرط عدم وجود فواصل في‬whose) ‫( بدالً من جميع األسماء الموصولة ما عدا‬that) ‫يجوز إستخدام‬ -
.‫الجملة‬

1. The man I sat next to on the plane talked all the time.
……………………………………………………

( which, whose, that )

2. Have you found the keys you lost?
……………………………………………………

( where, when, that )

**************************************************************
: ‫ يجب اإلنتباه‬-
who's = who is (OR) who has

1. The man …………………………………………………… taken that book, is my teacher.

( who's, who, that )
2. The girl …………………………………………………… sitting there has won the first prize.
( whose, who, who's )

43
DEFINING / NON-DEFINING
A. 1. The students who wanted to play football cleaned the yard.
- This sentence:
(has essential information)
(is defining)
(means some students cleaned the yard)

2. The students, who wanted to play football, cleaned the yard.

- This sentence:
(has extra information)
(is non-defining)
(means all students cleaned the yard)

B. 1. My brother who works in a bank is married.

- This sentence:
(has essential information)
(is defining)
(means the speaker has more than one brother)

2. My brother, who works in a bank, is married.

- This sentence:
(has extra information)
(is non-defining)
(means the speaker has only one brother)

 It's people, not cars, …………………………………………………… make accidents.

( who, which, whose )
 The machines, not the workers, …………………………………………………… wash the clothes.
( who, which, whose )

 London is a huge city. It’s the capital of the UK.

London, ……………………………………….......................................................................................................……………………………………………………………………………………………… .

44
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT SIX ‫شادي الرمحي‬

QUANTIFIERS TO MAKE COMPARISONS

I. Unequal Comparison.

Sub + verb + not + as + (adj/adv) + as + noun.

1. Amman is not as big as Ma'an.

2. Sami does not run as fast as his brother.

Sub + verb + not + as + (much/many) + noun + as + noun.

1. Salma does not have as much patience as Huda.

2. I do not have as many friends as you do.

II. One Syllable:

Sub + verb + adj -er + than + n.

Sub + verb + adv -er + than + n.

1. My Jacket is cheaper than your jacket.

2. Ann works harder than most of her friends.

50
III. More Syllables:

Sub + Verb + (more / less ) + adj + than + n.

Sub + Verb + ( more / less ) + adv + than + n.

1. Her illness was more serious than we at first thought.

2. Luay speaks French less fluently than Ali does.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better than the best
well better than the best
bad / badly worse than the worst
ill worse than the worst
far farther than the farthest
far further than the furthest
much more than the most
many more than the most
little less than the least
old older than the oldest
old elder than the eldest

 Complete each of the following sentences so that your sentence is similar in meaning to
the one before it.
.
1. Lama isn't as tall as Heba.
Heba ……………...................……………………………………........................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….…….

Lama ……………...................……………………………………........................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….…….

2. Silver isn't as expensive as gold.

Gold ………………….......................................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………..………………………….

Silver .............................…................................................……........………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….

Silver .............................…................................................……........………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….

51
 3. Neither Nabeel nor Sameer is as intelligent as Omar.

Omar ……………...............................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………................................................………………………….…….

Nabeel and Sameer …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………................................................………………………….…….

4. Buses are bigger than cars.

Cars aren't ……………………................................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….

5. Maths lessons are more interesting than English lessons.

English lessons aren't ……………...……............................................................………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….………………….

English lessons are …………………................................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….

6. Sami has more money than Ali does.

Ali has ……………………………………...........................................................……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….…………….

Ali doesn't have ………………..........................................................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….

7. Suha has more friends than Jumana.

Jumana has …………………...........................................................……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….…………………………………….

Jumana doesn't have …………...........................................................……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….……….

8. There’s less information on the website than there is in the book.

There isn't ……………............................................……………..............................………………......................................................................…………………...............................................……….................………...………

9. Both Ahmad and Salem work harder than Jamal.

Jamal doesn't ……............................................……………..............................………………......................................................................…………………...............................................……….................………...………

● We can also use as ... as adverbially.

- I don’t like running as much as I like swimming.

- We practise our English as often as possible.

52
 SUPERLATIVE
I. One Syllable:

Sub + Verb + the + adj-est .

Sub + Verb + the + adv-est

1. The longest river in the world is the Nile.

II. More Syllables:

Sub + Verb + the ( most / least ) + adj

Sub + Verb + the ( most / least ) + adv

1. That was the most boring film I've ever seen.

2. Salma drives the least carefully.

1. There is no woman in town as beautiful as Razan.

Razan is …………………………….………………………………...................................…………………………………………………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

2. I have never seen such a tall man before.

This is ………………………………………………..........................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….

3. The cheapest thing on the menu is orange juice.

The least ……………............................................…………….....................................………………...............................................…………………...............................................……….................………...………

The ugliest = The least beautiful

The easiest = The least difficult
The safest = The least dangerous

53
Body idioms
1. get cold feet: to lose your confidence in something at the last minute.

2. get it off (your) chest: to tell someone about something that has been worrying you.

3. have a head for figures: to have a natural mental ability for maths / numbers.

4. keep your chin up: to remain cheerful in difficult situations, an expression of encouragement.

5. play it by ear: to decide how to deal with a situation as it develops.

6. put (my) back into it: to put a lot of effort into something.

- I don't think I'd be a very good accountant. I don't really get cold feet.

Replace the underlined body idiom with correct one .........................…………………........................................

- Majed is too nervous to do a parachute jump. I think he will lose his confidence at the last
minute.

Replace the underlined phrase with correct body idiom .........................…………………........................................

- I'm not sure if it will be warm enough to have a barbeque. We will have to keep our chin
up.

Replace the underlined body idiom with correct one .........................…………………........................................

54
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT SIX ‫شادي الرمحي‬
1. My sister doesn’t eat as as I do.
……………...............................................………

(much, many, less)

2. She always puts on her plate than I do.
……………...............................................………

(much, many, less)

3. I’m tired today because I went to bed than usual last night.
……………...............................................………

(late, later, latest)

4. Suha doesn't work as as Muna.
………………………………………………

(hard, harder, hardest)

5. As it is known, football is sport in the world.
………………………………………………..

(popular, more popular, the most popular)

6. Good health is than anything else.
………………………………………………………...

(more important, important, most important)

7. Aqaba is a busy city, but Amman is ………………………………………………………...

(busier, more busy, busiest)

8. printed book in the world was found in China.
………………………………………………………...

(Old, Older than, The oldest)

9. Travelling today is it was in the past.
………………………………………………………...

(easier, easier than, as easy)

10. We can’t go any , the road is blocked.
………………………………………………………...

(far, further, furthest)

12. The bus is too late. We’ll have to wait in the station a little ………………………………………………………...

(the longest, longer than, longer)

13. The lunch is not ready yet. We’ll have to wait a little ………………………………………………………...

(long, the longer, longer)

14. I’m not interested in football as…………….. as you.
(many, much, less)

 Complete each of the following sentences so that your sentence is similar in meaning to the
one before it.

1. Jordanian children start school a year later than English Children.

English children …………………………………………………………………………………..…………………..…………………………………………….…………………………….

English children ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………..………….…………………………….

55
 2. Tamara speaks French more fluently than Haya.

Haya doesn’t …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

3. Manar isn’t active as Khaleda.

Khaleda …………………………….………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………………………….……………………………. .

4. Neither Maths nor Biology is as interesting as English. This means ……….

A) English is less interesting than Maths and Biology.
B) Math and Biology are more interesting than English.
C) English is not as interesting as Maths and Biology.
D) Maths and Biology are less interesting than English.

5. My watch is less attractive than yours.

- The sentence which has a similar meaning to one above is:
A) My watch is more attractive than yours.
B) My watch is not as attractive as yours.
C) My watch is as attractive as yours.
D) My watch is the most attractive one.

6. Learning medicine is more difficult than learning biology and chemistry.

A) Learning biology and chemistry is more difficult than learning medicine.
B) Learning medicine is less difficult than learning biology and chemistry.
C) Learning biology and chemistry is not as difficult as learning medicine.
D) Learning medicine is as difficult as learning biology and chemistry.

7. The cheapest thing on the menu is lemon juice.

The sentence which has a similar meaning to the one above is:
A) The less expensive thing on the menu is lemon juice.
B) The most expensive thing on the menu is lemon juice.
C) The expensive thing on the menu is lemon juice.
D) The least expensive thing on the menu is lemon juice.

56
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT SEVEN ‫شادي الرمحي‬

INDIRECT QUESTIONS
We can use indirect questions to ask questions in a polite, formal way.

● We can begin impersonal questions with:

I wonder…………………..
Could you tell me ….........?
Do you know …................?
Do you mind telling me …?
Could you explain …........?

.‫ في بداية الحل‬whether ‫ أو‬if ‫( بفعل مساعد فنضع‬yes/no questions( ‫ تبدأ جملة‬.1

.‫( بأداة سؤال فنضع أداة السؤال في بداية الحل‬wh- questions( ‫ تبدأ جملة‬.2
‫ نعكس موقع الفاعل بالفعل المساعد فتصبح جملة خبرية‬.3
‫ يتم حذفها و نحول الفعل الرئيسي الى المضارع البسيط‬do , does ‫ اذا كان الفعل المساعد‬.4
‫ يتم حذفها و نحول الفعل الرئيسي الى الماضي البسيط‬did ‫ اذا كان الفعل المساعد‬.5
‫ ال يتم تحويل الضمائر‬.6
.‫ تبدأ جملة األمر بفعل مجرد‬.7
mind ‫ بعد الفعل‬v-ing ‫ يتم استخدام‬.8
.‫ نضع عالمة سؤال في نهاية الحل‬.9

 Rewrite these direct questions as indirect questions.

1. How can I get to Queen Alia Airport by public transport?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….……………………………………….

2. Is there connection between the amount of TV people watch and how fit they are?

Do you know …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

57
3. Does the bell ring at eight or half past eight?

Do you know …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

4. “What can’t we bring onto the plane?”

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….……………………………………………….

5. How can I fix this smartphone?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

6. “How much sleep do teenagers of our age need?”

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

7. How much does the cotton shirt cost?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

8. Did she attend the meeting yesterday?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

9. Can you give me some information about studying in the UK?

Do you mind …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

Do you mind …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

10. Please, help me in solving this mathematical problem.

Do you mind …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

11. Don’t leave office early, please.

Do you mind …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

12. Why is the new appointed teacher absent?

Do you mind …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

58
13. Why doesn’t she tell the truth?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

14. Why don’t they go with us?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

15. Why didn’t he write the notes?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

16. Who has taken my bag?

Could you tell me …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

17. What should I do on the day before the exam?

The correct indirect question of the one above is:
A) Could you explain I should what do on the day before the exam?
B) Could you explain what I should do on the day before the exam?
C) Could you explain should I do what on the day before the exam?
D) Could you explain I what should do on the day before the exam?

18. Choose the correct answer from A, B, C or D to complete the following indirect question.
Do you know …………………………….………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..….………………………………………………….

A) Where are your classmates.

B) Where your classmates are.
C) Where classmates are your.
D) Where classmates your are.

19. How can I irrigate my plants?

A) Could you explain how I could irrigate my plants?
B) Could you explain how can I irrigate my plants?
C) Could you explain how could I irrigate my plants?
D) Could you explain how I can irrigate my plants?

20. Is it possible to learn a new language online?

The correct indirect question of the one above is:
A) Do you know whether is it possible to learn a new language online.
B) Do you know whether it is possible to learn a new language online?
C) Do you know whether it was possible to learn a new language online.
D) Do you know whether possible was it to learn a new language online?

59
 Complete the questions with words from the box.

1. Do you know we can take water into the exam?

…………………………………………………

(why, where, if)

2. Could you tell me this book costs, please?
…………………………………………………

(who, how much, whether)

3. Do you know I've passed my exam or not?
…………………………………………………

(when, where, whether)

4. Do you mind telling me ………………………………………………the library is?
(how, why, where)
5. Could you explain I can solve this Maths problem?
…………………………………………………

(how, who, why)

6. Could you possibly tell me ………………………………………………… the Arabic teacher is?
(if, why, who)
7. Do you know we'll know our results?
…………………………………………………

(when, where, who)

8. Do you mind explaining …………………………………………………the sky sometimes looks red?
(who, why, where)

 Rearrange the words to make indirect questions.

1. if / revise / you / explain / I / the / could / best / wonder / to / way

A) I wonder if you could revise the best way to explain.
B) I wonder if the best way to revise you could explain.
C) I wonder if you could explain the best way to revise.
D) I wonder if the best way to explain you could revise.

2. needs / you / much / sleep / how / do / know / teenager / ?

A) Do you know how much sleep teenager needs?
B) Do you know how much teenager sleep needs?
C) Do you know how teenager much sleep needs?
D) Do you know teenager how much sleep needs?

3. should / much / I / do / could / you / revision / me / tell / how / ?

A) Could you tell me how much revision should I do?
B) Could you tell me how much revision I should do?
C) Could you tell me I should do revision how much?
D) Could you tell me revision how much I should do?

60
4. mind / you / water / giving / a / glass / do / of / me / ?
A) Do you mind a glass of water giving me?
B) Do you mind giving water of me a glass?
C) Do you mind giving me a glass of water?
D) Do you mind me giving a glass of water?

5. know / in / do / you / the / whether / in / morning / or / the / exercise /

is / better / evening / ?
A) Do you know whether in the morning or in the evening exercise is better?
B) Do you know whether is exercise better in the morning or in the evening?
C) Do you know in the morning or in the evening whether exercise is better?
D) Do you know whether exercise is better in the morning or in the evening?

61
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT SEVEN ‫شادي الرمحي‬

THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

● The impersonal passive is a formal way of reporting thoughts, sayings, beliefs and opinions.

● We can use the impersonal passive with say, think, claim, believe, prove, assume and know.

● Verb to be:
V.1 : is, are, am + V.3
V.2 : was, were + V.3
(is, are, am) + V-ing : (is, are, am) + being + V.3
(was, were) + V-ing : (was, were) + being + V.3
(have, has) + V.3 : (have, has) + been + V.3
had + V.3 : had + been + V.3
modal + base : modal + be + V.3

 Sub + verb + that ...........………………..................................................………………………..............................………………………………………………………………….……

It + be + V.3 + that ...........……………….................................................................………….............................………………………………………………………………….……

❖ Scientists say that dolphins are highly intelligent.

It ...........……………….................................................................…………......................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….……

❖ People used to think that the sun goes around the earth.

It ...........……………….................................................................…………......................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….……

 Sub1 + verb + that +sub2 + verb ...........………………...............................................………………………..............................………………………….……

Sub2 + be + V.3 + to ...........………………....................................................................................................………………………………………………………………….……

❖ Scientists say that sharks are the most dangerous sea creatures.

Sharks ...........……………….......................................................................………….......................................................................………………………………………………………………….……

❖ People used to think that the sun goes around the earth.

The sun ...........……………….................................................................………….....................................................................………………………………………………………………….……

62
 Rewrite the following sentences. Use the impersonal passive in two different ways.

1. They say that life is short.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

Life ………....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

2. Scientists have claimed that the sea contains a lot of creatures.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

The sea ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

3. People believed that eating fast food hurts our health.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

Eating fast food ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

4. Experts have proved that bats do not lay eggs.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

Bats .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

5. People used to believe that the Earth was covered with water.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

The Earth .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

6. Teachers know that he did not write bad words on the board.

It ……….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

He ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

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 It + be + V.3 + that ...........………………..................................................…………......……………..............................………………………………………………………………….……

Sub + verb + that ...........………………..............................................................………….............................………………………………………………………………….……

• It is believed that Maths is the mother of science.

Scientists .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

• It was known that fish has a shallow memory.

Scientists .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

 Sub2 + be + V.3 + to ...........…...............................................................……………...............................................………………………..............................………………………….……

Sub1 + verb + that + sub2 + verb …....................................................................................................……………………………………………….……

• Maths is believed to be the mother of science.

Scientists .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

• Drinking water is believed to prevent the body from deydration.

Scientists .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

1. People believe that eating almonds reduces the risk of heart disease.

Eating almonds .........................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

2. Doing regular exercise is believed to reduce the risk of several diseases.

People believe that ...............................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

3. They assumed that the last Olympic Games were a great success.

It ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

4. Experts have proved that eating fresh vegetables is good for the stomach.

Eating fresh vegetables ................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

64
5. My English teacher says that English clubs are essential for learning English well.

English clubs ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

6. Linguists have proved that learning some languages is helpful for the learners.

Learning some languages .................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

7. Teachers believe that working in groups improves students’ awareness.

Working in groups ..............................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

8. People believe that the heavy rainfall caused the devastating of the dam.

The heavy rainfall ...............................................................................................................................................................................................…...............................................……… .

9. People believe that exercise makes a huge difference to the way we feel.
The sentence which has a similar meaning to one above is:
A) It is believed that exercise to make a huge difference to the way we feel.
B) It is believed that exercise make a huge difference to the way we feel.
C) It is believed that exercise have made a huge difference to the way we feel.
D) It is believed that exercise makes a huge difference to the way we feel.

10. People think that solving mathematical puzzles keeps the brain active.
The sentence that has a similar meaning to the one above is:
A) Solving mathematical puzzles is thought keep the brain active.
B) Solving mathematical puzzles is thought keeps the brain active.
C) Solving mathematical puzzles is thought to keep the brain active.
D) Solving mathematical puzzles is thought to keeps the brain active.

11. People believe that exercise makes a huge difference to the way we feel.
It is believed that ……………………………………………………
A) Exercise makes a huge difference to the way we feel.
B) Exercise make a huge difference to the way we feel.
C) Exercise have made a huge difference to the way we feel.
D) Exercise to make a huge difference to the way we feel.

12. Exercise has been proved to be good for concentration

A) Experts had proved that exercise is good for concentration.
B) Experts have proved that exercise is good for concentration.
C) Experts have proved that exercise was good for concentration.
D) Experts have proved that exercise is to be good for concentration.

65
Collocations:

do exercise, do a subject, draw up a timetable,

make a start , make a difference, take a break

1. Draw up a timetable: write a schedule.

2. Do exercise: keep fit.
3. Make a start: begin.
4. Take a break: relax.
5. Do a subject: study.
6. Make a difference: change something.

- If you send money to a charity, you will do exercise to a lot of lives.

Replace the underlined misused collocation with the correct one. ...........................................................................…...

66
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ UNIT NINE ‫شادي الرمحي‬

WISH = IF ONLY
• Sub + wish + sub + ………….................................................……… : ‫تمني‬

I wish I the answer now.

………….................................................………

(know, knew, had known)

He wishes he taller.
………….................................................………

(were, is, had been)

• Sub + wish + sub + ………….................................................……… : ‫ندم‬

I wish I more work for my exam last week.

………….................................................………

(do, did, had done)

I wish I these shoes two days ago.

………….................................................………

(didn’t buy, hadn’t bought, don’t buy)

A. Complete the sentences using the correct form in brackets.

1. I couldn’t understand anything. ………….................................................……… only I’d studied Chinese!

(If, wish, had)

2. Ibrahim was right and I was wrong. I wish I ………….................................................……… listened to him.
(had, didn't, have)

3. I ………....…................……… I’d known more about the company. If …………........................... I’d done some research!
(only, if, wish)
(only, wish, had)

4. I am very hungry! I wish I ………….................................................………eaten before I went to the conference.

(didn't, have, had)

5. I regret the deal now. I wish we ………….................................................……… done it.

(didn't, hadn't, haven't)

67
B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.

1. If only Ali harder last year.

………….................................................………

(study, studied, had studied)

2. Osama did not know about the west culture when he went to study in the USA.
He wishes he a cultural awareness course.
………….................................................………

(do, did, had done)

3. It was too cold to go to the beach yesterday. If only it warmer. ………….................................................………

(is, were, had been)

4. I feel ill. I wish I so many sweets.
………….................................................………

(do not eat, had not eaten, did not eat)

5. Ziad is not very good at basketball. He wishes he taller! ………….......................................................

(were, is, had been)

6. I can't do this exercise. I wish I it. ………….................................................................................

(understand, had understood, understood)

7. I didn’t wake up early and I missed my bus. I wish I early. ………….......................................................

(wake up, had woken up, have woken up)

8. I always have to get home early, I wish my parents me stay out later. …..........................

(won’t let, would let, will let)

9. We’re late. If only we …………. the earlier bus.
(hadn’t caught, have caught, had caught)
10. I am very hungry! I wish I --------- eaten before I went to the conference.
(had not, had, have)

(wish) (if only) ‫• إعادة كتابة الجملة بإستخدام‬

V.1 V.2
V.2 had + V.3
Positive Negative
Negative Positive

:‫مالحظات مهمة‬
Wish = if only •
‫ يتم تحويل الفعل المساعد‬،‫عند وجود فعل مساعد‬ •
Could = had been able to •
Should have + V.3 = had +V.3 •
Regret + V-ing = had + V.3 •

68
C. Read the situations and complete the sentences.

1. Osama forgot to tell them about the meeting.

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

2. I regret going to school late yesterday.

I wish ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

I wish ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

3. Oh no! I cannot speak Chinese.

I wish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

4. I feel sorry that they could not find a solution.

I wish .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Oh no! I’ve forgotten my library book. I left it at home.

I wish .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

I wish .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

6. Our team didn’t play very well yesterday.

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

7. I wish I had learnt English better when I was younger.

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .

8. Our flat is very small.

If only our .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

If only our .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

69
9. Ahmad didn’t behave very well yesterday.

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

If only ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

10. Our city is very overcrowded.

If only our ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .

11. I wish I had brought my coat.

The sentence which has a similar meaning to the one above is ----------- .
A) I wish I had brought my T-shirt
B) If only I had brought my coat
C) If only I hadn’t brought my coat
D) I wish I hadn’t brought my coat

12. Maha regrets being angry at breakfast time.

The sentence that has a similar meaning to the one above is:
A) If only Maha had been angry at breakfast time.
B) If only Maha hasn’t been angry at breakfast time.
C) If only Maha has been angry at breakfast time.
D) If only Maha hadn’t been angry at breakfast time.

13. I ate too much and now I have stomachache. I wish ……………………………….
A) I hadn’t eaten so much.
B) I had eaten so much
C) I has eaten so much.
D) I have eaten so much.

Collocations:
1. Make a mistake
2. Ask questions
3. Shake hands
4. Earn respect
5. Join a company
6. Cause offence
7. Make small talk.

70
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ TENSES ‫شادي الرمحي‬

)‫أزمنــــــــة الفعــــــــل (مراجعة‬

I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT
• THE FORM OF THE VERB

a. base : I, They, We, You, ‫اسم جمع‬: clean , do , study.

b. base + s, es, ies : He, She It, ‫اسم مفرد‬: cleans, does, studies.

• USES:
1. Things that happen as a routine in the present. ‫التحدث عن عادة‬

always, usually, often, normally, generally, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, hardly,

scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, hardly ever, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually,

occasionally, at weekends, from time to time, ( on + ‫ ) اسم األيام جمع‬,( every + ‫ ) زمن‬.

once
twice day, week, fortnight,
three times + a + month, season, year
several times decade, century
many times

( do, does ) ‫يتكون المضارع البسيط من كلمة واحدة فقط في حالة الجمل المثبتة و يتكون من كلمتين احداهما‬
.‫و األخرى الفعل المجرد في حالتي النفي و السؤال‬
a. Salma to the GYM every Saturday and Monday.
………………………………………………………

(go, goes, went)

b. Salem to the GYM every Saturday and Monday.
………………………………………………………

(don’t go, didn’t go, doesn’t go)

c. Salem
…………………….…… to the GYM every Saturday and Monday?
………………………….…………………

(Does…go, Did…go, Do…go)

2. Something that is true in the present / Things are always true. ‫التحدث عن حقيقة‬

.‫جملة الحقيقة ال تحتوي على دالئل زمنية و تتحدث عن فكرة عامة معروفة لمعظم الناس‬
a. The earth around the sun.
………………………………………………………

(goes, is going, was going)

b. Water ………………………………………………at zero Celsius.
(is freezing, was freezing, freezes)

10
3. Scheduled fixed events in the future. ‫التحدث عن جدول زمني ثابت‬
.‫الخ‬... ‫عند التحدث عن حركة المواصالت و دوام الدوائر الرسمية و البنوك و المدارس و الجامعات والسينما‬
a. The train ……………………………………………………… tomorrow at 6:30.
(leaves, is leaving, has left)
b. The cinema ……………………………………………… next Sunday at 11:00.
(closed, closes, had closed)

4. To describe the state of people. ‫وصف حالة الناس‬

.‫عند التحدث عن مكان السكن أو البلد األصلي أو نوع العمل أو الدراسة‬
a. She ……………………………………………… in a bank.
(will work, had worked, works)
b. Salem ………………………………………… in a village near Jerash.
(lived, was living, lives)

II. THE SIMPLE PAST

• THE FORM OF THE VERB ‫التصريف الثاني من الفعل‬

To talk about something in the past or a routine in the past.

• KEY WORDS:

yesterday, (last +‫)زمن‬, (‫ زمن‬+ ago), (in + ‫)سنة في الماضي‬, in the past, (the previous +‫)زمن‬

‫ ( و األخرى‬did ) ‫يتكون الماضي البسيط من كلمة واحدة فقط في حالة الجمل المثبتة و يتكون من كلمتين احداهما‬
.‫الفعل المجرد في حالتي النفي و السؤال‬
a. Reema ……………………………………………………to Australia ten years ago.
(emigrates, will emigrate, emigrated)
b. Reema ……………………………………………………to Australia ten years ago.
(doesn’t emigrate, didn’t emigrate, won’t emigrate)
c. ……………………… Reema to Australia ten years ago?
………..………………………

(Did…emigrate, Will…emigrate, Does…emigrate)

d. We …………………………………………………… to the beach everyday last week.
(went, will have gone, are going)

11
 III. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ is, are, am + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:
1. To talk about something that is happening at the moment.

now, nowadays, at the moment, at this minute, at the present

- What ………………………………… you right now?

…………………………………………

(is…doing, are…doing, were…doing)

2. To describe something temporary.
Look!, Listen!, Be careful!, Watch out!, Hurry up!, Be quiet!, Don’t + base.
- Watch out! You down the ladder.
……………………………………………………….

(are falling, were falling, have fallen)

3. For actions that happen repeatedly in the present. We use it with "always."
……………………………………………….................................................................................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

- Mom always
………………………………… cake for us. …………………………………

(will…make, is…making, was…making)

- Mom always cake for us.
……………………....................……………

(makes, has made, made)

- Mom always
………………………………… cake for us. …………………………………

(didn’t make, doesn’t make, won’t make)

4. To talk about the future, where something has been planned. ‫التحدث عن مستقبل مخطط له‬
‫عند التحدث عن الرحالت و الحفالت و المناسبات‬
- Next Monday, we my brother's wedding.
………………………………………………………

(have celebrated, were celebrating, are celebrating)

- We to Canada next Friday.
……………..............…………………………………

(travel, are travelling, were travelling)

12
 IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ was, were + V-ing ]

• KEY WORDS:

V.2 while , as (was, were ) + V-ing

(was, were) + V-ing when V.2

a. While we an English lesson, my phone rang.

……………..............…………………………………

(took, are taking, were taking)

b. I my dinner when it started to snow.
……………..............…………………………………

(were having, was having, am having)

This time + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ (was , were ) + V-ing

‫ أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬+ ‫تحديد الزمن‬ (was , were ) + V-ing

a. This time last year, we for the first semester exams.

………………………………………………………………

(are preparing, were preparing, will be preparing)

b. Ahmad his computer last night at 8:00pm.
……………………………………………………….……

(is fixing, was fixing, were fixing)

V. THE PRESENT PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ have,has + p.p ]
• KEY WORDS:
since, for, ever, never, recently, lately, finally, lastly, at last, before, up to now,

up to present, yet, so far, already, just, today, this (time).

a. Lama ……………………………………………………… her homework yet.
(hadn’t done, won’t do, hasn’t done)
b. Rabab ……………………………… just home.
………………………………………………………

(has…left, have…left, had…left)

c. Where ………………………………… you Kareem recently?
………………………………………………………

(had…met, won’t meet, have…met)

d. I ……………………………………………………… such a tall man before.
(hasn’t seen, haven’t seen, hadn’t seen)
e. We ……………………………………………………… to this house this week.
(are moving, will move, have moved)

13
 .‫يتم استخدام المضارع التام عند التحدث عن ماضي غير محدد‬

a. The earth ………………………………………………………around the sun.

(was moving, moves, has moved)
b. My brother ………………………………………………………to another flat.
(was moving, moves, has moved)

.ً‫يدل المضارع التام على فعل بدأ في الماضي وانتهى قبل وقت قريب جدا‬
a. She the kitchen. It is clean now.
……………………………………………….……………….

(is cleaning, was cleaning, has cleaned)

b. You look very nice today. You a nice haircut.
………………………………………………………

(have had, had had, is having)

.‫ ( تدل على تكرار منفي فنستخدم مضارع بسيط‬never ) ‫اذا كانت‬
.‫ ( تدل على فعل منتهي فنستخدم مضارع تام‬never ) ‫اذا كانت‬
a. She never ……………………………………………………… coffee in the morning.
(drank, drinks, has drunk )
b. She ………………………………… never ………………………………………………………coffee in the morning.
(was…drunk, is…drunk, has…drunk)

VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ have, has + been + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:
(for, since) + ‫أحد مؤشرات المضارع المستمر‬, all + (‫)زمن‬, every + (‫ )زمن‬+ (this) + (‫)زمن‬

(for, since) + ‫دليل من الجملة على عدم انتهاء زمن حدوث الفعل‬

a. It ………………………………………………………..………… since the morning without stopping.

(is snowing, had been snowing, has been snowing)
b. Randa …………………………………………………………..…………………… hard to lose weight all month.
(is exercising, has been exercising, had been exercising)
c. They ………………………………………………………………………………… hard since Friday till now.
(have been training, had been training, had been training)
d. She ………………………………………………………………………………… Chemistry every day this week.
(had been studying, has been studying, has been studying)

)ً‫يتم استخدام مضارع تام مستمر وذلك اذا كان أثر الفعل واضحا ً (باقيا‬
a. Your eyes are red and watery. you
…………………………. …………………………………….……………….?
(Had…been crying, Have… been crying, Has… been crying)
b. Saeed is out of breath. He ……………………………………………….………………. basketball with children.
(has been studying, have been studying, had been studying)

14
 :‫الكلمات التالية تدل على أثر الفعل‬

red eyes, watery eyes, tired, exhausted, out of breath, bleeding, late, dirty, covered with, wet.
.‫ يفضل استخدام مضارع تام مستمر‬,‫( أو ال يوجد فيها مؤشرات‬since, for) ‫أي جملة يوجد فيها‬
a. She ……………………………………….……………….in this company since she graduated from the university.
(has worked, had worked, have worked)
b. She ………………………………………….………………. in this company since she graduated from the university.
(have been working, has been working, had been working)
c. She has …………………………………….………………. in this company since she graduated from the university.
(be working, been worked, been working)

VII. THE FUTURE SIMPLE

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will, shall + base ]
• KEY WORDS:

1. We can use it with:

tomorrow, (next + ‫) زمن‬, in the future, (the coming + ‫ ) زمن‬, ( the following + ‫) زمن‬,

soon , later , (in + ‫)سنة في المستقبل‬, perhaps, probably, may be, I think, I hope.

a. She from the university next June.

………………………………………………………

(graduated, will graduate, have graduated)

b. I you later.
………………………………………………………

(shall see, sees, will have seen)

c. Perhaps, she tonight.
………………………………………………………

(arrived, will be arriving, will arrive)

2. We use it to express spontaneous decisions: ‫ق اررات عفوية‬

a. I am hungry so I some potatoes.
………………………………………………………

(was eating, will eat, have eaten)

b. The phone is ringing; I it.
………………………………………………………

(will answer, will have answered, answered)

3. Predicting without evidence: ‫تنبؤات بدون دليل‬

a. I think it .
………………………………………………………

(was raining, will rain, will have rained)

b. I hope he his exams.
………………………………………………………

(passes, passed, will pass)

15
 VIII. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will, shall + be + V-ing ]
• KEY WORDS:
This time + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will be + V-ing
in + ( ‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ ) زمن‬+ time will be + V-ing
‫ أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬+ ‫تحديد الزمن‬ (was , were ) + V-ing

a. We ………………………………………………..…………………… on the beach this time next week.

(will be playing, were playing, will have played)
b. What …………………………… we in ten years' time?
…………………………………..……………………

(was…doing, will…be doing, have…done)

c. Sameer ……………………………………………..…………………… for us tomorrow at 10:00 in the morning.
(was…waiting, will…be waiting, have…waited)

This time + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ (was , were) + V-ing

This time + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will be + V-ing
a. We ……………………………………………………………………….for the exams this time last week.
(were studying, will be studying, are studying)
b. We ……………………………………………………………………….for the exams this time next week.
(were studying, will be studying, are studying)

IX. THE FUTURE PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ will, shall + have + p.p ]

• KEY WORDS:
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will have + p.p
by the time +sub + V.1 will have + p.p
by the end of this + (‫)زمن‬ will have + p.p
in + ( ‫ )عدد‬+ (‫ ) زمن‬+ time will have + p.p

a. They to the U.S.A by next April.

……………………………………………………………..…………….

(had moved, will be moved, will have moved)

b. I all my homework by the time they arrive.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(have done, will have done, will have doing)

c. By the end of this month, we our exams.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(will have finished, have finished, finished)

d. My brother from the university in three year's time.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(graduated, will graduate, will have graduated)

16
 X. FUTURE WITH GONG TO
1. Future plans can use it with:

a. My brother ……………………………………………………… his 36 birthday next month.

(celebrated, is going to celebrate, has celebrated)
b. She …………………………………………………… to France to see her uncle in Paris next June.
(travelled, has travelled, is going to travel)
2. Predictions that are based on evidence:

- Look at the black sky. It soon.

………………………………………………………

(is snowing, was snowing, is going to snow)

XI. THE PAST PERFECT

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ had + p.p ]
V.2 after had + V.3
had +V.3 before V.2

a. Sami went to bed after he his dinner.

……………………………………………………………..…………….

(has had, had had, was having)

b. Mr. Ghanem an engineer before he became a businessman.
……………………………………………………..…………….

(was, has been, had been)

by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + p.p

by the time +sub + V.2 had + p.p
a. They everything by the time I arrived office.
……………………………………………………………….

(arranged, had arranged, will arrange)

b. She this company by 1989.
………………………………………………….……………………….

(founded, has founded, had founded)

by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + p.p

by + ‫أحد مؤشرات المستقبل البسيط‬ will have + p.p
a. We ……………………………………………………………………our house by last week.
(decorates, will have decorated, had decorated)
b. We ……………………………………………………………………our house by next week.
(decorates, will have decorated, had decorated)

17
 by the time + sub + V.1 will have + p.p
by the time + sub + V.2 had + p.p
a. She ………………………………………………………………………. for him by the time he arrives home.
(will have waited, had waited, has been waiting)
b. She ………………………………………………………………………. for him by the time he arrived home.
(will have waited, had waited, has been waiting)
.‫( في الجملة يلتغي عمل اي مؤشر اخر‬by) ‫عند وجود‬
- She …………………………………… already by the time he phoned.
……………………………..………………………………

(has …arrived, had…arrived, will…arrive)

XII. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

• THE FORM OF THE VERB : [ had + been + V-ing ]

• The usage: to talk about a continuous or repeated action happened before

another action.

V.2 after had + been + v-ing

had +been+ v-ing before V.2
by + ‫أحد مؤشرات الماضي البسيط‬ had + been + v-ing
by the time + Sub. + V.2 had + been + v-ing

since, for, every ‫حيث يوجد في الجملة‬

a. My uncle had as an engineer in London before he came to Jordan.

………….……………………………

(been working, be working, been worked)

b. Salma had difficult situations and obstacles in her previous job.
…………………………………………..…

(been facing, be facing, been faced)

c. By 2003, Jameel in the USA for 8 years.
………………………...................…………………………..…

(has been living, had been living, has lived)

d. Lama as a programmer since 1993 before she retired.
…………………………………………......................………..…

(has been working, has worked, had been working)

e. The streets were wet after it for a long time.
……………....................……………………………………..…

(rained, was raining, had been raining)

:‫مالحظة هامة‬
a. My mom is very tired because she all day long.
……………....................……………………………………..…

(cooked, had been cooking, has been cooking)

b. My mom was very tired because she all day long.
……………....................……………………………………..…

(cooked, had been cooking, has been cooking)

18
 Auxiliaries:
• Modals + ……………………………………………………

• Do + …………………………………………….…………………

• Have + ……………………………………………………

• Be + …………………………………………..……………………

1. She could for us opposite the post office.

……………………………………………………

(be waited, been waiting, be waiting)

2. What have you since I left you?
……………………………………………………

(be doing, been doing, been done)

have +V.3 since V.2

have + been + V-ing since V.2
Since then, subject + (have, has) + V.3

1. She has been working here since she from the university.
……………………………………………

(has graduated, graduated, had graduated)

2. I have done all the housework since I home.
……………………………………………

(arrived, have arrived, had arrived)

3. Since then, he …………………………………………… an oath to be a good person.
(took, had taken, has taken)

19
 :‫ كيفية دراسة األزمنة‬#

Present Simple: ‫تكرار‬ Fact ‫جدول زمني‬ ‫وصف حالة‬

‫ثابت في‬ ‫الناس‬
‫المستقبل‬
Continuous: ‫فعل وقت الكالم‬ ‫حدث مؤقت‬ ‫مستمر و متكرر مستقبل مخطط‬
‫له‬
Perfect: ‫فعل بدأ في الماضي و انتهى قبل‬ ‫ماضي غير محدد‬
‫وقت قريب جدا‬
Perfect ‫فعل بدأ في الماضي و ما زال‬ ‫أثر فعل‬
continuous: ‫مستمر‬
Past Simple: ‫حدث في الماضي‬
Continuous: ‫ زمن قصير‬، ‫زمن طويل‬ This time + ‫زمن ماضي‬

Perfect: ‫ حدث ثاني‬، ‫حدث أول‬ By + ‫زمن ماضي‬

Perfect ‫ حدث ثاني‬، ‫حدث أول‬ By + ‫زمن ماضي‬

continuous:
Future Simple: ‫حدث في المستقبل‬ ‫قرار عفوي‬ ‫تنبؤ بدون دليل‬

Continuous: This time + ‫زمن مستقبل‬ In + ‫ عدد‬+ ‫ زمن‬+ time

Perfect: By + ‫زمن في المستقبل‬ In + ‫ عدد‬+ ‫ زمن‬+ time

Be going to: ‫مستقبل مخطط له‬ ‫تنبؤ مع دليل‬

:‫كيفية تصحيح الفعل‬

‫ نعتمد على الفعل المساعد‬.1
- The government has ………..............................................................................………………… hardly to raise the citizen's
awareness of human rights.
(be working, been work, been working)

‫ نعتمد على المؤشرو الفعل المساعد‬.2

- Will you your homework by seven o'clock?
………..............................................................................…………………

(be doing, have done, been doing)

‫ نعتمد على المؤشر‬.3

- The workers at the moment. They are on a break.
………..........................................................................…………………

(isn't working, aren't working, haven't worked)

‫ نعتمد على أدوات الربط‬.4

- The students in my class ………..............................................................................………………… about their achievements
in science when the bell suddenly rang.
(talks, was talking, were talking)

20
Complete the following by putting the verb between brackets into its correct form.
1. The kids ………… football in the park before it started to rain.
A) have played B) are playing
C) play D) had played

2. My sister was very busy yesterday as she …………… for special occasion.
A) had been preparing B) prepares
C) has been prepared D) is preparing

3. This time tomorrow, we …………..….. because we will have finished our exams.
A) would have celebrated B) will be celebrating
C) will have celebrated D) had been celebrating

4. I …………..….. my car. That’s why my hands are dirty.

A) have been cleaned B) have been cleaning
C) am cleaned D) had been cleaned

5. This month next year, Ahmad ………. his final presentation in the university
before graduation.
A) discuss B) has discussed
C) will be discussing D) is discussed

6. According to Kate’s schedule, she…………… her business partner next Tuesday.

A) would be met B) will be met
C) was going to meet D) is going to meet

7. While my father…………… a book, our neighbour came to visit us.

A) is read B) reads
C) was reading D) is being read

8. My uncle ………… working at the company for five years when he got a
promotion.
A) is B) have been
C) had been D) will be

9. I think humans ………… to Mars in 2070.

A) will travel B) were going to travel
C) have travelled D) had been travelled

10. I was driving to work when the engine…………… working.

A) stops B) were stopping
C) is stopping D) stopped

21
 11. Nadia ………… her homework for two hours.
A) have done B) have been doing
C) has been doing D) had been done

13. Salam ……… her report when the light in her room switched itself off.
A) was typing B) is typing
C) types D) was typed

14. My mother was very tired; she ………… all afternoon for a special family dinner.
A) is cooking B) has been cooking
C) cooks D) had been cooking

15. We won’t be home tomorrow night. We ……… the football match at the stadium.
A) were watching B) will be watching
C) have watched D) had been watching

16. I ………….. the house. That’s why I have some paint on my clothes.
A) have been painting B) have been painted
C) has painted D) has been painting

17. I can’t call my father right now. He …………… the plane. It takes off in an hour.
A) was boarding B) would ne boarded
C) was boarded D) will be boarding

He started working at 5 a.m. It’s 11 a.m., and he’s still working.

He ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… for 6 hours.

22
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ DERIVATIONS ‫شادي الرمحي‬

The use of the verb, noun, adjective and adverb

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Use Use Useful Usefully
Organize Organization Organized ***********
Intensify Intensity Intensive Intensively
Succeed Success Successful Successfully
Translate Translation Translated ************
Enlarge Enlargement Large Largely
Strengthen Strength Strong Strongly
Repeat Repetition Repeated Repeatedly

.‫ تكون حال‬ly ‫أي كلمة تنتهي بــ‬ .1

.‫ من الحال ينتج صفة‬ly ‫عند ازالة‬ .2
.‫( تكون فعل‬en) ‫( أو قد تبدأ أو تنتهي بـ‬ise, ize, fy, eed, ate) ‫أي كلمة تنتهي بـ‬ .3
.‫ أي انه بدون اي اضافات‬,‫الفعل هو جذر الكلمة‬ .4

differ difference different differently

differ different differently
difference different differently
differ difference differently
differ difference different

1
 noun suffixes adjective suffixes

-tion information ‫معلومات‬ -ful beautiful ‫جميل‬

-sion television ‫تلفاز‬ -less careless ‫مهمل‬
-ness fitness ‫لياقة‬ -able remarkable ‫الفت للنظر‬
-ment government ‫حكومة‬ -ous serious ‫ جاد‬،‫خطير‬
-ance importance ‫أهمية‬ -y lucky ‫مميز‬
-ence difference ‫إختالف‬ -ent different ‫مختلف‬
-se expense ‫تكلفة‬ -ant important ‫مهم‬
-cy fluency ‫طالقة‬ -ive expensive ‫ثمين‬
-ty possibility ‫إحتمالية‬ -ic scientific ‫علمي‬
-ure future ‫مستقبل‬ -al governmental ‫حكومي‬
-th health ‫صحة‬ -en golden ‫ذهبي‬
-sm criticism ‫إنتقاد‬ -ish childish ‫طفولي‬
-dom kingdom ‫مملكة‬ -ate accurate ‫دقيق‬
-age marriage ‫زواج‬ -ite favourite ‫مفضل‬
-hood childhood ‫طفولة‬ -ing boring ‫ممل‬
-ship relationship ‫عالقة‬ -ed injured ‫مصاب‬

:‫مالحظات‬
:‫ مثل‬،‫( تكون فعل إال إذا كانت تدل على إسم مادة فتكون صفة‬en) ‫ أي كلمة تنتهي بـ‬.1

golden, wooden, waxen, woollen

accurately – ly = accurate .2

compensate compensation compensated .3

2
 I. THE USE OF THE VERB
1. In the middle of a sentence after the subject.
‫قد يكون الفاعل ضمير أو إسم أو جملة إسمية‬
They …………………………………………………… three languages fluently.
(speak, speechlessly, speechless)

Most doctors …………………………………………………… of a way how to find medicine against Covid-19.

(think, thoughtful, thoughtfully)

The teachers in our school …………………………………………………… different ways to teach us.

(use, useful, usefully)

2. After (to) as an infinitive.

The teacher is going to …………………………………………………… us into groups.

(classify, classification, classified)

3. After the modals

(will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must)

The students should …………………………………………………… this paragraph into Arabic.

(translated, translate, translation)

4. After verb to do: (do, does, did)

When you are late. Do your parents you?

……………………………………………………

(punishment, punish, punished)

5. At the beginning of a sentence as an imperative

…………………………………………………… well about it.

(Thoughtfully, Thoughtful, Think)

6. After (had better, would rather)

You had better …………………………………………………… for your exams.

(prepare, preparation, prepared)

7. After (make, let, help) + object + base

Our teacher lets us …………………………………………………… the dictionary in the class.

(usefully, useful, use)

8. After (Let's)

Let's …………………………………………………… our ideas again.

(rearrange, rearrangement, rearranged)

3
 II. THE USE OF THE NOUN
1. After (a, an, the)

The …………………………………………………… we face is due to our lack of experience.

(difficult, difficultly, difficulty)

2. After the adjective

He made a remarkable …………………………………………………… in his research.

(improved, improvement, improve)

3. After (’s) or the adjective pronouns (my, his, her, their, our, your, its)

My brother's …………………………………………………… in three languages enabled him to find a job.

(fluency, fluent, fluently)

Our …………………………………………………… has enabled her to succeed.

(encourage, encouragement, encouraging)

4. After the prepositions (in, on, of, at, into, for, from, under, with, without, about,
against, between ...etc)

Imagination is the source of ……………………………………………………

(create, creation, creative)

5. After phrases of quantity (much, many, any, little, some, no, enough, a few, several, each)

She has got some …………………………………………………… about our research.

(inform, information, informative)

6. After the verb as an object.

Governments encourage ……………………………………………………

(educate, educational, education)

7. After the determiners (this, that, these, those)

This …………………………………………………… has been imported from China.

(product, produce, production)

8. After the gerund (v-ing)

He enjoys giving …………………………………………………… to the poor.

(help, helpful, helpfully)
.‫( تكون هذه الكلمة مصدر‬V-ing) ‫( قبل‬be) ‫عند عدم وجود أحد أفعال‬

4
 III. THE USE OF THE ADJECTIVE
1. Before the noun.

The …………………………………………………… system in Jordan is developed.

(educate, educationally, educational)

2. After (make), (find) and (become)

Education has become for both boys and girls.

……………………………………………………

(necessity, necessary, necessarily)

Education has become a for both boys and girls.

……………………………………………………

(necessity, necessary, necessarily)

His encouragement made me ……………………………………………………

(succeed, success, successfully)

His encouragement made me ……………………………………………………

(successful, success, successfully)

She found the film ……………………………………………………

(boredom, boring, boringly)

Our neighbour was found …………………………………………………… in the forest.

(death, die, dead)

3. After (verb to be) :(be, is, are, am, was, were, been)

Life in the future will be …………………………………………………… from life today.

(difference, different, differently)

There will be a …………………………………………………… in life in the future.

(difference, different, differently)

4. After the following verbs (look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound)

She looks ……………………………………………………

(sad, sadness, sadly)

5
 IV. THE USE OF THE ADVERB
1. To describe the verb.

Layan speaks English ……………………………………………………

(fluently, fluent, fluency)

She …………………………………………………… refused his offer.
(impolite, impoliteness, impolitely)
Salman has …………………………………………………… passed all the exams.
(success, succeed, successfuly)

Subject + transitive verb + object (noun) ‫بعد الفعل المتعدي يأتي مفعول به‬
Subject + intransitive verb + adverb ‫بعد الفعل الالزم يأتي حال‬

- Tom swam …………………………………………………… in the river.

(skill, skillful, skillfully)
- Tamara needs …………………………………………………… in this matter.
(help, helpful, helpfully)
2. Before the adjective.

This product is …………………………………………………… different.

(complete, completion, completely)
3. Before (p.p)

- The meeting was …………………………………………………… organized.

(carefully, careful, care)

4. After (very, too, so, quite, a bit, really) and between (as ……………………………………………… as)

‫( نحل الجملة كما لو‬more, less, the most, the least, as……..as) ‫عند عدم وجود إحدى المشددات أو‬
.‫أنها غير موجودة‬
His ideas are too ……………………………………………………

(theorise, theory, theoretical)

Laila walks very ……………………………………………………

(caution, cautious, cautiously)

Ali is as as Nabeel.
……………………………………………………

(careful, care, carefully)

Jalal drives his new car as as his brother.
……………………………………………………

(careful, care, carefully)

5. At the beginning before the comma.

……………………………………………………. , people get married at the weekends.

(Tradition, Traditional, Traditionally)

6
 6. Between to and the base verb.

She plans to …………………………………………………… emphasize on the matter.

(deep, depth, deeply)

:‫مالحظات‬
.‫عند وجود أداة ربط أو عالمة ترقيم يصبح لدينا جملتين منفصلتين‬
- …………………………………………………… up so that I can hear you.
(Speak, Speech, Speechless)

…………………………………………… + ‫جملة ال تحتوي على فعل‬

…………………………………………………… + ‫جملة تحتوي على فعل‬

- …………………………………………………… has prevented him from continuing his higher studies.

( Poor, Poverty, Poorly)
- Unless something is done, will increase in the future.
……………………………………………………

(pollute, pollution, polluted)

‫( اذا ارتبطت مع احدى‬to) ‫ اال انه يتم استخدام اسم بعد‬,‫( في جميع الحاالت‬to) ‫يتم استخدام فعل مجرد بعد‬
:‫المصطلحات التالية‬
be used to ‫يعتاد على‬ get used to ‫يعتاد على‬ be accustomed to ‫يعتاد على‬
be sentenced to ‫يُحكم عليه‬ be committed to ‫يلتزم بـ‬ due to ‫بسبب‬
look forward to ‫يتطلع إلى‬ according to ‫بالرجوع إلى‬ regarding to ‫بخصوص‬
concerning to ‫فيما يتعلق‬ object to ‫يعترض على‬ lead to ‫يؤدي إلى‬
adapt to ‫يتكيف مع‬

a. He had worked hard and was looking forward to …………………………………………………… .

(retire, retirement, retired)
b. The negative image of immigrants is largely due to …………………………………………………… .
(ignore, ignorant, ignorance)

.‫يجوز إستخدام صفة قبل صفة أخرى و ذلك عند وجود إسم بعد الصفة‬

Subject + verb + adjective + adjective + noun.

- It's an ……………………………………………………cheap restaurant.

(amazed, amazing, amazingly)

7
 At the beginning before the comma. ‫قبل الفاصلة في بداية الجملة‬
- ……………………………………………………. , people get married at the weekends.
(Tradition, Traditional, Traditionally)

Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫ فعل أمر‬+ ‫جملة ال تحتوي على فعل‬

‫ جملة‬. Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫إسم‬ + ‫جملة تحتوي على فعل‬
‫ جملة‬, Adverb, ‫جملة‬ ‫صفة‬ + ‫ إسم‬+ ‫جملة‬
‫ ; جملة‬Adverb, ‫جملة‬ Adverb, ‫جملة‬

.‫ أي أننا نعتبر الحال غير موجود‬.‫ نعتمد على ما قبل الحال لتكملة الفراغ‬، ‫عند وجود حال قبل الفراغ‬
- She will definitely …………………………………………………… in her exams.
(succeed, success, successful)
- She is completely …………………………………………………… from her sister.
(differ, different, differently)

:‫مالحظات هامة‬
and ‫ عند وجود حرف العطف‬.1
1. He needs enthusiasm and to fulfill his dream.
……………………………………………………

(encourage, encouragement, encouraging)

2. Artists usually meet to discuss ideas and …………………………………………………… each other's work.
(criticise, criticism, critical)

.‫ عند وجود فاصلة بعد الفراغ الذي يأتي في بداية الجملة‬.2

1. , he is not still ready.
……………………………………………………

(Education, Educate, Educationally)

2. …………………………………………………… , health and transport should be available to any citizen.
(Education, Educate, Educationally)

.‫ يتم إستخدام حال بعد الفعل مباشرة إذا كان في صيغة المبني للمجهول و يجوز إستخدام الحال بين الفعلين‬.3
1. The conference was held ……………………………………………………

(success, succeed, successfully)

2. The conference was held.
……………………………………………………

(successfully, success, successful)

8
A. Complete the sentences with words formed from the words in brackets.
1. The Middle East is famous for the …………………………………………………… of olive oil.
(produce, production, productive)
2. Ibn Sina wrote …………………………………………………… textbooks.
(medicine, medicate, medical)
3. Fatima al-Fihri was born in the …………………………………………………… century.
(nine, ninth, ninthly)
4. My father bought our house with an …………………………………………………… from his grandfather.
(inherit, inheritance, inheritted)
5. Scholars have discovered an ………………………………………document from the twelfth century.
(original, originate, origin)
6. Do you think the wheel was the most important …………………………………………………… ever?
(invent, inventive, invention)
7. Al-Kindi made an important mathematical …………………………………………………… .
(discover, discovery, discoverable)
8. Who was the most …………………………………………………… writer of the twentieth century?
(influence, influential, influentially)
9. Petra is an important …………………………………………………………………………… site.
(archaeologically, archaeological, archaeology)
10. I will be going to university to continue my …………………………………………………………………………… .
(educate, educational, education)
11. In our exam, we had to ……………………………………………………………… a text from Arabic into English.
(translate, translated, translation)
12. Thank you for your help, I really …………………………………………………………………………… it.
(appreciation, appreciable , appreciate)
13. Many people had to be ………….. after being exposed to the diseases.
(immunity, immunization, immunized)
14. Scientists have…………………………………………………… invented a prosthetic hand with a sense of touch.
(success, successfully, successful)
15. A lot of cancers can now be treated ……………………………………………………

(successful, successfully, succeed)

16.…………………………………………………… Gives people the ability to resist infection temporarily or permanently.
(Immunize, Immunized, Immunization)
17. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and …………………………………………………… oxygen.
(productive, production, produce)
18. How many cars does this factory …………………………………………………… Every year?
(produce, production, productive)
19. Many doctors believe that …………………………………………………… supports brain development.
(repeat, repetition, repeated)
20. Which of these is an ……………………………………………………- TV or gravity?
(invention, inventively, invented)

9
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ COMPOSITION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

Writing a blog
• Write a blog post for your school's website about the best practices of losing weight.
Compare these practices with some practices in the past which were proved to be less
effective.

Do you know what you're going to do to lose weight? I’ve come up with some ideas
but I really need your help!

Firstly, I won’t be able to do a diet as I practiced it several times but in no use. I

could go to the GYM, but I don’t know much about it. If any of you are losing weight
in a GYM, please do message me about your experience. I’d love to hear about it.

Secondly though, I’d really like to stop eating junk food and run for an hour every
morning, because running in the morning is very beneficial.

So, can you help me with my decision? We could start up a useful conversation
about losing weight.

71
 A persuasive letter
• You receive the news that your town council is cancelling a bus route that
you, your family and friends use regularly. Write a letter to the town council
to persuade them not to cancel it. Explain why this will have negative effects
on the whole town.
(Your name is Wesam. Your address is P.O.Box 1646, Amman, Jordan).

P.O.Box 1646
Amman, Jordan
28th .June. 2021

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you about the recent news that the bus route in our town will be
cancelled. Many residents are extremely upset at this.

However, there are many disadvantages of this move to stop the bus route in our
area. Firstly, many inhabitants would leave the town.

Most worryingly, a large number of people in the area would buy cars. Consequently,
our town will be busy and crowded and air pollution will increase.

Therefore, if possible, to rearrange the transport system in our town and build a new
bus station, so be it, but cutting this area of transportation completely would be
destructive to both the town and the citizens.

I hope you will consider this letter when deciding the transportation of our town.
Yours faithfully,
Wesam

72
• Write a review of a restaurant you have been to.

Ward Restaurant, Amman

I recently visited this restaurant for a few hours during a business dinner, and it did
not live up to expectations. On its website it is said that it is ‘stylish, modern and
chic’, which was true, but the service was not quite as high as I expected.

Since I arrived late in the evening, there was nobody to check me to my table.
However, someone came to help me immediately after I rang a bell at the entrance.
Throughout my visit, I experienced some negative aspects of service, there was no
cars park and delayed food service.

On the other hand, the food was very delicious. I was happy to deal with the few
oversights.

I would very much like to visit this restaurant again, and I enjoyed the view and
atmosphere of the restaurant very much. The service could be improved, but it didn't
detract from a pleasant visit. I recommend this restaurant to anyone interested in
stylish architecture and delicious food.

73
 GUIDED WRITING
 Read the information below, and write two sentences about the advantages of physical
activity.
- Increase your heart rate.
- Improve your blood circulation.
- Send more oxygen to the brain.
- Make you revise efficiently.
The advantages of physical activity
- There are many advantages of physical activity such as increasing your heart rate and
improving your blood circulation.

- Other advantages of physical activity are sending more oxygen to the brain as well as
making you revise efficiently.

74
 LANGUAGE FUNCTION
1. Showing cause: ‫جمل سببية‬
• Because / As / since I was tired, I went to bed.
2. Showing results: ‫جمل نتيجة‬
• She worked hard; therefore she did well in her exams.
therefore = as a result = because of that = consequently
due to + n.phrase
❖ We were late ……….. the traffic.
A) consequently B) due to C) as a result D) therefore
❖ The university has managed to attract a lot of students ……………… of its
reputation.
A) therefore B) because C) consequently D) because of that
3. Comparison: ‫مقارنة‬
• Ali is taller than Ahmad
• Maha is more / less beautiful than Muna.
• Ali isn't as tall as Sami.
4. Equal comparison: ‫مقارنة متساوية‬
• Ali is as tall as Ahmad
5. Past regrets: ‫ندم في الماضي‬
• If only she had studied well.
• I wish she had studied well.
6. Present wishes: ‫تمني في الحاضر‬
• If only I had a car.
• I wish I had a car.
10. Advice: ‫نصيحة‬
• If I were you, I'd …….
11. Asking questions in a polite formal way: ‫السؤال بطريقة رسمية مؤدبة‬
• Could you explain ...............................?
• Could you tell me ................................?
• Do you know .......................................?
• Do you mind telling me.......................?
12. Formal way of reporting thoughts: ‫طريقة رسمية للتعبير عن األفكار‬
• It is thought that ...........................
• Life is thought to ..........................

75
 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ WRITING SKILLS ‫شادي الرمحي‬

A. Spelling & punctuation:

1. I think a is useful because it’s small and light.

…………….................................………

a. tablit b. taplet c. taplit d. tablet

2. Ibn Rushd, a famous …………….................................……… , wrote many book on many fields.

a. polymath b. bolymath c. polimath d. bolimath

3. Megaprojects would encourage investment in the country and …………….................................……… the

country.
a. penefit b. benefit c. benifit d. binifit

4. Adeeb’s father, who wears an is useful because it’s small and light.
…………….................................………

a. artificial b. artifecial c. artifisial d. artefecial

5. If users share information on …………….................................……… media with their friends …………….................................………

it might be accessed by other people.

a. social/. b. social / . c. social / , d. social / ,

6. Before doctors prescribe drugs to patients …………….................................……… they look at the main
it of ailments.
…………….................................………

a. , /symptoms b. . / symptoms c. , / semptoms d. . /simptoms

7. is very important
…………….................................……… …………….................................……… You should try to eat as much fresh
fruit and vegetables as you can.
a. nutrition / . b. Nutrition/ , c. Nutrition/ . d. Nutrision / ,

8. …………….................................……… hot countries …………….................................……… solar power is an important source of

energy …………….................................………

a. In /, /. b. In /. /, c. in /. /? d. in /? /.

9. The Giralda tower which is one of the most important buildings in

…………….................................………

Seville …………….................................……… Spain, stands at just over 140 meters tall.

a. . / , b. , / ; c. , / , d. . / ?

76
 10. …………….................................……… influence of Ibn Bassal’s book was enormous …………….................................………

a. The / ? b. The / . c. The / , d. the / :

11. Which other areas are important for Jordan’s trade …………….................................……… Jordan first signed
a trade agreement with the EU in 1997 CE …………….................................………

a. ? / . b. . / ? c. , / ? d. ? / ,

12. Is it to do after-school activities in Japan and South Korea

…………….....................……… …………….....................………

a. compulsory / ? b. campalsory / . c. compulsary / . d. cumpulsory / ?

B. Agreement:

1. are extremely large investment projects, which

…………….................................……… to …………….................................………

encourage growth and bring new benefits to cities.

a. Magaprojects / were designed b. Migaprojects / are designed
c. Megaprojects / are designed d. Megeprojects / were designed

2. The book into English from the Arabic text.

…………….................................……… …………….................................………

a. has translated / original b. has been translated / original

c. has been translated / origenal d. has translated / origenal

C. Rhetorical Device:

1. Simile: ‫تشبيه‬
• Some robots will look and sound very like humans.
• Some medicine will taste as delicious as real food.

2. Metaphor: ‫التشبيه‬
• The world will be at your fingertips.
• Ahmad is a lion.

3. Onomatopoeia: ‫محاكاة صوتية‬

• Everywhere we go we will hear the constant buzz and hum of technology.

4. Personification: ‫التجسيد‬
• Our computers and mobile phones will take care of us.

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 1. The world will be at your fingerprints.
The underlined words in the sentence above represents one of the following rhetorical
devices…………..
A) personification B) onomatopoeia. C) metaphor D) simile

2. New Means Of transportation will take us to our destinations smoothly!

The underlined words in the sentence above represent one of the following rhetorical
devices ………… .
A) simile B) onomatopoeia C) metaphor D) personification

D. Writing techniques:

1. Discursive essay:
• Write a thesis statement that outlines what you will write about
• Explain in detail both sides of the discussion
• Summarise briefly all aspects of the discussion
• State your opinion

2. Report:
• Keep title concise and informative
• Use subheadings
• Cite percentages and fractions
• Do not write your opinion

3. Descriptive essay:
• Introduction and personal viewpoint
• Conclusion and personal viewpoint
• More detailed descriptions
• Simile
• Language for prediction

4. Blog post:
• Write a short catchy title
• Ask questions, such as advice
• State your problem in detail
• Restate your question and ask readers to get involved

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 5. Persuasive letter:
• Use an appropriate greeting at the beginning
• State the purpose of the letter
• Write a brief and concise statement of the problem
• Write detailed descriptive of the problem
• Write a proposed solution
• Use a formal language
• Use an appropriate greeting at the end
• Sign off

6. Sample review:
• Write general introduction
• Cover both negative and positive aspects
• Summarize and recommend

Questions:
A:
1. The persuasive letter starts (begins) with:
a. advice b. informal greeting c. formal greeting d. catchy title

2. The persuasive letter ends with:

a. advice b. recommendation c. opinion d. your sign off

3. The topic which must have percentages and fractions is:

a. sample review b. report c. persuasive letter d. blog post

B: True or False
1. In the sample review we should cover both negative and positive aspects. ( T )

2. The persuasive letter should have an informal language. ( F )

3. In the descriptive essay we should use simile. ( T )

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 C: Rearrange
.‫ تبدأ الجملة بفاعل أو آداة ربط أو فعل أمر مجرد‬.1
‫ يأتي بعد الفاعل فعل‬.2
‫ يأتي بعد الفعل المتعدي مفعول به‬.3
‫ يأتي بعد الفعل الالزم حال أو تكملة جملة‬.4
‫ يجب اإلنتباه عند وجود فعل مساعد في الجملة‬.5
‫ إذا بدأت الجملة بأداة ربط يجب وضع فاصلة في نهاية الجملة األولى‬.6
(to + verb) ‫ يوجد بعض األفعال التي يأتي بعدها‬.7
‫ يجب اإلنتباه إلى قواعد األزمنة و اإلشتقاقات‬.8

1. on / a / successful / very /deal/ congratulations / business

The correct order of the words that makes a complete sentence is………..
A) On a business deal very successful congratulations.
B) Successful business deal congratulations on a very.
C) Congratulations on a very successful business deal.
D) Congratulations very successful deal on a business.

2. The sentence that has been written correctly is:

A) A place where no cars are allowed is a pedestrian – free zone, and it is car friendly.
B) A place where a pedestrian no cars are allowed is – free zone, and it is car friendly.
C) A place where no free cars and pedestrian are allowed is a –zone, it is car friendly.
D) A place where no allowed cars is a pedestrian are – free zone, and it is car friendly.

3. Remember, / career direction / it’s never / or change / to study / too late

The sentence that has the correct order of the words and phrases above is:
B) Remember, too late it’s never or change to study career direction.
C) Remember, it’s never or change too late to study career direction.
D) Remember, to study it’s never or change too late career direction.
E) Remember, it’s never too late to study or change career direction.

4. Games / inspire / to / often /take up / a / Olympic / people / young / sport

The sentence that has the correct order of the words and phrases above is:
A) Olympic Games often inspire young people to take up a sport.
B) Olympic Games to take up often inspire a sport young people.
C) Young people take often inspire Olympic Games to up a sport.
D) Young people often take inspire Olympic Games to up a sport.

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5. disadvantages / outweigh / any / greatly / Masdar / of / the / in conclusion / benefits.
A) The benefits of Masdar City greatly outweigh any in conclusion disadvantages.
B) Greatly outweigh any disadvantages in conclusion the benefits of Masdar City.
C) The benefits of Masdar in conclusion city greatly outweigh any disadvantages.
D) In conclusion, the benefits of Masdar City greatly outweigh any disadvantages.

6. The sentence that has been written correctly is:

A) Keep up your chin everything I’m sure will be fine in the end!
B) Keep everything up; I’m sure your chin will be fine in the end.
C) Keep your chin up! I’m sure everything will be fine in the end.
D) Keep your everything up: I’m sure chin will be fine in the end!

7. It’s important to /self-confidence /develop /and help them /young people /encourage
The sentence that has the correct order of the words and phrases above is:
A) It’s important to encourage and help them young people develop self-confidence.
B) It’s important to encourage young people and help them develop self-confidence.
C) It’s important to young people them develop and help encourage self-confidence.
D) It’s important to help them and develop encourage young people self-confidence.

8. The correct punctuated sentence is:

A) By the time Hind phoned. her parents had been waiting for her call all morning!
B) by the time Hind phoned! her parents had been waiting for her call all morning.
C) by the time Hind phoned; her parents had been waiting for her call all morning,
D) By the time Hind phoned, her parents had been waiting for her call all morning.

9. The sentence which is written in the correct order is:

A) In the future many hospitals to help nurses plan to use robots.
B) Many hospitals plan to use robots to help nurses in the future.
C) Robots use plan many hospitals to help to nurses in the future.
D) Many hospitals use to robots to help plan nurses in the future.

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ COMPOSITION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

HOW TO WRITE A LETTER

FORMAL LETTER:
P.O.Box ……………..…..

Amman-Jordan
Date: ……………..…..

• Dear (Sir) / (Madam) / (Sir or Madam)

Reason for writing I am writing to you regarding / concerning ……………………………..………………………….…..…..

……………………………………….…..….. main paragraph ……………………………………………………..………………………….…..…..

Content of the letter
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….

……………………………………….…..….. final paragraph

……………………………………………………..………………………….…..…..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….
Closing remarks Looking forward to hearing from you
• Yours faithfully
Name: ……………..…..

INFORMAL LETTER:
P.O.Box ……………..…..

Amman-Jordan
Date: ……………..…..

• Dear (friend) / (pen friend) / (dad) / (sister) …etc.

Thank you very much for your letter. It was great to hear from
you today. How are you? I hope you're doing well…..etc.
Reason for writing
……………………………………….…..….. main paragraph ……………………………………………………..………………………….…..…..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….

……………………………………….…..….. final paragraph

……………………………………………………..………………………….…..…..
Content of the letter
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….

Please write and tell me your news sometime

Closing remarks
• Yours faithfully
Name: ……………..…..

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 Video games are considered one of the most innovations in the field of child entertainment.
Write an article discussing the positive and negative effects of video games on children.

The advantages and the disadvantages of video games

Most people believe that video games are considered one of the most innovations in the field of
child entertainment while other people think that they have disadvantages.

The most advantage of video games is that such games have educational purposes that help
children in their studies. In addition, children develop critical thinking and start to think well how
to solve problems which help them to solve practical problems. Another advantage is that parents
can use video games to help their children to understand some subjects better. Finally, playing
video games is a great way that children spend their time indoors.

On the other hand, other people do not agree with video games, however, for a number of reasons.
Firstly, children become addicted to video games that they spend most of the time playing games.
Moreover, playing video games is a waste of time. Lastly, they have negative effects on our health.

It is clear, therefore, that there are arguments in favour of video games and arguments against.
On balance, most people believe that they are a great advantage but some people think they have
disadvantages.

• It is difficult to say exactly what education will look like in the future. Write an essay about
education in Jordan in the future by suggesting innovative ways of education.
Education in Jordan in the future
It is difficult to say exactly what education will look like in the future. To me, it seems that
education may have changed well a lot in one hundred years' time in Jordan.
Perhaps there will be no more books by 2115 CE. It is possible that students in Jordan will have
used tablets that no one will need books or stationery.
Students often use computers at home. They can use social media on their computers to help them
with their studies, including asking other students to check and compare their work, asking
questions and sharing ideas.
Finally, ways of teaching are always changing, depending on many different factors, but one thing
is certain; we will still be studying and learning.

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Write an essay about a person you admire in the Islamic history.

Ibn Bassal was a writer, a scientist and an engineer who lived in Al-Andalus. He worked in the
court of Al-Ma’mun . His great passions were botany and agriculture. Although he was a great
scholar, he was also a practical man.

One of the many things which Ibn Bassal achieved was A Book of Agriculture. He designed
water pumps and irrigation systems. All of these things were passed on through his writing.

The influence of Ibn Bassal’s book was enormous. As farmers down the generations followed his
instructions and advice, the land became wonderfully fertile and produced more than enough food
for the fast-growing population. The irrigation systems are still in evidence in Spain. Although
his name is not widely known, Ibn Bassal’s legacy to the world has been great.

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ GUIDED WRITING ‫شادي الرمحي‬

• Read the information in the table about reasons that make people leave their home countries
and then write two sentences these ways. Use the appropriate linking words such as: and,
too, also …..etc.

Reasons that make people leave their home courtiers

-seek a better life.
-complete their education.
-find better jobs.
-learn about different cultures.
Reasons that make people leave their home courtiers
- There are many reasons that make people leave their home countries such as seeking
better life and completing their education.
- Other reasons that make people leave their home countries are finding better jobs as
well as learning about different cultures.

• Read the information in the table about how to improve your English language, and then
write two sentences these ways. Use the appropriate linking words such as: and, too, also
…..etc.
Why ……………….? There are many reasons ………….such as
How ……………….? There are many ways …………….such as

How to improve your English language?

-take English courses.
-read English stories.
-listen to English people.
- speak to English people.

How to improve your English language?

- There are many ways to improve your English language such as taking English courses
and reading English stories.
- Other ways to improve your English language are listening to English people as well as
speaking to English people.

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 ‫شادي الرمحي‬ LANGUAGE FUNCTION ‫شادي الرمحي‬

1. Contrast: ‫مقارنة‬
• I like swimming ,whereas my brother likes running.
whereas, however, but, on one hand, on the other hand.

2. Indicating opposition: ‫ العكس‬/ ‫الداللة على التناقض‬

• However, social media is time-consuming.
however, whereas, despite.
3. Indicating consequence: ‫الداللة على نتيجة منطقية‬
• Therefore, people can communicate more quickly and conveniently.
in this way, as a consequence, therefore, as a result.

4. Showing introduction: ‫التحدث عن مقدمة‬

• The aim of this report is to / This report examines / In this report, …. will be examined.

5. Reporting information: ‫تقديم معلومات‬

• There are more than ... / The number of ......
6. Conclusions / Recommendations: ‫ توصيات‬/ ‫تقديم نتائج‬
• It appears that / This results in / It is recommended that / The best course of action would
be to
7. Familiar or customary: ‫عادة مألوفة‬
• Ahmad is used to living in the village.
8. Habit in the past: ‫عادة في الماضي‬
• Ahmad used to live in the village.

9. Showing agreement: ‫التحدث عن الموافقة‬

• Yes! You're right / I agree with you.

10. Showing disagreement: ‫التحدث عن عدم الموافقة‬

• I don't agree ... / I disagree ......
11. Expressing opposition: ‫التعبير عن العكس‬
• On one hand .../ On the other hand .../ In spite of this .../ On the contrary .../ Conversely.
12. Expressing continuation or addition: ‫التعبير عن اإلضافة‬
• Furthermore ..../ Likewise ..../ One reason for this is..../ In addition, ...

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